CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>Amra Lee | The Australian National University - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="2bYRZ14E0QVn8pwWOBy69Ig89XPW0-ZKThSIKJ2H9YG23PrjWSAes1L-u5Fp5uyt6sgKF6mX1JDVcRJmlOQDIQ" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-3d36c19b4875b226bfed0fcba1dcea3f2fe61148383d97c0465c016b8c969290.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-79e78ce59bef0a338eb6540ec3d93b4a7952115b56c57f1760943128f4544d42.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/single_work_page/figure_carousel-2004283e0948681916eefa74772df54f56cb5c7413d82b160212231c2f474bb3.css" media="all" /><script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"ProfilePage","mainEntity":{"@context":"https://schema.org","@type":"Person","name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/app_scoped_user_id/YXNpZADpBWEd2dVE4dFoyZATdFMHhIUEdHaXQzTUdXVXY0N01KdXZATMEpwUFoxZA0QtaTNfNnNpUVJVX3FjdXNsU3kxUFBXR2NKMjIwanBnSVhmZATEtVENmZA2gwMEQ2UmdXTzlZAVXJsQQZDZD/"]},"dateCreated":"2019-09-11T01:25:17-07:00","dateModified":"2025-04-01T02:12:00-07:00","name":"Amra Lee","description":"","sameAs":["https://www.facebook.com/app_scoped_user_id/YXNpZADpBWEd2dVE4dFoyZATdFMHhIUEdHaXQzTUdXVXY0N01KdXZATMEpwUFoxZA0QtaTNfNnNpUVJVX3FjdXNsU3kxUFBXR2NKMjIwanBnSVhmZATEtVENmZA2gwMEQ2UmdXTzlZAVXJsQQZDZD/"],"relatedLink":"https://www.academia.edu/74488721/Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_protection_in_the_context_of_humanitarian_action"}</script><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-95367dc03b794f6737f30123738a886cf53b7a65cdef98a922a98591d60063e3.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-8c9ae4b5c8a2531640c354d92a1f3579c8ff103277ef74913e34c8a76d4e6c00.css" media="all" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-170d1319f0e354621e81ca17054bb147da2856ec0702fe440a99af314a6338c5.css" media="all" /><style type="text/css">@media(max-width: 567px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 30px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 20px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 32px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 40px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 26px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 48px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 52px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 48px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 58px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 80px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 64px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 568px)and (max-width: 1279px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 36px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 104px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}@media(min-width: 1280px){:root{--token-mode: Parity;--dropshadow: 0 2px 4px 0 #22223340;--primary-brand: #0645b1;--error-dark: #b60000;--success-dark: #05b01c;--inactive-fill: #ebebee;--hover: #0c3b8d;--pressed: #082f75;--button-primary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-primary-fill: #0645b1;--button-primary-text: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-primary-fill-press: #082f75;--button-primary-icon: #ffffff;--button-primary-fill-inverse: #ffffff;--button-primary-text-inverse: #082f75;--button-primary-icon-inverse: #0645b1;--button-primary-fill-inverse-hover: #cddaef;--button-primary-stroke-inverse-pressed: #0645b1;--button-secondary-stroke-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-fill: #eef2f9;--button-secondary-text: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-press: #cddaef;--button-secondary-fill-inactive: #ebebee;--button-secondary-stroke: #cddaef;--button-secondary-stroke-hover: #386ac1;--button-secondary-stroke-press: #0645b1;--button-secondary-text-inactive: #b1b1ba;--button-secondary-icon: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-hover: #e6ecf7;--button-secondary-stroke-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-fill-inverse: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0);--button-secondary-icon-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-icon-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-icon-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-inverse: #ffffff;--button-secondary-text-hover: #082f75;--button-secondary-text-press: #082f75;--button-secondary-fill-inverse-hover: #043059;--button-xs-stroke: #141413;--button-xs-stroke-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-stroke-press: #082f75;--button-xs-stroke-inactive: #ebebee;--button-xs-text: #141413;--button-xs-text-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-text-press: #082f75;--button-xs-text-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-icon: #141413;--button-xs-icon-hover: #0c3b8d;--button-xs-icon-press: #082f75;--button-xs-icon-inactive: #91919e;--button-xs-fill: #ffffff;--button-xs-fill-hover: #f4f7fc;--button-xs-fill-press: #eef2f9;--buttons-button-text-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-button-focus: #0645b1;--buttons-button-icon-inactive: #91919e;--buttons-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 12px;--buttons-small-buttons-height: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-only-width: 44px;--buttons-small-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-small-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-large-buttons-l-r-padding: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-height: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-only-width: 54px;--buttons-large-buttons-icon-size: 20px;--buttons-large-buttons-gap: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-large-buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-l-r-padding: 8px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-height: 32px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-icon-size: 16px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-gap: 4px;--buttons-extra-small-buttons-corner-radius: 8px;--buttons-stroke-default: 1px;--buttons-stroke-thick: 2px;--background-beige: #f9f7f4;--error-light: #fff2f2;--text-placeholder: #6d6d7d;--stroke-dark: #141413;--stroke-light: #dddde2;--stroke-medium: #535366;--accent-green: #ccffd4;--accent-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--accent-yellow: #f7ffcc;--accent-peach: #ffd4cc;--accent-violet: #f7ccff;--accent-purple: #f4f7fc;--text-primary: #141413;--secondary-brand: #141413;--text-hover: #0c3b8d;--text-white: #ffffff;--text-link: #0645b1;--text-press: #082f75;--success-light: #f0f8f1;--background-light-blue: #eef2f9;--background-white: #ffffff;--premium-dark: #877440;--premium-light: #f9f6ed;--stroke-white: #ffffff;--inactive-content: #b1b1ba;--annotate-light: #a35dff;--annotate-dark: #824acc;--grid: #eef2f9;--inactive-stroke: #ebebee;--shadow: rgba(34, 34, 51, 0.25);--text-inactive: #6d6d7d;--text-error: #b60000;--stroke-error: #b60000;--background-error: #fff2f2;--background-black: #141413;--icon-default: #141413;--icon-blue: #0645b1;--background-grey: #dddde2;--icon-grey: #b1b1ba;--text-focus: #082f75;--brand-colors-neutral-black: #141413;--brand-colors-neutral-900: #535366;--brand-colors-neutral-800: #6d6d7d;--brand-colors-neutral-700: #91919e;--brand-colors-neutral-600: #b1b1ba;--brand-colors-neutral-500: #c8c8cf;--brand-colors-neutral-400: #dddde2;--brand-colors-neutral-300: #ebebee;--brand-colors-neutral-200: #f8f8fb;--brand-colors-neutral-100: #fafafa;--brand-colors-neutral-white: #ffffff;--brand-colors-blue-900: #043059;--brand-colors-blue-800: #082f75;--brand-colors-blue-700: #0c3b8d;--brand-colors-blue-600: #0645b1;--brand-colors-blue-500: #386ac1;--brand-colors-blue-400: #cddaef;--brand-colors-blue-300: #e6ecf7;--brand-colors-blue-200: #eef2f9;--brand-colors-blue-100: #f4f7fc;--brand-colors-gold-500: #877440;--brand-colors-gold-400: #e9e3d4;--brand-colors-gold-300: #f2efe8;--brand-colors-gold-200: #f9f6ed;--brand-colors-gold-100: #f9f7f4;--brand-colors-error-900: #920000;--brand-colors-error-500: #b60000;--brand-colors-success-900: #035c0f;--brand-colors-green: #ccffd4;--brand-colors-turquoise: #ccf7ff;--brand-colors-yellow: #f7ffcc;--brand-colors-peach: #ffd4cc;--brand-colors-violet: #f7ccff;--brand-colors-error-100: #fff2f2;--brand-colors-success-500: #05b01c;--brand-colors-success-100: #f0f8f1;--text-secondary: #535366;--icon-white: #ffffff;--background-beige-darker: #f2efe8;--icon-dark-grey: #535366;--type-font-family-sans-serif: Roboto;--type-font-family-serif: Georgia;--type-font-family-mono: IBM Plex Mono;--type-weights-300: 300;--type-weights-400: 400;--type-weights-500: 500;--type-weights-700: 700;--type-sizes-12: 12px;--type-sizes-14: 14px;--type-sizes-16: 16px;--type-sizes-18: 18px;--type-sizes-20: 20px;--type-sizes-22: 22px;--type-sizes-24: 24px;--type-sizes-28: 28px;--type-sizes-30: 30px;--type-sizes-32: 32px;--type-sizes-40: 40px;--type-sizes-42: 42px;--type-sizes-48-2: 48px;--type-line-heights-16: 16px;--type-line-heights-20: 20px;--type-line-heights-23: 23px;--type-line-heights-24: 24px;--type-line-heights-25: 25px;--type-line-heights-26: 26px;--type-line-heights-29: 29px;--type-line-heights-30: 30px;--type-line-heights-32: 32px;--type-line-heights-34: 34px;--type-line-heights-35: 35px;--type-line-heights-36: 36px;--type-line-heights-38: 38px;--type-line-heights-40: 40px;--type-line-heights-46: 46px;--type-line-heights-48: 48px;--type-line-heights-52: 52px;--type-line-heights-58: 58px;--type-line-heights-68: 68px;--type-line-heights-74: 74px;--type-line-heights-82: 82px;--type-paragraph-spacings-0: 0px;--type-paragraph-spacings-4: 4px;--type-paragraph-spacings-8: 8px;--type-paragraph-spacings-16: 16px;--type-sans-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-xl-size: 42px;--type-sans-serif-xl-line-height: 46px;--type-sans-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-lg-size: 32px;--type-sans-serif-lg-line-height: 38px;--type-sans-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-md-line-height: 34px;--type-sans-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-md-size: 28px;--type-sans-serif-xs-font-weight: 700;--type-sans-serif-xs-line-height: 25px;--type-sans-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-sans-serif-xs-size: 20px;--type-sans-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-sans-serif-sm-line-height: 30px;--type-sans-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-sans-serif-sm-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xl-size: 24px;--type-body-xl-line-height: 36px;--type-body-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-body-sm-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-body-xs-size: 12px;--type-body-xs-line-height: 16px;--type-body-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-body-md-font-weight: 400;--type-body-md-size: 16px;--type-body-md-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-body-lg-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-line-height: 26px;--type-body-lg-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-lg-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-lg-medium-size: 20px;--type-body-lg-medium-line-height: 32px;--type-body-lg-medium-paragraph-spacing: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-md-medium-size: 16px;--type-body-md-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-md-medium-paragraph-spacing: 4px;--type-body-sm-bold-font-weight: 700;--type-body-sm-bold-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-bold-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-bold-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-body-sm-medium-font-weight: 500;--type-body-sm-medium-size: 14px;--type-body-sm-medium-line-height: 20px;--type-body-sm-medium-paragraph-spacing: 8px;--type-serif-md-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-md-size: 40px;--type-serif-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-md-line-height: 48px;--type-serif-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-sm-size: 28px;--type-serif-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-sm-line-height: 32px;--type-serif-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-lg-size: 58px;--type-serif-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-lg-line-height: 68px;--type-serif-xs-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xs-size: 18px;--type-serif-xs-line-height: 24px;--type-serif-xs-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-font-weight: 400;--type-serif-xl-size: 