CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Cholera - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"babb8780-88ac-4131-98e6-b9ecd721fdc4","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Cholera","wgTitle":"Cholera","wgCurRevisionId":1256395986,"wgRevisionId":1256395986,"wgArticleId":7591,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","All articles lacking reliable references","Articles lacking reliable references from December 2013","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2024","CS1 maint: overridden setting","CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1 interwiki-linked names","CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)","CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata", "Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism","Short description is different from Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013","All articles with vague or ambiguous time","Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015","Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2021","Articles containing Greek-language text","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate","Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate","Cholera","Diarrhea","Foodborne illnesses", "Gastrointestinal tract disorders","Intestinal infectious diseases","Tropical diseases","Epidemics","Pandemics","Sanitation","Waterborne diseases","Vaccine-preventable diseases"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Cholera","wgRelevantArticleId":7591,"wgIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":false,"wgRestrictionEdit":["autoconfirmed"],"wgRestrictionMove":["autoconfirmed"],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false ,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q12090","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Adult_cholera_patient.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="794"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2b/Adult_cholera_patient.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="529"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Adult_cholera_patient.jpg/640px-Adult_cholera_patient.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="423"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Cholera - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject page-Cholera rootpage-Cholera skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cholera" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cholera" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Cholera" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Cholera" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Signs and symptoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cause" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cause"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Cause </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cause-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cause subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cause-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transmission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transmission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Transmission </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transmission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Susceptibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Susceptibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Susceptibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Susceptibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mechanism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mechanism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Genetic structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antibiotic_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotic_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Antibiotic resistance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotic_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water,_sanitation_and_hygiene" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water,_sanitation_and_hygiene"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Water, sanitation and hygiene </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water,_sanitation_and_hygiene-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surveillance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surveillance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Surveillance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surveillance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vaccination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vaccination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Vaccination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vaccination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sari_filtration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sari_filtration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Sari filtration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sari_filtration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Treatment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fluids" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fluids"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Fluids </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fluids-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrolytes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrolytes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Electrolytes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrolytes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antibiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Antibiotics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zinc_supplementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zinc_supplementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Zinc supplementation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zinc_supplementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prognosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prognosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Prognosis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prognosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Epidemiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_outbreaks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_outbreaks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 History of outbreaks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_outbreaks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_Strategy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_Strategy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Global Strategy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_Strategy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Society_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Society_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Society and culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Society and culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Society_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Health_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Health policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_cases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_cases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Notable cases </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_cases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Country_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Country_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Country examples </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Country_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Country examples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Country_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Zambia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zambia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Zambia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zambia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Democratic Republic of Congo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Democratic_Republic_of_Congo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Cholera</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 137 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" > 137 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AE%E1%88%8C%E1%88%AB" title="ኮሌራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኮሌራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="विसूचिका – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="विसूचिका" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كوليرا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوليرا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colera" title="Colera – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Colera" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF" title="Ժանտախտ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Ժանտախտ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="কলেৰা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="কলেৰা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3lera" title="Cólera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Cólera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Къавуда – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Къавуда" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C9%99ba" title="Vəba – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vəba" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="وبا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="وبا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="কলেরা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কলেরা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0u-th%C3%B2%CD%98-soa" title="Làu-thò͘-soa – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Làu-thò͘-soa" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Холера – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Холера" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Халера – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Халера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Халера – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Халера" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Холера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Холера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%90%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A4%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BD%91%E0%BC%8D" title="སྐྱུག་ཤལ་འགོས་ནད། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སྐྱུག་ཤལ་འགོས་ནད།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D" title="Холерэ – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Холерэ" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2lera" title="Còlera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Còlera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colera" title="Colera – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Colera" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كوليرا – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="كوليرا" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%8D%DE%AC%DE%83%DE%A7" title="ކޮލެރާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކޮލެރާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolera" title="Koolera – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Koolera" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Χολέρα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χολέρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%A9ro" title="Coléro – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Coléro" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3lera" title="Cólera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cólera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%A4olero" title="Ĥolero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĥolero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="وبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haeja" title="Haeja – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Haeja" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chol%C3%A9ra" title="Choléra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Choléra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goalera" title="Goalera – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Goalera" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calar" title="Calar – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Calar" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3lera" title="Cólera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cólera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%C3%B3-lie%CC%8Dt-l%C3%A0" title="Khó-lie̍t-là – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Khó-lie̍t-là" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%9C%EB%A0%88%EB%9D%BC" title="콜레라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="콜레라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Խոլերա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խոլերա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="हैजा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैजा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolero" title="Kolero – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kolero" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B3lera" title="Kólera – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kólera" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colera" title="Colera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A8%D7%94" title="כולרה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כולרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE" title="ಕಾಲೆರಾ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕಾಲೆರಾ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Холера – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Холера" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ქოლერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქოლერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کالرا – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کالرا" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D2%9B%D0%B0%D2%9B" title="Тырысқақ – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тырысқақ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kipindupindu" title="Kipindupindu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kipindupindu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Холера – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Холера" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holera" title="Holera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Holera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera_ndwadde" title="Kolera ndwadde – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Kolera ndwadde" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="हैजा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="हैजा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Колера – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Колера" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%B1" title="കോളറ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കോളറ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="पटकी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पटकी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="كوليرا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوليرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taun" title="Taun – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Taun" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2ng-t%C3%B3-si%C3%A1" title="Bâng-tó-siá – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bâng-tó-siá" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9C%E1%80%9D%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB" title="ကာလဝမ်းရောဂါ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကာလဝမ်းရောဂါ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE" title="हैजा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हैजा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="कोलेरा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="कोलेरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AC%E3%83%A9" title="コレラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コレラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C3%A8ra" title="Colèra – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Colèra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B2%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE" title="କଲେରା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କଲେରା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeensa" title="Xeensa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Xeensa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabo" title="Vabo – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vabo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹੈਜ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹੈਜ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B6%DB%81" title="ہیضہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہیضہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کولرا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کولرا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalara" title="Kalara – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kalara" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colera" title="Colera – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Colera" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3lera" title="Cólera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cólera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holer%C4%83" title="Holeră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Holeră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q%27icha_unquy" title="Q'icha unquy – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Q'icha unquy" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Холера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Холера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Холера – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Холера" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE" title="विसूचिका – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="विसूचिका" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A6%E1%B1%9F.%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱦᱟ.ᱭᱡᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱦᱟ.ᱭᱡᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culera" title="Culera – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Culera" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="කොලරාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කොලරාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%8A%D8%B6%D9%88_%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ھيضو يا ڪوليرا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھيضو يا ڪوليرا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Cholera" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%84%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="کۆلێرا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کۆلێرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Колера – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Колера" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kol%C3%A9ra" title="Koléra – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Koléra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="வாந்திபேதி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வாந்திபேதி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Ваба – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ваба" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE" title="కలరా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కలరా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%84" title="อหิวาตกโรค – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อหิวาตกโรค" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A4cpou" title="Yäcpou – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Yäcpou" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target">Thuɔŋjäŋ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE" title="Бемории вабо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бемории вабо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayamtunini/K%C9%94lera" title="Ayamtunini/Kɔlera – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Ayamtunini/Kɔlera" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Холера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Холера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%DB%8C%D8%B6%DB%81" title="ہیضہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ہیضہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binghsiqrueg" title="Binghsiqrueg – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Binghsiqrueg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%E1%BB%87nh_t%E1%BA%A3" title="Bệnh tả – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bệnh tả" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%C3%B5r" title="Hallõr – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Hallõr" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colera" title="Colera – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Colera" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolera" title="Kolera – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kolera" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%B9%B1" title="霍乱 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="霍乱" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%A2" title="כאלערע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כאלערע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%82" title="霍亂 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="霍亂" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%82" title="霍亂 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="霍亂" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kel%C3%A8ra" title="Kelèra – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Kelèra" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12090#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Cholera" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cholera">Read</a></li><li id="ca-viewsource" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cholera&action=edit" title="This page is protected.
You can view its source [e]" accesskey="e">View source</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cholera&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Cholera">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cholera&action=edit">View source</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cholera&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Cholera" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Cholera" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cholera&oldid=1256395986" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cholera&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Cholera&id=1256395986&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCholera">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FCholera">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Cholera&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cholera&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Cholera" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Category:Cholera" hreflang="en">Wikisource</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12090" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected due to vandalism"><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bacterial infection of the small intestine</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the bacterial disease. For the dish, see <a href="/wiki/Cholera_(food)" title="Cholera (food)">Cholera (food)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vibriosis" title="Vibriosis">Vibriosis</a>, a milder disease that can be caused by non-cholera toxin producing <a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a> bacteria.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Medical condition</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox ib-medical-condition"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Cholera</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data">Asiatic cholera, epidemic cholera<a href="#cite_note-textbook-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr style="background-color: #f8f9fa;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Adult_cholera_patient.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Adult_cholera_patient.jpg/220px-Adult_cholera_patient.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Adult_cholera_patient.jpg/330px-Adult_cholera_patient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Adult_cholera_patient.jpg/440px-Adult_cholera_patient.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="463" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">A person with severe <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> due to cholera, causing sunken eyes and wrinkled hands and skin.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">Specialty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infectious_disease_(medical_specialty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious disease (medical specialty)">Infectious disease</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Signs_and_symptoms" title="Signs and symptoms">Symptoms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Large amounts of watery <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cramps" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle cramps">muscle cramps</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Pro-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Complication_(medicine)" title="Complication (medicine)">Complications</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">Dehydration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">electrolyte imbalance</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usual onset</th><td class="infobox-data">2 hours to 5 days after exposure<a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Pro-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Duration</th><td class="infobox-data">A few days<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Causes</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a> spread by <a href="/wiki/Fecal-oral_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal-oral route">fecal-oral route</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fink2016-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Risk_factor" title="Risk factor">Risk factors</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Poor <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, not enough clean <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">Diagnostic method</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Stool_test" title="Stool test">Stool test</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prevention</th><td class="infobox-data">Improved sanitation, <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">clean water</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">hand washing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">cholera vaccines</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lancet2012-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Treatment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">Oral rehydration therapy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_supplementation" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc supplementation">zinc supplementation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_fluids" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous fluids">intravenous fluids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a><a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Zinc-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Prognosis" title="Prognosis">Prognosis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Less than 1% mortality rate with proper treatment, untreated mortality rate 50–60%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frequency</th><td class="infobox-data">3–5 million people a year<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Deaths</th><td class="infobox-data">28,800 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-7">[7]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Cholera (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɒlərə/</a>) is an <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a> by some <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterium</a> <a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fink2016-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Pro-3">[3]</a> Symptoms may range from none, to mild, to severe.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Pro-3">[3]</a> The classic symptom is large amounts of watery <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> lasting a few days.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">Vomiting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cramps" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle cramps">muscle cramps</a> may also occur.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Pro-3">[3]</a> Diarrhea can be so severe that it leads within hours to severe <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">electrolyte imbalance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> This may result in <a href="/wiki/Enophthalmia" title="Enophthalmia">sunken eyes</a>, cold skin, decreased skin elasticity, and wrinkling of the hands and feet.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2012-5">[5]</a> Dehydration can cause the skin to turn <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">bluish</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Symptoms start two hours to five days after exposure.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Pro-3">[3]</a> Cholera is caused by a number of <a href="/wiki/Serotype" title="Serotype">types</a> of Vibrio cholerae, with some types producing more severe disease than others.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> It is spread mostly by <a href="/wiki/Waterborne_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterborne diseases">unsafe water</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">unsafe food</a> that has been contaminated with <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">human feces</a> containing the bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> Undercooked <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> is a common source.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Humans are the only known host for the <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Risk_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Risk factors">Risk factors</a> for the disease include poor <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>, insufficient clean <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> Cholera can be diagnosed by a <a href="/wiki/Stool_test" title="Stool test">stool test</a>,<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> or a rapid <a href="/wiki/Dipstick#Testing_dipstick" title="Dipstick">dipstick test</a>, although the dipstick test is less accurate.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Prevention methods against cholera include improved sanitation and access to <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">clean water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2012-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera vaccines</a> that are given by mouth provide reasonable protection for about six months, and confer the added benefit of protecting against another type of diarrhea caused by <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> In 2017, the <a href="/wiki/US_Food_and_Drug_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="US Food and Drug Administration">US Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approved a single-dose, live, oral cholera vaccine called <a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Vaxchora</a> for adults aged 18–64 who are travelling to an area of active cholera transmission.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> It offers limited protection to young children. People who survive an episode of cholera have long-lasting immunity for at least three years (the period tested).<a href="#cite_note-immunity-12">[12]</a> The primary treatment for affected individuals is <a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">oral rehydration salts</a> (ORS), the replacement of fluids and electrolytes by using slightly sweet and salty solutions.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> Rice-based solutions are preferred.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> In children, <a href="/wiki/Zinc_supplementation" class="mw-redirect" title="Zinc supplementation">zinc supplementation</a> has also been found to improve outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2014Zinc-6">[6]</a> In severe cases, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous fluid">intravenous fluids</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ringer%27s_lactate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringer's lactate">Ringer's lactate</a>, may be required, and <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a> may be beneficial.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> The choice of antibiotic is aided by <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_sensitivity_testing" title="Antibiotic sensitivity testing">antibiotic sensitivity testing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2015Pro-3">[3]</a> Cholera continues to affect an estimated 3–5 million people worldwide and causes 28,800–130,000 deaths a year.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-GBD2015De-7">[7]</a> To date, seven <a href="/wiki/Cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholera pandemic">cholera pandemics</a> have occurred, with the most recent beginning in 1961, and continuing today.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> The illness is rare in <a href="/wiki/High-income_country" class="mw-redirect" title="High-income country">high-income countries</a>, and affects children most severely.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Cholera occurs as both <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">outbreaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">chronically in certain areas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> Areas with an ongoing risk of disease include <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> The risk of death among those affected is usually less than 5%, given improved treatment, but may be as high as 50% without such access to treatment.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> Descriptions of cholera are found as early as the 5th century BC in <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2012-5">[5]</a> In Europe, cholera was a term initially used to describe any kind of gastroenteritis, and was not used for this disease until the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-rosenberg-15">[15]</a> The study of cholera in England by <a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a> between 1849 and 1854 led to significant advances in the field of <a href="/wiki/Epidemiology" title="Epidemiology">epidemiology</a> because of his insights about transmission via contaminated water, and a map of the same was the first recorded incidence of epidemiological tracking.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2012-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm/290px-seek%3D79-En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="290" height="163" data-durationhint="191" data-mwtitle="En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm/En.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AEn.Wikipedia-VideoWiki-Cholera.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video><figcaption>Video summary of this article with VideoWiki (<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Cholera" title="Wikipedia:VideoWiki/Cholera">script</a>)</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholera_feces.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cholera_feces.jpg/220px-Cholera_feces.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cholera_feces.jpg/330px-Cholera_feces.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Cholera_feces.jpg/440px-Cholera_feces.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Typical cholera diarrhea that looks like "rice water"</figcaption></figure> The primary symptoms of cholera are profuse <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> of clear fluid.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> These symptoms usually start suddenly, half a day to five days after ingestion of the bacteria.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> The diarrhea is frequently described as "rice water" in nature and may have a fishy odor.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> An untreated person with cholera may produce 10 to 20 litres (3 to 5 US gal) of diarrhea a day.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Severe cholera, without treatment, kills about half of affected individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> If the severe diarrhea is not treated, it can result in life-threatening <a href="/wiki/Dehydration" title="Dehydration">dehydration</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte" title="Electrolyte">electrolyte</a> imbalances.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Estimates of the ratio of <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic" title="Asymptomatic">asymptomatic</a> to symptomatic infections have ranged from 3 to 100.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Cholera has been nicknamed the "blue death"<a href="#cite_note-Greenough-20">[20]</a> because a person's skin may turn <a href="/wiki/Cyanosis" title="Cyanosis">bluish-gray</a> from extreme loss of fluids.<a href="#cite_note-McE2009-21">[21]</a> Fever is rare and should raise suspicion for secondary infection. Patients can be lethargic and might have sunken eyes, dry mouth, cold clammy skin, or wrinkled hands and feet. <a href="/wiki/Kussmaul_breathing" title="Kussmaul breathing">Kussmaul breathing</a>, a deep and labored breathing pattern, can occur because of <a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a> from <a href="/wiki/Human_feces" title="Human feces">stool</a> <a href="/wiki/Bicarbonate" title="Bicarbonate">bicarbonate</a> losses and <a href="/wiki/Lactic_acidosis" title="Lactic acidosis">lactic acidosis</a> associated with poor <a href="/wiki/Perfusion" title="Perfusion">perfusion</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">Blood pressure</a> drops due to dehydration, peripheral pulse is rapid and thready, and urine output decreases with time. Muscle cramping and weakness, altered consciousness, <a href="/wiki/Seizures" class="mw-redirect" title="Seizures">seizures</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/Coma" title="Coma">coma</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Electrolyte_imbalance" title="Electrolyte imbalance">electrolyte imbalances</a> are common, especially in children.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cause">Cause</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg/220px-Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg/330px-Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg/440px-Cholera_bacteria_SEM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron microscope</a> image of Vibrio cholerae</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vibrio_cholerae.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vibrio_cholerae.jpg/220px-Vibrio_cholerae.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vibrio_cholerae.jpg/330px-Vibrio_cholerae.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Vibrio_cholerae.jpg/440px-Vibrio_cholerae.