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History of Christian missions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Christian_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catholic_missions_after_1492" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catholic_missions_after_1492"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Catholic missions after 1492</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catholic_missions_after_1492-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Protestant_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protestant_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Protestant missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protestant_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methodist_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodist_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>Methodist missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodist_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baptist_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baptist_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>Baptist missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baptist_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>British Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_1870" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_1870"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>After 1870</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_1870-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_concepts_of_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_concepts_of_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Contemporary concepts of mission</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_concepts_of_mission-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary concepts of mission subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_concepts_of_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sending_and_receiving_nations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sending_and_receiving_nations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Sending and receiving nations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sending_and_receiving_nations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_missionary_methods_and_doctrines_among_conservative_Protestants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_missionary_methods_and_doctrines_among_conservative_Protestants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Modern missionary methods and doctrines among conservative Protestants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_missionary_methods_and_doctrines_among_conservative_Protestants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Among_Roman_Catholics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Among_Roman_Catholics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Among Roman Catholics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Among_Roman_Catholics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Print_and_new_media_in_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Print_and_new_media_in_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Print and new media in mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Print_and_new_media_in_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_mission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_mission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Reverse mission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_mission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inter-organizational_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inter-organizational_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Inter-organizational missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inter-organizational_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Communicating_diseases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communicating_diseases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Communicating diseases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Communicating_diseases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aid_and_evangelism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aid_and_evangelism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Aid and evangelism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aid_and_evangelism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christian_counter-claims" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christian_counter-claims"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Christian counter-claims</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christian_counter-claims-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Positive_or_neutral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_or_neutral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Positive or neutral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_or_neutral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Critical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Critical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Christian mission</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B9%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="بعثات تبشيرية مسيحية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بعثات تبشيرية مسيحية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="খ্রিষ্টধর্ম প্রচারাভিযান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="খ্রিষ্টধর্ম প্রচারাভিযান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missi%C3%B3_religiosa" title="Missió religiosa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Missió religiosa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misie" title="Misie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Misie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_mission" title="Kristen mission – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kristen mission" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(Christentum)" title="Mission (Christentum) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mission (Christentum)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjon" title="Misjon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Misjon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%AE" title="Ιεραποστολή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιεραποστολή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_(cristianismo)" title="Misión (cristianismo) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Misión (cristianismo)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristana_misiejo" title="Kristana misiejo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kristana misiejo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%AA%D8%A8%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AD%DB%8C" title="هیئت‌های تبلیغی مسیحی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیئت‌های تبلیغی مسیحی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BAbo%C3%B0an" title="Trúboðan – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Trúboðan" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mission_(christianisme)" title="Mission (christianisme) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mission (christianisme)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi%C3%B3n_cristi%C3%A1" title="Misión cristiá – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Misión cristiá" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%B0%EB%8F%85%EA%B5%90_%EC%84%A0%EA%B5%90" title="기독교 선교 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="기독교 선교" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_(%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88)" title="धर्मप्रचार (ईसाई) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="धर्मप्रचार (ईसाई)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi_(Kristen)" title="Misi (Kristen) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Misi (Kristen)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מיסיון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיסיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanuriaig%C3%B6_Turia_si_S%C3%B6khi" title="Fanuriaigö Turia si Sökhi – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Fanuriaigö Turia si Sökhi" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misszi%C3%B3" title="Misszió – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Misszió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Мисионерство – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мисионерство" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misi_(Kristian)" title="Misi (Kristian) – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Misi (Kristian)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christelijke_zending" title="Christelijke zending – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Christelijke zending" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E9%9F%B3%E5%AE%A3%E6%95%99" title="福音宣教 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="福音宣教" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misjon" title="Misjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Misjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misja_(religia)" title="Misja (religia) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Misja (religia)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miss%C3%A3o_crist%C3%A3" title="Missão cristã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Missão cristã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misiune_cre%C8%99tin%C4%83" title="Misiune creștină – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Misiune creștină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Missiun" title="Missiun – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Missiun" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Христианская миссия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Христианская миссия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_mission" title="Christian mission – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Christian mission" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Misijon" 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kristen_mission" title="Kristen mission – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kristen mission" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF_(%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="மறைப்பணி (கிறித்தவம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மறைப்பணி (கிறித்தவம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Місіонерство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Місіонерство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E4%BC%A0%E6%95%99" title="基督教传教 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="基督教传教" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9F" title="מיסיאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מיסיאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li 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searchaux" style="display:none">Organized effort to spread Christianity</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mission_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mission (disambiguation)">Mission (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Christianity" title="Category:Christianity">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Christian_cross" title="Principal symbol of Christianity"><img alt="Principal symbol of Christianity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/50px-Christian_cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/75px-Christian_cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Christian_cross.svg/100px-Christian_cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism_of_Jesus" title="Baptism of Jesus">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_of_Jesus" title="Ascension of Jesus">Ascension</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li><li>Foundations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creed" title="Creed">Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Covenant" title="New Covenant">New Covenant</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="God the Father (Christianity)">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_apologetics" title="Christian apologetics">Apologetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christian_theology" title="History of Christian theology">History of theology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Universalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_tradition" title="Christian tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenical_council" title="Ecumenical council">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignatius_of_Antioch" title="Ignatius of Antioch">Ignatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">(full list)</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Nicene_Christianity" title="Nicene Christianity">Nicene</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedevacantism" title="Sedevacantism">Sedevacantism</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodoxy" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodoxy">Oriental Orthodox</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Free Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian [Hussite]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth_Brethren" title="Plymouth Brethren">Plymouth Brethren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_and_uniting_churches" title="United and uniting churches">United Protestant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominational Christianity</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christadelphians" title="Christadelphians">Christadelphians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Apostolic_Church" title="Catholic Apostolic Church">Irvingians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints">The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Church_(Swedenborgian)" title="The New Church (Swedenborgian)">The New Church (Swedenborgian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Unitarian,_Universalist,_and_Unitarian_Universalist_churches" title="List of Unitarian, Universalist, and Unitarian Universalist churches">Unitarians and Universalists</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#efefef;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_prayer" title="Christian prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon" title="Sermon">Sermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Symbolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Christianity" title="Glossary of Christianity">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Christianity-related_articles" title="Index of Christianity-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Christianity" title="Outline of Christianity">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christian cross"><img alt="Christian cross" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/20px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/30px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/40px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Christianity_sidebar" title="Template talk:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Christianity sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>Christian mission</b> is an organized effort to carry on <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">evangelism</a> or other activities, such as educational or hospital work, in the name of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_faith" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian faith">Christian faith</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missions involve sending individuals and groups across boundaries, most commonly geographical boundaries.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes individuals are sent and are called <a href="/wiki/Missionary" title="Missionary">missionaries</a>, and historically may have been based in <b>mission stations</b>. When groups are sent, they are often called mission teams and they undertake mission trips. There are a few different kinds of mission trips: short-term, long-term, relational and those that simply help people in need. Some people choose to dedicate their whole lives to mission. </p><p>Missionaries preach the Christian faith and sometimes administer the <a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">sacraments</a>, and provide humanitarian aid or services. Christian doctrines (such as the "Doctrine of Love" professed by many missions) permit the provision of aid without requiring religious conversion. Nonetheless, the provision of help has always been closely tied to evangelization efforts. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Christian_missions">History of Christian missions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of Christian missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Christianity in the 1st century</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">Dispersion of the Apostles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Early centers of Christianity</a></div> <p>The earliest Christian mission, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">Dispersion of the Apostles</a>, was active within <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a>. Whether a Jewish proselytism existed or not that would have served as a model for the <a href="/wiki/Early_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Christians">early Christians</a> is unclear; see <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity#Background" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">Circumcision controversy in early Christianity#Background</a> for details. Soon, the expansion of the Christian mission beyond Judaism to those who were not Jewish became a contested issue, notably at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Paul_of_Tarsus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul of Tarsus">Apostle Paul</a> was an early proponent of this expansion, and contextualized the Christian message for the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> cultures, allowing it to reach beyond its Hebrew and Jewish roots. </p><p>From <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> onward, much missionary activity was carried out by members of <a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">religious orders</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">Monasteries</a> followed disciplines and supported missions, libraries, and practical research, all of which were perceived as works to reduce human misery and suffering and glorify the Christian God. For example, <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Church">Nestorian</a> communities evangelized parts of Central Asia, as well as Tibet, China, and India.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cistercian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistercian">Cistercians</a> evangelized much of <a href="/wiki/North_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="North Europe">Northern Europe</a>, as well as developing most of European agriculture's classic techniques. <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick" class="mw-redirect" title="St Patrick">St Patrick</a> evangelized many in Ireland. <a href="/wiki/St_David" class="mw-redirect" title="St David">St David</a> was active in Wales. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramon_Llull" title="Ramon Llull">Ramon Llull</a> advanced the concept of preaching to Muslims and converting them to Christianity by means of non-violent argument.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A vision for large-scale mission to Muslims would die with him, not to be revived until the 19th century. </p><p>Additional events can be found at the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">timeline of Christian missions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carlow_Cathedral_St_Patrick_Preaching_to_the_Kings_2009_09_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Carlow_Cathedral_St_Patrick_Preaching_to_the_Kings_2009_09_03.jpg/220px-Carlow_Cathedral_St_Patrick_Preaching_to_the_Kings_2009_09_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Carlow_Cathedral_St_Patrick_Preaching_to_the_Kings_2009_09_03.jpg/330px-Carlow_Cathedral_St_Patrick_Preaching_to_the_Kings_2009_09_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Carlow_Cathedral_St_Patrick_Preaching_to_the_Kings_2009_09_03.jpg/440px-Carlow_Cathedral_St_Patrick_Preaching_to_the_Kings_2009_09_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2073" data-file-height="1128" /></a><figcaption>Stained glass window in <a href="/wiki/Carlow_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlow Cathedral">Carlow Cathedral</a>, showing <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a> preaching to Irish kings</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Middle Ages, Christian <a href="/wiki/Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Monasteries">monasteries</a> and missionaries such as <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">Saint Patrick</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_of_Prague" title="Adalbert of Prague">Adalbert of Prague</a> propagated learning and religion beyond the boundaries of the old Roman Empire. In the seventh century <a href="/wiki/Gregory_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory the Great">Gregory the Great</a> sent missionaries, including <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Canterbury" title="Augustine of Canterbury">Augustine of Canterbury</a>, into England, and in the eight century English Christians, notably <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a>, spread Christianity into Germany. The <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Scottish_mission" title="Hiberno-Scottish mission">Hiberno-Scottish mission</a> began in 563. </p><p>In the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> such as <a href="/wiki/William_of_Rubruck" title="William of Rubruck">William of Rubruck</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_of_Montecorvino" title="John of Montecorvino">John of Montecorvino</a>, and Giovanni ed' Magnolia were sent as missionaries to the Near and Far East. Their travels took them as far as China in an attempt to convert the advancing <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>, especially the <a href="/wiki/Great_Khans" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Khans">Great Khans</a> of the Mongol Empire (related to Medieval Roman Catholic Missions in China). In the later part of the fifteenth century, Portuguese missionaries had success in spreading Christianity to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo#Contact_with_Portugal_and_Christianization" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a> in West Africa. In 1491, King <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_I_of_Kongo" title="João I of Kongo">João I of Kongo</a> converted to Christianity and his nobility and peasants followed suit. The Kongo kingdom remained Christian for the next two centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catholic_missions_after_1492">Catholic missions after 1492</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Catholic missions after 1492"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_San_Gabriel_4-15-05_6611.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mission_San_Gabriel_4-15-05_6611.JPG/220px-Mission_San_Gabriel_4-15-05_6611.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mission_San_Gabriel_4-15-05_6611.JPG/330px-Mission_San_Gabriel_4-15-05_6611.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Mission_San_Gabriel_4-15-05_6611.JPG/440px-Mission_San_Gabriel_4-15-05_6611.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="1720" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Mission_San_Gabriel_Arc%C3%A1ngel" title="Mission San Gabriel Arcángel">Mission San Gabriel Arcángel</a> in <a href="/wiki/San_Gabriel,_California" title="San Gabriel, California">San Gabriel, California</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Catholic missions</a></div> <p>One of the main goals of the Christopher Columbus expedition financed by Queen Isabella of Spain was to spread Christianity. During the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, Spain and Portugal established many missions in their American and Asian colonies. The most active orders were the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>. The Portuguese sent missions into Africa. These are some of the most well-known missions in history. While some of these missions were associated with imperialism and oppression, others (notably <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a>'s Jesuit mission to China) were relatively peaceful and focused on <a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">inculturation</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a>. </p><p>In both Portugal and Spain, religion was an integral part of the state and evangelization was seen as having both secular and spiritual benefits. Wherever these powers attempted to expand their territories or influence, missionaries would soon follow. By the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, the two powers divided the world between them into exclusive spheres of influence, trade and colonization. The proselytization of Asia became linked to <a href="/wiki/Portugal#Religion" title="Portugal">Portuguese colonial policy</a>. </p><p>From 1499 onward, Portuguese trade with Asia rapidly proved profitable. As <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Jesuits</a> arrived in India around 1540 the colonial government in <a href="/wiki/Goa" title="Goa">Goa</a> supported the mission with incentives for baptized Christians. Beginning in 1552, the Church sent <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_China_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit China missions">Jesuits to China</a> and to other countries in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the time of the <a href="/wiki/Holland_(Batavia)_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Holland (Batavia) Mission">Holland (Batavia) Mission</a> (1592–1853), when the Roman Catholic church in the country was suppressed, there were neither parishes nor dioceses, and the country effectively became a mission area in which congregations were called <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statie_(missie)" class="extiw" title="nl:Statie (missie)">"stations" (<i>staties</i>)</a>. <i>Statie</i>, usually called a <a href="/wiki/Clandestine_church" title="Clandestine church">clandestine church</a> in English, refers to both the congregation's church and its seat or location. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protestant_missions">Protestant missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Protestant missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suomenlahetysseurantalo1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Suomenlahetysseurantalo1903.jpg/220px-Suomenlahetysseurantalo1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Suomenlahetysseurantalo1903.jpg/330px-Suomenlahetysseurantalo1903.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Suomenlahetysseurantalo1903.jpg/440px-Suomenlahetysseurantalo1903.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1084" data-file-height="822" /></a><figcaption><i>Lähetystalo</i>, the office and church building of the <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Evangelical_Lutheran_Mission" title="Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission">Finnish Evangelical Lutheran Mission</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ullanlinna" title="Ullanlinna">Ullanlinna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> in 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Reformation</a> unfolded in Europe in the early 16th century. For over a hundred years, occupied by their struggle with the Catholic Church, the early Protestant churches as a body were not strongly focused on missions to "heathen" lands.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the focus was initially more on Christian lands in the hope to spread the Protestant faith, identifying the papacy with the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the centuries that followed, Protestant churches began sending out missionaries in increasing numbers, spreading the proclamation of the Christian message to previously <a href="/wiki/Unreached_people_group" title="Unreached people group">unreached people</a>. In North America, missionaries to the Native Americans included <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Edwards_(theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Edwards (theology)">Jonathan Edwards</a> (1703–1758), the well-known preacher of the <a href="/wiki/First_Great_Awakening" title="First Great Awakening">Great Awakening</a> (c. 1731–1755), who in his later years retired from the very public life of his early career. He became a missionary to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Housatonic_Native_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Housatonic Native Americans (page does not exist)">Housatonic Native Americans</a> (1751) and a staunch advocate for them against <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As European culture has been established in the midst of indigenous peoples, the cultural distance between Christians of differing cultures has been difficult to overcome. One <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2014)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> early solution was the creation of segregated "praying towns" of Christian natives. This pattern of grudging acceptance of converts <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> played out again later in <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> when Congregational missionaries from New England went there and converted the native population, including the royalty. In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization of the Americas</a>, the Catholic missionaries learned the languages of the <a href="/wiki/Amerindian" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerindian">Amerindians</a> and devised <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a> for them. Then they preached to indigenous people in those languages (<a href="/wiki/Quechua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Quechua language">Quechua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guarani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>) instead of Spanish, to keep Indians away from "sinful" whites. An extreme case of segregation occurred in the <a href="/wiki/Guarani_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Guarani people">Guarani</a> <a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Reductions">Reductions</a>, a theocratic semi-independent region established by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a> in the region of the future Paraguay between the early 17th century and 1767. </p><p>From 1732 onwards the <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Church" title="Moravian Church">Moravian Church</a> began sending out missionaries. </p><p>In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/American_Board_of_Commissioners_for_Foreign_Missions" title="American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions">American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions</a> (ABCFM) was chartered in 1812. </p><p>Protestant missionaries from the Anglican, Lutheran and Presbyterian traditions starting arriving in what was then the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> in the first half of the 19th Century. This eventually let to the creation of what are today the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Lutheran_Church_in_Jordan_and_the_Holy_Land" title="Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land">Evangelical Lutheran Church in Jordan and the Holy Land</a> and the see of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Bishop_in_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem">Anglican Bishop in Jerusalem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, it was during this time that the <a href="/wiki/Christian_and_Missionary_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian and Missionary Alliance">Christian and Missionary Alliance</a> started their missionary activity in Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Methodist_missions">Methodist missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Methodist missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Coke_(Methodist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Coke (Methodist)">Thomas Coke</a> (1747–1814), the first bishop of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Methodism_in_the_United_States" title="History of Methodism in the United States">American Methodists</a>, was "the Father of Methodist Missions". After spending time in the newly formed United States of America strengthening the infant <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> Church alongside <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal</a> colleague <a href="/wiki/Francis_Asbury" title="Francis Asbury">Francis Asbury</a>, the British-born Coke left for mission work. During his time in America, Coke worked vigorously to increase Methodist support of Christian missions and of raising up mission workers. Coke died while on a mission trip to India, but his legacy among Methodists – his passion for missions – continues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Baptist_missions">Baptist missions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Baptist missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Missionary organizations favored the development of the <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> movement on all continents. In <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, there was the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Missionary Society">Baptist Missionary Society</a> in 1792 at <a href="/wiki/Kettering,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettering, England">Kettering, England</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Carey_(missionary)" title="William Carey (missionary)">William Carey</a> write a pamphlet in 1792, "An Enquiry into the Obligation of Christians to use Means for the Conversion of Heathen" and was the first missionary of the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist Missionary Society">Baptist Missionary Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He went to <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta (Kolkata)</a> in 1793. Far from a dry book of theology, Carey's work used the best available geographic and ethnographic data to map and count the number of people who had never heard the Gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez,_Justo_L_p._306_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez,_Justo_L_p._306-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been referred to as the "father of modern missions", and as "India's first cultural anthropologist."