74px;--type-serif-xl-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-serif-xl-line-height: 82px;--type-mono-md-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-md-size: 22px;--type-mono-md-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-md-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-lg-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-lg-size: 40px;--type-mono-lg-line-height: 40px;--type-mono-lg-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--type-mono-sm-font-weight: 400;--type-mono-sm-size: 14px;--type-mono-sm-line-height: 24px;--type-mono-sm-paragraph-spacing: 0px;--spacing-xs-4: 4px;--spacing-xs-8: 8px;--spacing-xs-16: 16px;--spacing-sm-24: 24px;--spacing-sm-32: 32px;--spacing-md-40: 40px;--spacing-md-48: 48px;--spacing-lg-64: 64px;--spacing-lg-80: 80px;--spacing-xlg-104: 104px;--spacing-xlg-152: 152px;--spacing-xs-12: 12px;--spacing-page-section: 152px;--spacing-card-list-spacing: 48px;--spacing-text-section-spacing: 80px;--spacing-md-xs-headings: 40px;--corner-radius-radius-lg: 16px;--corner-radius-radius-sm: 4px;--corner-radius-radius-md: 8px;--corner-radius-radius-round: 104px}}</style><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-57f9da13cef3fd4e2a8b655342c6488eded3e557e823fe67571f2ac77acd7b6f.css" media="all" /> <meta name="author" content="amra lee" /> <meta name="description" content="Amra Lee, The Australian National University: 46 Followers, 39 Following, 6 Research papers. Research interests: Rohingya, Islam and International Relations,…" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = '0c82a19f24bb6204853d65b5f4d2fa888fea03ca'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":13886,"monthly_visitors":"31 million","monthly_visitor_count":31300000,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":31,"user_count":286538375,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1744130050000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1744130050000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="preload" href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" as="style" onload="this.rel='stylesheet'"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-d43ce42295f6e9eee644b2bf4f7c938efedf73a791a7b96315b2735fd5bbc7d7.css" media="all" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" media="all" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-6fc79107188f0625983903e9d642ade4929e16b8a1a98c9fea135ef5e7ef8725.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-9f5a82474a7da87ac54070fe7abffab05d3ed3ce29c5f6ef2aa85733987954ea.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-9ee9fe962903467de88a25527b9a056540e3d2bc17a9c008b60f83455425dcde.js" defer="defer"></script><script>$viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee","photo":"/images/s65_no_pic.png","has_photo":false,"department":{"id":133560,"name":"ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/Departments/ANU_College_of_Asia_and_the_Pacific_Department_Of_International_Relations/Documents","university":{"id":458,"name":"The Australian National University","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/"}},"position":"PHD Candidate","position_id":4,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":1129268,"name":"Rohingya","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya"},{"id":45775,"name":"Islam and International Relations","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_International_Relations"},{"id":552165,"name":"Rohingya Muslims","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rohingya_Muslims"},{"id":152724,"name":"Refugee Law","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Refugee_Law"},{"id":43798,"name":"Statelessness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Statelessness"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = [{"id":53021101,"link":"https://www.facebook.com/app_scoped_user_id/YXNpZADpBWEd2dVE4dFoyZATdFMHhIUEdHaXQzTUdXVXY0N01KdXZATMEpwUFoxZA0QtaTNfNnNpUVJVX3FjdXNsU3kxUFBXR2NKMjIwanBnSVhmZATEtVENmZA2gwMEQ2UmdXTzlZAVXJsQQZDZD/","name":"Facebook","link_domain":"www.facebook.com","icon":"//www.google.com/s2/u/0/favicons?domain=www.facebook.com"}]</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee","location":"/AmraLee","scheme":"https","host":"anu-au.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/AmraLee","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-3ab39650-bf63-4c01-b98b-d6d6d0b4100e"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-3ab39650-bf63-4c01-b98b-d6d6d0b4100e"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" border="0" alt="" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">Amra Lee</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/">The Australian National University</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/Departments/ANU_College_of_Asia_and_the_Pacific_Department_Of_International_Relations/Documents">ANU College of Asia and the Pacific, Department Of International Relations</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">PHD Candidate</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="Amra" data-follow-user-id="125965459" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="125965459"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">46</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">39</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-authors</p><p class="data">3</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="suggested-academics-container"><div class="suggested-academics--header"><h3 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Related Authors</h3></div><ul class="suggested-user-card-list" data-nosnippet="true"><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/JoeLandry"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Joe Landry related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/7099492/8012042/8973755/s200_joe.landry.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://carleton-ca.academia.edu/JoeLandry">Joe Landry</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Carleton University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AustralianCivilMilitaryCentre"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Australian Civil-Military Centre related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/50113921/13179130/14475890/s200_australian_civil-military.centre.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AustralianCivilMilitaryCentre">Australian Civil-Military Centre</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NorahNiland"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Norah Niland related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/6815287/25053524/23855629/s200_norah.niland.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NorahNiland">Norah Niland</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/DorianLaGuardia"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Dorian LaGuardia related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/15779102/27189698/25589650/s200_dorian.laguardia.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/DorianLaGuardia">Dorian LaGuardia</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Harvard University</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LTrombetta"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Lorenzo Trombetta (Ph.D.) related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/33155033/9833183/16216141/s200_lorenzo.trombetta.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/LTrombetta">Lorenzo Trombetta (Ph.D.)</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/mariacruz45"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="maria cruz related author profile picture" border="0" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/mariacruz45">maria cruz</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndyFeatherstone"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Andy Featherstone related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/2449016/892688/14289254/s200_andy.featherstone.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AndyFeatherstone">Andy Featherstone</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://ahmadubellouniversity.academia.edu/ItodoSimon"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Itodo Simon related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/8985412/2979430/18088100/s200_itodo.simon.jpg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://ahmadubellouniversity.academia.edu/ItodoSimon">Itodo Simon</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Ahmadu Bello University,Zaria, Nigeria</p></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AbbyStoddard"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Abby Stoddard related author profile picture" border="0" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AbbyStoddard">Abby Stoddard</a></div></div><div class="suggested-user-card"><div class="suggested-user-card__avatar social-profile-avatar-container"><a data-nosnippet="" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/LeaIvyManzanero"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="Lea Ivy Manzanero related author profile picture" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/82094914/22859142/66955466/s200_lea_ivy.manzanero.jpeg" /></a></div><div class="suggested-user-card__user-info"><a class="suggested-user-card__user-info__header ds2-5-body-sm-bold ds2-5-body-link" href="https://harvard.academia.edu/LeaIvyManzanero">Lea Ivy Manzanero</a><p class="suggested-user-card__user-info__subheader ds2-5-body-xs">Harvard University</p></div></div></ul></div><style type="text/css">.suggested-academics--header h3{font-size:16px;font-weight:500;line-height:20px}</style><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="125965459" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Islam_and_International_Relations"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee","location":"/AmraLee","scheme":"https","host":"anu-au.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/AmraLee","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Islam and International Relations"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-217a6d2c-daa1-41ee-815e-b766572887e6"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-217a6d2c-daa1-41ee-815e-b766572887e6"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by Amra Lee</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="74488721"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/74488721/Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_protection_in_the_context_of_humanitarian_action"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Independent whole of system review of protection in the context of humanitarian action" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/82623727/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/74488721/Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_protection_in_the_context_of_humanitarian_action">Independent whole of system review of protection in the context of humanitarian action</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9f89263581c823ed62c3a9d7ba1e404e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":82623727,"asset_id":74488721,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82623727/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="74488721"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74488721"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74488721; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74488721]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74488721]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74488721; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='74488721']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9f89263581c823ed62c3a9d7ba1e404e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=74488721]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":74488721,"title":"Independent whole of system review of protection in the context of humanitarian action","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Afghanistan Centre at Kabul University","ai_abstract":"This report presents an independent Whole of System Review that addresses protection issues in humanitarian action, aimed at enhancing strategic capabilities among humanitarian actors. It focuses on the shift towards a protective dimension in humanitarian responses, contextualized by historical failures within the UN system and explores challenges and opportunities in complex humanitarian landscapes. The review incorporates various methodological approaches to analyze the current state of protection in significant crisis regions, providing practical recommendations for improved efficacy in addressing the needs of at-risk groups.","ai_title_tag":"Enhancing Protection in Humanitarian Action"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74488721/Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_protection_in_the_context_of_humanitarian_action","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-03-24T13:29:32.005-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82623727,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/82623727/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"WoS_Report_May_2015.