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1437" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a>, the bacterium that causes cholera</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transmission">Transmission</h3></div> Cholera bacteria have been found in <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">plankton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (medicine)">Transmission</a> is usually through the <a href="/wiki/Fecal-oral_route" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal-oral route">fecal-oral route</a> of contaminated food or water caused by poor <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> Most cholera cases in <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed countries</a> are a result of transmission by food, while in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> it is more often water.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Food transmission can occur when people harvest seafood such as <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oysters</a> in waters infected with <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, as Vibrio cholerae accumulates in <a href="/wiki/Plankton" title="Plankton">planktonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Copepod" title="Copepod">crustaceans</a> and the oysters eat the <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bakerinstitute.org-22">[22]</a> People infected with cholera often have diarrhea, and disease transmission may occur if this highly liquid stool, colloquially referred to as "rice-water", contaminates water used by others.<a href="#cite_note-Sherris-23">[23]</a> A single diarrheal event can cause a one-million fold increase in numbers of V. cholerae in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The source of the contamination is typically other people with cholera when their untreated diarrheal discharge is allowed to get into waterways, <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> supplies. Drinking any contaminated water and eating any foods washed in the water, as well as <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a> living in the affected <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterway</a>, can cause a person to contract an infection. Cholera is rarely <a href="/wiki/Contagious_disease" title="Contagious disease">spread directly from person to person</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CDC_2020-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[note 1]</a> V. cholerae also exists outside the human body in natural water sources, either by itself or through interacting with <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Biotic_material" title="Biotic material">biotic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiotic">abiotic</a> detritus.<a href="#cite_note-NEJOct2009review-27">[26]</a> Drinking such water can also result in the disease, even without prior contamination through fecal matter. Selective pressures exist however in the aquatic environment that may reduce the virulence of V. cholerae.<a href="#cite_note-NEJOct2009review-27">[26]</a> Specifically, animal models indicate that the transcriptional profile of the pathogen changes as it prepares to enter an aquatic environment.<a href="#cite_note-NEJOct2009review-27">[26]</a> This transcriptional change results in a loss of ability of V. cholerae to be cultured on standard media, a phenotype referred to as '<a href="/wiki/Viable_but_non-culturable" class="mw-redirect" title="Viable but non-culturable">viable but non-culturable</a>' (VBNC) or more conservatively '<a href="/w/index.php?title=Active_but_non-culturable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Active but non-culturable (page does not exist)">active but non-culturable</a>' (ABNC).<a href="#cite_note-NEJOct2009review-27">[26]</a> One study indicates that the culturability of V. cholerae drops 90% within 24 hours of entering the water, and furthermore that this loss in culturability is associated with a loss in virulence.<a href="#cite_note-NEJOct2009review-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-NEJOct2008plos-28">[27]</a> Both toxic and non-toxic strains exist. Non-toxic strains can acquire <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a> through a <a href="/wiki/Temperateness_(virology)" title="Temperateness (virology)">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Archivist_1997-29">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susceptibility">Susceptibility</h3></div> About 100 million bacteria must typically be ingested to cause cholera in a normal healthy adult.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> This dose, however, is less in those with lowered <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">gastric acidity</a> (for instance those using <a href="/wiki/Proton_pump_inhibitors" class="mw-redirect" title="Proton pump inhibitors">proton pump inhibitors</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Children are also more susceptible, with two- to four-year-olds having the highest rates of infection.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Individuals' susceptibility to cholera is also affected by their <a href="/wiki/Blood_type" title="Blood type">blood type</a>, with those with <a href="/wiki/Type_O_blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Type O blood">type O blood</a> being the most susceptible.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Persons with <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">lowered immunity</a>, such as persons with <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnourished</a> children, are more likely to develop a severe case if they become infected.<a href="#cite_note-WHOpreventionandcontrolofoutbreaks-30">[29]</a> Any individual, even a healthy adult in middle age, can undergo a severe case, and each person's case should be measured by the loss of fluids, preferably in consultation with a professional <a href="/wiki/Health_care_provider" title="Health care provider">health care provider</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">medical citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a> genetic <a href="/wiki/Mutation" title="Mutation">mutation</a> known as <a href="/wiki/Delta-F508" class="mw-redirect" title="Delta-F508">delta-F508</a> in humans has been said to maintain a selective <a href="/wiki/Heterozygous_advantage" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygous advantage">heterozygous advantage</a>: <a href="/wiki/Heterozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterozygous">heterozygous</a> carriers of the mutation (who are not affected by cystic fibrosis) are more resistant to V. cholerae infections.<a href="#cite_note-Bertranpetit_1996-31">[30]</a> In this model, the genetic deficiency in the <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis_transmembrane_conductance_regulator" title="Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator">cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator</a> channel proteins interferes with bacteria binding to the <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_epithelium" title="Intestinal epithelium">intestinal epithelium</a>, thus reducing the effects of an infection. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholera_role_of_biofilm_in_intestinal_colonization.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cholera_role_of_biofilm_in_intestinal_colonization.jpg/310px-Cholera_role_of_biofilm_in_intestinal_colonization.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cholera_role_of_biofilm_in_intestinal_colonization.jpg/465px-Cholera_role_of_biofilm_in_intestinal_colonization.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Cholera_role_of_biofilm_in_intestinal_colonization.jpg/620px-Cholera_role_of_biofilm_in_intestinal_colonization.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1607" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>The role of <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilm</a> in the intestinal colonization of Vibrio cholerae</figcaption></figure> When consumed, most bacteria do not survive the <a href="/wiki/Gastric_acid" title="Gastric acid">acidic</a> conditions of the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">human stomach</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015-32">[31]</a> The few surviving bacteria conserve their energy and stored <a href="/wiki/Nutrient" title="Nutrient">nutrients</a> during the passage through the stomach by shutting down <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> production. When the surviving bacteria exit the stomach and reach the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestine</a>, they must propel themselves through the thick <a href="/wiki/Mucus#Digestive_system" title="Mucus">mucus</a> that lines the small intestine to reach the intestinal walls where they can attach and thrive.<a href="#cite_note-BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015-32">[31]</a> Once the cholera bacteria reach the intestinal wall, they no longer need the <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagella</a> to move. The bacteria stop producing the protein <a href="/wiki/Flagellin" title="Flagellin">flagellin</a> to conserve energy and nutrients by changing the mix of proteins that they express in response to the changed chemical surroundings. On reaching the intestinal wall, V. cholerae start producing the <a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">toxic proteins</a> that give the infected person a watery diarrhea. This carries the multiplying new generations of V. cholerae bacteria out into the drinking water of the next host if proper sanitation measures are not in place.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Cholera_toxin" title="Cholera toxin">cholera toxin</a> (CTX or CT) is an <a href="/wiki/Oligomer" title="Oligomer">oligomeric</a> complex made up of six <a href="/wiki/Protein_subunit" title="Protein subunit">protein subunits</a>: a single copy of the A subunit (part A), and five copies of the B subunit (part B), connected by a <a href="/wiki/Disulfide_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Disulfide bond">disulfide bond</a>. The five B subunits form a five-membered ring that binds to <a href="/wiki/GM1" title="GM1">GM1</a> <a href="/wiki/Ganglioside" title="Ganglioside">gangliosides</a> on the surface of the intestinal epithelium cells. The A1 portion of the A subunit is an enzyme that <a href="/wiki/ADP-ribosylation" title="ADP-ribosylation">ADP-ribosylates</a> <a href="/wiki/G_protein" title="G protein">G proteins</a>, while the A2 chain fits into the central pore of the B subunit ring. Upon binding, the complex is taken into the cell via receptor-mediated <a href="/wiki/Endocytosis" title="Endocytosis">endocytosis</a>. Once inside the cell, the disulfide bond is reduced, and the A1 subunit is freed to bind with a human partner protein called <a href="/wiki/ADP-ribosylation_factor_6" class="mw-redirect" title="ADP-ribosylation factor 6">ADP-ribosylation factor 6</a> (Arf6).<a href="#cite_note-O-34">[33]</a> Binding exposes its active site, allowing it to permanently ribosylate the <a href="/wiki/Gs_alpha_subunit" title="Gs alpha subunit">Gs alpha subunit</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Heterotrimeric_G_protein" title="Heterotrimeric G protein">heterotrimeric G protein</a>. This results in constitutive <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_adenosine_monophosphate" title="Cyclic adenosine monophosphate">cAMP</a> production, which in turn leads to the secretion of water, sodium, potassium, and bicarbonate into the lumen of the small intestine and rapid dehydration. The gene encoding the cholera toxin was introduced into V. cholerae by <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>. Virulent strains of V. cholerae carry a variant of a <a href="/wiki/Temperateness_(virology)" title="Temperateness (virology)">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophage</a> called <a href="/wiki/CTX%CF%86_Bacteriophage" class="mw-redirect" title="CTXφ Bacteriophage">CTXφ</a>. Microbiologists have studied the <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">genetic mechanisms</a> by which the V. cholerae bacteria turn off the production of some proteins and turn on the production of other proteins as they respond to the series of chemical environments they encounter, passing through the stomach, through the mucous layer of the small intestine, and on to the intestinal wall.<a href="#cite_note-DiRita-35">[34]</a> Of particular interest have been the genetic mechanisms by which cholera bacteria turn on the protein production of the toxins that interact with host cell mechanisms to pump <a href="/wiki/Chloride" title="Chloride">chloride</a> ions into the small intestine, creating an ionic pressure which prevents sodium ions from entering the cell. The chloride and sodium ions create a salt-water environment in the small intestines, which through osmosis can pull up to six liters of water per day through the intestinal cells, creating the massive amounts of diarrhea. The host can become rapidly dehydrated unless treated properly.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-36">[35]</a> By inserting separate, successive sections of V. cholerae DNA into the DNA of other bacteria, such as <a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">E. coli</a> that would not naturally produce the protein toxins, researchers have investigated the mechanisms by which V. cholerae responds to the changing chemical environments of the stomach, mucous layers, and intestinal wall. Researchers have discovered a complex cascade of regulatory proteins controls expression of V. cholerae <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulence</a> determinants.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> In responding to the chemical environment at the intestinal wall, the V. cholerae bacteria produce the TcpP/TcpH proteins, which, together with the ToxR/ToxS proteins, activate the expression of the ToxT regulatory protein. ToxT then directly activates expression of <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulence</a> genes that produce the toxins, causing diarrhea in the infected person and allowing the bacteria to colonize the intestine.<a href="#cite_note-DiRita-35">[34]</a> Current[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] research aims at discovering "the signal that makes the cholera bacteria stop swimming and start to colonize (that is, adhere to the cells of) the small intestine."<a href="#cite_note-DiRita-35">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic_structure">Genetic structure</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Amplified_fragment_length_polymorphism" title="Amplified fragment length polymorphism">Amplified fragment length polymorphism</a> <a href="/wiki/DNA_profiling" title="DNA profiling">fingerprinting</a> of the pandemic <a href="/wiki/Genetic_isolate" title="Genetic isolate">isolates</a> of V. cholerae has revealed variation in the genetic structure. Two <a href="/wiki/Gene_cluster" title="Gene cluster">clusters</a> have been identified: Cluster I and Cluster II. For the most part, Cluster I consists of strains from the 1960s and 1970s, while Cluster II largely contains strains from the 1980s and 1990s, based on the change in the clone structure. This grouping of strains is best seen in the strains from the African continent.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotic_resistance">Antibiotic resistance</h3></div> In many areas of the world, <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">antibiotic resistance</a> is increasing within cholera bacteria. In <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, for example, most cases are resistant to <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole">trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2006-39">[38]</a> Rapid diagnostic <a href="/wiki/Assay" title="Assay">assay</a> methods are available for the identification of <a href="/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance" title="Multiple drug resistance">multi-drug resistant</a> cases.<a href="#cite_note-Mackay-40">[39]</a> New generation antimicrobials have been discovered which are effective against cholera bacteria in in vitro studies.<a href="#cite_note-Ramamurthy-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2></div> A rapid <a href="/wiki/Dipstick" title="Dipstick">dipstick</a> test is available to determine the presence of V. cholerae.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2006-39">[38]</a> In those samples that test positive, further testing should be done to determine antibiotic resistance.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2006-39">[38]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> situations, a clinical diagnosis may be made by taking a <a href="/wiki/Medical_history" title="Medical history">patient history</a> and doing a brief examination. Treatment via hydration and over-the-counter hydration solutions can be started without or before confirmation by laboratory analysis, especially where cholera is a common problem.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Stool and swab samples collected in the acute stage of the disease, before antibiotics have been administered, are the most useful specimens for laboratory diagnosis. If an epidemic of cholera is suspected, the most common causative agent is V. cholerae O1. If V. cholerae <a href="/wiki/Serotype" title="Serotype">serogroup</a> O1 is not isolated, the laboratory should test for V. cholerae O139. However, if neither of these organisms is isolated, it is necessary to send stool specimens to a reference laboratory.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Infection with V. cholerae O139 should be reported and handled in the same manner as that caused by V. cholerae O1. The associated diarrheal illness should be referred to as cholera and must be reported in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-CDC_Diag-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:It_doesn%27t_hurt,_but_it_tickles._A_U.S._Navy_hospital_corpsman,_member_of_a_USAID_military_health_team,_inoculates_a_flo_-_NARA_-_541855.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/It_doesn%27t_hurt%2C_but_it_tickles._A_U.S._Navy_hospital_corpsman%2C_member_of_a_USAID_military_health_team%2C_inoculates_a_flo_-_NARA_-_541855.jpg/290px-It_doesn%27t_hurt%2C_but_it_tickles._A_U.S._Navy_hospital_corpsman%2C_member_of_a_USAID_military_health_team%2C_inoculates_a_flo_-_NARA_-_541855.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/It_doesn%27t_hurt%2C_but_it_tickles._A_U.S._Navy_hospital_corpsman%2C_member_of_a_USAID_military_health_team%2C_inoculates_a_flo_-_NARA_-_541855.jpg/435px-It_doesn%27t_hurt%2C_but_it_tickles._A_U.S._Navy_hospital_corpsman%2C_member_of_a_USAID_military_health_team%2C_inoculates_a_flo_-_NARA_-_541855.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/It_doesn%27t_hurt%2C_but_it_tickles._A_U.S._Navy_hospital_corpsman%2C_member_of_a_USAID_military_health_team%2C_inoculates_a_flo_-_NARA_-_541855.jpg/580px-It_doesn%27t_hurt%2C_but_it_tickles._A_U.S._Navy_hospital_corpsman%2C_member_of_a_USAID_military_health_team%2C_inoculates_a_flo_-_NARA_-_541855.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2890" data-file-height="2382" /></a><figcaption>Preventive inoculation against cholera in 1966</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) recommends focusing on prevention, preparedness, and response to combat the spread of cholera.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-36">[35]</a> They also stress the importance of an effective surveillance system.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-36">[35]</a> Governments can play a role in all of these areas. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water,_sanitation_and_hygiene">Water, sanitation and hygiene</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/WASH#Health_aspects" title="WASH">WASH § Health aspects</a></div> Although cholera may be life-threatening, prevention of the disease is normally straightforward if proper <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> practices are followed. In <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">developed countries</a>, due to their nearly universal advanced <a href="/wiki/Water_treatment" title="Water treatment">water treatment</a> and sanitation practices, cholera is rare. For example, the last major outbreak of cholera in the United States occurred in 1910–1911.<a href="#cite_note-moltke1-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-moltke2-45">[44]</a> Cholera is mainly a risk in <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing countries</a> in those areas where access to <a href="/wiki/WASH" title="WASH">WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene)</a> infrastructure is still inadequate. Effective sanitation practices, if instituted and adhered to in time, are usually sufficient to stop an epidemic. There are several points along the cholera transmission path at which its spread may be halted:<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <ul><li>Sterilization: Proper disposal and treatment of all materials that may have come into contact with the feces of other people with cholera (e.g., clothing, bedding, etc.) are essential. These should be <a href="/wiki/Disinfection" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinfection">sanitized</a> by washing in hot water, using <a href="/wiki/Chlorine" title="Chlorine">chlorine</a> <a href="/wiki/Bleach" title="Bleach">bleach</a> if possible. Hands that touch cholera patients or their clothing, bedding, etc., should be thoroughly cleaned and disinfected with chlorinated water or other effective antimicrobial agents.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">fecal sludge management</a>: In cholera-affected areas, sewage and fecal sludge need to be treated and managed carefully in order to stop the spread of this disease via <a href="/wiki/Human_excreta" class="mw-redirect" title="Human excreta">human excreta</a>. Provision of <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> is an important preventative measure.<a href="#cite_note-who.int-36">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Open_defecation" title="Open defecation">Open defecation</a>, release of untreated sewage, or dumping of fecal sludge from <a href="/wiki/Pit_latrine" title="Pit latrine">pit latrines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tanks</a> into the environment need to be prevented.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> In many cholera affected zones, there is a low degree of <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Therefore, the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Dry_toilet" title="Dry toilet">dry toilets</a> that do not contribute to <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, as they do not flush with water, may be an interesting alternative to <a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">flush toilets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a></li> <li>Sources: Warnings about possible cholera contamination should be posted around contaminated water sources with directions on how to <a href="/wiki/Decontamination" title="Decontamination">decontaminate</a> the water (boiling, chlorination etc.) for possible use.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_purification" title="Water purification">Water purification</a>: All water used for drinking, washing, or cooking should be sterilized by either boiling, <a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">chlorination</a>, ozone water treatment, ultraviolet light sterilization (e.g., by <a href="/wiki/Solar_water_disinfection" title="Solar water disinfection">solar water disinfection</a>), or antimicrobial filtration in any area where cholera may be present. Chlorination and boiling are often the least expensive and most effective means of halting transmission. <a href="/wiki/Cloth_filter" title="Cloth filter">Cloth filters</a> or <a href="#Sari_filtration">sari filtration</a>, though very basic, have significantly reduced the occurrence of cholera when used in poor villages in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> that rely on untreated surface water. Better antimicrobial filters, like those present in advanced individual water treatment hiking kits, are most effective. Public health education and adherence to appropriate sanitation practices are of primary importance to help prevent and control transmission of cholera and other diseases.</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Hand_washing" title="Hand washing">Handwashing</a> with soap or ash after using a <a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">toilet</a> and before handling food or eating is also recommended for cholera prevention by WHO Africa.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Unsafe_disposal_of_faecal_sludge_or_sewage_in_Haiti_(6458176073).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dumping of sewage or fecal sludge from a UN camp into a lake in the surroundings of Port-au-Prince is thought to have contributed to the spread of cholera after the Haiti earthquake in 2010, killing thousands."><img alt="Dumping of sewage or fecal sludge from a UN camp into a lake in the surroundings of Port-au-Prince is thought to have contributed to the spread of cholera after the Haiti earthquake in 2010, killing thousands." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Unsafe_disposal_of_faecal_sludge_or_sewage_in_Haiti_%286458176073%29.jpg/225px-Unsafe_disposal_of_faecal_sludge_or_sewage_in_Haiti_%286458176073%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Unsafe_disposal_of_faecal_sludge_or_sewage_in_Haiti_%286458176073%29.jpg/338px-Unsafe_disposal_of_faecal_sludge_or_sewage_in_Haiti_%286458176073%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Unsafe_disposal_of_faecal_sludge_or_sewage_in_Haiti_%286458176073%29.jpg/450px-Unsafe_disposal_of_faecal_sludge_or_sewage_in_Haiti_%286458176073%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dumping of <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">fecal sludge</a> from a UN camp into a lake in the surroundings of <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince" title="Port-au-Prince">Port-au-Prince</a> is thought to have contributed to the spread of <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Haiti cholera outbreak">cholera after the Haiti earthquake in 2010</a>, killing thousands.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:A_SOIL_EkoLakay_toilet_customer._(15921409131).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Example of a urine-diverting dry toilet in a cholera-affected area in Haiti. This type of toilet stops transmission of disease via the fecal-oral route due to water pollution."><img alt="Example of a urine-diverting dry toilet in a cholera-affected area in Haiti. This type of toilet stops transmission of disease via the fecal-oral route due to water pollution." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/A_SOIL_EkoLakay_toilet_customer._%2815921409131%29.jpg/112px-A_SOIL_EkoLakay_toilet_customer._%2815921409131%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/A_SOIL_EkoLakay_toilet_customer._%2815921409131%29.jpg/169px-A_SOIL_EkoLakay_toilet_customer._%2815921409131%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/A_SOIL_EkoLakay_toilet_customer._%2815921409131%29.jpg/225px-A_SOIL_EkoLakay_toilet_customer._%2815921409131%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Example of a <a href="/wiki/Urine-diverting_dry_toilet" title="Urine-diverting dry toilet">urine-diverting dry toilet</a> in a cholera-affected area in <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a>. This type of toilet stops transmission of disease via the <a href="/wiki/Fecal%E2%80%93oral_route" title="Fecal–oral route">fecal-oral route</a> due to <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 260px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 255px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholera_hospital_in_Dhaka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cholera hospital in Dhaka, showing typical "cholera beds"."><img alt="Cholera hospital in Dhaka, showing typical "cholera beds"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cholera_hospital_in_Dhaka.jpg/150px-Cholera_hospital_in_Dhaka.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cholera_hospital_in_Dhaka.jpg/225px-Cholera_hospital_in_Dhaka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Cholera_hospital_in_Dhaka.jpg/300px-Cholera_hospital_in_Dhaka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Diarrhoeal_Disease_Research,_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh">Cholera hospital</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka" title="Dhaka">Dhaka</a>, showing typical "cholera beds".</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surveillance">Surveillance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm/290px--Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="290" height="163" data-durationhint="192" data-mwtitle="Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e7/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm/Using_Precipitation_Data_to_Assess_Risk_of_Cholera_Outbreaks.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>A modelling approach using satellite data can enhance our ability to develop cholera risk maps in several regions of the globe.</figcaption></figure> Surveillance and prompt reporting allow for containing cholera epidemics rapidly. Cholera exists as a seasonal disease in many endemic countries, occurring annually mostly during <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy seasons</a>. Surveillance systems can provide early alerts to outbreaks, therefore leading to coordinated response and assist in preparation of preparedness plans. Efficient surveillance systems can also improve the risk assessment for potential cholera outbreaks. Understanding the seasonality and location of outbreaks provides guidance for improving cholera control activities for the most vulnerable.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> For prevention to be effective, it is important that cases be reported to national health authorities.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vaccination">Vaccination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera vaccine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Euvichol-plus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Euvichol-plus.jpg/220px-Euvichol-plus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Euvichol-plus.jpg/330px-Euvichol-plus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Euvichol-plus.jpg/440px-Euvichol-plus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2064" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>Euvichol-plus oral vaccine for cholera</figcaption></figure> Spanish physician <a href="/wiki/Jaume_Ferran_i_Clua" title="Jaume Ferran i Clua">Jaume Ferran i Clua</a> developed the first successful cholera inoculation in 1885, the first to immunize humans against a bacterial disease.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> His vaccine and inoculation was rather controversial and was rejected by his peers and several investigation commissions but it ended up demonstrating its effectiveness and being recognized for it: out of the 30 thousand people he vaccinated only 54 died.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Russian-Jewish bacteriologist <a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Haffkine" title="Waldemar Haffkine">Waldemar Haffkine</a> also developed a human cholera vaccine in July 1892.<a href="#cite_note-:0-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> He conducted a massive inoculation program in <a href="/wiki/British_India" class="mw-redirect" title="British India">British India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-56">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Persons who survive an episode of cholera have long-lasting immunity for at least 3 years (the period tested.)<a href="#cite_note-immunity-12">[12]</a> A number of safe and effective oral vaccines for cholera are available.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21412922-60">[59]</a> The World Health Organization (WHO) has three prequalified oral cholera vaccines (OCVs): Dukoral, Sanchol, and Euvichol. <a href="/wiki/Dukoral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dukoral">Dukoral</a>, an orally administered, inactivated <a href="/wiki/Whole-cell_vaccine" title="Whole-cell vaccine">whole-cell vaccine</a>, has an overall efficacy of about 52% during the first year after being given and 62% in the second year, with minimal side effects.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21412922-60">[59]</a> It is available in over 60 countries. However, it is not currently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) for most people traveling from the United States to endemic countries.<a href="#cite_note-CDC_Vacc-61">[60]</a> The vaccine that the <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">US Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) recommends, <a href="/wiki/Vaxchora" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaxchora">Vaxchora</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine#Oral" title="Cholera vaccine">oral attenuated live vaccine</a>, that is effective for adults aged 18–64 as a single dose.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> One injectable vaccine was found to be effective for two to three years. The protective efficacy was 28% lower in children less than five years old.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> However, as of 2010<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholera&action=edit">[update]</a>, it has limited availability.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> Work is under way to investigate the role of mass vaccination.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The WHO recommends immunization of high-risk groups, such as children and people with <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, in countries where this disease is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-WHO2010-2">[2]</a> If people are immunized broadly, <a href="/wiki/Herd_immunity" title="Herd immunity">herd immunity</a> results, with a decrease in the amount of contamination in the environment.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2006-39">[38]</a> WHO recommends that oral cholera vaccination be considered in areas where the disease is endemic (with seasonal peaks), as part of the response to outbreaks, or in a humanitarian crisis during which the risk of cholera is high.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) has been recognized as an adjunct tool for prevention and control of cholera. The World Health Organization (WHO) has prequalified three bivalent cholera vaccines—Dukoral (SBL Vaccines), containing a non-toxic B-subunit of cholera toxin and providing protection against V. cholerae O1; and two vaccines developed using the same transfer of technology—ShanChol (Shantha Biotec) and Euvichol (EuBiologics Co.), which have bivalent O1 and O139 oral killed cholera vaccines.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> Oral cholera vaccination could be deployed in a diverse range of situations from cholera-endemic areas and locations of humanitarian crises, but no clear consensus exists.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sari_filtration">Sari filtration</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cloth_filter" title="Cloth filter">Cloth filter</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Washing_Utensils_And_Vegetables.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Washing_Utensils_And_Vegetables.png/240px-Washing_Utensils_And_Vegetables.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Washing_Utensils_And_Vegetables.png/360px-Washing_Utensils_And_Vegetables.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Washing_Utensils_And_Vegetables.png/480px-Washing_Utensils_And_Vegetables.png 2x" data-file-width="1606" data-file-height="1140" /></a><figcaption>Women at a village pond in <a href="/wiki/Matlab,_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Matlab, Bangladesh">Matlab, Bangladesh</a> washing utensils and vegetables. The woman on the right is putting a sari filter onto a water-collecting pot (or <a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">kalash</a>) to filter water for drinking.</figcaption></figure> Developed for use in <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, the "sari filter" is a simple and cost-effective <a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">appropriate technology</a> method for reducing the contamination of drinking water. Used <a href="/wiki/Sari" title="Sari">sari</a> cloth is preferable but other types of used cloth can be used with some effect, though the effectiveness will vary significantly. Used cloth is more effective than new cloth, as the repeated washing reduces the space between the fibers. Water collected in this way has a greatly reduced <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a> count—though it will not necessarily be perfectly safe, it is an improvement for poor people with limited options.<a href="#cite_note-Ram2010-68">[67]</a> In Bangladesh this practice was found to decrease rates of cholera by nearly half.<a href="#cite_note-Merr2010-69">[68]</a> It involves folding a sari four to eight times.<a href="#cite_note-Ram2010-68">[67]</a> Between uses the cloth should be rinsed in clean water and dried in the sun to kill any bacteria on it.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Nylon" title="Nylon">nylon</a> cloth appears to work as well but is not as affordable.<a href="#cite_note-Merr2010-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholera_rehydration_nurses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cholera_rehydration_nurses.jpg/290px-Cholera_rehydration_nurses.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cholera_rehydration_nurses.jpg/435px-Cholera_rehydration_nurses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Cholera_rehydration_nurses.jpg/580px-Cholera_rehydration_nurses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1781" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption>Cholera patient being treated by <a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">oral rehydration therapy</a> in 1992</figcaption></figure> Continued eating speeds the recovery of normal intestinal function. The WHO recommends this generally for cases of diarrhea no matter what the underlying cause.<a href="#cite_note-WHOTreatmentOfDiarrhoea2005-71">[70]</a> A CDC training manual specifically for cholera states: "Continue to breastfeed your baby if the baby has watery diarrhea, even when traveling to get treatment. Adults and older children should continue to eat frequently."<a href="#cite_note-CDCCommunityHealthWorkerTrainingManual-72">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fluids">Fluids</h3></div> The most common error in caring for patients with cholera is to underestimate the speed and volume of fluids required.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In most cases, cholera can be successfully treated with <a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">oral rehydration therapy</a> (ORT), which is highly effective, safe, and simple to administer.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2006-39">[38]</a> Rice-based solutions are preferred to glucose-based ones due to greater efficiency.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2006-39">[38]</a> In severe cases with significant dehydration, <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> rehydration may be necessary. <a href="/wiki/Ringer%27s_lactate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ringer's lactate">Ringer's lactate</a> is the preferred solution, often with added potassium.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-WHOTreatmentOfDiarrhoea2005-71">[70]</a> Large volumes and continued replacement until diarrhea has subsided may be needed.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Ten percent of a person's body weight in fluid may need to be given in the first two to four hours.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> This method was first tried on a mass scale during the <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_War" title="Bangladesh Liberation War">Bangladesh Liberation War</a>, and was found to have much success.