<sup id="cite_ref-kopf70_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kopf70-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, "<a href="/wiki/Hard_Shell_Baptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard Shell Baptists">Hard Shell Baptists</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Mission_Baptists" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Mission Baptists">Anti-Mission Baptists</a>", or "<a href="/wiki/Primitive_Baptists" title="Primitive Baptists">Old School Baptists</a>" adhering to strict <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a> rejected all mission boards, Bible <a href="/wiki/Tract_(literature)" title="Tract (literature)">tract</a> societies, and <a href="/wiki/Temperance_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperance societies">temperance societies</a> as nonbiblical. This faction was strongest in the American South. The mainstream of the Baptist denomination, however, supported missionary work, by the founding of <a href="/wiki/International_Ministries" class="mw-redirect" title="International Ministries">International Ministries</a> in 1814 and <a href="/wiki/International_Mission_Board" title="International Mission Board">International Mission Board</a> in 1845.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China">China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Open_Air_Preaching_WB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Open_Air_Preaching_WB.jpg/200px-Open_Air_Preaching_WB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Open_Air_Preaching_WB.jpg/300px-Open_Air_Preaching_WB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Open_Air_Preaching_WB.jpg/400px-Open_Air_Preaching_WB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="2172" /></a><figcaption>Missionary preaching in China using <a href="/wiki/The_Wordless_Book" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wordless Book">The Wordless Book</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A wave of missions, starting in the early 1850s, targeted inland areas, led by a Briton <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Taylor" title="Hudson Taylor">Hudson Taylor</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1832–1905) with his <a href="/wiki/China_Inland_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="China Inland Mission">China Inland Mission</a> (1865– ). Taylor was later supported by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grattan_Guinness" title="Henry Grattan Guinness">Henry Grattan Guinness</a> (1835–1910) who founded (1883) <a href="/wiki/Cliff_College" title="Cliff College">Cliff College</a>, which continues as of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> to train and equip for local and global mission. </p><p>The missions inspired by Taylor and Guinness have collectively been called "<a href="/wiki/Faith_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="Faith missions">faith missions</a>" and owe much to the ideas and example of <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Norris_Groves" title="Anthony Norris Groves">Anthony Norris Groves</a> (1795–1853). Taylor, a thorough-going <a href="/wiki/Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">nativist</a>, offended the missionaries of his era by wearing Chinese clothing and speaking Chinese at home. His books, speaking, and examples led to the formation of numerous inland missions and of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Volunteer_Movement" title="Student Volunteer Movement">Student Volunteer Movement</a> (SVM, founded in 1886), which from 1850 to about 1950 sent nearly 10,000 missionaries to inland areas, often at great personal sacrifice. Many early SVM missionaries traveling to areas with endemic tropical diseases left with their belongings packed in a coffin, aware that 80% of them would die within two years. </p><p> Missionary activity in China was undertaken by the Protestant churches, as well as the French Catholic Church.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/John_K._Fairbank" class="mw-redirect" title="John K. Fairbank">John K. Fairbank</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The opening of the country in the 1860s facilitated the great effort to Christianize China. Building on old foundations, the Roman Catholic establishment totaled by 1894 some 750 European missionaries, 400 native priests, and over half a million communicants. By 1894 the newer Protestant mission effort supported over 1300 missionaries, mainly British and American, and maintained some 500 stations-each with a church, residences, street chapels, and usually a small school and possibly a hospital or dispensary-in about 350 different cities and towns. Yet they had made fewer than 60,000 Chinese Christian converts.</p></blockquote> <p>There was limited success in terms of converts and establishing schools in a nation of <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_China" title="Population history of China">about 400 million people</a>, but there was escalating anger at the threat of cultural imperialism. The main result was the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> (1899-1901), in which missions were attacked and thousands of Chinese Christians were massacred in order to destroy Western influences. Some Europeans were killed and many others threatened, Britain joined the other powers in a military invasion that suppressed the Boxers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_Empire">British Empire</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Livingstone_Preaching_from_his_Wagon,_Africa,_ca.1845-ca.1865_(imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS16-019).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/David_Livingstone_Preaching_from_his_Wagon%2C_Africa%2C_ca.1845-ca.1865_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS16-019%29.jpg/220px-David_Livingstone_Preaching_from_his_Wagon%2C_Africa%2C_ca.1845-ca.1865_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS16-019%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/David_Livingstone_Preaching_from_his_Wagon%2C_Africa%2C_ca.1845-ca.1865_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS16-019%29.jpg/330px-David_Livingstone_Preaching_from_his_Wagon%2C_Africa%2C_ca.1845-ca.1865_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS16-019%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/David_Livingstone_Preaching_from_his_Wagon%2C_Africa%2C_ca.1845-ca.1865_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS16-019%29.jpg/440px-David_Livingstone_Preaching_from_his_Wagon%2C_Africa%2C_ca.1845-ca.1865_%28imp-cswc-GB-237-CSWC47-LS16-019%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4872" data-file-height="4875" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">David Livingstone</a> preaching from his wagon in Africa</figcaption></figure> <p>In the 18th century, and even more so in the 19th century, missionaries based in Britain saw the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> as a fertile field for proselytizing for Christianity. All the main denominations were involved, including the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, Scottish Presbyterian, and Nonconformists. Much of the enthusiasm emerged from the Evangelical revival. Within the Church of England, the <a href="/wiki/Church_Mission_Society" title="Church Mission Society">Church Mission Society</a> (CMS) originated in 1799<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went on to undertake activity all around the world, including in what became known as "the Middle East".