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82623727/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_pr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/82623727/WoS_Report_May_2015-libre.pdf?1648161494=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndependent_whole_of_system_review_of_pr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=VZ-n~Nx0GPJ81Gq1Ey2-B64XNrCtiMOCIOm~Is-lQUhDjVADEUkxk-Yq-VzDUKDvWXoxeTvkJltJkjZwgedUHZ-PQ3qIoBdWgxH7oBJ1r18RYaoxqhnljy05jNNjdiDy6fQmebsQ2YPRX8k-XGT1KrABy4aZZg4-GztEkHpa2HnlitWo8YRilhHUgMVvxs7qT6UcxQ0oRYh3QsgCTHR2PTMGBhPXjNGQqHSrp4a7hFd-z9jzTlAiY7SrBsOUggVEVTJZKRySRsNblHZffWoXclcuW4XA4lhM7pd1m6pgSh5xxaP8QJ7SzbVkEdUd~S34zFzo3boKYc7dWUkyjr4ADg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_protection_in_the_context_of_humanitarian_action","translated_slug":"","page_count":152,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":82623727,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/82623727/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"WoS_Report_May_2015.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82623727/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_pr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/82623727/WoS_Report_May_2015-libre.pdf?1648161494=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndependent_whole_of_system_review_of_pr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=VZ-n~Nx0GPJ81Gq1Ey2-B64XNrCtiMOCIOm~Is-lQUhDjVADEUkxk-Yq-VzDUKDvWXoxeTvkJltJkjZwgedUHZ-PQ3qIoBdWgxH7oBJ1r18RYaoxqhnljy05jNNjdiDy6fQmebsQ2YPRX8k-XGT1KrABy4aZZg4-GztEkHpa2HnlitWo8YRilhHUgMVvxs7qT6UcxQ0oRYh3QsgCTHR2PTMGBhPXjNGQqHSrp4a7hFd-z9jzTlAiY7SrBsOUggVEVTJZKRySRsNblHZffWoXclcuW4XA4lhM7pd1m6pgSh5xxaP8QJ7SzbVkEdUd~S34zFzo3boKYc7dWUkyjr4ADg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-74488721-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="63325903"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/63325903/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75793404/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/63325903/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict">Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conve...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 a ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="03e2fc6a92983f68147c784362d710ad" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":75793404,"asset_id":63325903,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75793404/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="63325903"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="63325903"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63325903; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63325903]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63325903]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63325903; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='63325903']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "03e2fc6a92983f68147c784362d710ad" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=63325903]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":63325903,"title":"Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 a ...","ai_title_tag":"Impact of Data Quality on Civilian Protection","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 a ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63325903/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-12-06T03:34:54.623-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75793404,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75793404/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"FULLTEXT01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75793404/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/75793404/FULLTEXT01-libre.pdf?1638791427=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhy_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=RXk~1Y0L84inT2U-uMERm2MLQkNjC1sFaLWDhEmdwh2V58af3vyjZx6ftxIOCEowpcNU635dRSvp-jbVYQTeCWt9Esgb3uoUXGQQU9CaFTmWfAjMxOxAzp3li5kNw5T3cUJAccENzqPuLKcEk6VCth3jti4mV8~M8-Kq91BG2m7RPnSaa3QXq4gG6lxc08fXqmbenFYC3-jkXvwdRSjzJJt3FiHEt7jXul96IXwSOMzACnznK99leyXVwuaSRH54Yw74Qu4zmx13~OF5fqxtxByYcQv34Y67uvBRu2xxl4i1LfmiLAXkAfKt7uMBXfrOOP6g~EbgliSEkE6z-Wr7Lg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict","translated_slug":"","page_count":70,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 a ...","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":75793404,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75793404/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"FULLTEXT01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75793404/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/75793404/FULLTEXT01-libre.pdf?1638791427=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhy_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=RXk~1Y0L84inT2U-uMERm2MLQkNjC1sFaLWDhEmdwh2V58af3vyjZx6ftxIOCEowpcNU635dRSvp-jbVYQTeCWt9Esgb3uoUXGQQU9CaFTmWfAjMxOxAzp3li5kNw5T3cUJAccENzqPuLKcEk6VCth3jti4mV8~M8-Kq91BG2m7RPnSaa3QXq4gG6lxc08fXqmbenFYC3-jkXvwdRSjzJJt3FiHEt7jXul96IXwSOMzACnznK99leyXVwuaSRH54Yw74Qu4zmx13~OF5fqxtxByYcQv34Y67uvBRu2xxl4i1LfmiLAXkAfKt7uMBXfrOOP6g~EbgliSEkE6z-Wr7Lg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":75793403,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75793403/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"FULLTEXT01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75793403/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/75793403/FULLTEXT01-libre.pdf?1638791426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhy_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=ZGyXqFh1~31w3VU1OfeYJgLcPryYVmftImebt8TrjnoIBTPxNcxKJ0m6BH98gyehjiC2NS7Wul5I7vBNDvEScX5GKdgbDqIDeFxTYOR2a2jeCcBG~ZadzKzfJJc9TfC~xb2viXBUbeBw-6vgoqZ9CNjHXfau1uDO4bZqHNHXUIwrQEYe8jrbFq~1hFVB2ENcLh9e10brSVwhWU4A1mboBJxut5MuwYQORMFUeuD7G0G2hpRgVoySK3h2HfbXbNTcAi7UR61Y5vpmGk~kWhEwq1iu0cSXFavrzVHgGIDSmn6FaEFigaVGa~d8Eb-Sl~eQ5TTerpH-uUxsoIU9HO7b3Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan"},{"id":15231,"name":"Yemen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemen"},{"id":15391,"name":"Syria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria"},{"id":74580,"name":"Iraq War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq_War"},{"id":334667,"name":"Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protection_of_Civilians_in_Armed_Conflict"},{"id":341473,"name":"Civilian Casualties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civilian_Casualties"},{"id":1353392,"name":"Conduct of Hostilities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conduct_of_Hostilities"},{"id":3389929,"name":"missingness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/missingness"}],"urls":[{"id":14820171,"url":"http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1329899/FULLTEXT01.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-63325903-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40444274"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444274/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706486/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444274/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict">Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict.</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conve...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 and 20 year anniversaries in 2019. Previous research focusses heavily on protection of civilians through peacekeeping whereas this research focuses on ‘non-armed’ approaches to enhancing civilian protection in conflict. Prior research and experience reveals a high level of missingness and variation in the level of available data on civilian harm in conflict. Where civilian harm is considered in the peace and conflict literature, it is predominantly from a securitized lens of understanding insurgent recruitment strategies and more recent counter-insurgent strategies aimed at winning ‘hearts and minds’. Through a structured focused comparison of four case studies the correlation between the level of quality, timely and consistent data on civilian harm and affect on the conduct of hostilities will be reviewed and potential confounders identified. Following this the hypothesized causal mechanism will be process traced through the pathway case of Afghanistan. The findings and analysis from both methods identify support for the theory and it’s refinement with important nuances in the factors conducive to quality, timely and consistent data collection on civilian harm in armed conflict.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7507472c35f65cc916820be7bbcb118c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60706486,"asset_id":40444274,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706486/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40444274"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40444274"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444274; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444274]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444274]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444274; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40444274']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7507472c35f65cc916820be7bbcb118c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40444274]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40444274,"title":"Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 and 20 year anniversaries in 2019. Previous research focusses heavily on protection of civilians through peacekeeping whereas this research focuses on ‘non-armed’ approaches to enhancing civilian protection in conflict. Prior research and experience reveals a high level of missingness and variation in the level of available data on civilian harm in conflict. Where civilian harm is considered in the peace and conflict literature, it is predominantly from a securitized lens of understanding insurgent recruitment strategies and more recent counter-insurgent strategies aimed at winning ‘hearts and minds’. Through a structured focused comparison of four case studies the correlation between the level of quality, timely and consistent data on civilian harm and affect on the conduct of hostilities will be reviewed and potential confounders identified. Following this the hypothesized causal mechanism will be process traced through the pathway case of Afghanistan. The findings and analysis from both methods identify support for the theory and it’s refinement with important nuances in the factors conducive to quality, timely and consistent data collection on civilian harm in armed conflict.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict."},"translated_abstract":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 and 20 year anniversaries in 2019. Previous research focusses heavily on protection of civilians through peacekeeping whereas this research focuses on ‘non-armed’ approaches to enhancing civilian protection in conflict. Prior research and experience reveals a high level of missingness and variation in the level of available data on civilian harm in conflict. Where civilian harm is considered in the peace and conflict literature, it is predominantly from a securitized lens of understanding insurgent recruitment strategies and more recent counter-insurgent strategies aimed at winning ‘hearts and minds’. Through a structured focused comparison of four case studies the correlation between the level of quality, timely and consistent data on civilian harm and affect on the conduct of hostilities will be reviewed and potential confounders identified. Following this the hypothesized causal mechanism will be process traced through the pathway case of Afghanistan. The findings and analysis from both methods identify support for the theory and it’s refinement with important nuances in the factors conducive to quality, timely and consistent data collection on civilian harm in armed conflict.