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Despite widespread beliefs, fruit juices and commercial fizzy drinks like cola are not ideal for rehydration of people with serious infections of the intestines, and their excessive sugar content may even harm water uptake.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> If commercially produced oral rehydration solutions are too expensive or difficult to obtain, solutions can be made. One such recipe calls for 1 liter of boiled water, 1/2 teaspoon of salt, 6 teaspoons of sugar, and added mashed banana for potassium and to improve taste.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electrolytes">Electrolytes</h3></div> As there frequently is initially <a href="/wiki/Acidosis" title="Acidosis">acidosis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> level may be normal, even though large losses have occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> As the dehydration is corrected, potassium levels may decrease rapidly, and thus need to be replaced.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> This is best done by Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS).<a href="#cite_note-choleraoutbreaksteps-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">Antibiotic</a> treatments for one to three days shorten the course of the disease and reduce the severity of the symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Use of antibiotics also reduces fluid requirements.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> People will recover without them, however, if sufficient hydration is maintained.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2006-39">[38]</a> The WHO only recommends antibiotics in those with severe dehydration.<a href="#cite_note-choleraoutbreaksteps-77">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">Doxycycline</a> is typically used first line, although some <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> of V. cholerae have shown <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">resistance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Testing for resistance during an outbreak can help determine appropriate future choices.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Other antibiotics proven to be effective include <a href="/wiki/Cotrimoxazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotrimoxazole">cotrimoxazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chloramphenicol" title="Chloramphenicol">chloramphenicol</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Furazolidone" title="Furazolidone">furazolidone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Fluoroquinolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluoroquinolone">Fluoroquinolones</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a>, also may be used, but resistance has been reported.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Antibiotics improve outcomes in those who are both severely and not severely dehydrated.<a href="#cite_note-Lei2014-81">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Azithromycin" title="Azithromycin">Azithromycin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">tetracycline</a> may work better than <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ciprofloxacin" title="Ciprofloxacin">ciprofloxacin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lei2014-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zinc_supplementation">Zinc supplementation</h3></div> In Bangladesh <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a> supplementation reduced the duration and severity of diarrhea in children with cholera when given with antibiotics and rehydration therapy as needed. It reduced the length of disease by eight hours and the amount of diarrhea stool by 10%.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2013-82">[81]</a> Supplementation appears to be also effective in both treating and preventing infectious diarrhea due to other causes among children in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-CDC2013-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prognosis">Prognosis</h2></div> If people with cholera are treated quickly and properly, the mortality rate is less than 1%; however, with untreated cholera, the mortality rate rises to 50–60%.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-textbook-1">[1]</a> For certain genetic strains of cholera, such as the one present during the <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Haiti cholera outbreak">2010 epidemic in Haiti</a> and the 2004 outbreak in India, death can occur within two hours of becoming ill.<a href="#cite_note-Knox2010-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2></div> Cholera affects an estimated 2.8 million people worldwide, and causes approximately 95,000 deaths a year (uncertainty range: 21,000–143,000) as of 2015<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholera&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Loz2012-86">[85]</a> This occurs mainly in the developing world.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In the early 1980s, death rates are believed to have still been higher than three million a year.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> It is difficult to calculate exact numbers of cases, as many go unreported due to concerns that an outbreak may have a negative impact on the tourism of a country.<a href="#cite_note-NEJM2006-39">[38]</a> As of 2004, cholera remained both <a href="/wiki/Epidemic" title="Epidemic">epidemic</a> and endemic in many areas of the world.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Recent major outbreaks are the <a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">2010s Haiti cholera outbreak</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak" title="2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak">2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak</a>. In October 2016, an <a href="/wiki/2017_Yemen_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Yemen cholera outbreak">outbreak of cholera</a> began in war-ravaged <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/WHO" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO">WHO</a> called it "the worst cholera outbreak in the world".<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> In 2019, 93% of the reported 923,037 cholera cases were from <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (with 1911 deaths reported).<a href="#cite_note-who_report2020-90">[89]</a> Between September 2019 and September 2020, a global total of over 450,000 cases and over 900 deaths was reported; however, the accuracy of these numbers suffer from over-reporting from countries that report suspected cases (and not laboratory confirmed cases), as well as under-reporting from countries that do not report official cases (such as Bangladesh, India and Philippines).<a href="#cite_note-who_report2020-90">[89]</a> Although much is known about the mechanisms behind the spread of cholera, researchers still do not have a full understanding of what makes cholera outbreaks happen in some places and not others. Lack of treatment of human <a href="/wiki/Feces" title="Feces">feces</a> and lack of treatment of drinking water greatly facilitate its spread. Bodies of water have been found to serve as a <a href="/wiki/Natural_reservoir" title="Natural reservoir">reservoir</a> of infection, and seafood shipped long distances can spread the disease. Cholera had disappeared from the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> for most of the 20th century, but it reappeared toward the end of that century, beginning with a severe outbreak in Peru.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> This was followed by the <a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">2010s Haiti cholera outbreak</a><a href="#cite_note-ecdc_cholera-92">[91]</a> and another outbreak of cholera in Haiti amid the <a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932023_Haitian_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="2018–2023 Haitian crisis">2018–2023 Haitian crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> As of August 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholera&action=edit">[update]</a> the disease is endemic in Africa and some areas of eastern and western Asia (Bangladesh, India and Yemen).<a href="#cite_note-ecdc_cholera-92">[91]</a> Cholera is not endemic in Europe; all reported cases had a travel history to endemic areas.<a href="#cite_note-ecdc_cholera-92">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History_of_outbreaks">History of outbreaks</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholera outbreaks and pandemics">Cholera outbreaks and pandemics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_cholera_di_Palermo_del_1835.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Il_cholera_di_Palermo_del_1835.jpg/290px-Il_cholera_di_Palermo_del_1835.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Il_cholera_di_Palermo_del_1835.jpg/435px-Il_cholera_di_Palermo_del_1835.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Il_cholera_di_Palermo_del_1835.jpg/580px-Il_cholera_di_Palermo_del_1835.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Disposal of dead bodies during the cholera epidemic in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a> in 1835</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_cholera2008b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Africa_cholera2008b.jpg/290px-Africa_cholera2008b.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Africa_cholera2008b.jpg/435px-Africa_cholera2008b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Africa_cholera2008b.jpg/580px-Africa_cholera2008b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">2008–2009 cholera outbreak</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a> showing the statistics as of 12 February 2009</figcaption></figure> The word cholera is from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: χολέρα kholera from χολή kholē "bile". Cholera likely has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> as evidenced by its prevalence in the region for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> References to cholera appear in the European literature as early as 1642, from the Dutch physician <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Bontius" title="Jacobus Bontius">Jakob de Bondt's</a> description in his De Medicina Indorum.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> (The "Indorum" of the title refers to the East Indies. He also gave first European descriptions of other diseases.) But at the time, the word "cholera" was historically used by European physicians to refer to any gastrointestinal upset resulting in yellow diarrhea. De Bondt thus used a common word already in regular use to describe the new disease. This was a frequent practice of the time. It was not until the 1830s that the name for severe yellow diarrhea changed in English from "cholera" to "cholera morbus" to differentiate it from what was then known as "Asiatic cholera", or that associated with origins in India and the East. Early outbreaks in the Indian subcontinent are believed to have been the result of crowded, poor living conditions, as well as the presence of pools of <a href="/wiki/Stagnant_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Stagnant water">still water</a>, both of which provide ideal conditions for cholera to thrive.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-95">[94]</a> The disease first spread by travelers along <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a> (land and sea) to <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> in 1817, later to the rest of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, and from Europe to <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a> and the rest of the world,<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> (hence the name "Asiatic cholera"<a href="#cite_note-textbook-1">[1]</a>). Seven <a href="/wiki/Cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholera pandemic">cholera pandemics</a> have occurred since the early 19th century; the first one did not reach the Americas. The seventh <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> originated in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="First cholera pandemic">first cholera pandemic</a> occurred in the Bengal region of India, near Calcutta starting in 1817 through 1824. The disease dispersed from India to Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Europe, and Eastern Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Hays-97">[96]</a> The movement of British Army and Navy ships and personnel is believed to have contributed to the range of the pandemic, since the ships carried people with the disease to the shores of the Indian Ocean, from Africa to Indonesia, and north to China and Japan.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Second_cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second cholera pandemic">second pandemic</a> lasted from 1826 to 1837 and particularly affected North America and Europe. Advancements in transport and global trade, and increased human migration, including soldiers, meant that more people were carrying the disease more widely.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Third_cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third cholera pandemic">third pandemic</a> erupted in 1846, persisted until 1860, extended to North Africa, and reached North and South America. It was introduced to North America at <a href="/wiki/Quebec,_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec, Canada">Quebec, Canada</a>, via Irish immigrants from the Great Famine. In this pandemic, Brazil was affected for the first time. The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth cholera pandemic">fourth pandemic</a> lasted from 1863 to 1875, spreading from India to Naples and Spain, and reaching the United States at <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a> in 1873. It spread throughout the Mississippi River system on the continent. The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth cholera pandemic">fifth</a> pandemic was from 1881 to 1896. It started in India and spread to Europe, Asia, and South America. The <a href="/wiki/Sixth_cholera_pandemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sixth cholera pandemic">sixth pandemic</a> ran from 1899 to 1923. These epidemics had a lower number of fatalities because physicians and researchers had a greater understanding of the cholera bacteria. Egypt, the Arabian peninsula, Persia, India, and the Philippines were hit hardest during these epidemics. Other areas, such as Germany in 1892 (primarily the city of Hamburg, where more than 8.600 people died)<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> and Naples from 1910 to 1911, also had severe outbreaks. The <a href="/wiki/Seventh_cholera_pandemic" title="Seventh cholera pandemic">seventh pandemic</a> originated in 1961 in Indonesia and is marked by the emergence of a new strain, nicknamed El Tor, which still persists (as of 2018<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholera&action=edit">[update]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a>) in developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> This pandemic had initially subsided about 1975 and was thought to have ended, but, as noted, it has persisted. There were a rise in cases in the 1990s and since. Cholera became widespread in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> Since then it has killed tens of millions of people.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> alone, between 1847 and 1851, more than one million people died from the disease.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> It killed 150,000 Americans during the second pandemic.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> Between 1900 and 1920, perhaps eight million people died of cholera in India.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Cholera officially became the first <a href="/wiki/Reportable_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Reportable disease">reportable disease</a> in the United States due to the significant effects it had on health.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a>, in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, in 1854 was the first to identify the importance of contaminated water as its source of transmission.<a href="#cite_note-Lancet2004-17">[17]</a> Cholera is now no longer considered a pressing health threat in Europe and North America due to <a href="/wiki/Water_filtration" class="mw-redirect" title="Water filtration">filtering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">chlorination</a> of water supplies, but it still strongly affects populations in <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>. In the past, vessels flew a yellow <a href="/wiki/Quarantine" title="Quarantine">quarantine</a> flag if any crew members or passengers had cholera. No one aboard a vessel flying a yellow flag would be allowed ashore for an extended period, typically 30 to 40 days.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> Historically many different claimed remedies have existed in folklore. Many of the older remedies were based on the <a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">miasma theory</a>, that the disease was transmitted by bad air. Some believed that abdominal chilling made one more susceptible, and flannel and <a href="/wiki/Cholera_belt" title="Cholera belt">cholera belts</a> were included in army kits.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> In the 1854–1855 outbreak in Naples, homeopathic <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> was used according to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hahnemann" title="Samuel Hahnemann">Hahnemann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a>.Dr Hahnemann laid down three main remedies that would be curative in that disease; in early and simple cases camphor; in later stages with excessive cramping, cuprum or with excessive evacuations and profuse cold sweat, veratrum album. These are the Trio Cholera remedies used by homoeopaths around the world.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> T. J. Ritter's Mother's Remedies book lists tomato syrup as a home remedy from northern America. <a href="/wiki/Elecampane" title="Elecampane">Elecampane</a> was recommended in the United Kingdom, according to William Thomas Fernie.<a href="#cite_note-oldtimeremedies-112">[111]</a> The first effective human vaccine was developed in 1885, and the first effective antibiotic was developed in 1948. Cholera cases are much less frequent in developed countries where governments have helped to establish water sanitation practices and effective medical treatments.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> In the 19th century the United States, for example, had a severe cholera problem similar to those in some developing countries. It had three large cholera outbreaks in the 1800s, which can be attributed to Vibrio cholerae's spread through interior waterways such as the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> and the extensive Mississippi River valley system, as well as the major ports along the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Eastern Seaboard</a> and their cities upriver.<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The island of Manhattan in New York City touches the Atlantic Ocean, where cholera collected from river waters and ship discharges just off the coast. At this time, New York City did not have as effective a sanitation system as it developed in the later 20th century, so cholera spread through the city's water supply.<a href="#cite_note-pmid7620035-115">[114]</a> Cholera morbus is a historical term that was used to refer to <a href="/wiki/Gastroenteritis" title="Gastroenteritis">gastroenteritis</a> rather than specifically to what is now defined as the disease of cholera.<a href="#cite_note-rosenberg-15">[15]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholera.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Drawing of Death bringing cholera, in Le Petit Journal (1912)."><img alt="Drawing of Death bringing cholera, in Le Petit Journal (1912)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cholera.jpg/81px-Cholera.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cholera.jpg/122px-Cholera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cholera.jpg/162px-Cholera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3420" data-file-height="5057" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a> of <a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a> bringing cholera, in <a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Journal_(newspaper)" title="Le Petit Journal (newspaper)">Le Petit Journal</a> (1912).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_ministers_of_state.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Emperor Pedro II of Brazil visiting people with cholera in 1855."><img alt="Emperor Pedro II of Brazil visiting people with cholera in 1855." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_ministers_of_state.JPG/120px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_ministers_of_state.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_ministers_of_state.JPG/180px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_ministers_of_state.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_ministers_of_state.JPG/240px-Pedro_II_of_Brazil_and_ministers_of_state.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="2060" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Emperor <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II of Brazil</a> visiting people with cholera in 1855.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Cholera_395.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hand bill from the New York City Board of Health, 1832—the outdated public health advice demonstrates the lack of understanding of the disease and its causative factors."><img alt="Hand bill from the New York City Board of Health, 1832—the outdated public health advice demonstrates the lack of understanding of the disease and its causative factors." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cholera_395.1.jpg/120px-Cholera_395.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cholera_395.1.jpg/180px-Cholera_395.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Cholera_395.1.jpg/240px-Cholera_395.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="268" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hand bill from the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Board_of_Health" title="Metropolitan Board of Health">New York City Board of Health</a>, 1832—the outdated public health advice demonstrates the lack of understanding of the disease and its causative factors.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research">Research</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Cholera vaccine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Koch_(Deutsche_Cholera-Expedition_in_%C3%84gypten_1884).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Robert_Koch_%28Deutsche_Cholera-Expedition_in_%C3%84gypten_1884%29.jpg/290px-Robert_Koch_%28Deutsche_Cholera-Expedition_in_%C3%84gypten_1884%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Robert_Koch_%28Deutsche_Cholera-Expedition_in_%C3%84gypten_1884%29.jpg/435px-Robert_Koch_%28Deutsche_Cholera-Expedition_in_%C3%84gypten_1884%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Robert_Koch_%28Deutsche_Cholera-Expedition_in_%C3%84gypten_1884%29.jpg/580px-Robert_Koch_%28Deutsche_Cholera-Expedition_in_%C3%84gypten_1884%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> (third from the right) on a cholera research expedition in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> in 1884, one year after he identified V. cholerae</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:How_to_avoid_the_Cholera_1848.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/How_to_avoid_the_Cholera_1848.jpg/290px-How_to_avoid_the_Cholera_1848.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="362" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/How_to_avoid_the_Cholera_1848.jpg/435px-How_to_avoid_the_Cholera_1848.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/How_to_avoid_the_Cholera_1848.jpg 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption>How to avoid the cholera leaflet; <a href="/wiki/Aberystwyth" title="Aberystwyth">Aberystwyth</a>; August 1849</figcaption></figure> One of the major contributions to fighting cholera was made by the physician and pioneer medical scientist <a href="/wiki/John_Snow_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Snow (physician)">John Snow</a> (1813–1858), who in 1854 found a link between cholera and contaminated drinking water.<a href="#cite_note-Rosenberg-95">[94]</a> Dr. Snow proposed a microbial origin for epidemic cholera in 1849. In his major "state of the art" review of 1855, he proposed a substantially complete and correct model for the cause of the disease. In two pioneering epidemiological field studies, he was able to demonstrate human <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> contamination was the most probable disease vector in two <a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">major epidemics in London in 1854</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> His model was not immediately accepted, but it was increasingly seen as plausible as medical microbiology developed over the next 30 years or so. For his work on cholera, John Snow is often regarded as the "Father of Epidemiology".<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> The bacterium was isolated in 1854 by Italian anatomist <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Pacini" title="Filippo Pacini">Filippo Pacini</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> but its exact nature and his results were not widely known. In the same year, the <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joaquim_Balcells_i_Pascual&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joaquim Balcells i Pascual (page does not exist)">Joaquim Balcells i Pascual</a> discovered the bacterium.<a href="#cite_note-Real_Academia_de_la_Historia_2018-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> In 1856 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ant%C3%B3nio_Augusto_da_Costa_Sim%C3%B5es&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="António Augusto da Costa Simões (page does not exist)">António Augusto da Costa Simões</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Ferreira_de_Macedo_Pinto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José Ferreira de Macedo Pinto (page does not exist)">José Ferreira de Macedo Pinto</a>, two Portuguese researchers, are believed to have done the same.<a href="#cite_note-Real_Academia_de_la_Historia_2018-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Between the mid-1850s and the 1900s, cities in developed nations made massive investment in clean water supply and well-separated sewage treatment infrastructures. This eliminated the threat of cholera epidemics from the major developed cities in the world. In 1883, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a> identified V. cholerae with a microscope as the bacillus causing the disease.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemendra_Nath_Chatterjee" title="Hemendra Nath Chatterjee">Hemendra Nath Chatterjee</a>, a Bengali scientist, was the first to formulate and demonstrate the effectiveness of <a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral rehydration salt">oral rehydration salt</a> (ORS) to treat <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>. In his 1953 paper, published in <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>, he states that <a href="/wiki/Promethazine" title="Promethazine">promethazine</a> can stop <a href="/wiki/Vomiting" title="Vomiting">vomiting</a> during cholera and then oral rehydration is possible. The formulation of the fluid replacement solution was 4 g of <a href="/wiki/Sodium_chloride" title="Sodium chloride">sodium chloride</a>, 25 g of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> and 1000 ml of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medical_Scientist_Prof._Sambhu_Nath_De.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Medical_Scientist_Prof._Sambhu_Nath_De.png/220px-Medical_Scientist_Prof._Sambhu_Nath_De.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Medical_Scientist_Prof._Sambhu_Nath_De.png/330px-Medical_Scientist_Prof._Sambhu_Nath_De.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Medical_Scientist_Prof._Sambhu_Nath_De.png/440px-Medical_Scientist_Prof._Sambhu_Nath_De.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Prof. <a href="/wiki/Sambhu_Nath_De" title="Sambhu Nath De">Sambhu Nath De</a>, who discovered the <a href="/wiki/Cholera_toxin" title="Cholera toxin">cholera toxin</a> and successfully demonstrated the transmission of cholera pathogen by bacterial enteric toxin</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a> medical scientist <a href="/wiki/Sambhu_Nath_De" title="Sambhu Nath De">Sambhu Nath De</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Cholera_toxin" title="Cholera toxin">cholera toxin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Animal_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal model">animal model</a> of cholera, and successfully demonstrated the method of transmission of cholera pathogen Vibrio cholerae.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Allan_Phillips" title="Robert Allan Phillips">Robert Allan Phillips</a>, working at US <a href="/wiki/Naval_Medical_Research_Unit_Two" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Medical Research Unit Two">Naval Medical Research Unit Two</a> in Southeast Asia, evaluated the pathophysiology of the disease using modern laboratory chemistry techniques. He developed a protocol for rehydration. His research led the <a href="/wiki/Lasker_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasker Foundation">Lasker Foundation</a> to award him its prize in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> More recently, in 2002, Alam, et al., studied stool samples from patients at the <a href="/wiki/International_Centre_for_Diarrhoeal_Disease_Research,_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh">International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dhaka,_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhaka, Bangladesh">Dhaka, Bangladesh</a>. From the various experiments they conducted, the researchers found a correlation between the passage of V. cholerae through the human digestive system and an increased infectivity state. Furthermore, the researchers found the bacterium creates a hyperinfected state where <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> that control biosynthesis of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> uptake systems, and formation of periplasmic nitrate reductase complexes were induced just before defecation. These induced characteristics allow the cholera vibrios to survive in the "rice water" stools, an environment of limited oxygen and iron, of patients with a cholera infection.<a href="#cite_note-Merrell2002-129">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_Strategy">Global Strategy</h3></div> In 2017, the WHO launched the "Ending Cholera: a global roadmap to 2030" strategy which aims to reduce cholera deaths by 90% by 2030.<a href="#cite_note-who_fact-130">[129]</a> The strategy was developed by the Global Task Force on Cholera Control (GTFCC) which develops country-specific plans and monitors progress.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> The approach to achieve this goal combines surveillance, water sanitation, rehydration treatment and oral vaccines.<a href="#cite_note-who_fact-130">[129]</a> Specifically, the control strategy focuses on three approaches: i) early detection and response to outbreaks to contain outbreaks, ii) stopping cholera transmission through improved sanitation and vaccines in hotspots, and iii) a global framework for cholera control through the GTFCC.<a href="#cite_note-who_fact-130">[129]</a> The WHO and the GTFCC do not consider global cholera <a href="/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" title="Eradication of infectious diseases">eradication</a> a viable goal.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> Even though humans are the only host of cholera, the bacterium can persist in the environment without a human host.<a href="#cite_note-Sack-133">[132]</a> While global eradication is not possible, elimination of human to human transmission may be possible.<a href="#cite_note-Sack-133">[132]</a> Local elimination is possible, which has been underway most recently during the <a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">2010s Haiti cholera outbreak</a>. Haiti aims to achieve certification of elimination by 2022.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> The GTFCC targets 47 countries, 13 of which have established vaccination campaigns.<a href="#cite_note-who_report2020-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Society_and_culture">Society and culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_policy">Health policy</h3></div> In many developing countries, cholera still reaches its victims through contaminated water sources, and countries without proper sanitation techniques have greater incidence of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> Governments can play a role in this. In 2008, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">Zimbabwean cholera outbreak</a> was due partly to the government's role, according to a report from the <a href="/wiki/James_Baker_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="James Baker Institute">James Baker Institute</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bakerinstitute.org-22">[22]</a> The Haitian government's inability to provide safe drinking water after the 2010 earthquake led to an increase in cholera cases as well.<a href="#cite_note-pmid21142690-136">[135]</a> Similarly, South Africa's cholera outbreak was exacerbated by the government's policy of privatizing water programs. The wealthy elite of the country were able to afford safe water while others had to use water from cholera-infected rivers.<a href="#cite_note-pmid14758861-137">[136]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita R. Colwell</a> of the <a href="/wiki/James_Baker_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="James Baker Institute">James Baker Institute</a>, if cholera does begin to spread, government preparedness is crucial. A government's ability to contain the disease before it extends to other areas can prevent a high death toll and the development of an epidemic or even pandemic. Effective disease surveillance can ensure that cholera outbreaks are recognized as soon as possible and dealt with appropriately. Oftentimes, this will allow public health programs to determine and control the cause of the cases, whether it is unsanitary water or seafood that have accumulated a lot of Vibrio cholerae specimens.<a href="#cite_note-bakerinstitute.org-22">[22]</a> Having an effective surveillance program contributes to a government's ability to prevent cholera from spreading. In the year 2000 in the state of Kerala in India, the Kottayam district was determined to be "Cholera-affected"; this pronouncement led to task forces that concentrated on educating citizens with 13,670 information sessions about human health.<a href="#cite_note-John,_T._Jacob_2004-138">[137]</a> These task forces promoted the boiling of water to obtain safe water, and provided chlorine and oral rehydration salts.<a href="#cite_note-John,_T._Jacob_2004-138">[137]</a> Ultimately, this helped to control the spread of the disease to other areas and minimize deaths. On the other hand, researchers have shown that most of the citizens infected during the 1991 cholera outbreak in Bangladesh lived in rural areas, and were not recognized by the government's surveillance program. This inhibited physicians' abilities to detect cholera cases early.<a href="#cite_note-pmid1500643-139">[138]</a> According to Colwell, the quality and inclusiveness of a country's health care system affects the control of cholera, as it did in the <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">Zimbabwean cholera outbreak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bakerinstitute.org-22">[22]</a> While sanitation practices are important, when governments respond quickly and have readily available vaccines, the country will have a lower cholera death toll. Affordability of vaccines can be a problem; if the governments do not provide vaccinations, only the wealthy may be able to afford them and there will be a greater toll on the country's poor.<a href="#cite_note-sciencedirect.com-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a> The speed with which government leaders respond to cholera outbreaks is important.<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> Besides contributing to an effective or declining public health care system and water sanitation treatments, government can have indirect effects on cholera control and the effectiveness of a response to cholera.<a href="#cite_note-Kapp,_Clare_2009-143">[142]</a> A country's government can impact its ability to prevent disease and control its spread. A speedy government response backed by a fully functioning health care system and financial resources can prevent cholera's spread. This limits cholera's ability to cause death, or at the very least a decline in education, as children are kept out of school to minimize the risk of infection.<a href="#cite_note-Kapp,_Clare_2009-143">[142]</a> Inversely, poor government response can lead to civil unrest and <a href="/wiki/Cholera_riots" title="Cholera riots">cholera riots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_cases">Notable cases</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Polk_restored_%26_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/James_Polk_restored_%26_cropped.jpg/220px-James_Polk_restored_%26_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/James_Polk_restored_%26_cropped.jpg/330px-James_Polk_restored_%26_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/James_Polk_restored_%26_cropped.jpg/440px-James_Polk_restored_%26_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="760" /></a><figcaption>US President <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> was a famous victim of cholera</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Ilyich_Tchaikovsky" title="Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky">Tchaikovsky</a>'s death has traditionally been attributed to cholera, most probably contracted through drinking contaminated water several days earlier.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Tchaikovsky's mother died of cholera,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> and his father became sick with cholera at this time but made a full recovery.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> Some scholars, however, including English musicologist and Tchaikovsky authority <a href="/wiki/David_Brown_(musicologist)" title="David Brown (musicologist)">David Brown</a> and biographer <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Holden" title="Anthony Holden">Anthony Holden</a>, have theorized that his death was a suicide.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">2010s Haiti cholera outbreak</a>. Ten months after the 2010 earthquake, an <a href="/wiki/2010_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Haiti cholera outbreak">outbreak swept over Haiti</a>, traced to a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> base of <a href="/wiki/Peacekeeping" title="Peacekeeping">peacekeepers</a> from <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> This marks the worst cholera outbreak in recent history, as well as the best documented cholera outbreak in modern public health.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Mickiewicz" title="Adam Mickiewicz">Adam Mickiewicz</a>, Polish poet and novelist, is thought to have died of cholera in Istanbul in 1855.