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, British Anglican and Methodist missionaries were active in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. The Methodists, led by <a href="/wiki/George_Whitefield" title="George Whitefield">George Whitefield</a>, were the most successful and after the Revolution an entirely distinct American Methodist denomination emerged that became the largest Protestant denomination in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major problem for British colonial officials was the demand of the Church of England to set up an American bishop; this was strongly opposed by most of the Americans colonists, as it had never happened before. Colonial officials increasingly took a neutral position on religious matters, even in those colonies such as <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Virginia</a> where the Church of England was officially established, but in practice controlled by <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laymen</a> in the local vestries. After the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a>, colonial officials decided to enhance the power and wealth of the Church of England in all British colonies, including <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Bari_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Group_of_Bari_people.jpg/220px-Group_of_Bari_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Group_of_Bari_people.jpg/330px-Group_of_Bari_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Group_of_Bari_people.jpg/440px-Group_of_Bari_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1750" /></a><figcaption>A group of <a href="/wiki/Bari_people" title="Bari people">Bari</a> talking with a European missionary, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1860</figcaption></figure> <p>Missionary societies funded their own operations that were not supervised or directed by the Colonial Office. Tensions emerged between the missionaries and the colonial officials. The latter feared that missionaries might stir up trouble or encourage the natives to challenge colonial authority. In general, colonial officials were much more comfortable with working with the established local leadership, including the native religions, rather than introducing the divisive force of Christianity. This proved especially troublesome in India, were very few local elites were attracted to Christianity. In Africa, especially, the missionaries made many converts. As of the 21st century there were more Anglicans in Nigeria than in England.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christian missions in Australia played a part in both indoctrinating Aboriginal Australians into Christianity,<sup id="cite_ref-Missions,_stations_and_reserves_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Missions,_stations_and_reserves-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in controlling their movements and removing children from families, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Stolen_Generations" title="Stolen Generations">Stolen Generations</a>. <a href="/wiki/German_Australians#German_missionaries" title="German Australians">German missionaries</a> ran Lutheran and other mission stations and schools, from the earliest days of <a href="/wiki/Colonisation_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonisation of Australia">colonisation of Australia</a>. One of the largest organisations was the <a href="/wiki/United_Aborigines_Mission" title="United Aborigines Mission">United Aborigines Mission</a>, which ran dozens of missionaries and stations in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a> in the 1900s. </p><p>Missionaries increasingly came to focus on education, medical help, and long-term modernization of the native personality to inculcate European middle-class values. They established schools and medical clinics. Christian missionaries played a public role, especially in promoting sanitation and public health. Many were trained as physicians, or took special courses in public health and tropical medicine at Livingstone College, London.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_1870">After 1870</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: After 1870"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1870s, Protestant missions around the world generally acknowledged the long-term material goal was the formation of independent, self-governing, self-supporting, self-propagating churches. The rise of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> provoked challenges from critics who complained that the missionaries were teaching Western ways, and ignoring the indigenous culture. The <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> in China in 1899–1901 involved bloody attacks on Christian missions and especially their converts. The <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> diverted resources, and pulled most Germans out of missionary work when that country lost its empire. The worldwide <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> of the 1930s was a major blow to funding mission activities.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1910, the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Missionary_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Missionary Conference">Edinburgh Missionary Conference</a> was presided over by active SVM and <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> leader <a href="/wiki/John_R._Mott" class="mw-redirect" title="John R. Mott">John R. Mott</a>, an <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">American Methodist</a> layperson, the conference reviewed the state of evangelism, Bible translation, mobilization of church support, and the training of indigenous leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Looking to the future, conferees worked on strategies for worldwide evangelism and cooperation. The conference not only established greater ecumenical cooperation in missions, but also essentially launched the modern <a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">ecumenical movement</a>. </p><p>The next wave of missions was started by two missionaries, <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Townsend" class="mw-redirect" title="Cameron Townsend">Cameron Townsend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Donald_McGavran" title="Donald McGavran">Donald McGavran</a>, around 1935. These men realized that although earlier missionaries had reached geographic areas, there were numerous ethnographic groups that were isolated by language, or class from the groups that missionaries had reached. Cameron formed <a href="/wiki/Wycliffe_Bible_Translators" class="mw-redirect" title="Wycliffe Bible Translators">Wycliffe Bible Translators</a> to translate the Bible into native languages. McGavran concentrated on finding bridges to cross the class and cultural barriers in places like India, which has upwards of 4,600 peoples, separated by a combination of language, culture, and <a href="/wiki/Caste" title="Caste">caste</a>. Despite democratic reforms, caste and class differences are still fundamental in many cultures. </p><p>An equally important dimension of missions strategy is the indigenous method of nationals reaching their own people. In Asia this wave of missions was pioneered by men like Dr G. D. James of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rev Theodore Williams of India<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/David_Yonggi_Cho" title="David Yonggi Cho">Dr David Cho</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">Korea</a>. The "two thirds missions movement" as it is referred to, is today a major force in missions. </p><p>Often, missionaries provide welfare and health services, as a <a href="/wiki/Good_works" title="Good works">good deed</a> or to make friends with the locals. Thousands of schools, orphanages, and hospitals have been established by missions. One service provided by missionaries was the <i>Each one, teach one</i> <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> program begun by Dr. <a href="/wiki/Frank_Laubach" title="Frank Laubach">Frank Laubach</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> in 1935. The program has since spread around the world and brought literacy to the least enabled members of many societies.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period missionaries, especially <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> missionaries, witnessed a substantial increase in the number of conversions of Muslims to Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview published in 2013 a leader of a key missionary agency focused on Muslims claimed that the world is living in a "day of salvation for Muslims everywhere."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Theologically conservative evangelical, Pentecostal, Adventist and Mormon missionaries typically avoid <a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural imperialism</a>, and focus on spreading the gospel and translating the Bible.