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40444274/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-25T18:45:06.478-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60706486,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706486/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Why_do_some_lives_matters_more_than_others20190925-101730-1asoi04.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706486/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706486/Why_do_some_lives_matters_more_than_others20190925-101730-1asoi04-libre.pdf?1569466056=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhy_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=DAdDdEEHc~HjK-QtCYPpOeFHCs1sCmSuz0lB3s1PTuukpn~wNtbbH6swtcbTD13cxbwTGTJZ6hmsSKw4X14cmPOIBktJeTFPP~879sVaqH5Fz6SvRuZF9SJUJL-zW9YnZj6Abz~7XWPaF5vyWLz3O9TZCIrXZEeXLrOwNbC7gyG7NDE8h9sZdyQ9DH2krMZWGToAhMf43-jR06xh-3CJ3ubq4GozBJgekNEerAeW5wouKDywd113YYpI4OeeetDMWghpWUxn55gUK3W4zN1MffR1SZuujWdmmSxm9tukYD4OZ0-hbQ7OtYGHTSJ6pNVtUCbvWw5na~o7JqtEPo678w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict","translated_slug":"","page_count":70,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 and 20 year anniversaries in 2019. Previous research focusses heavily on protection of civilians through peacekeeping whereas this research focuses on ‘non-armed’ approaches to enhancing civilian protection in conflict. Prior research and experience reveals a high level of missingness and variation in the level of available data on civilian harm in conflict. Where civilian harm is considered in the peace and conflict literature, it is predominantly from a securitized lens of understanding insurgent recruitment strategies and more recent counter-insurgent strategies aimed at winning ‘hearts and minds’. Through a structured focused comparison of four case studies the correlation between the level of quality, timely and consistent data on civilian harm and affect on the conduct of hostilities will be reviewed and potential confounders identified. Following this the hypothesized causal mechanism will be process traced through the pathway case of Afghanistan. The findings and analysis from both methods identify support for the theory and it’s refinement with important nuances in the factors conducive to quality, timely and consistent data collection on civilian harm in armed conflict.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":60706486,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706486/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Why_do_some_lives_matters_more_than_others20190925-101730-1asoi04.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706486/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706486/Why_do_some_lives_matters_more_than_others20190925-101730-1asoi04-libre.pdf?1569466056=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhy_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=DAdDdEEHc~HjK-QtCYPpOeFHCs1sCmSuz0lB3s1PTuukpn~wNtbbH6swtcbTD13cxbwTGTJZ6hmsSKw4X14cmPOIBktJeTFPP~879sVaqH5Fz6SvRuZF9SJUJL-zW9YnZj6Abz~7XWPaF5vyWLz3O9TZCIrXZEeXLrOwNbC7gyG7NDE8h9sZdyQ9DH2krMZWGToAhMf43-jR06xh-3CJ3ubq4GozBJgekNEerAeW5wouKDywd113YYpI4OeeetDMWghpWUxn55gUK3W4zN1MffR1SZuujWdmmSxm9tukYD4OZ0-hbQ7OtYGHTSJ6pNVtUCbvWw5na~o7JqtEPo678w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan"},{"id":15231,"name":"Yemen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemen"},{"id":15391,"name":"Syria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria"},{"id":74580,"name":"Iraq War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq_War"},{"id":334667,"name":"Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protection_of_Civilians_in_Armed_Conflict"},{"id":341473,"name":"Civilian Casualties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civilian_Casualties"},{"id":1353392,"name":"Conduct of Hostilities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conduct_of_Hostilities"},{"id":3389929,"name":"missingness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/missingness"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40444274-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40444143"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444143/Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_the_Middle_East_from_Policy_Commitments_to_more_Meaningful_Practice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Advancing Women, Peace and Security in the Middle East: from Policy Commitments to more Meaningful Practice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706269/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444143/Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_the_Middle_East_from_Policy_Commitments_to_more_Meaningful_Practice">Advancing Women, Peace and Security in the Middle East: from Policy Commitments to more Meaningful Practice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Advancing Women, Peace and Security in the Middle East</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The following paper provides a succinct overview of the normative framework, the Middle East cont...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The following paper provides a succinct overview of the normative framework, the Middle East context and challenges, and offers some suggestions for Australia to more concretely advance WPS from policy and paper commitments to more meaningful practice.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c6e22066cb56db719f630188665a1bcb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60706269,"asset_id":40444143,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706269/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40444143"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40444143"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444143; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444143]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444143]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444143; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40444143']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c6e22066cb56db719f630188665a1bcb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40444143]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40444143,"title":"Advancing Women, Peace and Security in the Middle East: from Policy Commitments to more Meaningful Practice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The following paper provides a succinct overview of the normative framework, the Middle East context and challenges, and offers some suggestions for Australia to more concretely advance WPS from policy and paper commitments to more meaningful practice.","ai_title_tag":"Enhancing Women, Peace, and Security in the ME","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Advancing Women, Peace and Security in the Middle East"},"translated_abstract":"The following paper provides a succinct overview of the normative framework, the Middle East context and challenges, and offers some suggestions for Australia to more concretely advance WPS from policy and paper commitments to more meaningful practice.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40444143/Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_the_Middle_East_from_Policy_Commitments_to_more_Meaningful_Practice","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-25T18:20:04.044-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60706269,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706269/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"advancing-women-peace-and-security-in-the-middle-east-cop-report20190925-5749-41i4jl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706269/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_th.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706269/advancing-women-peace-and-security-in-the-middle-east-cop-report20190925-5749-41i4jl-libre.pdf?1569460529=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAdvancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_th.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=cov0pguEwR5SAZKebQ-kT3Tfzm0Tb2SW7nZNpP2sXPGDTKQH8ZMAOHa1bAz9qcouHIftfTuCoXoxjsJupy1aTpVjQl5Vr-G18rVvHSCOkzL-ALfysTfLImOxqp7Hr3GP-8AgDF6cxHELPVme0L8s2~xc5bBegL58W6Kid0al-tA5CPQjGQdzO80mI2C8XW-Hvhor0WPzJgrgptk5uYwNpU7PEUb4wlkEQ4QpQz6OTN8G0jFcalC4YbGjfgrWgiovHAfr3xUHhI5Rq5rI3GFXBSxH0v43wtzg-bUzIkJcBkTb8bizcsNdC9BUHbXmsRIBXYAWToW13db0mQjpt70s1g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_the_Middle_East_from_Policy_Commitments_to_more_Meaningful_Practice","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The following paper provides a succinct overview of the normative framework, the Middle East context and challenges, and offers some suggestions for Australia to more concretely advance WPS from policy and paper commitments to more meaningful practice.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":60706269,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706269/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"advancing-women-peace-and-security-in-the-middle-east-cop-report20190925-5749-41i4jl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706269/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_th.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706269/advancing-women-peace-and-security-in-the-middle-east-cop-report20190925-5749-41i4jl-libre.pdf?1569460529=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAdvancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_th.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=cov0pguEwR5SAZKebQ-kT3Tfzm0Tb2SW7nZNpP2sXPGDTKQH8ZMAOHa1bAz9qcouHIftfTuCoXoxjsJupy1aTpVjQl5Vr-G18rVvHSCOkzL-ALfysTfLImOxqp7Hr3GP-8AgDF6cxHELPVme0L8s2~xc5bBegL58W6Kid0al-tA5CPQjGQdzO80mI2C8XW-Hvhor0WPzJgrgptk5uYwNpU7PEUb4wlkEQ4QpQz6OTN8G0jFcalC4YbGjfgrWgiovHAfr3xUHhI5Rq5rI3GFXBSxH0v43wtzg-bUzIkJcBkTb8bizcsNdC9BUHbXmsRIBXYAWToW13db0mQjpt70s1g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40444143-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40444142"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444142/Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Children_17th_Informal_ASEM_Seminar"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal ASEM Seminar" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706331/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444142/Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Children_17th_Informal_ASEM_Seminar">Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal ASEM Seminar</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee">Amra Lee</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/TonLiefaard">Ton Liefaard</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal Seminar</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background paper prepared ahead of the 17th informal seminar on human rights and children.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="22da4a87a45e10650a1a9834814ca794" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60706331,"asset_id":40444142,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706331/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40444142"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40444142"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444142; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444142]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444142]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444142; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40444142']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "22da4a87a45e10650a1a9834814ca794" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40444142]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40444142,"title":"Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal ASEM Seminar","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Background paper prepared ahead of the 17th informal seminar on human rights and children.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal Seminar"},"translated_abstract":"Background paper prepared ahead of the 17th informal seminar on human rights and children.