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Sadi Carnot</a>, physicist, a pioneer of thermodynamics (d. 1832)<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a> (d. 1836)<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a>, eleventh <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a> (d. 1849)<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Clausewitz" title="Carl von Clausewitz">Carl von Clausewitz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> soldier and German <a href="/wiki/Military_theory" title="Military theory">military theorist</a> (d. 1831)<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliot_Bovill" title="Elliot Bovill">Elliot Bovill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Chief Justice of the Straits Settlements</a> (1893)<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian-American">Serbian-American</a> <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurist</a> known for his contributions to the design of the modern <a href="/wiki/Alternating_current" title="Alternating current">alternating current</a> (AC) <a href="/wiki/Electricity_supply" class="mw-redirect" title="Electricity supply">electricity supply</a> system, contracted cholera in 1873 at the age of 17. He was bedridden for nine months, and near death multiple times, but survived and fully recovered.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3></div> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> ("consumption") which in literature and the arts was often romanticized as a disease of denizens of the <a href="/wiki/Demimondaine" class="mw-redirect" title="Demimondaine">demimonde</a> or those with an artistic temperament,<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> cholera is a disease which almost entirely affects the poor living in unsanitary conditions. This, and the unpleasant course of the disease – which includes voluminous "rice-water" diarrhea, the hemorrhaging of liquids from the mouth, and violent muscle contractions which continue even after death – has discouraged the disease from being romanticized, or even being factually presented in popular culture.<a href="#cite_note-snowden-156">[155]</a> <ul><li>The 1889 novel <a href="/wiki/Mastro-don_Gesualdo" title="Mastro-don Gesualdo">Mastro-don Gesualdo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Verga" title="Giovanni Verga">Giovanni Verga</a> presents the course of a cholera epidemic across the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, but does not show the suffering of those affected.<a href="#cite_note-snowden-156">[155]</a></li> <li>Cholera is a major plot device in <a href="/wiki/The_Painted_Veil_(novel)" title="The Painted Veil (novel)">The Painted Veil</a>, a 1925 novel by <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a>. The story concerns a shy bacteriologist who discovers his young, pretty wife is having an adulterous affair. The doctor exacts revenge on his wife by inducing her to travel with him to mainland China which is in the grips of an horrific cholera outbreak. The ravages of the disease are frankly described in the novel.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Mann" title="Thomas Mann">Thomas Mann</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice" title="Death in Venice">Death in Venice</a>, first published in 1912 as Der Tod in Venedig, Mann "presented the disease as emblematic of the final 'bestial degradation' of the sexually transgressive author Gustav von Aschenbach." Contrary to the actual facts of how violently cholera kills, Mann has his protagonist die peacefully on a beach in a deck chair. <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice_(film)" title="Death in Venice (film)">1971 film version</a> also hid from the audience the actual course of the disease.<a href="#cite_note-snowden-156">[155]</a> Mann's novella was also <a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice_(opera)" title="Death in Venice (opera)">made into an opera</a> by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Britten" title="Benjamin Britten">Benjamin Britten</a> in 1973, his last one, and into a ballet by <a href="/wiki/John_Neumeier" title="John Neumeier">John Neumeier</a> for his <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Ballet" title="Hamburg Ballet">Hamburg Ballet</a> company, in December 2003.*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horseman_on_the_Roof_(novel)" title="The Horseman on the Roof (novel)">The Horseman on the Roof</a> (orig. French Le Hussard sur le toit) is a 1951 adventure novel written by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Giono" title="Jean Giono">Jean Giono</a>. It tells the story of Angelo Pardi, a young Italian <a href="/wiki/Carbonari" title="Carbonari">carbonaro</a> colonel of <a href="/wiki/Hussars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hussars">hussars</a>, caught up in the <a href="/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic" title="1826–1837 cholera pandemic">1832 cholera epidemic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a>. In 1995, it was made into <a href="/wiki/The_Horseman_on_the_Roof" title="The Horseman on the Roof">a film of the same name</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Rappeneau" title="Jean-Paul Rappeneau">Jean-Paul Rappeneau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garcia_M%C3%A1rquez" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Garcia Márquez">Gabriel Garcia Márquez</a>'s 1985 novel <a href="/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholera" title="Love in the Time of Cholera">Love in the Time of Cholera</a>, cholera is "a looming background presence rather than a central figure requiring vile description."<a href="#cite_note-snowden-156">[155]</a> The novel was adapted in 2007 for the <a href="/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholera_(film)" title="Love in the Time of Cholera (film)">film of the same name</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Newell_(director)" title="Mike Newell (director)">Mike Newell</a>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Garden" title="The Secret Garden">The Secret Garden</a>, Mary Lennox's parents die from cholera.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Country_examples">Country examples</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zambia">Zambia</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>, widespread cholera outbreaks have occurred since 1977, most commonly in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Lusaka" title="Lusaka">Lusaka</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> In 2017, an outbreak of cholera was declared in Zambia after laboratory confirmation of <a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a> O1, biotype El Tor, serotype Ogawa, from stool samples from two patients with acute watery diarrhea. There was a rapid increase in the number of cases from several hundred cases in early December 2017 to approximately 2,000 by early January 2018.<a href="#cite_note-Sinyange_et_al_2018-159">[158]</a> With intensification of the rains, new cases increased on a daily basis reaching a peak on the first week of January 2018 with over 700 cases reported.<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> In collaboration with partners, the Zambia Ministry of Health (MoH) launched a multifaceted public health response that included increased chlorination of the Lusaka municipal water supply, provision of emergency water supplies, water quality monitoring and testing, enhanced surveillance, epidemiologic investigations, a cholera vaccination campaign, aggressive case management and health care worker training, and laboratory testing of clinical samples.<a href="#cite_note-Sinyange_et_al_2018-159">[158]</a> The Zambian Ministry of Health implemented a reactive one-dose Oral Cholera Vaccine (OCV) campaign in April 2016 in three Lusaka compounds, followed by a pre-emptive second-round in December.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> <big>Nigeria</big> In June 2024, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigeria_Centre_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention (page does not exist)">Nigeria Centre for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (NCDC) announced a total of 1,141 suspected and 65 confirmed cases of cholera with 30 deaths from 96 Local Government Areas (LGAs) in 30 states of the country.<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a> NCDC, in its public health advisory, said Abia, Bayelsa, Bauchi, Cross River, Delta, Imo, Katsina, Lagos, Nasarawa and Zamfara states were the 10 states that contributed 90 percent of the burden of cholera in the country at the time.<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolkata_City_skyline_from_Hoogly_bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kolkata_City_skyline_from_Hoogly_bridge.jpg/220px-Kolkata_City_skyline_from_Hoogly_bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kolkata_City_skyline_from_Hoogly_bridge.jpg/330px-Kolkata_City_skyline_from_Hoogly_bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Kolkata_City_skyline_from_Hoogly_bridge.jpg/440px-Kolkata_City_skyline_from_Hoogly_bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> suffers from frequent cholera outbreaks</figcaption></figure> The city of <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/West_Bengal" title="West Bengal">West Bengal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ganges_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganges delta">Ganges delta</a> has been described as the "homeland of cholera", with regular outbreaks and pronounced seasonality. In India, where the disease is <a href="/wiki/Endemism" title="Endemism">endemic</a>, cholera outbreaks occur every year between <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry seasons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy seasons</a>. India is also characterized by high population density, unsafe drinking water, open drains, and poor sanitation which provide an optimal niche for survival, sustenance and transmission of Vibrio cholerae.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Democratic_Republic_of_Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</h3></div> In <a href="/wiki/Goma" title="Goma">Goma</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic Republic of Congo">Democratic Republic of Congo</a>, cholera has left an enduring mark on human and medical history. Cholera pandemics in the 19th and 20th centuries led to the growth of epidemiology as a science and in recent years it has continued to press advances in the concepts of <a href="/wiki/Disease_ecology" title="Disease ecology">disease ecology</a>, basic membrane biology, and transmembrane signaling and in the use of scientific information and treatment design.<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>,"The infection [cholera] is not likely to spread directly from one person to another; therefore, casual contact with an infected person is not a risk factor for becoming ill." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-textbook-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-textbook_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-textbook_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-textbook_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTodar_K" class="citation web cs1">Todar K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228115128/http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html">"Vibrio cholerae and Asiatic Cholera"</a>. Todar's Online Textbook of Bacteriology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.textbookofbacteriology.net/cholera.html">the original</a> on 2010-12-28. Retrieved 2010-12-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vibrio+cholerae+and+Asiatic+Cholera&rft.pub=Todar%27s+Online+Textbook+of+Bacteriology&rft.au=Todar+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.textbookofbacteriology.net%2Fcholera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHO2010-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHO2010_2-27">ab</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150413020218/http://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf">"Cholera vaccines: WHO position paper"</a> (PDF). Weekly Epidemiological Record. 85 (13): 117–28. March 2010. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20349546">20349546</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/wer/2010/wer8513.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Epidemiological+Record&rft.atitle=Cholera+vaccines%3A+WHO+position+paper&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=117-28&rft.date=2010-03&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20349546&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fwer%2F2010%2Fwer8513.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC2015Pro-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2015Pro_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2015Pro_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2015Pro_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2015Pro_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2015Pro_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2015Pro_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2015Pro_3-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html">"Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Information for Public Health & Medical Professionals"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. January 6, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150320052724/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/healthprofessionals.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cholera+%E2%80%93+Vibrio+cholerae+infection+Information+for+Public+Health+%26+Medical+Professionals&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2015-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Fhealthprofessionals.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fink2016-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fink2016_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fink2016_4-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFinkelstein1996" class="citation book cs1">Finkelstein RA (1996). "Cholera, Vibrio cholerae O1 and O139, and Other Pathogenic Vibrios". In Baron S (ed.). Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9631172-1-2"><bdi>978-0-9631172-1-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21413330">21413330</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK8407/">NBK8407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cholera%2C+Vibrio+cholerae+O1+and+O139%2C+and+Other+Pathogenic+Vibrios&rft.btitle=Medical+Microbiology&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Medical+Branch+at+Galveston&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21413330&rft.isbn=978-0-9631172-1-2&rft.aulast=Finkelstein&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancet2012-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2012_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2012_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2012_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2012_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2012_5-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisLaRocqueQadriRyan2012" class="citation journal cs1">Harris JB, LaRocque RC, Qadri F, Ryan ET, Calderwood SB (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761070">"Cholera"</a>. Lancet. 379 (9835): 2466–2476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2812%2960436-x">10.1016/s0140-6736(12)60436-x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3761070">3761070</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22748592">22748592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Cholera&rft.volume=379&rft.issue=9835&rft.pages=2466-2476&rft.date=2012-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3761070%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22748592&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2812%2960436-x&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=JB&rft.au=LaRocque%2C+RC&rft.au=Qadri%2C+F&rft.au=Ryan%2C+ET&rft.au=Calderwood%2C+SB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3761070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC2014Zinc-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2014Zinc_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2014Zinc_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html">"Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection Treatment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. November 7, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cholera+%E2%80%93+Vibrio+cholerae+infection+Treatment&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Ftreatment%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GBD2015De-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GBD2015De_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangNaghaviAllenBarber2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (October 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903">"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"</a>. Lancet. 388 (10053): 1459–1544. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2816%2931012-1">10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5388903">5388903</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27733281">27733281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Global%2C+regional%2C+and+national+life+expectancy%2C+all-cause+mortality%2C+and+cause-specific+mortality+for+249+causes+of+death%2C+1980-2015%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2015&rft.volume=388&rft.issue=10053&rft.pages=1459-1544&rft.date=2016-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5388903%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27733281&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2816%2931012-1&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=Haidong&rft.au=Naghavi%2C+Mohsen&rft.au=Allen%2C+Christine&rft.au=Barber%2C+Ryan+M.&rft.au=Bhutta%2C+Zulfiqar+A.&rft.au=Carter%2C+Austin&rft.au=Casey%2C+Daniel+C.&rft.au=Charlson%2C+Fiona+J.&rft.au=Chen%2C+Alan+Zian&rft.au=Coates%2C+Matthew+M.&rft.au=Coggeshall%2C+Megan&rft.au=Dandona%2C+Lalit&rft.au=Dicker%2C+Daniel+J.&rft.au=Erskine%2C+Holly+E.&rft.au=Ferrari%2C+Alize+J.&rft.au=Fitzmaurice%2C+Christina&rft.au=Foreman%2C+Kyle&rft.au=Forouzanfar%2C+Mohammad+H.&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Maya+S.&rft.au=Fullman%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Gething%2C+Peter+W.&rft.au=Goldberg%2C+Ellen+M.&rft.au=Graetz%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Haagsma%2C+Juanita+A.&rft.au=Hay%2C+Simon+I.&rft.au=Huynh%2C+Chantal&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Catherine+O.&rft.au=Kassebaum%2C+Nicholas+J.&rft.au=Kinfu%2C+Yohannes&rft.au=Kulikoff%2C+Xie+Rachel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5388903&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBailey2011" class="citation book cs1">Bailey D (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7">Cholera</a> (1st ed.). New York: Rosen Pub. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-9437-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4358-9437-2"><bdi>978-1-4358-9437-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190215/https://books.google.com/books?id=7rvLPx33GPgC&pg=PA7">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cholera&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=7&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Rosen+Pub.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4358-9437-2&rft.aulast=Bailey&rft.aufirst=Diane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7rvLPx33GPgC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html">"Sources of Infection & Risk Factors"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. November 7, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150312223337/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/infection-sources.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sources+of+Infection+%26+Risk+Factors&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2014-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Finfection-sources.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html">"Diagnosis and Detection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. February 10, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150315041832/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/diagnosis.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diagnosis+and+Detection&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2015-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Fdiagnosis.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.ny.gov/diseases/communicable/cholera/fact_sheet.htm">"Cholera Fact Sheet"</a>. www.health.ny.gov. 2017. Retrieved 2020-05-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.health.ny.gov&rft.atitle=Cholera+Fact+Sheet&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.ny.gov%2Fdiseases%2Fcommunicable%2Fcholera%2Ffact_sheet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-immunity-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-immunity_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-immunity_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2018" class="citation journal cs1">Harris JB (November 15, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188552">"Cholera: Immunity and Prospects in Vaccine Development"</a>. J Infect Dis. 218 (Suppl 3): S141–S146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjiy414">10.1093/infdis/jiy414</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6188552">6188552</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30184117">30184117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Infect+Dis&rft.atitle=Cholera%3A+Immunity+and+Prospects+in+Vaccine+Development&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=Suppl+3&rft.pages=S141-S146&rft.date=2018-11-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6188552%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30184117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjiy414&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Jason+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6188552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504">"Cholera's seven pandemics"</a>. CBC. 9 May 2008. Retrieved 15 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBC&rft.atitle=Cholera%27s+seven+pandemics&rft.date=2008-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Ftechnology%2Fcholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html">"Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. October 27, 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150317031930/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2015. Retrieved 17 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cholera+%E2%80%93+Vibrio+cholerae+infection&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2014-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rosenberg-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rosenberg_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rosenberg_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_E._Rosenberg2009" class="citation book cs1">Charles E. Rosenberg (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k2pL9c00rl4C&pg=PA74">The Cholera Years the United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866</a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72676-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72676-2"><bdi>978-0-226-72676-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151109080652/https://books.google.com/books?id=k2pL9c00rl4C&pg=PA74">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cholera+Years+the+United+States+in+1832%2C+1849%2C+and+1866.&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-226-72676-2&rft.au=Charles+E.+Rosenberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk2pL9c00rl4C%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimmreck2002" class="citation book cs1">Timmreck TC (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&pg=PA77">An introduction to epidemiology</a> (3. ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-0060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-0060-7"><bdi>978-0-7637-0060-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203190442/https://books.google.com/books?id=yyrbKemADL4C&pg=PA77">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-12-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+introduction+to+epidemiology&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&rft.pages=77&rft.edition=3.&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-0060-7&rft.aulast=Timmreck&rft.aufirst=Thomas+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyyrbKemADL4C%26pg%3DPA77&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lancet2004-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lancet2004_17-27">ab</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSackSackNairSiddique2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sack DA, Sack RB, Nair GB, Siddique AK (January 2004). "Cholera". Lancet. 363 (9404): 223–33. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2915328-7">10.1016/S0140-6736(03)15328-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14738797">14738797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:208793200">208793200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Cholera&rft.volume=363&rft.issue=9404&rft.pages=223-33&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A208793200%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14738797&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2803%2915328-7&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Sack%2C+RB&rft.au=Nair%2C+GB&rft.au=Siddique%2C+AK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzmanRudolphCummingsLessler2013" class="citation journal cs1">Azman AS, Rudolph KE, Cummings DA, Lessler J (May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677557">"The incubation period of cholera: a systematic review"</a>. The Journal of Infection. 66 (5): 432–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jinf.2012.11.013">10.1016/j.jinf.2012.11.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3677557">3677557</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23201968">23201968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infection&rft.atitle=The+incubation+period+of+cholera%3A+a+systematic+review&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=432-8&rft.date=2013-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3677557%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23201968&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jinf.2012.11.013&rft.aulast=Azman&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+KE&rft.au=Cummings%2C+DA&rft.au=Lessler%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3677557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingIonidesPascualBouma2008" class="citation journal cs1">King AA, Ionides EL, Pascual M, Bouma MJ (August 2008). "Inapparent infections and cholera dynamics". Nature. 454 (7206): 877–80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008Natur.454..877K">2008Natur.454..877K</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature07084">10.1038/nature07084</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027.42%2F62519">2027.42/62519</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18704085">18704085</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4408759">4408759</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Inapparent+infections+and+cholera+dynamics&rft.volume=454&rft.issue=7206&rft.pages=877-80&rft.date=2008-08&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027.42%2F62519&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4408759%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008Natur.454..877K&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18704085&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature07084&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=AA&rft.au=Ionides%2C+EL&rft.au=Pascual%2C+M&rft.au=Bouma%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenough-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Greenough_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenough2008" class="citation journal cs1">Greenough WB (2 January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2171164">"The blue death Disease, disaster, and the water we drink"</a>. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 118 (1): 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI34394">10.1172/JCI34394</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2171164">2171164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=The+blue+death+Disease%2C+disaster%2C+and+the+water+we+drink&rft.volume=118&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2008-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2171164%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI34394&rft.aulast=Greenough&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2171164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McE2009-21"><a href="#cite_ref-McE2009_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcElroy,_AnnTownsend,_Patricia_K.2009" class="citation book cs1">McElroy, Ann, Townsend, Patricia K. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718">Medical Anthropology in Ecological Perspective</a>. Boulder, CO: Westview. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medicalanthropol00mcel_718/page/n395">375</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4384-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8133-4384-6"><bdi>978-0-8133-4384-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Anthropology+in+Ecological+Perspective&rft.place=Boulder%2C+CO&rft.pages=375&rft.pub=Westview&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8133-4384-6&rft.au=McElroy%2C+Ann&rft.au=Townsend%2C+Patricia+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedicalanthropol00mcel_718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bakerinstitute.org-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bakerinstitute.org_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakerinstitute.org_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakerinstitute.org_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bakerinstitute.org_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rita_Colwell" class="mw-redirect" title="Rita Colwell">Rita Colwell</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131026030733/http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/">Oceans, Climate, and Health: Cholera as a Model of Infectious Diseases in a Changing Environment</a>. Rice University: James A Baker III Institute for Public Policy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bakerinstitute.org/videos/civic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment/">the original</a> on 2013-10-26. Retrieved 2013-10-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oceans%2C+Climate%2C+and+Health%3A+Cholera+as+a+Model+of+Infectious+Diseases+in+a+Changing+Environment&rft.place=Rice+University&rft.pub=James+A+Baker+III+Institute+for+Public+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbakerinstitute.org%2Fvideos%2Fcivic-scientist-lecture-series-rita-colwell-oceans-climate-and-health-cholera-model-infectious-diseases-changing-environment%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sherris-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Sherris_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan_KJRay_CG2004" class="citation book cs1">Ryan KJ, Ray CG, eds. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 376–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8529-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8385-8529-0"><bdi>978-0-8385-8529-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sherris+Medical+Microbiology&rft.pages=376-7&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8385-8529-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/cholera-biology-and-genetics">"Cholera Biology and Genetics | NIH: National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases"</a>. www.niaid.nih.gov. 7 February 2011. Retrieved 2017-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.niaid.nih.gov&rft.atitle=Cholera+Biology+and+Genetics+%7C+NIH%3A+National+Institute+of+Allergy+and+Infectious+Diseases&rft.date=2011-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.niaid.nih.gov%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fcholera-biology-and-genetics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC_2020-25"><a href="#cite_ref-CDC_2020_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/index.html#three">"General Information – Cholera"</a>. CDC. 2020-08-05. Retrieved 2021-03-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDC&rft.atitle=General+Information+%E2%80%93+Cholera&rft.date=2020-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Fgeneral%2Findex.html%23three&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEJOct2009review-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NEJOct2009review_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJOct2009review_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJOct2009review_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJOct2009review_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJOct2009review_27-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonHarrisMorrisCalderwood2009" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson EJ, Harris JB, Morris JG, Calderwood SB, Camilli A (October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3842031">"Cholera transmission: the host, pathogen and bacteriophage dynamic"</a>. Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 7 (10): 693–702. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro2204">10.1038/nrmicro2204</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3842031">3842031</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19756008">19756008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Cholera+transmission%3A+the+host%2C+pathogen+and+bacteriophage+dynamic&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=693-702&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3842031%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19756008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro2204&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.au=Harris%2C+JB&rft.au=Morris%2C+JG&rft.au=Calderwood%2C+SB&rft.au=Camilli%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3842031&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEJOct2008plos-28"><a href="#cite_ref-NEJOct2008plos_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelsonChowdhuryFlynnSchild2008" class="citation journal cs1">Nelson EJ, Chowdhury A, Flynn J, Schild S, Bourassa L, Shao Y, et al. (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563029">"Transmission of Vibrio cholerae is antagonized by lytic phage and entry into the aquatic environment"</a>. PLOS Pathogens. 4 (10): e1000187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000187">10.1371/journal.ppat.1000187</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2563029">2563029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18949027">18949027</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Pathogens&rft.atitle=Transmission+of+Vibrio+cholerae+is+antagonized+by+lytic+phage+and+entry+into+the+aquatic+environment&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=e1000187&rft.date=2008-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2563029%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18949027&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1000187&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.au=Chowdhury%2C+A&rft.au=Flynn%2C+J&rft.au=Schild%2C+S&rft.au=Bourassa%2C+L&rft.au=Shao%2C+Y&rft.au=LaRocque%2C+RC&rft.au=Calderwood%2C+SB&rft.au=Qadri%2C+F&rft.au=Camilli%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2563029&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Archivist_1997-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Archivist_1997_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchivist1997" class="citation journal cs1">Archivist (1 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1717096">"Cholera phage discovery"</a>. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 76 (3): 274. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fadc.76.3.274">10.1136/adc.76.3.274</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1717096">1717096</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Disease+in+Childhood&rft.atitle=Cholera+phage+discovery&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=274&rft.date=1997-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1717096%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fadc.76.3.274&rft.au=Archivist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1717096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOpreventionandcontrolofoutbreaks-30"><a href="#cite_ref-WHOpreventionandcontrolofoutbreaks_30-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf">Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111122092541/http://www.emro.who.int/csr/Media/PDF/cholera_whopolicy.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-11-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, World Health Organization, Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean, undated but citing sources from '07, '04, '03, '04, and '05. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bertranpetit_1996-31"><a href="#cite_ref-Bertranpetit_1996_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBertranpetitCalafell2007" class="citation book cs1">Bertranpetit J, Calafell F (2007). "Genetic and Geographical Variability in Cystic Fibrosis: Evolutionary Considerations". Ciba Foundation Symposium 197 – Variation in the Human Genome. Novartis Foundation Symposia. Vol. 197. pp. 97–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470514887.ch6">10.1002/9780470514887.ch6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-51488-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-51488-7"><bdi>978-0-470-51488-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8827370">8827370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Genetic+and+Geographical+Variability+in+Cystic+Fibrosis%3A+Evolutionary+Considerations&rft.btitle=Ciba+Foundation+Symposium+197+%E2%80%93+Variation+in+the+Human+Genome&rft.series=Novartis+Foundation+Symposia&rft.pages=97-118&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8827370&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9780470514887.ch6&rft.isbn=978-0-470-51488-7&rft.aulast=Bertranpetit&rft.aufirst=Jaume&rft.au=Calafell%2C+Francesc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BliskaAlmagro-Moreno2015_32-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlmagro-MorenoPrussTaylor2015" class="citation journal cs1">Almagro-Moreno S, Pruss K, Taylor RK (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4440752">"Intestinal Colonization Dynamics of Vibrio cholerae"</a>. PLOS Pathogens. 11 (5): e1004787. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1004787">10.1371/journal.ppat.1004787</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4440752">4440752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25996593">25996593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Pathogens&rft.atitle=Intestinal+Colonization+Dynamics+of+Vibrio+cholerae&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e1004787&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4440752%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25996593&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1004787&rft.aulast=Almagro-Moreno&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Pruss%2C+K&rft.au=Taylor%2C+RK&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4440752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfeKaurYatesWoodin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Wolfe M, Kaur M, Yates T, Woodin M, Lantagne D (2 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090371">"A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Association between Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene Exposures and Cholera in Case–Control Studies"</a>. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 99 (2): 534–545. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4269%2Fajtmh.17-0897">10.4269/ajtmh.17-0897</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6090371">6090371</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29968551">29968551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Tropical+Medicine+and+Hygiene&rft.atitle=A+Systematic+Review+and+Meta-Analysis+of+the+Association+between+Water%2C+Sanitation%2C+and+Hygiene+Exposures+and+Cholera+in+Case%E2%80%93Control+Studies&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=534-545&rft.date=2018-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6090371%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29968551&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4269%2Fajtmh.17-0897&rft.aulast=Wolfe&rft.aufirst=Marlene&rft.au=Kaur%2C+Mehar&rft.au=Yates%2C+Travis&rft.au=Woodin%2C+Mark&rft.au=Lantagne%2C+Daniele&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6090371&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-O-34"><a href="#cite_ref-O_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'NealJoblingHolmesHol2005" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neal CJ, Jobling MG, Holmes RK, Hol WG (August 2005). "Structural basis for the activation of cholera toxin by human ARF6-GTP". Science. 309 (5737): 1093–1096. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Sci...309.1093O">2005Sci...309.1093O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1113398">10.1126/science.1113398</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16099990">16099990</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8669389">8669389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Structural+basis+for+the+activation+of+cholera+toxin+by+human+ARF6-GTP&rft.volume=309&rft.issue=5737&rft.pages=1093-1096&rft.date=2005-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1113398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8669389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16099990&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Sci...309.1093O&rft.aulast=O%27Neal&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Jobling%2C+MG&rft.au=Holmes%2C+RK&rft.au=Hol%2C+WG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiRita-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiRita_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiRita_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiRita_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiRitaParsotJanderMekalanos1991" class="citation journal cs1">DiRita VJ, Parsot C, Jander G, Mekalanos JJ (June 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC51881">"Regulatory cascade controls virulence in Vibrio cholerae"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 88 (12): 5403–5407. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991PNAS...88.5403D">1991PNAS...88.5403D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.88.12.5403">10.1073/pnas.88.12.5403</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC51881">51881</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2052618">2052618</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Regulatory+cascade+controls+virulence+in+Vibrio+cholerae&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=5403-5407&rft.date=1991-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC51881%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2052618&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.88.12.5403&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991PNAS...88.5403D&rft.aulast=DiRita&rft.aufirst=VJ&rft.au=Parsot%2C+C&rft.au=Jander%2C+G&rft.au=Mekalanos%2C+JJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC51881&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-who.int-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who.int_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-who.int_36-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-who.int_36-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-who.int_36-3">d</a> "Cholera Fact Sheet", World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html">who.int</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120505185900/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs107/en/index.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved November 5, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersonGellings2018" class="citation journal cs1">Peterson KM, Gellings PS (1 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffemspd%2Fftx126">"Multiple intraintestinal signals coordinate the regulation of Vibrio cholerae virulence determinants"</a>. Pathogens and Disease. 76 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffemspd%2Fftx126">10.1093/femspd/ftx126</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29315383">29315383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pathogens+and+Disease&rft.atitle=Multiple+intraintestinal+signals+coordinate+the+regulation+of+Vibrio+cholerae+virulence+determinants&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2018-02-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Ffemspd%2Fftx126&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29315383&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+M&rft.au=Gellings%2C+Patrick+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Ffemspd%252Fftx126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">unreliable medical source?</a>] <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanReeves2002" class="citation journal cs1">Lan R, Reeves PR (January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC120103">"Pandemic spread of cholera: genetic diversity and relationships within the seventh pandemic clone of Vibrio cholerae determined by amplified fragment length polymorphism"</a>. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 40 (1): 172–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.40.1.172-181.2002">10.1128/JCM.40.1.172-181.2002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC120103">120103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11773113">11773113</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Pandemic+spread+of+cholera%3A+genetic+diversity+and+relationships+within+the+seventh+pandemic+clone+of+Vibrio+cholerae+determined+by+amplified+fragment+length+polymorphism&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=172-181&rft.date=2002-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC120103%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11773113&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJCM.40.1.172-181.2002&rft.aulast=Lan&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Reeves%2C+PR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC120103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NEJM2006-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM2006_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM2006_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM2006_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM2006_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM2006_39-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM2006_39-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM2006_39-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NEJM2006_39-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSackSackChaignat2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sack DA, Sack RB, Chaignat CL (August 2006). "Getting serious about cholera". The New England Journal of Medicine. 355 (7): 649–51. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp068144">10.1056/NEJMp068144</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16914700">16914700</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23145226">23145226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Getting+serious+about+cholera&rft.volume=355&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=649-51&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23145226%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16914700&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMp068144&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Sack%2C+RB&rft.au=Chaignat%2C+CL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackay-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Mackay_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay_IM2007" class="citation book cs1">Mackay IM, ed. (2007). Real-Time PCR in microbiology: From diagnosis to characterization. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-18-9"><bdi>978-1-904455-18-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real-Time+PCR+in+microbiology%3A+From+diagnosis+to+characterization&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-18-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Ramamurthy-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Ramamurthy_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamamurthy_T2008" class="citation book cs1">Ramamurthy T (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.caister.com/hsp/abstracts/vib/12.html">"Antibiotic resistance in Vibrio cholerae"</a>. Vibrio cholerae: Genomics and molecular biology. Caister Academic Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-33-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-33-2"><bdi>978-1-904455-33-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antibiotic+resistance+in+Vibrio+cholerae&rft.btitle=Vibrio+cholerae%3A+Genomics+and+molecular+biology&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-33-2&rft.au=Ramamurthy+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.caister.com%2Fhsp%2Fabstracts%2Fvib%2F12.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/cholera/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20355293">"Cholera - Diagnosis and treatment"</a>. Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 2022-09-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mayo+Clinic&rft.atitle=Cholera+-+Diagnosis+and+treatment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mayoclinic.org%2Fdiseases-conditions%2Fcholera%2Fdiagnosis-treatment%2Fdrc-20355293&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC_Diag-43"><a href="#cite_ref-CDC_Diag_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/Laboratory-Methods-for-the-Diagnosis-of-Epidemic-Dysentery-and-Cholera.pdf">"Laboratory Methods for the Diagnosis of Epidemic Dysentery and Cholera"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170623024004/https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/laboratory-methods-for-the-diagnosis-of-epidemic-dysentery-and-cholera.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-06-23. Retrieved 2017-06-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laboratory+Methods+for+the+Diagnosis+of+Epidemic+Dysentery+and+Cholera&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Fpdf%2FLaboratory-Methods-for-the-Diagnosis-of-Epidemic-Dysentery-and-Cholera.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moltke1-44"><a href="#cite_ref-moltke1_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/18/archives/cholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html">"CHOLERA KILLS BOY; EIGHTH DEATH HERE; All Other Suspected Cases Now in Quarantine and Show No Alarming Symptoms"</a>. The New York Times. 18 July 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=CHOLERA+KILLS+BOY%3B+EIGHTH+DEATH+HERE%3B+All+Other+Suspected+Cases+Now+in+Quarantine+and+Show+No+Alarming+Symptoms.&rft.date=1911-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1911%2F07%2F18%2Farchives%2Fcholera-kills-boy-eighth-death-here-all-other-suspected-cases-now.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-moltke2-45"><a href="#cite_ref-moltke2_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081216072507/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412%3A250061412&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS%3AFT&date=OCT+10%2C+1910&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&pqatl=google">"More Cholera in Port"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. October 10, 1910. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/washingtonpost_historical/access/250061412.html?dids=250061412:250061412&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=OCT+10%2C+1910&author=&pub=The+Washington+Post&desc=MORE+CHOLERA+IN+PORT&pqatl=google">the original</a> on December 16, 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11. <q>A case of cholera developed today in the steerage of the Hamburg-American liner <a href="/wiki/SMS_Moltke_(1877)" title="SMS Moltke (1877)">Moltke</a>, which has been detained at quarantine as a possible cholera carrier since Monday last. Dr. A.H. Doty, health officer of the port, reported the case tonight with the additional information that another cholera patient from the Moltke is under treatment at <a href="/wiki/Swinburne_Island" title="Swinburne Island">Swinburne Island</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=More+Cholera+in+Port&rft.date=1910-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpqasb.pqarchiver.com%2Fwashingtonpost_historical%2Faccess%2F250061412.html%3Fdids%3D250061412%3A250061412%26FMT%3DABS%26FMTS%3DABS%3AFT%26date%3DOCT%2B10%252C%2B1910%26author%3D%26pub%3DThe%2BWashington%2BPost%26desc%3DMORE%2BCHOLERA%2BIN%2BPORT%26pqatl%3Dgoogle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera">"Cholera"</a>. www.who.int. Retrieved 2020-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=Cholera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fcholera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCisnerosRose2009" class="citation book cs1">Cisneros BJ, Rose JB (2009-03-24). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AGQVBeNM_80C&pg=PA5">Urban Water Security: Managing Risks: UNESCO-IHP</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-88162-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-88162-0"><bdi>978-0-203-88162-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Urban+Water+Security%3A+Managing+Risks%3A+UNESCO-IHP&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2009-03-24&rft.isbn=978-0-203-88162-0&rft.aulast=Cisneros&rft.aufirst=Blanca+Jimenez&rft.au=Rose%2C+Joan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAGQVBeNM_80C%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrasarForrest2012" class="citation book cs1">Drasar BS, Forrest DB (2012-12-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rd3zCAAAQBAJ&pg=GBS.PA24">Cholera and the Ecology of Vibrio cholerae</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-009-1515-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-009-1515-2"><bdi>978-94-009-1515-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cholera+and+the+Ecology+of+Vibrio+cholerae&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-94-009-1515-2&rft.aulast=Drasar&rft.aufirst=BS&rft.au=Forrest%2C+DB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drd3zCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2016" class="citation book cs1">Singer M (2016-05-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dAT9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA219">A Companion to the Anthropology of Environmental Health</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78699-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-78699-4"><bdi>978-1-118-78699-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Anthropology+of+Environmental+Health&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2016-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-118-78699-4&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Merrill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdAT9CgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGili2015" class="citation news cs1">Gili E (9 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/global-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets/a-18504469">"Starting a poop to compost movement"</a>. Deutsche Welle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deutsche+Welle&rft.atitle=Starting+a+poop+to+compost+movement&rft.date=2015-06-09&rft.aulast=Gili&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Fglobal-ideas-haiti-poop-compost-toilets%2Fa-18504469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170821044840/http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf">"Cholera and food safety"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://who.insomnation.com/sites/default/files/pdf/fan_cholera%20fact%20sheet7.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-08-21. Retrieved 2017-08-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cholera+and+food+safety&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwho.insomnation.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpdf%2Ffan_cholera%2520fact%2520sheet7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081214042133/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html">"Cholera: prevention and control"</a>. Health topics. WHO. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/control/en/index.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-14. Retrieved 2008-12-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+topics&rft.atitle=Cholera%3A+prevention+and+control&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftopics%2Fcholera%2Fcontrol%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150211100824/http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others">"Others — Timelines — History of Vaccines"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofvaccines.org/content/timelines/others">the original</a> on February 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Others+%E2%80%94+Timelines+%E2%80%94+History+of+Vaccines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofvaccines.org%2Fcontent%2Ftimelines%2Fothers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_54-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornside1982" class="citation journal cs1">Bornside GH (1982). "Waldemar Haffkine's Cholera Vaccines and the Ferran-Haffkine Priority Dispute". Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. XXXVII (4): 399–422. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fxxxvii.4.399">10.1093/jhmas/xxxvii.4.399</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6759570">6759570</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+Medicine+and+Allied+Sciences&rft.atitle=Waldemar+Haffkine%27s+Cholera+Vaccines+and+the+Ferran-Haffkine+Priority+Dispute&rft.volume=XXXVII&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=399-422&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhmas%2Fxxxvii.4.399&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6759570&rft.aulast=Bornside&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBornside1981" class="citation journal cs1">Bornside GH (1981). "Jaime Ferran and Preventive Inoculation Against Cholera". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 55 (4): 516–532. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44441415">44441415</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7039738">7039738</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Jaime+Ferran+and+Preventive+Inoculation+Against+Cholera&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=516-532&rft.date=1981&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44441415%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7039738&rft.aulast=Bornside&rft.aufirst=George+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_56-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawgood2007" class="citation journal cs1">Hawgood BJ (February 2007). "Waldemar Mordecai Haffkine, CIE (1860–1930): prophylactic vaccination against cholera and bubonic plague in British India". Journal of Medical Biography. 15 (1): 9–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1258%2Fj.jmb.2007.05-59">10.1258/j.jmb.2007.05-59</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17356724">17356724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:42075270">42075270</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Biography&rft.atitle=Waldemar+Mordecai+Haffkine%2C+CIE+%281860%E2%80%931930%29%3A+prophylactic+vaccination+against+cholera+and+bubonic+plague+in+British+India&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=9-19&rft.date=2007-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A42075270%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17356724&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1258%2Fj.jmb.2007.05-59&rft.aulast=Hawgood&rft.aufirst=Barbara+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopezGonzalesAldabaNair2014" class="citation journal cs1">Lopez AL, Gonzales ML, Aldaba JG, Nair GB (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144262">"Killed oral cholera vaccines: history, development and implementation challenges"</a>. Therapeutic Advances in Vaccines. 2 (5): 123–136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F2051013614537819">10.1177/2051013614537819</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2051-0136">2051-0136</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4144262">4144262</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25177492">25177492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Therapeutic+Advances+in+Vaccines&rft.atitle=Killed+oral+cholera+vaccines%3A+history%2C+development+and+implementation+challenges&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=123-136&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4144262%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2051-0136&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25177492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F2051013614537819&rft.aulast=Lopez&rft.aufirst=Anna+Lena&rft.au=Gonzales%2C+Maria+Liza+Antoinette&rft.au=Aldaba%2C+Josephine+G.&rft.au=Nair%2C+G.+Balakrish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4144262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm">haffkineinstitute.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924024552/http://www.haffkineinstitute.org/waldemar.htm">Archived</a> 2015-09-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-55050012">"Waldemar Haffkine: The vaccine pioneer the world forgot"</a>. BBC News. 2020-12-11. Retrieved 2021-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Waldemar+Haffkine%3A+The+vaccine+pioneer+the+world+forgot&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-india-55050012&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21412922-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21412922_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21412922_60-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinclairAbbaZamanQadri2011" class="citation journal cs1">Sinclair D, Abba K, Zaman K, Qadri F, Graves PM (March 2011). Sinclair D (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6532691">"Oral vaccines for preventing cholera"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011 (3): CD008603. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD008603.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD008603.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6532691">6532691</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21412922">21412922</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Oral+vaccines+for+preventing+cholera&rft.volume=2011&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=CD008603&rft.date=2011-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6532691%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21412922&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD008603.pub2&rft.aulast=Sinclair&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Abba%2C+K&rft.au=Zaman%2C+K&rft.au=Qadri%2C+F&rft.au=Graves%2C+PM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6532691&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC_Vacc-61"><a href="#cite_ref-CDC_Vacc_61-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine">"Is a vaccine available to prevent cholera?"</a>. CDC disease info: Cholera. 2010-10-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101026085158/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/general/#vaccine">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-10-26. Retrieved 2010-10-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CDC+disease+info%3A+Cholera&rft.atitle=Is+a+vaccine+available+to+prevent+cholera%3F&rft.date=2010-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Fgeneral%2F%23vaccine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170415125256/http://www.immunize.org/fda/">"FDA Product Approval: View All"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.immunize.org/fda/">the original</a> on April 15, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FDA+Product+Approval%3A+View+All&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.immunize.org%2Ffda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravesDeeksDemicheliJefferson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Graves PM, Deeks JJ, Demicheli V, Jefferson T (August 2010). Graves PM (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6532721">"Vaccines for preventing cholera: killed whole cell or other subunit vaccines (injected)"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2019 (8): CD000974. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD000974.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD000974.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6532721">6532721</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20687062">20687062</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Vaccines+for+preventing+cholera%3A+killed+whole+cell+or+other+subunit+vaccines+%28injected%29&rft.volume=2019&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=CD000974&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6532721%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20687062&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD000974.pub2&rft.aulast=Graves&rft.aufirst=PM&rft.au=Deeks%2C+JJ&rft.au=Demicheli%2C+V&rft.au=Jefferson%2C+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6532721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100216224558/http://who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html">"Cholera vaccines"</a>. Health topics. WHO. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/vaccines/en/index.html">the original</a> on 2010-02-16. Retrieved 2010-02-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Health+topics&rft.atitle=Cholera+vaccines&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftopics%2Fcholera%2Fvaccines%2Fen%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"News from the World Health Organization: Epidemiological Methods for Environmental Health Initiatives in WHO". International Journal of Epidemiology. 22 (5): 961–962. 1993. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2F22.5.961">10.1093/ije/22.5.961</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=News+from+the+World+Health+Organization%3A+Epidemiological+Methods+for+Environmental+Health+Initiatives+in+WHO&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=961-962&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2F22.5.961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan2011" class="citation journal cs1">Ryan ET (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026764">"The cholera pandemic, still with us after half a century: time to rethink"</a>. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 5 (1): e1003. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001003">10.1371/journal.pntd.0001003</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3026764">3026764</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21283611">21283611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases&rft.atitle=The+cholera+pandemic%2C+still+with+us+after+half+a+century%3A+time+to+rethink&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=e1003&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3026764%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21283611&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0001003&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=ET&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3026764&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeenvon_SeidleinLuqueroTroeger2016" class="citation journal cs1">Deen J, von Seidlein L, Luquero FJ, Troeger C, Reyburn R, Lopez AL, et al. (January 2016). "The scenario approach for countries considering the addition of oral cholera vaccination in cholera preparedness and control plans". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 16 (1): 125–129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2815%2900298-4">10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00298-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26494426">26494426</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=The+scenario+approach+for+countries+considering+the+addition+of+oral+cholera+vaccination+in+cholera+preparedness+and+control+plans&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=125-129&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2815%2900298-4&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26494426&rft.aulast=Deen&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=von+Seidlein%2C+L&rft.au=Luquero%2C+FJ&rft.au=Troeger%2C+C&rft.au=Reyburn%2C+R&rft.au=Lopez%2C+AL&rft.au=Debes%2C+A&rft.au=Sack%2C+DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ram2010-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ram2010_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ram2010_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamamurthy_T2010" class="citation book cs1">Ramamurthy T (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&pg=PA330">Epidemiological and Molecular Aspects on Cholera</a>. Springer. p. 330. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60327-265-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60327-265-0"><bdi>978-1-60327-265-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107134836/https://books.google.com/books?id=X1DI0Easu2YC&pg=PA330">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epidemiological+and+Molecular+Aspects+on+Cholera&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-60327-265-0&rft.au=Ramamurthy+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX1DI0Easu2YC%26pg%3DPA330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merr2010-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Merr2010_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Merr2010_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill_RM2010" class="citation book cs1">Merrill RM (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&pg=PA43">Introduction to epidemiology</a> (5th ed.). Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-6622-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7637-6622-1"><bdi>978-0-7637-6622-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106194307/https://books.google.com/books?id=RMDBh6gw1_UC&pg=PA43">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+epidemiology.&rft.place=Sudbury%2C+MA&rft.pages=43&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Jones+and+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7637-6622-1&rft.au=Merrill+RM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRMDBh6gw1_UC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarr_C2007" class="citation book cs1">Starr C (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA563">Biology: Today and Tomorrow with Physiology</a> (2 ed.). Cengage Learning. p. 563. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-79701-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-79701-0"><bdi>978-1-111-79701-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151107022134/https://books.google.com/books?id=-bsFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA563">Archived</a> from the original on 2015-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology%3A+Today+and+Tomorrow+with+Physiology&rft.pages=563&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-111-79701-0&rft.au=Starr+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-bsFAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA563&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHOTreatmentOfDiarrhoea2005-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WHOTreatmentOfDiarrhoea2005_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WHOTreatmentOfDiarrhoea2005_71-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">The treatment of diarrhoea: a manual for physicians and other senior health workers. World Health Organization. 2005. pp. 10, 16–17. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10665%2F43209">10665/43209</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159318-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-159318-2"><bdi>978-92-4-159318-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+treatment+of+diarrhoea%3A+a+manual+for+physicians+and+other+senior+health+workers&rft.pages=10%2C+16-17&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10665%2F43209&rft.isbn=978-92-4-159318-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDCCommunityHealthWorkerTrainingManual-72"><a href="#cite_ref-CDCCommunityHealthWorkerTrainingManual_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/chw-trainingmaterials-haiti-specific-508c.pdf">"Community Health Worker Training Materials for Cholera Prevention and Control"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702064520/https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/pdf/chw-trainingmaterials-haiti-specific-508c.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-07-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community+Health+Worker+Training+Materials+for+Cholera+Prevention+and+Control&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Fpdf%2Fchw-trainingmaterials-haiti-specific-508c.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203010620/http://globalhealthcenter.umn.edu/documents/Cholera-Lancet-July2012.pdf">"globalhealthcenter.umn.edu"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globalhealthcenter.umn.edu/documents/Cholera-Lancet-July2012.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=globalhealthcenter.umn.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fglobalhealthcenter.umn.edu%2Fdocuments%2FCholera-Lancet-July2012.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/21/the_civil_war_that_killed_cholera">The Civil War That Killed Cholera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220165056/http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2011/03/21/the_civil_war_that_killed_cholera">Archived</a> 2013-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, foreignpolicy.com. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/8010346.stm">"Sugary drinks 'worsen vomit bug'"</a>. BBC News. 22 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Sugary+drinks+%27worsen+vomit+bug%27&rft.date=2009-04-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fhealth%2F8010346.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124130823/http://rehydrate.org/solutions/homemade.htm">"Oral Rehydration Solutions: Made at Home"</a>. The Mother and Child Health and Education Trust. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rehydrate.org/solutions/homemade.htm">the original</a> on 2010-11-24. Retrieved 2010-10-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oral+Rehydration+Solutions%3A+Made+at+Home&rft.pub=The+Mother+and+Child+Health+and+Education+Trust&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frehydrate.org%2Fsolutions%2Fhomemade.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-choleraoutbreaksteps-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-choleraoutbreaksteps_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-choleraoutbreaksteps_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/publications/en/first_steps.pdf">"First steps for managing an outbreak of acute diarrhea"</a> (PDF). World Health Organization Global Task Force on Cholera Control. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140805150434/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/publications/en/first_steps.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on August 5, 2014. Retrieved November 23, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+steps+for+managing+an+outbreak+of+acute+diarrhea&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization+Global+Task+Force+on+Cholera+Control&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Ftopics%2Fcholera%2Fpublications%2Fen%2Ffirst_steps.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html">Cholera Treatment</a> (Report). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 28, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150311042338/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 11, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Cholera+Treatment&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Ftreatment%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121106021041/http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/tropmed/disease/chol/treatment.htm">"Cholera treatment"</a>. Molson Medical Informatics. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca/tropmed/disease/chol/treatment.htm">the original</a> on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 2008-01-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cholera+treatment&rft.pub=Molson+Medical+Informatics&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsprojects.mmi.mcgill.ca%2Ftropmed%2Fdisease%2Fchol%2Ftreatment.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishnaPatilChandrasekhar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Krishna BV, Patil AB, Chandrasekhar MR (March 2006). "Fluoroquinolone-resistant Vibrio cholerae isolated during a cholera outbreak in India". Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 100 (3): 224–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trstmh.2005.07.007">10.1016/j.trstmh.2005.07.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16246383">16246383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Tropical+Medicine+and+Hygiene&rft.atitle=Fluoroquinolone-resistant+Vibrio+cholerae+isolated+during+a+cholera+outbreak+in+India&rft.volume=100&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=224-6&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.trstmh.2005.07.007&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16246383&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=BV&rft.au=Patil%2C+AB&rft.au=Chandrasekhar%2C+MR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lei2014-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lei2014_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lei2014_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeibovici-WeissmanNeubergerBittermanSinclair2014" class="citation journal cs1">Leibovici-Weissman Y, Neuberger A, Bitterman R, Sinclair D, Salam MA, Paul M (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4468928">"Antimicrobial drugs for treating cholera"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2014 (6): CD008625. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD008625.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD008625.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4468928">4468928</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24944120">24944120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antimicrobial+drugs+for+treating+cholera&rft.volume=2014&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=CD008625&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4468928%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24944120&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD008625.pub2&rft.aulast=Leibovici-Weissman&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Neuberger%2C+A&rft.au=Bitterman%2C+R&rft.au=Sinclair%2C+D&rft.au=Salam%2C+MA&rft.au=Paul%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4468928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC2013-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2013_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CDC2013_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/zinc-treatment.html">Cholera-Zinc Treatment</a> (Report). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). November 28, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203084037/http://www.cdc.gov/cholera/treatment/zinc-treatment.