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the process of translating local languages, missionaries have often been vital in preserving and documenting the culture of the peoples among whom they live. </p><p>The word "mission" was historically often applied to the building, the "<a href="/wiki/Mission_(station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mission (station)">mission station</a>" in which the missionary lives or works. In some colonies, these mission stations became a focus of settlement of displaced or formerly <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> people. Particularly in rural Australia, mission stations (known as missions) became home to many <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>. </p><p>Additional events can be found at the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_concepts_of_mission">Contemporary concepts of mission</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contemporary concepts of mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sending_and_receiving_nations">Sending and receiving nations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sending and receiving nations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Major nations not only send and fund missionaries abroad, but also receive them from other countries. In 2010, the United States sent out 127,000 missionaries, while 32,400 came to the United States. Brazil was second, sending out 34,000, and receiving 20,000. France sent out 21,000 and received 10,000. Britain sent out 15,000 and received 10,000. India sent out 10,000 and received 8000. Other major exporters included Spain at 21,000 sent out, Italy at 20,000, South Korea at 20,000, Germany at 14,000, and Canada at 8,500. Large recipient nations included Russia, receiving 20,000; Congo receiving 15,000; South Africa, 12,000; Argentina, 10,000; and Chile, 8,500. The largest sending agency in the United States is the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints who, at this date 2019, has 67,000 full time proselytizing young missionaries all over the world with many more elder missionaries serving in similar circumstances. The Southern Baptist Convention, has 4,800 missionaries, plus 450 support staff working inside the United States. The annual budget is about $50,000 per year per missionary. In recent years, however, the Southern Baptist foreign missionary operation (the International Mission Board) has operated at a deficit, and it is cutting operations by 15 percent. It is encouraging older missionaries to retire and return to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_missionary_methods_and_doctrines_among_conservative_Protestants">Modern missionary methods and doctrines among conservative Protestants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Modern missionary methods and doctrines among conservative Protestants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/First_International_Congress_on_World_Evangelization" title="First International Congress on World Evangelization">Lausanne Congress</a> of 1974, birthed a movement that supports evangelical mission among non-Christians and nominal Christians. It regards "mission" as that which is designed "to form a viable indigenous <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a>-planting and world changing movement." This definition is motivated by a <a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">theologically</a> imperative theme of the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> to make God known, as outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a>. The definition is claimed to summarize the acts of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>' ministry, which is taken as a model motivation for all ministries. </p><p>This Christian missionary movement seeks to implement churches after the pattern of the first century Apostles. The process of forming <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> is necessarily social. "Church" should be understood in the widest sense, as a body of believers of Christ rather than simply a building. In this view, even those who are already culturally Christian must be "evangelized". </p><p>Church planting by cross-cultural missionaries leads to the establishment of self-governing, self-supporting and self-propagating communities of believers. This is the famous "three-self" formula formulated by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Venn_(Church_Missionary_Society)" title="Henry Venn (Church Missionary Society)">Henry Venn</a> of the London <a href="/wiki/Church_Missionary_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Missionary Society">Church Missionary Society</a> in the 19th century. Cross-cultural missionaries are persons who accept church-planting duties to evangelize people outside their culture, as Christ commanded in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Matthew%2028:18–20&version=nrsv">Matthew 28:18–20</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Mark%2016:15–18&version=nrsv">Mark 16:15–18</a>). </p><p>The objective of these missionaries is to give an understandable presentation of their beliefs with the hope that people will choose to following the teaching of Jesus Christ and live their lives as His disciples. As a matter of strategy, many <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">evangelical</a> Christians around the world now focus on what they call the "10/40 window", a band of countries between <a href="/wiki/10th_parallel_north" title="10th parallel north">10</a> and <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40 degrees north</a> <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and reaching from western Africa through Asia. Christian missions strategist <a href="/wiki/Luis_Bush" title="Luis Bush">Luis Bush</a> pinpointed the need for a major focus of evangelism in the "<a href="/wiki/10/40_Window" class="mw-redirect" title="10/40 Window">10/40 Window</a>", a phrase he coined in his presentation at the missionary conference <a href="/wiki/Second_International_Congress_on_World_Evangelization" title="Second International Congress on World Evangelization">Lausanne 1989</a> in Manila. Sometimes referred to as the "Resistant Belt", it is an area that includes 35% of the world's land mass, 90% of the world's poorest peoples and 95% of those who have yet to hear anything about Christianity. </p><p>Modern mission techniques are sufficiently refined that within ten to fifteen years, most indigenous churches are locally pastored, managed, taught, self-supporting and evangelizing. The process can be substantially faster if a preexisting <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translation">translation of the Bible</a> and higher pastoral education are already available, perhaps left over from earlier, less effective missions. </p><p>One strategy is to let indigenous cultural groups decide to adopt Christian doctrines and benefits, when (as in most cultures) such major decisions are normally made by groups. In this way, opinion leaders in the groups can persuade much or most of the groups to convert. When combined with training in discipleship, church planting and other modern missionary <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a>, the result is an accelerating, self-propelled conversion of large portions of the culture. </p><p>A typical modern mission is a co-operative effort by many different ministries, often including several coordinating ministries, such as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Faith2Share&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faith2Share (page does not exist)">Faith2Share</a> network, often with separate funding sources. One typical effort proceeded as follows: </p> <ol><li>A missionary radio group recruits, trains and broadcasts in the main dialect of the target culture's language. Broadcast content is carefully adapted to avoid <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> yet help the Christian Gospel seem like a native, normal part of the target culture. Broadcast content often includes news, music, entertainment and education in the language, as well as purely Christian items.</li> <li>Broadcasts might advertise programs, inexpensive radios (possibly spring-wound), and a literature ministry that sells a Christian mail-order correspondence course at nominal costs. The literature ministry is key, and is normally a separate organization from the radio ministry. Modern literature missions are shifting to web-based content where it makes sense (as in Western Europe and Japan).