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40444142/Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Children_17th_Informal_ASEM_Seminar","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-25T18:20:04.026-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":33063783,"work_id":40444142,"tagging_user_id":125965459,"tagged_user_id":20684224,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"b***a@graduateinstitute.ch","display_order":1,"name":"Bina D'Costa","title":"Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal ASEM Seminar"},{"id":33063784,"work_id":40444142,"tagging_user_id":125965459,"tagged_user_id":52872631,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"t***d@law.leidenuniv.nl","affiliation":"Leiden University","display_order":2,"name":"Ton Liefaard","title":"Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal ASEM Seminar"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60706331,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706331/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ASEF_Background_Paper_Child_Rights20190925-115272-1fhjow1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706331/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Childr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706331/ASEF_Background_Paper_Child_Rights20190925-115272-1fhjow1-libre.pdf?1569461726=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBackground_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Childr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=ClSF5UO-yFRW3XpUKHaU7DygOLhFxJmZYTb4VP4reQcwcnhD938u0Wtq1EvQozzS6Q95zcwCkBey0iKoFX2nAVEUvzVXsbnYDbV2VUx5ZjQM1DCBqDAh2xahmojs7u-cD0~WQ58o5213fkMszoBko0z6sX1s-34fRpeHJCb3FhsViptcg5dDMQCHKqmGdA8VnyjU~xkp9bytz10zahtmyFZnIsTPUGvkNHp-RchpKEhVVtod3-hfaCDbWiL7J6Zl0KLDDpuBvTnb~-~Elmvsl7IT~VesJ7B-A2Y3BnvnpGJu08pTyMGpzDn5xqBiRgpCTCt3yjBT63dXIRBtPKoabw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Children_17th_Informal_ASEM_Seminar","translated_slug":"","page_count":70,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Background paper prepared ahead of the 17th informal seminar on human rights and children.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":60706331,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706331/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ASEF_Background_Paper_Child_Rights20190925-115272-1fhjow1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706331/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Childr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706331/ASEF_Background_Paper_Child_Rights20190925-115272-1fhjow1-libre.pdf?1569461726=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBackground_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Childr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=ClSF5UO-yFRW3XpUKHaU7DygOLhFxJmZYTb4VP4reQcwcnhD938u0Wtq1EvQozzS6Q95zcwCkBey0iKoFX2nAVEUvzVXsbnYDbV2VUx5ZjQM1DCBqDAh2xahmojs7u-cD0~WQ58o5213fkMszoBko0z6sX1s-34fRpeHJCb3FhsViptcg5dDMQCHKqmGdA8VnyjU~xkp9bytz10zahtmyFZnIsTPUGvkNHp-RchpKEhVVtod3-hfaCDbWiL7J6Zl0KLDDpuBvTnb~-~Elmvsl7IT~VesJ7B-A2Y3BnvnpGJu08pTyMGpzDn5xqBiRgpCTCt3yjBT63dXIRBtPKoabw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40444142-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40444141"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444141/Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Protection_in_the_Context_of_Humanitarian_Action"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Independent Whole of System Review of Protection in the Context of Humanitarian Action" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706266/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444141/Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Protection_in_the_Context_of_Humanitarian_Action">Independent Whole of System Review of Protection in the Context of Humanitarian Action</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee">Amra Lee</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NorahNiland">Norah Niland</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AntonioDonini">Antonio Donini</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Independent Whole of System Review of Protection</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This Whole of System Review examines how protection issues are addressed in the context of humani...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This Whole of System Review examines how protection issues are addressed in the context of humanitarian action and makes practical suggestions to help humanitarian actors be more strategic, and better capable of meeting core life-saving humanitarian responsibilities in relation to protection.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="23384a4dde9b60f64a29d8ff4d2a6131" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60706266,"asset_id":40444141,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706266/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40444141"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40444141"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444141; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444141]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444141]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444141; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40444141']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "23384a4dde9b60f64a29d8ff4d2a6131" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40444141]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40444141,"title":"Independent Whole of System Review of Protection in the Context of Humanitarian Action","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This Whole of System Review examines how protection issues are addressed in the context of humanitarian action and makes practical suggestions to help humanitarian actors be more strategic, and better capable of meeting core life-saving humanitarian responsibilities in relation to protection. ","ai_title_tag":"Enhancing Protection in Humanitarian Action","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Independent Whole of System Review of Protection"},"translated_abstract":"This Whole of System Review examines how protection issues are addressed in the context of humanitarian action and makes practical suggestions to help humanitarian actors be more strategic, and better capable of meeting core life-saving humanitarian responsibilities in relation to protection. ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40444141/Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Protection_in_the_Context_of_Humanitarian_Action","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-25T18:20:03.978-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":33063756,"work_id":40444141,"tagging_user_id":125965459,"tagged_user_id":6815287,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"n***d@gmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Norah Niland","title":"Independent Whole of System Review of Protection in the Context of Humanitarian Action"},{"id":33063757,"work_id":40444141,"tagging_user_id":125965459,"tagged_user_id":50308788,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***i@gmail.com","display_order":2,"name":"Antonio Donini","title":"Independent Whole of System Review of Protection in the Context of Humanitarian Action"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60706266,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706266/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"independent_whole_of_system_protection_review_report_may_201520190925-21181-wund2n.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706266/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Pr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706266/independent_whole_of_system_protection_review_report_may_201520190925-21181-wund2n-libre.pdf?1569460527=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndependent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Pr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=PxU1y-AAjvXB7UpVpmxzTz7MbEG3YL0UnpilLL897KKrddtX94hPlGbsc3z0bNIfc8bkK-QAy8o7odlqadvzKI66KZE8OWJKdE1lFPha9lr1V9U3lPjSNjQrqg2Mmk~YmFtHktgh1gHrvHEnxAnv3QpONMh5dWcpfbdFlXCm2rAd5lnAxbVabDaU2nIkp2hTJbNkAu7TemoWujTZpR~CJe~ixOOr1YYojkAfgwIq59sw~noGRw0lEzMu-jlvGScYbK61fgBgKM8tJpSbnu7Aj~ZN7ZNOmcO-xIpN8-3aEcTYgahauaeNMbfKem8UnxnNfSwxUAOqLUX3nq5w5Ip4UA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Protection_in_the_Context_of_Humanitarian_Action","translated_slug":"","page_count":152,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This Whole of System Review examines how protection issues are addressed in the context of humanitarian action and makes practical suggestions to help humanitarian actors be more strategic, and better capable of meeting core life-saving humanitarian responsibilities in relation to protection. ","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":60706266,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706266/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"independent_whole_of_system_protection_review_report_may_201520190925-21181-wund2n.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706266/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Pr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706266/independent_whole_of_system_protection_review_report_may_201520190925-21181-wund2n-libre.pdf?1569460527=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndependent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Pr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=PxU1y-AAjvXB7UpVpmxzTz7MbEG3YL0UnpilLL897KKrddtX94hPlGbsc3z0bNIfc8bkK-QAy8o7odlqadvzKI66KZE8OWJKdE1lFPha9lr1V9U3lPjSNjQrqg2Mmk~YmFtHktgh1gHrvHEnxAnv3QpONMh5dWcpfbdFlXCm2rAd5lnAxbVabDaU2nIkp2hTJbNkAu7TemoWujTZpR~CJe~ixOOr1YYojkAfgwIq59sw~noGRw0lEzMu-jlvGScYbK61fgBgKM8tJpSbnu7Aj~ZN7ZNOmcO-xIpN8-3aEcTYgahauaeNMbfKem8UnxnNfSwxUAOqLUX3nq5w5Ip4UA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40444141-figures'); } }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="9728961" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="74488721"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/74488721/Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_protection_in_the_context_of_humanitarian_action"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Independent whole of system review of protection in the context of humanitarian action" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/82623727/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/74488721/Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_protection_in_the_context_of_humanitarian_action">Independent whole of system review of protection in the context of humanitarian action</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9f89263581c823ed62c3a9d7ba1e404e" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":82623727,"asset_id":74488721,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82623727/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="74488721"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="74488721"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74488721; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74488721]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=74488721]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 74488721; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='74488721']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9f89263581c823ed62c3a9d7ba1e404e" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=74488721]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":74488721,"title":"Independent whole of system review of protection in the context of humanitarian action","translated_title":"","metadata":{"publisher":"Afghanistan Centre at Kabul University","ai_abstract":"This report presents an independent Whole of System Review that addresses protection issues in humanitarian action, aimed at enhancing strategic capabilities among humanitarian actors. It focuses on the shift towards a protective dimension in humanitarian responses, contextualized by historical failures within the UN system and explores challenges and opportunities in complex humanitarian landscapes. The review incorporates various methodological approaches to analyze the current state of protection in significant crisis regions, providing practical recommendations for improved efficacy in addressing the needs of at-risk groups.","ai_title_tag":"Enhancing Protection in Humanitarian Action"},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/74488721/Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_protection_in_the_context_of_humanitarian_action","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2022-03-24T13:29:32.005-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":82623727,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/82623727/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"WoS_Report_May_2015.