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 3, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Cholera-Zinc+Treatment&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention+%28CDC%29&rft.date=2011-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Ftreatment%2Fzinc-treatment.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTelmesani2010" class="citation journal cs1">Telmesani AM (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045093">"Oral rehydration salts, zinc supplement and rota virus vaccine in the management of childhood acute diarrhea"</a>. Journal of Family & Community Medicine. 17 (2): 79–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F1319-1683.71988">10.4103/1319-1683.71988</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3045093">3045093</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21359029">21359029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+%26+Community+Medicine&rft.atitle=Oral+rehydration+salts%2C+zinc+supplement+and+rota+virus+vaccine+in+the+management+of+childhood+acute+diarrhea&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-82&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3045093%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21359029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F1319-1683.71988&rft.aulast=Telmesani&rft.aufirst=AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3045093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Knox2010-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Knox2010_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox2010" class="citation news cs1">Knox R (10 December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2010/12/10/131972272/toward-a-new-strategy-for-fighting-cholera-in-haiti">"Toward A New Strategy For Fighting Cholera In Haiti"</a>. NPR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Toward+A+New+Strategy+For+Fighting+Cholera+In+Haiti&rft.date=2010-12-10&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fhealth-shots%2F2010%2F12%2F10%2F131972272%2Ftoward-a-new-strategy-for-fighting-cholera-in-haiti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAliNelsonLopezSack2015" class="citation journal cs1">Ali M, Nelson AR, Lopez AL, Sack DA (4 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455997">"Updated Global Burden of Cholera in Endemic Countries"</a>. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 9 (6): e0003832. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0003832">10.1371/journal.pntd.0003832</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4455997">4455997</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26043000">26043000</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases&rft.atitle=Updated+Global+Burden+of+Cholera+in+Endemic+Countries&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=e0003832&rft.date=2015-06-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4455997%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26043000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0003832&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Mohammad&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Allyson+R.&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Anna+Lena&rft.au=Sack%2C+David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4455997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loz2012-86"><a href="#cite_ref-Loz2012_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLozanoNaghaviForemanLim2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lozano R, Naghavi M, Foreman K, Lim S, Shibuya K, Aboyans V, et al. (December 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repozitorij.upr.si/Dokument.php?id=7123&dn=">"Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010"</a>. The Lancet. 380 (9859): 2095–2128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961728-0">10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30050819">10536/DRO/DU:30050819</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10790329">10790329</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23245604">23245604</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1541253">1541253</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Global+and+regional+mortality+from+235+causes+of+death+for+20+age+groups+in+1990+and+2010%3A+a+systematic+analysis+for+the+Global+Burden+of+Disease+Study+2010&rft.volume=380&rft.issue=9859&rft.pages=2095-2128&rft.date=2012-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10536%2FDRO%2FDU%3A30050819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1541253%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2812%2961728-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23245604&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10790329%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.aulast=Lozano&rft.aufirst=Rafael&rft.au=Naghavi%2C+Mohsen&rft.au=Foreman%2C+Kyle&rft.au=Lim%2C+Stephen&rft.au=Shibuya%2C+Kenji&rft.au=Aboyans%2C+Victor&rft.au=Abraham%2C+Jerry&rft.au=Adair%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Aggarwal%2C+Rakesh&rft.au=Ahn%2C+Stephanie+Y&rft.au=AlMazroa%2C+Mohammad+A&rft.au=Alvarado%2C+Miriam&rft.au=Anderson%2C+H+Ross&rft.au=Anderson%2C+Laurie+M&rft.au=Andrews%2C+Kathryn+G&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+Charles&rft.au=Baddour%2C+Larry+M&rft.au=Barker-Collo%2C+Suzanne&rft.au=Bartels%2C+David+H&rft.au=Bell%2C+Michelle+L&rft.au=Benjamin%2C+Emelia+J&rft.au=Bennett%2C+Derrick&rft.au=Bhalla%2C+Kavi&rft.au=Bikbov%2C+Boris&rft.au=Abdulhak%2C+Aref+Bin&rft.au=Birbeck%2C+Gretchen&rft.au=Blyth%2C+Fiona&rft.au=Bolliger%2C+Ian&rft.au=Boufous%2C+Soufiane&rft.au=Bucello%2C+Chiara&rft.au=Burch%2C+Michael&rft.au=Burney%2C+Peter&rft.au=Carapetis%2C+Jonathan&rft.au=Chen%2C+Honglei&rft.au=Chou%2C+David&rft.au=Chugh%2C+Sumeet+S&rft.au=Coffeng%2C+Luc+E&rft.au=Colan%2C+Steven+D&rft.au=Colquhoun%2C+Samantha&rft.au=Colson%2C+K+Ellicott&rft.au=Condon%2C+John&rft.au=Connor%2C+Myles+D&rft.au=Cooper%2C+Leslie+T&rft.au=Corriere%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Cortinovis%2C+Monica&rft.au=de+Vaccaro%2C+Karen+Courville&rft.au=Couser%2C+William&rft.au=Cowie%2C+Benjamin+C&rft.au=Criqui%2C+Michael+H&rft.au=Cross%2C+Marita&rft.au=Dabhadkar%2C+Kaustubh+C&rft.au=Dahodwala%2C+Nabila&rft.au=De+Leo%2C+Diego&rft.au=Degenhardt%2C+Louisa&rft.au=Delossantos%2C+Allyne&rft.au=Denenberg%2C+Julie&rft.au=Des+Jarlais%2C+Don+C&rft.au=Dharmaratne%2C+Samath+D&rft.au=Dorsey%2C+E+Ray&rft.au=Driscoll%2C+Tim&rft.au=Duber%2C+Herbert&rft.au=Ebel%2C+Beth&rft.au=Erwin%2C+Patricia+J&rft.au=Espindola%2C+Patricia&rft.au=Ezzati%2C+Majid&rft.au=Feigin%2C+Valery&rft.au=Flaxman%2C+Abraham+D&rft.au=Forouzanfar%2C+Mohammad+H&rft.au=Fowkes%2C+Francis+Gerry+R&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Richard&rft.au=Fransen%2C+Marlene&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Michael+K&rft.au=Gabriel%2C+Sherine+E&rft.au=Gakidou%2C+Emmanuela&rft.au=Gaspari%2C+Flavio&rft.au=Gillum%2C+Richard+F&rft.au=Gonzalez-Medina%2C+Diego&rft.au=Halasa%2C+Yara+A&rft.au=Haring%2C+Diana&rft.au=Harrison%2C+James+E&rft.au=Havmoeller%2C+Rasmus&rft.au=Hay%2C+Roderick+J&rft.au=Hoen%2C+Bruno&rft.au=Hotez%2C+Peter+J&rft.au=Hoy%2C+Damian&rft.au=Jacobsen%2C+Kathryn+H&rft.au=James%2C+Spencer+L&rft.au=Jasrasaria%2C+Rashmi&rft.au=Jayaraman%2C+Sudha&rft.au=Johns%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Karthikeyan%2C+Ganesan&rft.au=Kassebaum%2C+Nicholas&rft.au=Keren%2C+Andre&rft.au=Khoo%2C+Jon-Paul&rft.au=Knowlton%2C+Lisa+Marie&rft.au=Kobusingye%2C+Olive&rft.au=Koranteng%2C+Adofo&rft.au=Krishnamurthi%2C+Rita&rft.au=Lipnick%2C+Michael&rft.au=Lipshultz%2C+Steven+E&rft.au=Ohno%2C+Summer+Lockett&rft.au=Mabweijano%2C+Jacqueline&rft.au=MacIntyre%2C+Michael+F&rft.au=Mallinger%2C+Leslie&rft.au=March%2C+Lyn&rft.au=Marks%2C+Guy+B&rft.au=Marks%2C+Robin&rft.au=Matsumori%2C+Akira&rft.au=Matzopoulos%2C+Richard&rft.au=Mayosi%2C+Bongani+M&rft.au=McAnulty%2C+John+H&rft.au=McDermott%2C+Mary+M&rft.au=McGrath%2C+John&rft.au=Memish%2C+Ziad+A&rft.au=Mensah%2C+George+A&rft.au=Merriman%2C+Tony+R&rft.au=Michaud%2C+Catherine&rft.au=Miller%2C+Matthew&rft.au=Miller%2C+Ted+R&rft.au=Mock%2C+Charles&rft.au=Mocumbi%2C+Ana+Olga&rft.au=Mokdad%2C+Ali+A&rft.au=Moran%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Mulholland%2C+Kim&rft.au=Nair%2C+M+Nathan&rft.au=Naldi%2C+Luigi&rft.au=Narayan%2C+K+M+Venkat&rft.au=Nasseri%2C+Kiumarss&rft.au=Norman%2C+Paul&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+Martin&rft.au=Omer%2C+Saad+B&rft.au=Ortblad%2C+Katrina&rft.au=Osborne%2C+Richard&rft.au=Ozgediz%2C+Doruk&rft.au=Pahari%2C+Bishnu&rft.au=Pandian%2C+Jeyaraj+Durai&rft.au=Rivero%2C+Andrea+Panozo&rft.au=Padilla%2C+Rogelio+Perez&rft.au=Perez-Ruiz%2C+Fernando&rft.au=Perico%2C+Norberto&rft.au=Phillips%2C+David&rft.au=Pierce%2C+Kelsey&rft.au=Pope%2C+C+Arden&rft.au=Porrini%2C+Esteban&rft.au=Pourmalek%2C+Farshad&rft.au=Raju%2C+Murugesan&rft.au=Ranganathan%2C+Dharani&rft.au=Rehm%2C+J%C3%BCrgen+T&rft.au=Rein%2C+David+B&rft.au=Remuzzi%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Rivara%2C+Frederick+P&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Thomas&rft.au=De+Le%C3%B3n%2C+Felipe+Rodriguez&rft.au=Rosenfeld%2C+Lisa+C&rft.au=Rushton%2C+Lesley&rft.au=Sacco%2C+Ralph+L&rft.au=Salomon%2C+Joshua+A&rft.au=Sampson%2C+Uchechukwu&rft.au=Sanman%2C+Ella&rft.au=Schwebel%2C+David+C&rft.au=Segui-Gomez%2C+Maria&rft.au=Shepard%2C+Donald+S&rft.au=Singh%2C+David&rft.au=Singleton%2C+Jessica&rft.au=Sliwa%2C+Karen&rft.au=Smith%2C+Emma&rft.au=Steer%2C+Andrew&rft.au=Taylor%2C+Jennifer+A&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Bernadette&rft.au=Tleyjeh%2C+Imad+M&rft.au=Towbin%2C+Jeffrey+A&rft.au=Truelsen%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Undurraga%2C+Eduardo+A&rft.au=Venketasubramanian%2C+N&rft.au=Vijayakumar%2C+Lakshmi&rft.au=Vos%2C+Theo&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Gregory+R&rft.au=Wang%2C+Mengru&rft.au=Wang%2C+Wenzhi&rft.au=Watt%2C+Kerrianne&rft.au=Weinstock%2C+Martin+A&rft.au=Weintraub%2C+Robert&rft.au=Wilkinson%2C+James+D&rft.au=Woolf%2C+Anthony+D&rft.au=Wulf%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Yeh%2C+Pon-Hsiu&rft.au=Yip%2C+Paul&rft.au=Zabetian%2C+Azadeh&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Zhi-Jie&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Alan+D&rft.au=Murray%2C+Christopher+JL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepozitorij.upr.si%2FDokument.php%3Fid%3D7123%26dn%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: overridden setting (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReidlKlose2002" class="citation journal cs1">Reidl J, Klose KE (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2002.tb00605.x">"Vibrio cholerae and cholera: out of the water and into the host"</a>. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. 26 (2): 125–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2002.tb00605.x">10.1111/j.1574-6976.2002.tb00605.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12069878">12069878</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEMS+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Vibrio+cholerae+and+cholera%3A+out+of+the+water+and+into+the+host&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=125-139&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1574-6976.2002.tb00605.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12069878&rft.aulast=Reidl&rft.aufirst=Joachim&rft.au=Klose%2C+Karl+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1574-6976.2002.tb00605.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohannes_Bruwer2017" class="citation web cs1">Johannes Bruwer (25 June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-40369804">"The horrors of Yemen's spiralling cholera crisis"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+horrors+of+Yemen%27s+spiralling+cholera+crisis&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2017-06-25&rft.au=Johannes+Bruwer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-middle-east-40369804&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwyer" class="citation news cs1">Dwyer C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/06/24/534236954/yemen-now-faces-the-worst-cholera-outbreak-in-the-world-u-n-says">"Yemen Now Faces 'The Worst Cholera Outbreak In The World,' U.N. Says"</a>. National Public Radio. Retrieved 25 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Public+Radio&rft.atitle=Yemen+Now+Faces+%27The+Worst+Cholera+Outbreak+In+The+World%2C%27+U.N.+Says&rft.aulast=Dwyer&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fthetwo-way%2F2017%2F06%2F24%2F534236954%2Fyemen-now-faces-the-worst-cholera-outbreak-in-the-world-u-n-says&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-who_report2020-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who_report2020_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_report2020_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_report2020_90-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240029163">International Coordinating Group (ICG) on Vaccine Provision for Cholera, Meningitis, and Yellow Fever</a>. World Health Organization. September 2020. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-002916-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-002916-3"><bdi>978-92-4-002916-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Coordinating+Group+%28ICG%29+on+Vaccine+Provision+for+Cholera%2C+Meningitis%2C+and+Yellow+Fever&rft.pub=World+Health+Organization&rft.date=2020-09&rft.isbn=978-92-4-002916-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fpublications%2Fi%2Fitem%2F9789240029163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlake1993" class="citation journal cs1">Blake PA (September 1993). "Epidemiology of cholera in the Americas". Gastroenterology Clinics of North America. 22 (3): 639–60. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0889-8553%2821%2900094-7">10.1016/S0889-8553(21)00094-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7691740">7691740</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gastroenterology+Clinics+of+North+America&rft.atitle=Epidemiology+of+cholera+in+the+Americas&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=639-60&rft.date=1993-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0889-8553%2821%2900094-7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7691740&rft.aulast=Blake&rft.aufirst=PA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ecdc_cholera-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ecdc_cholera_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecdc_cholera_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ecdc_cholera_92-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/all-topics-z/cholera/surveillance-and-disease-data/cholera-monthly">"Cholera worldwide overview"</a>. www.ecdc.europa.eu. May 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ecdc.europa.eu&rft.atitle=Cholera+worldwide+overview&rft.date=2023-05-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecdc.europa.eu%2Fen%2Fall-topics-z%2Fcholera%2Fsurveillance-and-disease-data%2Fcholera-monthly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON427">"Cholera - Haiti"</a>. www.who.int. Retrieved 1 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.who.int&rft.atitle=Cholera+-+Haiti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Femergencies%2Fdisease-outbreak-news%2Fitem%2F2022-DON427&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyofmedicine.com/author/d/jacob-de-jacobus-bontius-bondt">"All Entries by BONDT, Jacob de, Jacobus Bontius: HistoryofMedicine.com"</a>. www.historyofmedicine.com. Retrieved 2019-07-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.historyofmedicine.com&rft.atitle=All+Entries+by+BONDT%2C+Jacob+de%2C+Jacobus+Bontius%3A+HistoryofMedicine.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofmedicine.com%2Fauthor%2Fd%2Fjacob-de-jacobus-bontius-bondt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenberg-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rosenberg_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg,_Charles_E.1987" class="citation book cs1">Rosenberg, Charles E. (1987). The cholera years: the United States in 1832, 1849 and 1866. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72677-9"><bdi>978-0-226-72677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+cholera+years%3A+the+United+States+in+1832%2C+1849+and+1866&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-226-72677-9&rft.au=Rosenberg%2C+Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504">Cholera's seven pandemics</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302113041/http://www.cbc.ca/news/technology/cholera-s-seven-pandemics-1.758504">Archived</a> 2016-03-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". CBC News. October 22, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hays-97"><a href="#cite_ref-Hays_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHays2005" class="citation book cs1">Hays JN (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC">Epidemics and Pandemics: Their Impacts on Human History</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC-CLIO" class="mw-redirect" title="ABC-CLIO">ABC-CLIO</a>. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-658-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-658-9"><bdi>978-1-85109-658-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epidemics+and+Pandemics%3A+Their+Impacts+on+Human+History&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-658-9&rft.aulast=Hays&rft.aufirst=JN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGyE8Qt-kS1kC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeill" class="citation cs2">McNeill WH, Plagues and People, p. 268</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plagues+and+People&rft.pages=268&rft.aulast=McNeill&rft.aufirst=William+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil_J" class="citation book cs1">McNeil J. Something New Under The Sun: An Environmental History of the Twentieth Century World (The Global Century Series).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Something+New+Under+The+Sun%3A+An+Environmental+History+of+the+Twentieth+Century+World+%28The+Global+Century+Series%29.&rft.au=McNeil+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Richard Evans: Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years, 1830–1910. London 1987 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html">"Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection | Cholera | CDC"</a>. www.cdc.gov. 2017-05-16. Retrieved 2018-04-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Cholera+%E2%80%93+Vibrio+cholerae+infection+%7C+Cholera+%7C+CDC&rft.date=2017-05-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fcholera%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAberth2011" class="citation book cs1">Aberth J (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plaguesworldhist00aber">Plagues in World History</a>. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/plaguesworldhist00aber/page/n114">102</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5705-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5705-5"><bdi>978-0-7425-5705-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plagues+in+World+History&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5705-5&rft.aulast=Aberth&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fplaguesworldhist00aber&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2020" class="citation journal cs1">Huber V (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022820000236">"Pandemics and the politics of difference: rewriting the history of internationalism through nineteenth-century cholera"</a>. Journal of Global History. 15 (3): 394–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022820000236">10.1017/S1740022820000236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228940685">228940685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+History&rft.atitle=Pandemics+and+the+politics+of+difference%3A+rewriting+the+history+of+internationalism+through+nineteenth-century+cholera&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=394-407&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1740022820000236&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228940685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Valeska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1740022820000236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kelley_Lee" title="Kelley Lee">Kelley Lee</a> (2003) Health impacts of globalization: towards global governance. Palgrave Macmillan. p.131. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-333-80254-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-333-80254-3">0-333-80254-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Geoffrey A. Hosking (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oh-5AAmboMUC&pg=PA9">Russia and the Russians: a history</a>. Harvard University Press. p. 9. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00473-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00473-6">0-674-00473-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByrne_JP2008" class="citation book cs1">Byrne JP (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kRAInwEACAAJ">Encyclopedia of Pestilence, Pandemics, and Plagues: A–M</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34102-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34102-1"><bdi>978-0-313-34102-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Pestilence%2C+Pandemics%2C+and+Plagues%3A+A%E2%80%93M&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34102-1&rft.au=Byrne+JP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkRAInwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> J. N. Hays (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GyE8Qt-kS1kC&pg=PA347">Epidemics and pandemics: their impacts on human history</a>. p.347. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85109-658-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-85109-658-2">1-85109-658-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSehdev2002" class="citation journal cs1">Sehdev PS (November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F344062">"The origin of quarantine"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 35 (9): 1071–2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F344062">10.1086/344062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12398064">12398064</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=The+origin+of+quarantine&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=1071-2&rft.date=2002-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F344062&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12398064&rft.aulast=Sehdev&rft.aufirst=PS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F344062&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenbourn1957" class="citation journal cs1">Renbourn ET (July 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1034286">"The history of the flannel binder and cholera belt"</a>. Medical History. 1 (3): 211–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0025727300021281">10.1017/S0025727300021281</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1034286">1034286</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13440256">13440256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=The+history+of+the+flannel+binder+and+cholera+belt&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=211-25&rft.date=1957-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1034286%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13440256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0025727300021281&rft.aulast=Renbourn&rft.aufirst=ET&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1034286&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legatum.sk/en:ahr:bayes-cholera-as-treated-by-dr-rubini-158-10355">www.legatum.sk</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514193601/http://www.legatum.sk/en%3Aahr%3Abayes-cholera-as-treated-by-dr-rubini-158-10355">Archived</a> 2013-05-14 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, The American Homoeopathic Review, Vol. 06 No. 11–12, 1866, pages 401–403 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.homoeoscan.com/2015/09/trios-in-homeopathic-materia-medica-part-2.html">"Trios in Homeopathic materia medica PART II"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trios+in+Homeopathic+materia+medica+PART+II&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.homoeoscan.com%2F2015%2F09%2Ftrios-in-homeopathic-materia-medica-part-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oldtimeremedies-112"><a href="#cite_ref-oldtimeremedies_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224131642/http://www.oldtimeremedies.co.uk/labels/cholera.html">"Cholera Infantum, Tomatoes Will Relieve"</a>. October 13, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldtimeremedies.co.uk/labels/cholera.html">the original</a> on December 24, 2013. Retrieved February 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cholera+Infantum%2C+Tomatoes+Will+Relieve&rft.date=2008-10-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldtimeremedies.co.uk%2Flabels%2Fcholera.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> "Cholera", World Health Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/topics/cholera/about/en/index.html">who.int</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131025005943/http://www.who.int/topics/cholera/about/en/index.html">Archived</a> 2013-10-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPyle2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pyle GF (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-4632.1969.tb00605.x">"The diffusion of cholera in the United States in the nineteenth century"</a>. Geographical Analysis. 1: 59–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1538-4632.1969.tb00605.x">10.1111/j.1538-4632.1969.tb00605.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11614509">11614509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geographical+Analysis&rft.atitle=The+diffusion+of+cholera+in+the+United+States+in+the+nineteenth+century&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=59-75&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1538-4632.1969.tb00605.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11614509&rft.aulast=Pyle&rft.aufirst=GF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1538-4632.1969.tb00605.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid7620035-115"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid7620035_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lacey SW (May 1995). "Cholera: calamitous past, ominous future". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 20 (5): 1409–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fclinids%2F20.5.1409">10.1093/clinids/20.5.1409</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7620035">7620035</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:45016958">45016958</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Cholera%3A+calamitous+past%2C+ominous+future&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1409-19&rft.date=1995-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A45016958%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7620035&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fclinids%2F20.5.1409&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=SW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> John Snow, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-N0_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5">The mode of communication of cholera</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151106215135/https://books.google.com/books?id=-N0_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5">Archived</a> 2015-11-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2nd ed. (London, England: John Churchill, 1855). </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.cdc.gov/publichealthmatters/2017/03/a-legacy-of-disease-detectives/">"John Snow: A Legacy of Disease Detectives"</a>. US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 14 March 2017. Retrieved 2021-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.atitle=John+Snow%3A+A+Legacy+of+Disease+Detectives&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.cdc.gov%2Fpublichealthmatters%2F2017%2F03%2Fa-legacy-of-disease-detectives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ph.ucla.edu/epi/snow/fatherofepidemiology.html">"Father of Modern Epidemiology"</a>. www.ph.ucla.edu. Retrieved 2021-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ph.ucla.edu&rft.atitle=Father+of+Modern+Epidemiology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ph.ucla.edu%2Fepi%2Fsnow%2Ffatherofepidemiology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210128091350/https://www.historyofvaccines.org/index.php/content/john-snow">"John Snow"</a>. History of Vaccines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofvaccines.org/index.php/content/john-snow">the original</a> on 2021-01-28. Retrieved 2021-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+of+Vaccines&rft.atitle=John+Snow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofvaccines.org%2Findex.php%2Fcontent%2Fjohn-snow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacini1854" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pacini F (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151118081405/https://books.google.com/books?id=xdtQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA397">"Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico"</a> [Microscopic observations and pathological deductions on Asiatic cholera]. Gazzetta Medica Italiana (in Italian). 4 (50): 397–401, 405–412. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xdtQAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA397">the original</a> on 18 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gazzetta+Medica+Italiana&rft.atitle=Osservazioni+microscopiche+e+deduzioni+patologiche+sul+cholera+asiatico&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=50&rft.pages=397-401%2C+405-412&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Pacini&rft.aufirst=Fillipo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxdtQAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA397&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> Reprinted as: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacini1854" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pacini F (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9s_AAAAcAAJ">Osservazioni microscopiche e deduzioni patologiche sul cholera asiatico</a> (in Italian). Federigo Bencini.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Osservazioni+microscopiche+e+deduzioni+patologiche+sul+cholera+asiatico&rft.pub=Federigo+Bencini&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Pacini&rft.aufirst=Filippo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9s_AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Real_Academia_de_la_Historia_2018-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Real_Academia_de_la_Historia_2018_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Real_Academia_de_la_Historia_2018_121-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReal_Academia_de_la_Historia2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Real_Academia_de_la_Historia" class="mw-redirect" title="Real Academia de la Historia">Real Academia de la Historia</a>, ed. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708211444/http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/18541/joaquin-balcells-y-pasqual">"Joaquín Balcells y Pasqual"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dbe.rah.es/biografias/18541/joaquin-balcells-y-pasqual">the original</a> on 2019-07-08. Retrieved 2020-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joaqu%C3%ADn+Balcells+y+Pasqual&rft.date=2018&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdbe.rah.es%2Fbiografias%2F18541%2Fjoaquin-balcells-y-pasqual&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCol·legi_Oficial_de_Metges_de_Barcelona2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Col%C2%B7legi_Oficial_de_Metges_de_Barcelona" class="extiw" title="ca:Col·legi Oficial de Metges de Barcelona">Col·legi Oficial de Metges de Barcelona</a> [in Catalan], ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200801110910/http://www.galeriametges.cat/galeria-fitxa.php?icod=EGMM">"Joaquim Balcells i Pascual"</a> (in Catalan). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.galeriametges.cat/galeria-fitxa.php?icod=EGMM">the original</a> on 2020-08-01. Retrieved 2020-08-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joaquim+Balcells+i+Pascual&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.galeriametges.cat%2Fgaleria-fitxa.php%3Ficod%3DEGMM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFda_Costa_Simões,_António_Augustode_Macedo_Pinto,_José_Ferreira1856" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">da Costa Simões, António Augusto, de Macedo Pinto, José Ferreira (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webopac.sib.uc.pt">Relatório da Direcção do Hospital de Cholericos de N.S. da Conceição em Coimbra</a> (in Portuguese). Coimbra: Imprensa da Universidade. The link leads to a library catalogue where the book can be found.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relat%C3%B3rio+da+Direc%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+Hospital+de+Cholericos+de+N.S.+da+Concei%C3%A7%C3%A3o+em+Coimbra&rft.place=Coimbra&rft.pub=Imprensa+da+Universidade.+The+link+leads+to+a+library+catalogue+where+the+book+can+be+found&rft.date=1856&rft.au=da+Costa+Sim%C3%B5es%2C+Ant%C3%B3nio+Augusto&rft.au=de+Macedo+Pinto%2C+Jos%C3%A9+Ferreira&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebopac.sib.uc.pt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAberth2011" class="citation book cs1">Aberth J (2011). Plagues in World History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0796-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-0796-7"><bdi>978-1-4422-0796-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plagues+in+World+History&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-0796-7&rft.aulast=Aberth&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuxin1994" class="citation journal cs1">Ruxin JN (October 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1036912">"Magic bullet: the history of oral rehydration therapy"</a>. Medical History. 38 (4): 363–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0025727300036905">10.1017/s0025727300036905</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1036912">1036912</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7808099">7808099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+History&rft.atitle=Magic+bullet%3A+the+history+of+oral+rehydration+therapy&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=363-97&rft.date=1994-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1036912%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7808099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0025727300036905&rft.aulast=Ruxin&rft.aufirst=JN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1036912&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChatterjee1953" class="citation journal cs1">Chatterjee HN (November 1953). "Control of vomiting in cholera and oral replacement of fluid". Lancet. 265 (6795): 1063. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2853%2990668-0">10.1016/s0140-6736(53)90668-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13110052">13110052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Control+of+vomiting+in+cholera+and+oral+replacement+of+fluid&rft.volume=265&rft.issue=6795&rft.pages=1063&rft.date=1953-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2853%2990668-0&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F13110052&rft.aulast=Chatterjee&rft.aufirst=HN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205035801/https://inmemoryglobal.com/remembrance/sambhu-nath-de/">"Sambhu Nath De"</a>. Inmemory. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inmemoryglobal.com/remembrance/sambhu-nath-de/">the original</a> on 2019-12-05. Retrieved 2019-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Inmemory&rft.atitle=Sambhu+Nath+De&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finmemoryglobal.com%2Fremembrance%2Fsambhu-nath-de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170901014519/http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/treatment-of-cholera/">"Albert Lasker Clinical Medical Research Award"</a>. Lasker Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laskerfoundation.org/awards/show/treatment-of-cholera/">the original</a> on September 1, 2017. Retrieved June 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Albert+Lasker+Clinical+Medical+Research+Award&rft.pub=Lasker+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laskerfoundation.org%2Fawards%2Fshow%2Ftreatment-of-cholera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merrell2002-129"><a href="#cite_ref-Merrell2002_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrellButlerQadriDolganov2002" class="citation journal cs1">Merrell DS, Butler SM, Qadri F, Dolganov NA, Alam A, Cohen MB, et al. (June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776822">"Host-induced epidemic spread of the cholera bacterium"</a>. Nature. 417 (6889): 642–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002Natur.417..642M">2002Natur.417..642M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature00778">10.1038/nature00778</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2776822">2776822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12050664">12050664</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Host-induced+epidemic+spread+of+the+cholera+bacterium&rft.volume=417&rft.issue=6889&rft.pages=642-5&rft.date=2002-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2776822%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12050664&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature00778&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002Natur.417..642M&rft.aulast=Merrell&rft.aufirst=DS&rft.au=Butler%2C+SM&rft.au=Qadri%2C+F&rft.au=Dolganov%2C+NA&rft.au=Alam%2C+A&rft.au=Cohen%2C+MB&rft.au=Calderwood%2C+SB&rft.au=Schoolnik%2C+GK&rft.au=Camilli%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2776822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-who_fact-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-who_fact_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_fact_130-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-who_fact_130-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cholera">"Cholera"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cholera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fnews-room%2Ffact-sheets%2Fdetail%2Fcholera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gtfcc.org/">"Global Task Force on Cholera Control"</a>. www.gtfcc.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gtfcc.org&rft.atitle=Global+Task+Force+on+Cholera+Control&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gtfcc.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/cholera/publications/global-roadmap.pdf">Ending Cholera a Global Roadmap to 2030</a> (PDF) (Report). Global Task Force on Cholera Control. 2017. p. 18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171018143604/http://www.who.int/cholera/publications/global-roadmap.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2017-10-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Ending+Cholera+a+Global+Roadmap+to+2030&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Global+Task+Force+on+Cholera+Control&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.who.int%2Fcholera%2Fpublications%2Fglobal-roadmap.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sack-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sack_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sack_133-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSack2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sack DA (1 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyt229">"A new era in the history of cholera: the road to elimination"</a>. International Journal of Epidemiology. 42 (6): 1537–1540. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyt229">10.1093/ije/dyt229</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24415587">24415587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=A+new+era+in+the+history+of+cholera%3A+the+road+to+elimination&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1537-1540&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fije%2Fdyt229&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24415587&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fije%252Fdyt229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2013/cholera-haiti-nat-plan-elim-2013-2022.pdf">National Plan for the Elimination of Cholera in Haiti 2013-2022</a> (PDF). Republic of Haiti, Ministry of Public Health and Population, National Directorate for Water Supply and Sanitation. February 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180629005315/https://www.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2013/cholera-haiti-nat-plan-elim-2013-2022.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2018-06-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=National+Plan+for+the+Elimination+of+Cholera+in+Haiti+2013-2022&rft.pub=Republic+of+Haiti%2C+Ministry+of+Public+Health+and+Population%2C+National+Directorate+for+Water+Supply+and+Sanitation&rft.date=2013-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paho.org%2Fhq%2Fdmdocuments%2F2013%2Fcholera-haiti-nat-plan-elim-2013-2022.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> "Cholera vaccines. A brief summary of the March 2010 position paper" (PDF). World Health Organization. Retrieved September 19, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21142690-136"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21142690_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaltonIvers2011" class="citation journal cs1">Walton DA, Ivers LC (January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp1012997">"Responding to cholera in post-earthquake Haiti"</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. 364 (1): 3–5. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMp1012997">10.1056/NEJMp1012997</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21142690">21142690</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:41672119">41672119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Responding+to+cholera+in+post-earthquake+Haiti&rft.volume=364&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-5&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A41672119%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21142690&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMp1012997&rft.aulast=Walton&rft.aufirst=DA&rft.au=Ivers%2C+LC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJMp1012997&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid14758861-137"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid14758861_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPauw2003" class="citation journal cs1">Pauw J (2003). "The politics of underdevelopment: metered to death-how a water experiment caused riots and a cholera epidemic". International Journal of Health Services. 33 (4): 819–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2190%2Fkf8j-5nqd-xcyu-u8q7">10.2190/kf8j-5nqd-xcyu-u8q7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14758861">14758861</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24270235">24270235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Health+Services&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+underdevelopment%3A+metered+to+death-how+a+water+experiment+caused+riots+and+a+cholera+epidemic&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=819-30&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24270235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14758861&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2190%2Fkf8j-5nqd-xcyu-u8q7&rft.aulast=Pauw&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-John,_T._Jacob_2004-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-John,_T._Jacob_2004_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-John,_T._Jacob_2004_138-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnRajappanArjunan2004" class="citation journal cs1">John TJ, Rajappan K, Arjunan KK (August 2004). "Communicable diseases monitored by disease surveillance in Kottayam district, Kerala state, India". The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 120 (2): 86–93. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.477.3795">10.1.1.477.3795</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15347857">15347857</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Medical+Research&rft.atitle=Communicable+diseases+monitored+by+disease+surveillance+in+Kottayam+district%2C+Kerala+state%2C+India&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=86-93&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.477.3795%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15347857&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=TJ&rft.au=Rajappan%2C+K&rft.au=Arjunan%2C+KK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid1500643-139"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid1500643_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiddiqueZamanBaquiAkram1992" class="citation journal cs1">Siddique AK, Zaman K, Baqui AH, Akram K, Mutsuddy P, Eusof A, et al. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210823220145/http://dspace.icddrb.org/jspui/handle/123456789/262">"Cholera Epidemics in Bangladesh: 1985-1991"</a>. Journal of Diarrhoeal Diseases Research. 10 (2): 79–86. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23498147">23498147</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1500643">1500643</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.icddrb.org/jspui/handle/123456789/262">the original</a> on 2021-08-23. Retrieved 2021-08-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Diarrhoeal+Diseases+Research&rft.atitle=Cholera+Epidemics+in+Bangladesh%3A+1985-1991&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=79-86&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23498147%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1500643&rft.aulast=Siddique&rft.aufirst=AK&rft.au=Zaman%2C+K&rft.au=Baqui%2C+AH&rft.au=Akram%2C+K&rft.au=Mutsuddy%2C+P&rft.au=Eusof%2C+A&rft.au=Haider%2C+K&rft.au=Islam%2C+S&rft.au=Sack%2C+RB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.icddrb.org%2Fjspui%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F262&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sciencedirect.com-140"><a href="#cite_ref-sciencedirect.com_140-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeRoeckClemensNyameteMahoney2005" class="citation journal cs1">DeRoeck D, Clemens JD, Nyamete A, Mahoney RT (April 2005). "Policymakers' views regarding the introduction of new-generation vaccines against typhoid fever, shigellosis and cholera in Asia". Vaccine. 23 (21): 2762–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2004.11.044">10.1016/j.vaccine.2004.11.044</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15780724">15780724</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vaccine&rft.atitle=Policymakers%27+views+regarding+the+introduction+of+new-generation+vaccines+against+typhoid+fever%2C+shigellosis+and+cholera+in+Asia&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=2762-74&rft.date=2005-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.vaccine.2004.11.044&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15780724&rft.aulast=DeRoeck&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Clemens%2C+JD&rft.au=Nyamete%2C+A&rft.au=Mahoney%2C+RT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoeRaschky2016" class="citation journal cs1">Choe C, Raschky PA (January 2016). "Media, institutions, and government action: Prevention vs. palliation in the time of cholera". European Journal of Political Economy. 41: 75–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2015.11.001">10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2015.11.001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Media%2C+institutions%2C+and+government+action%3A+Prevention+vs.+palliation+in+the+time+of+cholera&rft.volume=41&rft.pages=75-93&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ejpoleco.2015.11.001&rft.aulast=Choe&rft.aufirst=Chongwoo&rft.au=Raschky%2C+Paul+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPruyt,_Eric2009" class="citation web cs1">Pruyt, Eric (26 July 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131020151002/http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2009/proceed/papers/P1357.pdf">"Cholera in Zimbabwe"</a> (PDF). Delft University of Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.systemdynamics.org/conferences/2009/proceed/papers/P1357.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cholera+in+Zimbabwe&rft.pub=Delft+University+of+Technology&rft.date=2009-07-26&rft.au=Pruyt%2C+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.systemdynamics.org%2Fconferences%2F2009%2Fproceed%2Fpapers%2FP1357.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kapp,_Clare_2009-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kapp,_Clare_2009_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kapp,_Clare_2009_143-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapp2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kapp C (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2809%2960151-3">"Zimbabwe's humanitarian crisis worsens"</a>. The Lancet. 373 (9662): 447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2809%2960151-3">10.1016/s0140-6736(09)60151-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19205080">19205080</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5267332">5267332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Zimbabwe%27s+humanitarian+crisis+worsens&rft.volume=373&rft.issue=9662&rft.pages=447&rft.date=2009-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5267332%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19205080&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2809%2960151-3&rft.aulast=Kapp&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fs0140-6736%252809%252960151-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120731170854/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ghlWQu4P1ofFBBy7jGwvtexoj6dw">"AFP: Riot police break up Zimbabwe protests as cholera deaths mount"</a>. AFP. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5ghlWQu4P1ofFBBy7jGwvtexoj6dw">the original</a> on July 31, 2012. Retrieved 25 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=AFP%3A+Riot+police+break+up+Zimbabwe+protests+as+cholera+deaths+mount&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fhostednews%2Fafp%2Farticle%2FALeqM5ghlWQu4P1ofFBBy7jGwvtexoj6dw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Brown, Man and Music, 430–32; Holden, 371; Warrack, Tchaikovsky, 269–270. </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> David Brown, Early Years, 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Holden, 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Brown, Man and Music, 431–35; Holden, 373–400. </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrataKeimBoucher2014" class="citation journal cs1">Orata FD, Keim PS, Boucher Y (April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3974815">"The 2010 cholera outbreak in Haiti: how science solved a controversy"</a>. PLOS Pathogens. 10 (4): e1003967. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1003967">10.1371/journal.ppat.1003967</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3974815">3974815</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24699938">24699938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Pathogens&rft.atitle=The+2010+cholera+outbreak+in+Haiti%3A+how+science+solved+a+controversy&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e1003967&rft.date=2014-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3974815%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24699938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1003967&rft.aulast=Orata&rft.aufirst=FD&rft.au=Keim%2C+PS&rft.au=Boucher%2C+Y&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3974815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Asimov, Isaac (1982), Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology (2nd rev. ed.), Doubleday </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Susan Nagel, Marie Thérèse: Child of Terror, p. 349–350. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaynes_SW1997" class="citation book cs1">Haynes SW (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jameskpolkexpans00hayn/page/191">James K. Polk and the Expansionist Impulse</a>. New York: Longman. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jameskpolkexpans00hayn/page/191">191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-673-99001-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-673-99001-3"><bdi>978-0-673-99001-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+K.+Polk+and+the+Expansionist+Impulse&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-673-99001-3&rft.au=Haynes+SW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjameskpolkexpans00hayn%2Fpage%2F191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> Smith, Rupert, The Utility of Force, Penguin Books, 2006, page 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/selangor-journal-1893v1/page/225?q=%22sir+elliot+bovill%22">"Notes and News"</a>. Selangor Journal. 7 April 1893. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Selangor+Journal&rft.atitle=Notes+and+News&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1893-04-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fselangor-journal-1893v1%2Fpage%2F225%3Fq%3D%2522sir%2Belliot%2Bbovill%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Susan_Sontag" title="Susan Sontag">Sontag Susan</a> (1977) <a href="/wiki/Illness_as_Metaphor" title="Illness as Metaphor">Illness as Metaphor</a> / <a href="/wiki/AIDS_and_Its_Metaphors" title="AIDS and Its Metaphors">AIDS and Its Metaphors</a>. New York: Picador. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-42013-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-42013-7">0-312-42013-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-snowden-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snowden_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snowden_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snowden_156-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snowden_156-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnowden2019" class="citation book cs1">Snowden FM (2019). Epidemics and Society: From the Black Death to the Present. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. pp. 239–240. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19221-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-19221-6"><bdi>978-0-300-19221-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epidemics+and+Society%3A+From+the+Black+Death+to+the+Present&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=239-240&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-300-19221-6&rft.aulast=Snowden&rft.aufirst=Frank+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden1996" class="citation news cs1">Holden S (17 May 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.nytimes.com/www.nytimes.com/library/filmarchive/horseman_on_the_roof.html">"Film Review – The Horseman on the Roof"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Film+Review+%E2%80%93+The+Horseman+on+the+Roof&rft.date=1996-05-17&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.nytimes.com%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Flibrary%2Ffilmarchive%2Fhorseman_on_the_roof.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMwabaDebesSheaMukonka2020" class="citation journal cs1">Mwaba J, Debes AK, Shea P, Mukonka V, Chewe O, Chisenga C, et al. (April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159183">"Identification of cholera hotspots in Zambia: A spatiotemporal analysis of cholera data from 2008 to 2017"</a>. PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 14 (4): e0008227. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0008227">10.1371/journal.pntd.0008227</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7159183">7159183</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32294084">32294084</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Neglected+Tropical+Diseases&rft.atitle=Identification+of+cholera+hotspots+in+Zambia%3A+A+spatiotemporal+analysis+of+cholera+data+from+2008+to+2017&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e0008227&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7159183%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32294084&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pntd.0008227&rft.aulast=Mwaba&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Debes%2C+AK&rft.au=Shea%2C+P&rft.au=Mukonka%2C+V&rft.au=Chewe%2C+O&rft.au=Chisenga%2C+C&rft.au=Simuyandi%2C+M&rft.au=Kwenda%2C+G&rft.au=Sack%2C+D&rft.au=Chilengi%2C+R&rft.au=Ali%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7159183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinyange_et_al_2018-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinyange_et_al_2018_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinyange_et_al_2018_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinyangeBrunkardKapataMazaba2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sinyange N, Brunkard JM, Kapata N, Mazaba ML, Musonda KG, Hamoonga R, et al. (18 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048949">"Cholera Epidemic — Lusaka, Zambia, October 2017–May 2018"</a>. MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 67 (19): 556–559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6719a5">10.15585/mmwr.mm6719a5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048949">6048949</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29771877">29771877</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=MMWR.+Morbidity+and+Mortality+Weekly+Report&rft.atitle=Cholera+Epidemic+%E2%80%94+Lusaka%2C+Zambia%2C+October+2017%E2%80%93May+2018&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=556-559&rft.date=2018-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6048949%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29771877&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15585%2Fmmwr.mm6719a5&rft.aulast=Sinyange&rft.aufirst=Nyambe&rft.au=Brunkard%2C+Joan+M.&rft.au=Kapata%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Mazaba%2C+Mazyanga+Lucy&rft.au=Musonda%2C+Kunda+G.&rft.au=Hamoonga%2C+Raymond&rft.au=Kapina%2C+Muzala&rft.au=Kapaya%2C+Fred&rft.au=Mutale%2C+Lwito&rft.au=Kateule%2C+Ernest&rft.au=Nanzaluka%2C+Francis&rft.au=Zulu%2C+James&rft.au=Musyani%2C+Chileshe+Lukwesa&rft.au=Winstead%2C+Alison+V.&rft.au=Davis%2C+William+W.&rft.au=N%27cho%2C+Hammad+S.&rft.au=Mulambya%2C+Nelia+L.&rft.au=Sakubita%2C+Patrick&rft.au=Chewe%2C+Orbie&rft.au=Nyimbili%2C+Sulani&rft.au=Onwuekwe%2C+Ezinne+V.C.&rft.au=Adrien%2C+Nedghie&rft.au=Blackstock%2C+Anna+J.&rft.au=Brown%2C+Travis+W.&rft.au=Derado%2C+Gordana&rft.au=Garrett%2C+Nancy&rft.au=Kim%2C+Sunkyung&rft.au=Hubbard%2C+Sydney&rft.au=Kahler%2C+Amy+M.&rft.au=Malambo%2C+Warren&rft.au=Mintz%2C+Eric&rft.au=Murphy%2C+Jennifer&rft.au=Narra%2C+Rupa&rft.au=Rao%2C+Gouthami+G.&rft.au=Riggs%2C+Margaret+A.&rft.au=Weber%2C+Nicole&rft.au=Yard%2C+Ellen&rft.au=Zyambo%2C+Khozya+D.&rft.au=Bakyaita%2C+Nathan&rft.au=Monze%2C+Namani&rft.au=Malama%2C+Kennedy&rft.au=Mulwanda%2C+Jabbin&rft.au=Mukonka%2C+Victor+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6048949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRZM011dfr.pdf">Emergency Plan of Action Final Report Zambia: Cholera Outbreak Lusaka</a> (PDF) (Report). 1 October 2020. EP-2017-000178-ZMB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420022015/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRZM011dfr.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2021-04-20 – via International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Emergency+Plan+of+Action+Final+Report+Zambia%3A+Cholera+Outbreak+Lusaka&rft.date=2020-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freliefweb.int%2Fsites%2Freliefweb.int%2Ffiles%2Fresources%2FMDRZM011dfr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyerdahlPugliese-GarciaNkwemuTembo2019" class="citation journal cs1">Heyerdahl LW, Pugliese-Garcia M, Nkwemu S, Tembo T, Mwamba C, Demolis R, et al. (May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6518637">""It depends how one understands it:" a qualitative study on differential uptake of oral cholera vaccine in three compounds in Lusaka, Zambia"</a>. BMC Infectious Diseases. 19 (1): 421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs12879-019-4072-6">10.1186/s12879-019-4072-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6518637">6518637</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31088376">31088376</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=%22It+depends+how+one+understands+it%3A%22+a+qualitative+study+on+differential+uptake+of+oral+cholera+vaccine+in+three+compounds+in+Lusaka%2C+Zambia&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=421&rft.date=2019-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6518637%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31088376&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs12879-019-4072-6&rft.aulast=Heyerdahl&rft.aufirst=LW&rft.au=Pugliese-Garcia%2C+M&rft.au=Nkwemu%2C+S&rft.au=Tembo%2C+T&rft.au=Mwamba%2C+C&rft.au=Demolis%2C+R&rft.au=Chilengi%2C+R&rft.au=Gessner%2C+BD&rft.au=Guillermet%2C+E&rft.au=Sharma%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6518637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIleyemi2024" class="citation web cs1">Ileyemi M (2024-06-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-west/704795-as-cholera-ravages-lagos-other-nigerian-states-here-is-what-you-need-to-know.html">"As cholera ravages Lagos, other Nigerian states, here is what you need to know"</a>. Premium Times Nigeria. Retrieved 2024-06-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Premium+Times+Nigeria&rft.atitle=As+cholera+ravages+Lagos%2C+other+Nigerian+states%2C+here+is+what+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2024-06-18&rft.aulast=Ileyemi&rft.aufirst=Mariam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.premiumtimesng.com%2Fregional%2Fssouth-west%2F704795-as-cholera-ravages-lagos-other-nigerian-states-here-is-what-you-need-to-know.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2024/06/14/ncdc-30-deaths-in-30-states-as-cholera-outbreak-hits-nigeria/">"NCDC: 30 Deaths in 30 States as Cholera Outbreak Hits Nigeria – THISDAYLIVE"</a>. www.thisdaylive.com. Retrieved 2024-06-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thisdaylive.com&rft.atitle=NCDC%3A+30+Deaths+in+30+States+as+Cholera+Outbreak+Hits+Nigeria+%E2%80%93+THISDAYLIVE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisdaylive.com%2Findex.php%2F2024%2F06%2F14%2Fncdc-30-deaths-in-30-states-as-cholera-outbreak-hits-nigeria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMandal2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mandal S (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191718">"Cholera epidemic in and around Kolkata, India: endemicity and management"</a>. Oman Medical Journal. 26 (4): 288–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5001%2Fomj.2011.71">10.5001/omj.2011.71</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3191718">3191718</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22043439">22043439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oman+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Cholera+epidemic+in+and+around+Kolkata%2C+India%3A+endemicity+and+management&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=288-9&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3191718%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22043439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5001%2Fomj.2011.71&rft.aulast=Mandal&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3191718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLacey1995" class="citation journal cs1">Lacey SW (1 May 1995). "Cholera: Calamitous Past, Ominous Future". Clinical Infectious Diseases. 20 (5): 1409–1419. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fclinids%2F20.5.1409">10.1093/clinids/20.5.1409</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4458566">4458566</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7620035">7620035</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Cholera%3A+Calamitous+Past%2C+Ominous+Future&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1409-1419&rft.date=1995-05-01&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7620035&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4458566%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fclinids%2F20.5.1409&rft.aulast=Lacey&rft.aufirst=S.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold1986" class="citation journal cs1">Arnold D (1986). "Cholera and Colonialism in British India". Past & Present (113): 118–151. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F113.1.118">10.1093/past/113.1.118</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650982">650982</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11617906">11617906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Cholera+and+Colonialism+in+British+India&rft.issue=113&rft.pages=118-151&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11617906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650982%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F113.1.118&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziziAzizi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Azizi MH, Azizi F (January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154910">"History of Cholera Outbreaks in Iran during the 19th and 20th Centuries"</a>. Middle East Journal of Digestive Diseases. 2 (1): 51–55. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4154910">4154910</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25197514">25197514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Journal+of+Digestive+Diseases&rft.atitle=History+of+Cholera+Outbreaks+in+Iran+during+the+19th+and+20th+Centuries&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-55&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4154910%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25197514&rft.aulast=Azizi&rft.aufirst=MH&rft.au=Azizi%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4154910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Bilson, Geoffrey. A Darkened House: Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Canada (U of Toronto Press, 1980).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1986" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper DB (1986). "The New 'Black Death': Cholera in Brazil, 1855–1856". Social Science History. 10 (4): 467–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1171027">10.2307/1171027</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1171027">1171027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11618140">11618140</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+History&rft.atitle=The+New+%27Black+Death%27%3A+Cholera+in+Brazil%2C+1855%E2%80%931856&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=467-488&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11618140&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1171027%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1171027&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Donald+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEchenberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Echenberg M (2011). Africa in the Time of Cholera: A History of Pandemics from 1817 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18820-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-18820-3"><bdi>978-0-521-18820-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+in+the+Time+of+Cholera%3A+A+History+of+Pandemics+from+1817+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-521-18820-3&rft.aulast=Echenberg&rft.aufirst=Myron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1988" class="citation journal cs1">Evans RJ (1988). "Epidemics and Revolutions: Cholera in Nineteenth-Century Europe". Past & Present (120): 123–146. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fpast%2F120.1.123">10.1093/past/120.1.123</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/650924">650924</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11617908">11617908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=Epidemics+and+Revolutions%3A+Cholera+in+Nineteenth-Century+Europe&rft.issue=120&rft.pages=123-146&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11617908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F650924%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fpast%2F120.1.123&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans RJ (2005). Death in Hamburg: Society and Politics in the Cholera Years. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303636-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303636-4"><bdi>978-0-14-303636-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+in+Hamburg%3A+Society+and+Politics+in+the+Cholera+Years&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303636-4&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Gilbert, Pamela K. "Cholera and Nation: Doctoring the Social Body in Victorian England" (SUNY Press, 2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamlin2009" class="citation book cs1">Hamlin C (2009). Cholera: The Biography. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cholera%3A+The+Biography&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Hamlin&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2020" class="citation journal cs1">Huber V (November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022820000236">"Pandemics and the politics of difference: rewriting the history of internationalism through nineteenth-century cholera"</a>. Journal of Global History. 15 (3): 394–407. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1740022820000236">10.1017/S1740022820000236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:228940685">228940685</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Global+History&rft.atitle=Pandemics+and+the+politics+of+difference%3A+rewriting+the+history+of+internationalism+through+nineteenth-century+cholera&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=394-407&rft.date=2020-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1740022820000236&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A228940685%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Valeska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1740022820000236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuber2006" class="citation journal cs1">Huber V (June 2006). "The Unification of the Globe by Disease? The International Sanitary Conferences on Cholera, 1851–1894". The Historical Journal. 49 (2): 453–476. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0018246X06005280">10.1017/S0018246X06005280</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162994263">162994263</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Unification+of+the+Globe+by+Disease%3F+The+International+Sanitary+Conferences+on+Cholera%2C+1851%E2%80%931894&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=453-476&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0018246X06005280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162994263%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Huber&rft.aufirst=Valeska&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensonSzabo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Jenson D, Szabo V (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310590">"Cholera in Haiti and Other Caribbean Regions, 19th Century"</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 17 (11): 2130–2135. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1711.110958">10.3201/eid1711.110958</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3310590">3310590</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22099117">22099117</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Cholera+in+Haiti+and+Other+Caribbean+Regions%2C+19th+Century&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=2130-2135&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3310590%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22099117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1711.110958&rft.aulast=Jenson&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft.au=Szabo%2C+Victoria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3310590&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotarGessler2014" class="citation book cs1">Kotar SL, Gessler JE (2014). Cholera: A Worldwide History. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7242-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7242-0"><bdi>978-0-7864-7242-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cholera%3A+A+Worldwide+History&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7242-0&rft.aulast=Kotar&rft.aufirst=S.+L.&rft.au=Gessler%2C+J.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKudlick1996" class="citation book cs1">Kudlick CJ (1996). Cholera in Post-Revolutionary Paris: A Cultural History. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cholera+in+Post-Revolutionary+Paris%3A+A+Cultural+History&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kudlick&rft.aufirst=Catherine+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegros2018" class="citation journal cs1">Legros D (15 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6207143">"Global Cholera Epidemiology: Opportunities to Reduce the Burden of Cholera by 2030"</a>. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 218 (suppl 3): S137–S140. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjiy486">10.1093/infdis/jiy486</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6207143">6207143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30184102">30184102</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Global+Cholera+Epidemiology%3A+Opportunities+to+Reduce+the+Burden+of+Cholera+by+2030&rft.volume=218&rft.issue=suppl+3&rft.pages=S137-S140&rft.date=2018-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6207143%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30184102&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjiy486&rft.aulast=Legros&rft.aufirst=Dominique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6207143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukharji2012" class="citation journal cs1">Mukharji PB (2012). "The 'Cholera Cloud' in the Nineteenth-Century 'British World': History of an Object-Without-an-Essence". Bulletin of the History of Medicine. 86 (3): 303–332. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbhm.2012.0050">10.1353/bhm.2012.0050</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26305866">26305866</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23241908">23241908</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:207267413">207267413</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institut_de_l%27information_scientifique_et_technique" title="Institut de l'information scientifique et technique">INIST</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pascal-francis.inist.fr/vibad/index.php?action=getRecordDetail&idt=26721136">26721136</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/492086">492086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+History+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+%27Cholera+Cloud%27+in+the+Nineteenth-Century+%27British+World%27%3A+History+of+an+Object-Without-an-Essence&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=303-332&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23241908&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A207267413%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26305866%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbhm.2012.0050&rft.aulast=Mukharji&rft.aufirst=Projit+Bihari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenberg1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Rosenberg" title="Charles E. Rosenberg">Rosenberg CE</a> (1987). The Cholera Years: The United States in 1832, 1849, and 1866. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72677-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-72677-9"><bdi>978-0-226-72677-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cholera+Years%3A+The+United+States+in+1832%2C+1849%2C+and+1866&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-226-72677-9&rft.aulast=Rosenberg&rft.aufirst=Charles+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoth1997" class="citation journal cs1">Roth M (1997). "Cholera, Community, and Public Health in Gold Rush Sacramento and San Francisco". Pacific Historical Review. 66 (4): 527–551. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3642236">10.2307/3642236</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3642236">3642236</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Cholera%2C+Community%2C+and+Public+Health+in+Gold+Rush+Sacramento+and+San+Francisco&rft.volume=66&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=527-551&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3642236&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3642236%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Roth&rft.aufirst=Mitchel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Snowden, Frank M. Naples in the Time of Cholera, 1884–1911 (Cambridge UP, 1995).</li> <li>Vinten-Johansen, Peter, ed. Investigating Cholera in Broad Street: A History in Documents (Broadview Press, 2020). regarding 1850s in England.</li> <li>Vinten-Johansen, Peter, et al. Cholera, chloroform, and the science of medicine: a life of John Snow (2003).