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82623727/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_pr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/82623727/WoS_Report_May_2015-libre.pdf?1648161494=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndependent_whole_of_system_review_of_pr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=VZ-n~Nx0GPJ81Gq1Ey2-B64XNrCtiMOCIOm~Is-lQUhDjVADEUkxk-Yq-VzDUKDvWXoxeTvkJltJkjZwgedUHZ-PQ3qIoBdWgxH7oBJ1r18RYaoxqhnljy05jNNjdiDy6fQmebsQ2YPRX8k-XGT1KrABy4aZZg4-GztEkHpa2HnlitWo8YRilhHUgMVvxs7qT6UcxQ0oRYh3QsgCTHR2PTMGBhPXjNGQqHSrp4a7hFd-z9jzTlAiY7SrBsOUggVEVTJZKRySRsNblHZffWoXclcuW4XA4lhM7pd1m6pgSh5xxaP8QJ7SzbVkEdUd~S34zFzo3boKYc7dWUkyjr4ADg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_protection_in_the_context_of_humanitarian_action","translated_slug":"","page_count":152,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":null,"impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":82623727,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/82623727/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"WoS_Report_May_2015.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/82623727/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Independent_whole_of_system_review_of_pr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/82623727/WoS_Report_May_2015-libre.pdf?1648161494=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndependent_whole_of_system_review_of_pr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=VZ-n~Nx0GPJ81Gq1Ey2-B64XNrCtiMOCIOm~Is-lQUhDjVADEUkxk-Yq-VzDUKDvWXoxeTvkJltJkjZwgedUHZ-PQ3qIoBdWgxH7oBJ1r18RYaoxqhnljy05jNNjdiDy6fQmebsQ2YPRX8k-XGT1KrABy4aZZg4-GztEkHpa2HnlitWo8YRilhHUgMVvxs7qT6UcxQ0oRYh3QsgCTHR2PTMGBhPXjNGQqHSrp4a7hFd-z9jzTlAiY7SrBsOUggVEVTJZKRySRsNblHZffWoXclcuW4XA4lhM7pd1m6pgSh5xxaP8QJ7SzbVkEdUd~S34zFzo3boKYc7dWUkyjr4ADg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1236,"name":"Art","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Art"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-74488721-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="63325903"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/63325903/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75793404/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/63325903/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict">Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conve...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 a ...</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="03e2fc6a92983f68147c784362d710ad" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":75793404,"asset_id":63325903,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75793404/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="63325903"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="63325903"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63325903; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63325903]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=63325903]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 63325903; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='63325903']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "03e2fc6a92983f68147c784362d710ad" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=63325903]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":63325903,"title":"Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 a ...","ai_title_tag":"Impact of Data Quality on Civilian Protection","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 a ...","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/63325903/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-12-06T03:34:54.623-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":75793404,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75793404/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"FULLTEXT01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75793404/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/75793404/FULLTEXT01-libre.pdf?1638791427=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhy_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=RXk~1Y0L84inT2U-uMERm2MLQkNjC1sFaLWDhEmdwh2V58af3vyjZx6ftxIOCEowpcNU635dRSvp-jbVYQTeCWt9Esgb3uoUXGQQU9CaFTmWfAjMxOxAzp3li5kNw5T3cUJAccENzqPuLKcEk6VCth3jti4mV8~M8-Kq91BG2m7RPnSaa3QXq4gG6lxc08fXqmbenFYC3-jkXvwdRSjzJJt3FiHEt7jXul96IXwSOMzACnznK99leyXVwuaSRH54Yw74Qu4zmx13~OF5fqxtxByYcQv34Y67uvBRu2xxl4i1LfmiLAXkAfKt7uMBXfrOOP6g~EbgliSEkE6z-Wr7Lg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict","translated_slug":"","page_count":70,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 a ...","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":75793404,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75793404/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"FULLTEXT01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75793404/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/75793404/FULLTEXT01-libre.pdf?1638791427=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhy_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=RXk~1Y0L84inT2U-uMERm2MLQkNjC1sFaLWDhEmdwh2V58af3vyjZx6ftxIOCEowpcNU635dRSvp-jbVYQTeCWt9Esgb3uoUXGQQU9CaFTmWfAjMxOxAzp3li5kNw5T3cUJAccENzqPuLKcEk6VCth3jti4mV8~M8-Kq91BG2m7RPnSaa3QXq4gG6lxc08fXqmbenFYC3-jkXvwdRSjzJJt3FiHEt7jXul96IXwSOMzACnznK99leyXVwuaSRH54Yw74Qu4zmx13~OF5fqxtxByYcQv34Y67uvBRu2xxl4i1LfmiLAXkAfKt7uMBXfrOOP6g~EbgliSEkE6z-Wr7Lg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"},{"id":75793403,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/75793403/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"FULLTEXT01.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/75793403/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/75793403/FULLTEXT01-libre.pdf?1638791426=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhy_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=ZGyXqFh1~31w3VU1OfeYJgLcPryYVmftImebt8TrjnoIBTPxNcxKJ0m6BH98gyehjiC2NS7Wul5I7vBNDvEScX5GKdgbDqIDeFxTYOR2a2jeCcBG~ZadzKzfJJc9TfC~xb2viXBUbeBw-6vgoqZ9CNjHXfau1uDO4bZqHNHXUIwrQEYe8jrbFq~1hFVB2ENcLh9e10brSVwhWU4A1mboBJxut5MuwYQORMFUeuD7G0G2hpRgVoySK3h2HfbXbNTcAi7UR61Y5vpmGk~kWhEwq1iu0cSXFavrzVHgGIDSmn6FaEFigaVGa~d8Eb-Sl~eQ5TTerpH-uUxsoIU9HO7b3Q__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan"},{"id":15231,"name":"Yemen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemen"},{"id":15391,"name":"Syria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria"},{"id":74580,"name":"Iraq War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq_War"},{"id":334667,"name":"Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protection_of_Civilians_in_Armed_Conflict"},{"id":341473,"name":"Civilian Casualties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civilian_Casualties"},{"id":1353392,"name":"Conduct of Hostilities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conduct_of_Hostilities"},{"id":3389929,"name":"missingness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/missingness"}],"urls":[{"id":14820171,"url":"http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1329899/FULLTEXT01.pdf"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-63325903-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40444274"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444274/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706486/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444274/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict">Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict.</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conve...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 and 20 year anniversaries in 2019. Previous research focusses heavily on protection of civilians through peacekeeping whereas this research focuses on ‘non-armed’ approaches to enhancing civilian protection in conflict. Prior research and experience reveals a high level of missingness and variation in the level of available data on civilian harm in conflict. Where civilian harm is considered in the peace and conflict literature, it is predominantly from a securitized lens of understanding insurgent recruitment strategies and more recent counter-insurgent strategies aimed at winning ‘hearts and minds’. Through a structured focused comparison of four case studies the correlation between the level of quality, timely and consistent data on civilian harm and affect on the conduct of hostilities will be reviewed and potential confounders identified. Following this the hypothesized causal mechanism will be process traced through the pathway case of Afghanistan. The findings and analysis from both methods identify support for the theory and it’s refinement with important nuances in the factors conducive to quality, timely and consistent data collection on civilian harm in armed conflict.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7507472c35f65cc916820be7bbcb118c" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60706486,"asset_id":40444274,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706486/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40444274"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40444274"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444274; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444274]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444274]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444274; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40444274']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7507472c35f65cc916820be7bbcb118c" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40444274]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40444274,"title":"Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 and 20 year anniversaries in 2019. Previous research focusses heavily on protection of civilians through peacekeeping whereas this research focuses on ‘non-armed’ approaches to enhancing civilian protection in conflict. Prior research and experience reveals a high level of missingness and variation in the level of available data on civilian harm in conflict. Where civilian harm is considered in the peace and conflict literature, it is predominantly from a securitized lens of understanding insurgent recruitment strategies and more recent counter-insurgent strategies aimed at winning ‘hearts and minds’. Through a structured focused comparison of four case studies the correlation between the level of quality, timely and consistent data on civilian harm and affect on the conduct of hostilities will be reviewed and potential confounders identified. Following this the hypothesized causal mechanism will be process traced through the pathway case of Afghanistan. The findings and analysis from both methods identify support for the theory and it’s refinement with important nuances in the factors conducive to quality, timely and consistent data collection on civilian harm in armed conflict.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Why do some civilian lives matter more than others? Exploring how the quality, timeliness and consistency of data on civilian harm affects the conduct of hostilities for civilians caught in conflict."},"translated_abstract":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 and 20 year anniversaries in 2019. Previous research focusses heavily on protection of civilians through peacekeeping whereas this research focuses on ‘non-armed’ approaches to enhancing civilian protection in conflict. Prior research and experience reveals a high level of missingness and variation in the level of available data on civilian harm in conflict. Where civilian harm is considered in the peace and conflict literature, it is predominantly from a securitized lens of understanding insurgent recruitment strategies and more recent counter-insurgent strategies aimed at winning ‘hearts and minds’. Through a structured focused comparison of four case studies the correlation between the level of quality, timely and consistent data on civilian harm and affect on the conduct of hostilities will be reviewed and potential confounders identified. Following this the hypothesized causal mechanism will be process traced through the pathway case of Afghanistan. The findings and analysis from both methods identify support for the theory and it’s refinement with important nuances in the factors conducive to quality, timely and consistent data collection on civilian harm in armed conflict.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40444274/Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-25T18:45:06.478-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60706486,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706486/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Why_do_some_lives_matters_more_than_others20190925-101730-1asoi04.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706486/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706486/Why_do_some_lives_matters_more_than_others20190925-101730-1asoi04-libre.pdf?1569466056=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhy_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=DAdDdEEHc~HjK-QtCYPpOeFHCs1sCmSuz0lB3s1PTuukpn~wNtbbH6swtcbTD13cxbwTGTJZ6hmsSKw4X14cmPOIBktJeTFPP~879sVaqH5Fz6SvRuZF9SJUJL-zW9YnZj6Abz~7XWPaF5vyWLz3O9TZCIrXZEeXLrOwNbC7gyG7NDE8h9sZdyQ9DH2krMZWGToAhMf43-jR06xh-3CJ3ubq4GozBJgekNEerAeW5wouKDywd113YYpI4OeeetDMWghpWUxn55gUK3W4zN1MffR1SZuujWdmmSxm9tukYD4OZ0-hbQ7OtYGHTSJ6pNVtUCbvWw5na~o7JqtEPo678w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_than_others_Exploring_how_the_quality_timeliness_and_consistency_of_data_on_civilian_harm_affects_the_conduct_of_hostilities_for_civilians_caught_in_conflict","translated_slug":"","page_count":70,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Normatively, protecting civilians from the conduct of hostilities is grounded in the Geneva Conventions and the UN Security Council protection of civilian agenda, both of which celebrate their 70 and 20 year anniversaries in 2019. Previous research focusses heavily on protection of civilians through peacekeeping whereas this research focuses on ‘non-armed’ approaches to enhancing civilian protection in conflict. Prior research and experience reveals a high level of missingness and variation in the level of available data on civilian harm in conflict. Where civilian harm is considered in the peace and conflict literature, it is predominantly from a securitized lens of understanding insurgent recruitment strategies and more recent counter-insurgent strategies aimed at winning ‘hearts and minds’. Through a structured focused comparison of four case studies the correlation between the level of quality, timely and consistent data on civilian harm and affect on the conduct of hostilities will be reviewed and potential confounders identified. Following this the hypothesized causal mechanism will be process traced through the pathway case of Afghanistan. The findings and analysis from both methods identify support for the theory and it’s refinement with important nuances in the factors conducive to quality, timely and consistent data collection on civilian harm in armed conflict.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":60706486,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706486/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Why_do_some_lives_matters_more_than_others20190925-101730-1asoi04.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706486/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Why_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706486/Why_do_some_lives_matters_more_than_others20190925-101730-1asoi04-libre.pdf?1569466056=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DWhy_do_some_civilian_lives_matter_more_t.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=DAdDdEEHc~HjK-QtCYPpOeFHCs1sCmSuz0lB3s1PTuukpn~wNtbbH6swtcbTD13cxbwTGTJZ6hmsSKw4X14cmPOIBktJeTFPP~879sVaqH5Fz6SvRuZF9SJUJL-zW9YnZj6Abz~7XWPaF5vyWLz3O9TZCIrXZEeXLrOwNbC7gyG7NDE8h9sZdyQ9DH2krMZWGToAhMf43-jR06xh-3CJ3ubq4GozBJgekNEerAeW5wouKDywd113YYpI4OeeetDMWghpWUxn55gUK3W4zN1MffR1SZuujWdmmSxm9tukYD4OZ0-hbQ7OtYGHTSJ6pNVtUCbvWw5na~o7JqtEPo678w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":5357,"name":"Afghanistan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Afghanistan"},{"id":15231,"name":"Yemen","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Yemen"},{"id":15391,"name":"Syria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Syria"},{"id":74580,"name":"Iraq War","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Iraq_War"},{"id":334667,"name":"Protection of Civilians in Armed Conflict","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protection_of_Civilians_in_Armed_Conflict"},{"id":341473,"name":"Civilian Casualties","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Civilian_Casualties"},{"id":1353392,"name":"Conduct of Hostilities","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Conduct_of_Hostilities"},{"id":3389929,"name":"missingness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/missingness"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40444274-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40444143"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444143/Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_the_Middle_East_from_Policy_Commitments_to_more_Meaningful_Practice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Advancing Women, Peace and Security in the Middle East: from Policy Commitments to more Meaningful Practice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706269/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444143/Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_the_Middle_East_from_Policy_Commitments_to_more_Meaningful_Practice">Advancing Women, Peace and Security in the Middle East: from Policy Commitments to more Meaningful Practice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Advancing Women, Peace and Security in the Middle East</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The following paper provides a succinct overview of the normative framework, the Middle East cont...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The following paper provides a succinct overview of the normative framework, the Middle East context and challenges, and offers some suggestions for Australia to more concretely advance WPS from policy and paper commitments to more meaningful practice.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="c6e22066cb56db719f630188665a1bcb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60706269,"asset_id":40444143,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706269/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40444143"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40444143"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444143; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444143]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444143]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444143; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40444143']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "c6e22066cb56db719f630188665a1bcb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40444143]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40444143,"title":"Advancing Women, Peace and Security in the Middle East: from Policy Commitments to more Meaningful Practice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The following paper provides a succinct overview of the normative framework, the Middle East context and challenges, and offers some suggestions for Australia to more concretely advance WPS from policy and paper commitments to more meaningful practice.","ai_title_tag":"Enhancing Women, Peace, and Security in the ME","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Advancing Women, Peace and Security in the Middle East"},"translated_abstract":"The following paper provides a succinct overview of the normative framework, the Middle East context and challenges, and offers some suggestions for Australia to more concretely advance WPS from policy and paper commitments to more meaningful practice.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40444143/Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_the_Middle_East_from_Policy_Commitments_to_more_Meaningful_Practice","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-25T18:20:04.044-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60706269,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706269/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"advancing-women-peace-and-security-in-the-middle-east-cop-report20190925-5749-41i4jl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706269/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_th.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706269/advancing-women-peace-and-security-in-the-middle-east-cop-report20190925-5749-41i4jl-libre.pdf?1569460529=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAdvancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_th.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=cov0pguEwR5SAZKebQ-kT3Tfzm0Tb2SW7nZNpP2sXPGDTKQH8ZMAOHa1bAz9qcouHIftfTuCoXoxjsJupy1aTpVjQl5Vr-G18rVvHSCOkzL-ALfysTfLImOxqp7Hr3GP-8AgDF6cxHELPVme0L8s2~xc5bBegL58W6Kid0al-tA5CPQjGQdzO80mI2C8XW-Hvhor0WPzJgrgptk5uYwNpU7PEUb4wlkEQ4QpQz6OTN8G0jFcalC4YbGjfgrWgiovHAfr3xUHhI5Rq5rI3GFXBSxH0v43wtzg-bUzIkJcBkTb8bizcsNdC9BUHbXmsRIBXYAWToW13db0mQjpt70s1g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_the_Middle_East_from_Policy_Commitments_to_more_Meaningful_Practice","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The following paper provides a succinct overview of the normative framework, the Middle East context and challenges, and offers some suggestions for Australia to more concretely advance WPS from policy and paper commitments to more meaningful practice.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":60706269,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706269/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"advancing-women-peace-and-security-in-the-middle-east-cop-report20190925-5749-41i4jl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706269/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Advancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_th.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706269/advancing-women-peace-and-security-in-the-middle-east-cop-report20190925-5749-41i4jl-libre.pdf?1569460529=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAdvancing_Women_Peace_and_Security_in_th.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=cov0pguEwR5SAZKebQ-kT3Tfzm0Tb2SW7nZNpP2sXPGDTKQH8ZMAOHa1bAz9qcouHIftfTuCoXoxjsJupy1aTpVjQl5Vr-G18rVvHSCOkzL-ALfysTfLImOxqp7Hr3GP-8AgDF6cxHELPVme0L8s2~xc5bBegL58W6Kid0al-tA5CPQjGQdzO80mI2C8XW-Hvhor0WPzJgrgptk5uYwNpU7PEUb4wlkEQ4QpQz6OTN8G0jFcalC4YbGjfgrWgiovHAfr3xUHhI5Rq5rI3GFXBSxH0v43wtzg-bUzIkJcBkTb8bizcsNdC9BUHbXmsRIBXYAWToW13db0mQjpt70s1g__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40444143-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40444142"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444142/Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Children_17th_Informal_ASEM_Seminar"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal ASEM Seminar" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706331/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444142/Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Children_17th_Informal_ASEM_Seminar">Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal ASEM Seminar</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee">Amra Lee</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://leidenuni.academia.edu/TonLiefaard">Ton Liefaard</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal Seminar</span><span>, 2017</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background paper prepared ahead of the 17th informal seminar on human rights and children.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="22da4a87a45e10650a1a9834814ca794" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60706331,"asset_id":40444142,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706331/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40444142"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40444142"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444142; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444142]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444142]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444142; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40444142']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "22da4a87a45e10650a1a9834814ca794" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40444142]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40444142,"title":"Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal ASEM Seminar","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Background paper prepared ahead of the 17th informal seminar on human rights and children.