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cholera" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cholera">Cholera</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Cholera" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Cholera">Cholera</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130622144054/http://www.who.int/cholera/technical/prevention/control/en/">Prevention and control of cholera outbreaks: WHO policy and recommendations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060324155246/http://www.who.int/cholera/">Cholera</a> – <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/cholera/index.html">Cholera – Vibrio cholerae infection</a> – <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Cholera">"Cholera" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 262–267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cholera&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=262-267&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACholera" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="width:100%; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="position:relative; float:right; font-size:0.8em;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12090" class="extiw" title="d:Q12090">D</a></div><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-11" title="ICD-11">11</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse/latest-release/mms/en#257068234">1A00</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/ICD-10" title="ICD-10">10</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icd.who.int/browse10/2019/en#/A00">A00</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/International_Statistical_Classification_of_Diseases_and_Related_Health_Problems" class="mw-redirect" title="International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems">ICD</a>-<a href="/wiki/List_of_ICD-9_codes" title="List of ICD-9 codes">9-CM</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icd9data.com/getICD9Code.ashx?icd9=001">001</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D002771">D002771</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Diseases_Database" title="Diseases Database">DiseasesDB</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diseasesdatabase.com/ddb29089.htm">29089</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #EAECF0;color:black;">External resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist" style="text-align:left;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MedlinePlus" title="MedlinePlus">MedlinePlus</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000303.htm">000303</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/EMedicine" title="EMedicine">eMedicine</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emedicine.medscape.com/med/351-overview">med/351</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Patient_UK" title="Patient UK">Patient UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patient.info/doctor/cholera-pro">Cholera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Orphanet" title="Orphanet">Orphanet</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orpha.net/consor/cgi-bin/OC_Exp.php?lng=en&Expert=173">173</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cholera" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cholera" title="Template:Cholera"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cholera" title="Template talk:Cholera"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cholera" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cholera"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cholera" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cholera</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bacteria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/El_Tor" title="El Tor">El Tor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oral_rehydration_therapy" title="Oral rehydration therapy">Oral rehydration therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_vaccine" title="Cholera vaccine">Vaccine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antibiotics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetracycline" title="Tetracycline">Tetracycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotrimoxazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Cotrimoxazole">Cotrimoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">Erythromycin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">Doxycycline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloramphenicol" title="Chloramphenicol">Chloramphenicol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazolidone" title="Furazolidone">Furazolidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virstatin" title="Virstatin">Virstatin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fluoroquinolones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norfloxacin" title="Norfloxacin">Norfloxacin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outbreaks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pandemics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1817%E2%80%931824_cholera_pandemic" title="1817–1824 cholera pandemic">1817–24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826%E2%80%931837_cholera_pandemic" title="1826–1837 cholera pandemic">1826–37</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1846%E2%80%931860_cholera_pandemic" title="1846–1860 cholera pandemic">1846–60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1863%E2%80%931875_cholera_pandemic" title="1863–1875 cholera pandemic">1863–75</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1881%E2%80%931896_cholera_pandemic" title="1881–1896 cholera pandemic">1881–96</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1899%E2%80%931923_cholera_pandemic" title="1899–1923 cholera pandemic">1899–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_cholera_pandemic" title="Seventh cholera pandemic">1961–present</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Wellington_(1811_Quebec_ship)" title="Lord Wellington (1811 Quebec ship)">1832 (Lord Wellington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Sligo_cholera_outbreak" title="1832 Sligo cholera outbreak"> 1832 (Sligo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_epidemic_in_Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Cholera epidemic in Lexington, Kentucky">1833 (Lexington)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_cholera_epidemic_(1849%E2%80%931850)" title="Tennessee cholera epidemic (1849–1850)">1849–50 (Tennessee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Copenhagen_cholera_outbreak" title="1853 Copenhagen cholera outbreak">1853 (Copenhagen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1853_Stockholm_cholera_outbreak" title="1853 Stockholm cholera outbreak">1853 (Stockholm)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Broad_Street_cholera_outbreak" title="1854 Broad Street cholera outbreak">1854 (Broad Street)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1913_Romanian_Army_cholera_outbreak" title="1913 Romanian Army cholera outbreak">1913 (Romanian Army)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerol%C3%ADneas_Argentinas_Flight_386" title="Aerolíneas Argentinas Flight 386">1992 (Aerolíneas Argentinas)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2007_Iraq_cholera_outbreak" title="2007 Iraq cholera outbreak">2007 (Iraq)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Zimbabwean_cholera_outbreak" title="2008 Zimbabwean cholera outbreak">2008 (Zimbabwe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Papua_New_Guinea_cholera_outbreak" title="2009 Papua New Guinea cholera outbreak">2009 (Papua New Guinea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010s_Haiti_cholera_outbreak" title="2010s Haiti cholera outbreak">2010s (Haiti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Sierra_Leonean_cholera_outbreak" title="2012 Sierra Leonean cholera outbreak">2012 (Sierra Leone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932015_African_cholera_outbreak" title="2014–2015 African cholera outbreak">2014–15 (Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016%E2%80%932022_Yemen_cholera_outbreak" title="2016–2022 Yemen cholera outbreak">2016–22 (Yemen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Zimbabwe_cholera_outbreak" title="2018–2019 Zimbabwe cholera outbreak">2018–2019 (Zimbabwe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_cholera_outbreak_in_Bengaluru" title="2020 cholera outbreak in Bengaluru">2020 (Bengaluru)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_cholera_outbreak_in_Lebanon" title="2022 cholera outbreak in Lebanon">2022 (Lebanon)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022%E2%80%932024_Southern_Africa_cholera_outbreak" title="2022–2024 Southern Africa cholera outbreak">2022–24 (Southern Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_cholera_outbreak_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 cholera outbreak in South Africa">2023 (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Zimbabwe_cholera_outbreak" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Zimbabwe cholera outbreak">2023 (Zimbabwe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023%E2%80%932024_Zambian_cholera_outbreak" title="2023–2024 Zambian cholera outbreak">2023–24 (Zambia)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_cholera" title="History of cholera">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_1885_cholera_epidemic_myth" title="Chicago 1885 cholera epidemic myth">Chicago cholera myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_belt" title="Cholera belt">Cholera belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_Hospital" title="Cholera Hospital">Cholera Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_pit" title="Cholera pit">Cholera pit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_riots" title="Cholera riots">Cholera riots</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Goyrand" title="Gaspard Goyrand">Gaspard Goyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldemar_Haffkine" title="Waldemar Haffkine">Waldemar Haffkine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Johnson_(physician)" title="George Johnson (physician)">George Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Pacini" title="Filippo Pacini">Filippo Pacini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Whitehead_(priest)" title="Henry Whitehead (priest)">Henry Whitehead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad Street Pump">Broad Street Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cefn_Golau" title="Cefn Golau">Cefn Golau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholera_Monument_Grounds_and_Clay_Wood" title="Cholera Monument Grounds and Clay Wood">Cholera Monument Grounds and Clay Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duffy%27s_Cut" title="Duffy's Cut">Duffy's Cut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultural depictions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mastro-don_Gesualdo" title="Mastro-don Gesualdo">Mastro-don Gesualdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memories_and_Vagaries" title="Memories and Vagaries">Memories and Vagaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice" title="Death in Venice">Death in Venice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice_(film)" title="Death in Venice (film)">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Venice_(opera)" title="Death in Venice (opera)">opera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Painted_Veil_(novel)" title="The Painted Veil (novel)">The Painted Veil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Painted_Veil_(1934_film)" title="The Painted Veil (1934 film)">1934 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Painted_Veil_(2006_film)" title="The Painted Veil (2006 film)">2006 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seventh_Sin" title="The Seventh Sin">The Seventh Sin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholera" title="Love in the Time of Cholera">Love in the Time of Cholera</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Love_in_the_Time_of_Cholera_(film)" title="Love in the Time of Cholera (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Horseman_on_the_Roof" title="The Horseman on the Roof">The Horseman on the Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contagious_(film)" title="Contagious (film)">Contagious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ghost_Map" title="The Ghost Map">The Ghost Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diseases_of_poverty" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Template:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Template talk:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases_of_poverty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diseases of poverty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diseases_of_poverty" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Diseases_of_poverty" title="Diseases of poverty">Diseases of poverty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS" title="HIV/AIDS">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">Malaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">Tuberculosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">Measles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">Diarrheal diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neglected_tropical_diseases" title="Neglected tropical diseases">Neglected diseases</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cholera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chagas_disease" title="Chagas disease">Chagas disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">African sleeping sickness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schistosomiasis" title="Schistosomiasis">Schistosomiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dracunculiasis" title="Dracunculiasis">Dracunculiasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onchocerciasis" title="Onchocerciasis">River blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visceral_leishmaniasis" title="Visceral leishmaniasis">Leishmaniasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trachoma" title="Trachoma">Trachoma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">Malnutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priority_review" title="Priority review">Priority review voucher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pseudomonadota-associated_Gram-negative_bacterial_infections" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases" title="Template:Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases" title="Template talk:Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-negative_proteobacterial_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-negative proteobacterial diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pseudomonadota-associated_Gram-negative_bacterial_infections" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadota" title="Pseudomonadota">Pseudomonadota</a>-associated <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative bacterial infection">Gram-negative bacterial infections</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alphaproteobacteria" title="Alphaproteobacteria">α</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Rickettsiales" title="Rickettsiales">Rickettsiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Rickettsiaceae" title="Rickettsiaceae">Rickettsiaceae</a>/ (<a href="/wiki/Rickettsiosis" title="Rickettsiosis">Rickettsioses</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Typhus" title="Typhus">Typhus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_typhi" title="Rickettsia typhi">Rickettsia typhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murine_typhus" title="Murine typhus">Murine typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_prowazekii" title="Rickettsia prowazekii">Rickettsia prowazekii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidemic_typhus" title="Epidemic typhus">Epidemic typhus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brill%E2%80%93Zinsser_disease" title="Brill–Zinsser disease">Brill–Zinsser disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flying_squirrel_typhus" title="Flying squirrel typhus">Flying squirrel typhus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Spotted_fever" title="Spotted fever">Spotted fever</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Tick-borne_disease" title="Tick-borne disease">Tick-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_rickettsii" title="Rickettsia rickettsii">Rickettsia rickettsii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountain_spotted_fever" title="Rocky Mountain spotted fever">Rocky Mountain spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_conorii" title="Rickettsia conorii">Rickettsia conorii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boutonneuse_fever" title="Boutonneuse fever">Boutonneuse fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_japonica" title="Rickettsia japonica">Rickettsia japonica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_spotted_fever" title="Japanese spotted fever">Japanese spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_sibirica" title="Rickettsia sibirica">Rickettsia sibirica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Asian_tick_typhus" title="North Asian tick typhus">North Asian tick typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_australis" title="Rickettsia australis">Rickettsia australis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_tick_typhus" title="Queensland tick typhus">Queensland tick typhus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_honei" title="Rickettsia honei">Rickettsia honei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flinders_Island_spotted_fever" title="Flinders Island spotted fever">Flinders Island spotted fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_africae" title="Rickettsia africae">Rickettsia africae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_tick_bite_fever" title="African tick bite fever">African tick bite fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_parkeri" title="Rickettsia parkeri">Rickettsia parkeri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_tick_bite_fever" class="mw-redirect" title="American tick bite fever">American tick bite fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii" class="mw-redirect" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii">Rickettsia aeschlimannii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_aeschlimannii_infection" title="Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection">Rickettsia aeschlimannii infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Mite#Clinical_significance" title="Mite">Mite-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_akari" title="Rickettsia akari">Rickettsia akari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsialpox" title="Rickettsialpox">Rickettsialpox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientia_tsutsugamushi" title="Orientia tsutsugamushi">Orientia tsutsugamushi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scrub_typhus" title="Scrub typhus">Scrub typhus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Flea#Fleas_as_a_vector" title="Flea">Flea-borne</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rickettsia_felis" title="Rickettsia felis">Rickettsia felis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flea-borne_spotted_fever" title="Flea-borne spotted fever">Flea-borne spotted fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Anaplasmataceae" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaplasmataceae">Anaplasmataceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis" title="Ehrlichiosis">Ehrlichiosis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Anaplasma_phagocytophilum" title="Anaplasma phagocytophilum">Anaplasma phagocytophilum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_granulocytic_anaplasmosis" title="Human granulocytic anaplasmosis">Human granulocytic anaplasmosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anaplasmosis" title="Anaplasmosis">Anaplasmosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichia_chaffeensis" title="Ehrlichia chaffeensis">Ehrlichia chaffeensis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_monocytotropic_ehrlichiosis" title="Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis">Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichia_ewingii" title="Ehrlichia ewingii">Ehrlichia ewingii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ehrlichiosis_ewingii_infection" title="Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection">Ehrlichiosis ewingii infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Hyphomicrobiales" title="Hyphomicrobiales">Hyphomicrobiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Brucellaceae" title="Brucellaceae">Brucellaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brucella_abortus" title="Brucella abortus">Brucella abortus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brucellosis" title="Brucellosis">Brucellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Bartonella" title="Bartonella">Bartonellaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bartonellosis" title="Bartonellosis">Bartonellosis</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bartonella_henselae" title="Bartonella henselae">Bartonella henselae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cat-scratch_disease" title="Cat-scratch disease">Cat-scratch disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_quintana" title="Bartonella quintana">Bartonella quintana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trench_fever" title="Trench fever">Trench fever</a></li></ul></li> <li>Either B. henselae or B. quintana <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillary_angiomatosis" title="Bacillary angiomatosis">Bacillary angiomatosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartonella_bacilliformis" title="Bartonella bacilliformis">Bartonella bacilliformis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrion%27s_disease" title="Carrion's disease">Carrion's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verruga_peruana" class="mw-redirect" title="Verruga peruana">Verruga peruana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Betaproteobacteria" title="Betaproteobacteria">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Neisseriaceae" title="Neisseriaceae">Neisseriales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">M+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_meningitidis" title="Neisseria meningitidis">Neisseria meningitidis/meningococcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_disease" title="Meningococcal disease">Meningococcal disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waterhouse%E2%80%93Friderichsen_syndrome" title="Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome">Waterhouse–Friderichsen syndrome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meningococcal_septicaemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Meningococcal septicaemia">Meningococcal septicaemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Maltose" title="Maltose">M−</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neisseria_gonorrhoeae" title="Neisseria gonorrhoeae">Neisseria gonorrhoeae/gonococcus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">Gonorrhea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue">ungrouped:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eikenella_corrodens" title="Eikenella corrodens">Eikenella corrodens</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kingella_kingae" title="Kingella kingae">Kingella kingae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromobacterium_violaceum" title="Chromobacterium violaceum">Chromobacterium violaceum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chromobacteriosis_infection" title="Chromobacteriosis infection">Chromobacteriosis infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Burkholderiales" title="Burkholderiales">Burkholderiales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_pseudomallei" title="Burkholderia pseudomallei">Burkholderia pseudomallei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Melioidosis" title="Melioidosis">Melioidosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_mallei" title="Burkholderia mallei">Burkholderia mallei</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glanders" title="Glanders">Glanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkholderia_cepacia_complex" title="Burkholderia cepacia complex">Burkholderia cepacia complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordetella_pertussis" title="Bordetella pertussis">Bordetella pertussis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bordetella_parapertussis" title="Bordetella parapertussis">Bordetella parapertussis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">Pertussis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gammaproteobacteria" title="Gammaproteobacteria">γ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Enterobacteriaceae" title="Enterobacteriaceae">Enterobacteriales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test#OX−" title="Oxidase test">OX−</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac+" title="MacConkey agar">Lac+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_pneumoniae" title="Klebsiella pneumoniae">Klebsiella pneumoniae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhinoscleroma" title="Rhinoscleroma">Rhinoscleroma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">Pneumonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_granulomatis" title="Klebsiella granulomatis">Klebsiella granulomatis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Granuloma_inguinale" title="Granuloma inguinale">Granuloma inguinale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klebsiella_oxytoca" title="Klebsiella oxytoca">Klebsiella oxytoca</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a>: <a href="/wiki/Enterotoxigenic_Escherichia_coli" title="Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli">Enterotoxigenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enteroinvasive_Escherichia_coli" title="Enteroinvasive Escherichia coli">Enteroinvasive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verotoxin-producing_Escherichia_coli" class="mw-redirect" title="Verotoxin-producing Escherichia coli">Enterohemorrhagic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O157:H7" title="Escherichia coli O157:H7">O157:H7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli_O104:H4" title="Escherichia coli O104:H4">O104:H4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolytic-uremic_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemolytic-uremic syndrome">Hemolytic-uremic syndrome</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enterobacter_aerogenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterobacter aerogenes">Enterobacter aerogenes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Enterobacter_cloacae" title="Enterobacter cloacae">Enterobacter cloacae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Slow" title="MacConkey agar">Slow/weak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serratia_marcescens" title="Serratia marcescens">Serratia marcescens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serratia_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Serratia infection">Serratia infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrobacter_koseri" title="Citrobacter koseri">Citrobacter koseri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Citrobacter_freundii" title="Citrobacter freundii">Citrobacter freundii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/MacConkey_agar#Lac−" title="MacConkey agar">Lac−</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Bismuth_sulfite_agar" title="Bismuth sulfite agar">H2S+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmonella_enterica" title="Salmonella enterica">Salmonella enterica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Typhoid_fever" title="Typhoid fever">Typhoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paratyphoid_fever" title="Paratyphoid fever">Paratyphoid fever</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmonellosis" title="Salmonellosis">Salmonellosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue">H2S−</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shigella_dysenteriae" title="Shigella dysenteriae">Shigella dysenteriae</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_sonnei" title="Shigella sonnei">sonnei</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_flexneri" title="Shigella flexneri">flexneri</a>/<a href="/wiki/Shigella_boydii" title="Shigella boydii">boydii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shigellosis" title="Shigellosis">Shigellosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bacillary_dysentery" title="Bacillary dysentery">Bacillary dysentery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proteus_mirabilis" title="Proteus mirabilis">Proteus mirabilis</a>/<a href="/wiki/Proteus_vulgaris" title="Proteus vulgaris">Proteus vulgaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pestis" title="Yersinia pestis">Yersinia pestis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plague_(disease)" title="Plague (disease)">Plague</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">Bubonic plague</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_enterocolitica" title="Yersinia enterocolitica">Yersinia enterocolitica</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yersiniosis" title="Yersiniosis">Yersiniosis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yersinia_pseudotuberculosis" title="Yersinia pseudotuberculosis">Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_scarlet-like_fever" title="Far East scarlet-like fever">Far East scarlet-like fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellaceae" title="Pasteurellaceae">Pasteurellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus" title="Haemophilus">Haemophilus</a>:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_influenzae" title="Haemophilus influenzae">H. influenzae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_meningitis" title="Haemophilus meningitis">Haemophilus meningitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_purpuric_fever" title="Brazilian purpuric fever">Brazilian purpuric fever</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_ducreyi" title="Haemophilus ducreyi">H. ducreyi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chancroid" title="Chancroid">Chancroid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemophilus_parainfluenzae" title="Haemophilus parainfluenzae">H. parainfluenzae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pasteurella_multocida" title="Pasteurella multocida">Pasteurella multocida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasteurellosis" title="Pasteurellosis">Pasteurellosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinobacillus" title="Actinobacillus">Actinobacillus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Actinobacillosis" title="Actinobacillosis">Actinobacillosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Aggregatibacter_actinomycetemcomitans" title="Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans">Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Legionellales" title="Legionellales">Legionellales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionella_pneumophila" title="Legionella pneumophila">Legionella pneumophila</a>/<a href="/wiki/Legionella_longbeachae" title="Legionella longbeachae">Legionella longbeachae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legionnaires%27_disease" title="Legionnaires' disease">Legionnaires' disease</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coxiella_burnetii" title="Coxiella burnetii">Coxiella burnetii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Q_fever" title="Q fever">Q fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Thiotrichales" title="Thiotrichales">Thiotrichales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francisella_tularensis" title="Francisella tularensis">Francisella tularensis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tularemia" title="Tularemia">Tularemia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Vibrionaceae" title="Vibrionaceae">Vibrionaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cholera</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_vulnificus" title="Vibrio vulnificus">Vibrio vulnificus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_parahaemolyticus" title="Vibrio parahaemolyticus">Vibrio parahaemolyticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrio_alginolyticus" title="Vibrio alginolyticus">Vibrio alginolyticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plesiomonas_shigelloides" title="Plesiomonas shigelloides">Plesiomonas shigelloides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonadales" title="Pseudomonadales">Pseudomonadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_aeruginosa" title="Pseudomonas aeruginosa">Pseudomonas aeruginosa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomonas_infection" title="Pseudomonas infection">Pseudomonas infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moraxella_catarrhalis" title="Moraxella catarrhalis">Moraxella catarrhalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acinetobacter_baumannii" title="Acinetobacter baumannii">Acinetobacter baumannii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Xanthomonadaceae" title="Xanthomonadaceae">Xanthomonadaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenotrophomonas_maltophilia" title="Stenotrophomonas maltophilia">Stenotrophomonas maltophilia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Cardiobacteriaceae" title="Cardiobacteriaceae">Cardiobacteriaceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiobacterium_hominis" title="Cardiobacterium hominis">Cardiobacterium hominis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HACEK_organisms" title="HACEK organisms">HACEK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Aeromonadales" title="Aeromonadales">Aeromonadales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_hydrophila" title="Aeromonas hydrophila">Aeromonas hydrophila</a>/<a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_veronii" title="Aeromonas veronii">Aeromonas veronii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeromonas_infection" title="Aeromonas infection">Aeromonas infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterota" title="Campylobacterota">ε</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Campylobacterales" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: PowderBlue"><a href="/wiki/Campylobacterales" title="Campylobacterales">Campylobacterales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacter_jejuni" title="Campylobacter jejuni">Campylobacter jejuni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campylobacteriosis" title="Campylobacteriosis">Campylobacteriosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guillain%E2%80%93Barr%C3%A9_syndrome" title="Guillain–Barré syndrome">Guillain–Barré syndrome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peptic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Peptic ulcer">Peptic ulcer</a>, <a href="/wiki/MALT_lymphoma" title="MALT lymphoma">MALT lymphoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gastric_cancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric cancer">Gastric cancer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cinaedi" title="Helicobacter cinaedi">Helicobacter cinaedi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_cellulitis" title="Helicobacter cellulitis">Helicobacter cellulitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12090#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12090#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12090#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4147855-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85024645">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940300h">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11940300h">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00566625">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph136526&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007285758705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/022717">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639659">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholera&oldid=1256395986">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholera&oldid=1256395986</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cholera" title="Category:Cholera">Cholera</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Diarrhea" title="Category:Diarrhea">Diarrhea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foodborne_illnesses" title="Category:Foodborne illnesses">Foodborne illnesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Gastrointestinal_tract_disorders" title="Category:Gastrointestinal tract disorders">Gastrointestinal tract disorders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Intestinal_infectious_diseases" title="Category:Intestinal infectious diseases">Intestinal infectious diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tropical_diseases" title="Category:Tropical diseases">Tropical diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Epidemics" title="Category:Epidemics">Epidemics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pandemics" title="Category:Pandemics">Pandemics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sanitation" title="Category:Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Waterborne_diseases" title="Category:Waterborne diseases">Waterborne diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vaccine-preventable_diseases" title="Category:Vaccine-preventable diseases">Vaccine-preventable diseases</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_reliable_references" title="Category:All articles lacking reliable references">All articles lacking reliable references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_reliable_references_from_December_2013" title="Category:Articles lacking reliable references from December 2013">Articles lacking reliable references from December 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_June_2024" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2024">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from June 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_overridden_setting" title="Category:CS1 maint: overridden setting">CS1 maint: overridden setting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_interwiki-linked_names" title="Category:CS1 interwiki-linked names">CS1 interwiki-linked names</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Catalan-language_sources_(ca)" title="Category:CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)">CS1 Catalan-language sources (ca)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Portuguese-language_sources_(pt)" title="Category:CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)">CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_pages_semi-protected_against_vandalism" title="Category:Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism">Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_vague_or_ambiguous_time" title="Category:All articles with vague or ambiguous time">All articles with vague or ambiguous time</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_time_from_August_2017" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017">Vague or ambiguous time from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2010" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2015" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_August_2021" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2021">Articles containing potentially dated statements from August 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Greek-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Greek-language text">Articles containing Greek-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2018" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia medicine articles ready to translate</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_emergency_medicine_articles_ready_to_translate" title="Category:Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate">Wikipedia emergency medicine articles ready to translate</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 9 November 2024, at 19:16 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cholera&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-v9wvm","wgBackendResponseTime":2935,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.325","walltime":"2.738","ppvisitednodes":{"value":14948,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":544004,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9608,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":18,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":679477,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2353.214 1 -total"," 49.68% 1169.023 2 Template:Reflist"," 21.97% 516.952 67 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.38% 291.293 20 Template:Navbox"," 11.36% 267.437 41 Template:Cite_web"," 8.08% 190.249 34 Template:Cite_book"," 7.46% 175.570 1 Template:Medical_resources"," 5.92% 139.205 2 Template:Hlist"," 4.71% 110.782 1 Template:Langx"," 4.59% 107.998 2 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.467","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":26876586,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","300","20.5"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","180","12.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","9.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","120","8.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","8.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","100","6.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::test","60","4.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","2.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getSiteLinkPageName","40","2.7"],["citation0 \u003CModule:Citation/CS1:2614\u003E","40","2.7"],["[others]","320","21.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-v9wvm","timestamp":"20241125142917","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Cholera","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cholera","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12090","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q12090","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2024-11-09T19:16:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/2\/2b\/Adult_cholera_patient.jpg","headline":"bacterial infection of the small intestine"}</script> </body> </html>