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2017,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal Seminar"},"translated_abstract":"Background paper prepared ahead of the 17th informal seminar on human rights and children.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40444142/Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Children_17th_Informal_ASEM_Seminar","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-25T18:20:04.026-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":33063783,"work_id":40444142,"tagging_user_id":125965459,"tagged_user_id":20684224,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"b***a@graduateinstitute.ch","display_order":1,"name":"Bina D'Costa","title":"Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal ASEM Seminar"},{"id":33063784,"work_id":40444142,"tagging_user_id":125965459,"tagged_user_id":52872631,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"t***d@law.leidenuniv.nl","affiliation":"Leiden University","display_order":2,"name":"Ton Liefaard","title":"Background Paper: Human Rights and Children 17th Informal ASEM Seminar"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60706331,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706331/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ASEF_Background_Paper_Child_Rights20190925-115272-1fhjow1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706331/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Childr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706331/ASEF_Background_Paper_Child_Rights20190925-115272-1fhjow1-libre.pdf?1569461726=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBackground_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Childr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=ClSF5UO-yFRW3XpUKHaU7DygOLhFxJmZYTb4VP4reQcwcnhD938u0Wtq1EvQozzS6Q95zcwCkBey0iKoFX2nAVEUvzVXsbnYDbV2VUx5ZjQM1DCBqDAh2xahmojs7u-cD0~WQ58o5213fkMszoBko0z6sX1s-34fRpeHJCb3FhsViptcg5dDMQCHKqmGdA8VnyjU~xkp9bytz10zahtmyFZnIsTPUGvkNHp-RchpKEhVVtod3-hfaCDbWiL7J6Zl0KLDDpuBvTnb~-~Elmvsl7IT~VesJ7B-A2Y3BnvnpGJu08pTyMGpzDn5xqBiRgpCTCt3yjBT63dXIRBtPKoabw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Children_17th_Informal_ASEM_Seminar","translated_slug":"","page_count":70,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Background paper prepared ahead of the 17th informal seminar on human rights and children.","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":60706331,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706331/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ASEF_Background_Paper_Child_Rights20190925-115272-1fhjow1.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706331/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Background_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Childr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706331/ASEF_Background_Paper_Child_Rights20190925-115272-1fhjow1-libre.pdf?1569461726=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBackground_Paper_Human_Rights_and_Childr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744133650\u0026Signature=ClSF5UO-yFRW3XpUKHaU7DygOLhFxJmZYTb4VP4reQcwcnhD938u0Wtq1EvQozzS6Q95zcwCkBey0iKoFX2nAVEUvzVXsbnYDbV2VUx5ZjQM1DCBqDAh2xahmojs7u-cD0~WQ58o5213fkMszoBko0z6sX1s-34fRpeHJCb3FhsViptcg5dDMQCHKqmGdA8VnyjU~xkp9bytz10zahtmyFZnIsTPUGvkNHp-RchpKEhVVtod3-hfaCDbWiL7J6Zl0KLDDpuBvTnb~-~Elmvsl7IT~VesJ7B-A2Y3BnvnpGJu08pTyMGpzDn5xqBiRgpCTCt3yjBT63dXIRBtPKoabw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40444142-figures'); } }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40444141"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444141/Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Protection_in_the_Context_of_Humanitarian_Action"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Independent Whole of System Review of Protection in the Context of Humanitarian Action" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706266/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40444141/Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Protection_in_the_Context_of_Humanitarian_Action">Independent Whole of System Review of Protection in the Context of Humanitarian Action</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee">Amra Lee</a>, <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/NorahNiland">Norah Niland</a>, and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AntonioDonini">Antonio Donini</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Independent Whole of System Review of Protection</span><span>, 2015</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">This Whole of System Review examines how protection issues are addressed in the context of humani...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">This Whole of System Review examines how protection issues are addressed in the context of humanitarian action and makes practical suggestions to help humanitarian actors be more strategic, and better capable of meeting core life-saving humanitarian responsibilities in relation to protection.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="23384a4dde9b60f64a29d8ff4d2a6131" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60706266,"asset_id":40444141,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706266/download_file?s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40444141"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40444141"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444141; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444141]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40444141]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40444141; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40444141']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "23384a4dde9b60f64a29d8ff4d2a6131" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40444141]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40444141,"title":"Independent Whole of System Review of Protection in the Context of Humanitarian Action","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"This Whole of System Review examines how protection issues are addressed in the context of humanitarian action and makes practical suggestions to help humanitarian actors be more strategic, and better capable of meeting core life-saving humanitarian responsibilities in relation to protection. ","ai_title_tag":"Enhancing Protection in Humanitarian Action","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2015,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Independent Whole of System Review of Protection"},"translated_abstract":"This Whole of System Review examines how protection issues are addressed in the context of humanitarian action and makes practical suggestions to help humanitarian actors be more strategic, and better capable of meeting core life-saving humanitarian responsibilities in relation to protection. ","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40444141/Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Protection_in_the_Context_of_Humanitarian_Action","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-25T18:20:03.978-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":125965459,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":33063756,"work_id":40444141,"tagging_user_id":125965459,"tagged_user_id":6815287,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"n***d@gmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Norah Niland","title":"Independent Whole of System Review of Protection in the Context of Humanitarian Action"},{"id":33063757,"work_id":40444141,"tagging_user_id":125965459,"tagged_user_id":50308788,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***i@gmail.com","display_order":2,"name":"Antonio Donini","title":"Independent Whole of System Review of Protection in the Context of Humanitarian Action"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60706266,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706266/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"independent_whole_of_system_protection_review_report_may_201520190925-21181-wund2n.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706266/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Pr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706266/independent_whole_of_system_protection_review_report_may_201520190925-21181-wund2n-libre.pdf?1569460527=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndependent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Pr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=PxU1y-AAjvXB7UpVpmxzTz7MbEG3YL0UnpilLL897KKrddtX94hPlGbsc3z0bNIfc8bkK-QAy8o7odlqadvzKI66KZE8OWJKdE1lFPha9lr1V9U3lPjSNjQrqg2Mmk~YmFtHktgh1gHrvHEnxAnv3QpONMh5dWcpfbdFlXCm2rAd5lnAxbVabDaU2nIkp2hTJbNkAu7TemoWujTZpR~CJe~ixOOr1YYojkAfgwIq59sw~noGRw0lEzMu-jlvGScYbK61fgBgKM8tJpSbnu7Aj~ZN7ZNOmcO-xIpN8-3aEcTYgahauaeNMbfKem8UnxnNfSwxUAOqLUX3nq5w5Ip4UA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Protection_in_the_Context_of_Humanitarian_Action","translated_slug":"","page_count":152,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"This Whole of System Review examines how protection issues are addressed in the context of humanitarian action and makes practical suggestions to help humanitarian actors be more strategic, and better capable of meeting core life-saving humanitarian responsibilities in relation to protection. ","impression_tracking_id":null,"owner":{"id":125965459,"first_name":"Amra","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Lee","page_name":"AmraLee","domain_name":"anu-au","created_at":"2019-09-11T01:25:17.373-07:00","display_name":"Amra Lee","url":"https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee"},"attachments":[{"id":60706266,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60706266/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"independent_whole_of_system_protection_review_report_may_201520190925-21181-wund2n.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60706266/download_file","bulk_download_file_name":"Independent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Pr.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60706266/independent_whole_of_system_protection_review_report_may_201520190925-21181-wund2n-libre.pdf?1569460527=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DIndependent_Whole_of_System_Review_of_Pr.pdf\u0026Expires=1744081620\u0026Signature=PxU1y-AAjvXB7UpVpmxzTz7MbEG3YL0UnpilLL897KKrddtX94hPlGbsc3z0bNIfc8bkK-QAy8o7odlqadvzKI66KZE8OWJKdE1lFPha9lr1V9U3lPjSNjQrqg2Mmk~YmFtHktgh1gHrvHEnxAnv3QpONMh5dWcpfbdFlXCm2rAd5lnAxbVabDaU2nIkp2hTJbNkAu7TemoWujTZpR~CJe~ixOOr1YYojkAfgwIq59sw~noGRw0lEzMu-jlvGScYbK61fgBgKM8tJpSbnu7Aj~ZN7ZNOmcO-xIpN8-3aEcTYgahauaeNMbfKem8UnxnNfSwxUAOqLUX3nq5w5Ip4UA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") if (false) { Aedu.setUpFigureCarousel('profile-work-40444141-figures'); } }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 1 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-a9bf3a2bc8c89fa2a77156577594264ee8a0f214d74241bc0fcd3f69f8d107ac.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; } .sign-in-with-apple-button > div { margin: 0 auto; / This centers the Apple-rendered button horizontally }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "6171aa8777b9712d857301a0dba4a91a4ce11e3772e4a17eadaba2988af8e878", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="nvJSCHGBpMj6bVrjxr9LomtyDvA38w16_7WhD5POjL3xmLmMdqVrfs9hfWSXRR37CYbxlEi3P6Bk0DtBmq16HQ" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://anu-au.academia.edu/AmraLee" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="tyRkFmM9C4XlJ5r9-Wq9Eg3n59ns19hMzpVa2mMNxPTYTo-SZBnEM9ArvXqokOtLbxMYvZOT6pZV8MCUam4yVA" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/hc/en-us"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/content_policy">Content Policy</a></li><li>Academia ©2025</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>