</li> <li>When a person or group completes a correspondence course, they are invited to contact a church-planting missionary group from (if possible) a related cultural group. The church-planting ministry is usually a different ministry from either the literature or radio ministries. The church-planting ministry usually requires its missionaries to be fluent in the target language, and trained in modern church-planting techniques.</li> <li>The missionary then leads the group to start a church. Churches planted by these groups are usually a group that meets in a house. The object is the minimum organization that can perform the required character development and spiritual growth. Buildings, complex ministries and other expensive items are mentioned, but deprecated until the group naturally achieves the size and budget to afford them. The crucial training is how to become a Christian (by faith in Jesus Christ) and then how to set up a church (meet to study the Bible, and perform communion and worship), usually in that order.</li> <li>A new generation of churches is created, and the growth begins to accelerate geometrically. Frequently, daughter churches are created only a few months after a church's creation. In the fastest-growing Christian movements, the pastoral education is "pipelined", flowing in a just-in-time fashion from the central churches to daughter churches. That is, planting of churches does not wait for the complete training of pastors.</li></ol> <p>The most crucial part of church planting is selection and training of leadership. Classically, leadership training required an expensive stay at a seminary, a Bible college. Modern church planters deprecate this because it substantially slows the growth of the church without much immediate benefit. Modern mission doctrines replace the <a href="/wiki/Seminary" title="Seminary">seminary</a> with programmed curricula or (even less expensive) books of discussion questions, and access to real theological books. The materials are usually made available in a major trading language in which most native leaders are likely to be fluent. In some cases, the materials can be adapted for oral use. </p><p>It turns out that new pastors' practical needs for <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> are well addressed by a combination of practical procedures for <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church" title="Christian Church">church</a> planting, discussion in small groups, and motivated Bible-based study from diverse theological texts. As a culture's church's wealth increases, it will naturally form classic seminaries on its own. </p><p>Another related mission is <a href="/wiki/Bible_translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible translation">Bible translation</a>. The above-mentioned literature has to be translated. Missionaries actively experiment with advanced <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">linguistic techniques</a> to speed translation and literacy. Bible translation not only speeds a church's growth by aiding self-training, but it also assures that Christian information becomes a permanent part of the native culture and literature. Some ministries also use modern recording techniques to reach groups with audio that could not be soon reached with literature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Among_Roman_Catholics">Among Roman Catholics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Among Roman Catholics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For Catholics, “Missions” is the term given to those particular undertakings by which the heralds of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a>, sent out by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Church</a> and going forth into the whole world, carry out the task of preaching the Gospel and planting the Church among peoples or groups who do not yet believe in Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vatican_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican II">Vatican II</a> made a deep impact on Catholic missions around the world. The Church's relations to non-Christian religions like <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> were revisited. </p><p>A steep decline in the number of people entering the priesthood and religious life in the West has made the Church look towards laity more and more. Communities like <a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a> arose to meet this need. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Inculturation" title="Inculturation">Inculturation</a> increasingly became a key topic of missiological reflection for Catholics. Inculturation is understood as the meeting of the Christian message with a community in their cultural context. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation Theology">Liberation Theology</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liturgical_reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liturgical reform (page does not exist)">liturgical reform</a> have also been important in forming and influencing the mission of the Catholic Church in the 20th and 21st Centuries. </p><p>In relation to mission, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> made the re-evangelization of Europe and North America a priority in his own ministry,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even while the upper leadership of the Roman Catholic hierarchy and the college of cardinals has more members from Latin America, Africa, and Asia than ever before.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Key documents on mission for Catholics during this period are <i><a href="/wiki/Evangelii_nuntiandi" title="Evangelii nuntiandi">Evangelii nuntiandi</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Redemptoris_missio" title="Redemptoris missio">Redemptoris missio</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Print_and_new_media_in_mission">Print and new media in mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Print and new media in mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian mission organisations have long depended on the printed word as a channel through which to do mission. At times when countries have been "closed" to Christians, great efforts have been made to smuggle Bibles and other literature into those countries. Brother Andrew, the founder of Open Doors, started smuggling Bibles into communist countries in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Operation Mobilisation was established in 1957 by George Verwer.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other Christian publishers, such as Plough Publishing, provide free books to people in the UK and US as a form of mission.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bible Society translates and prints Bibles, in an attempt to reach every country in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The internet now provides Christian mission organisations a convent way of reaching people in the form of <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcasts</a>. Podcasts provide a way of dissemination for a message that has potential to endanger the recipient, since it is very hard to track who has downloaded a specific podcast. An example of this is the Crescent Project.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other podcasts, such as the Life Together podcast,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Sacred, and Harvest are aimed at both non-Christians and Christians in the home country.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_mission">Reverse mission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Reverse mission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reverse_mission" title="Reverse mission">Reverse mission</a></div> <p>The shift in <a href="/wiki/World_Christianity" title="World Christianity">world Christian</a> population from Europe and North America to the non-Western world, and the migration of Africans, Asians, and Latin Americans to the West has given rise to what some have termed "<a href="/wiki/Reverse_mission" title="Reverse mission">reverse mission</a>". It demonstrates a reversal of the missionary movement, in that it reverses the direction of earlier missionary efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-Ojo_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ojo-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inter-organizational_missions">Inter-organizational missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Inter-organizational missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Globalization of the 21st century has served as a platform for opportunity for independent Christian organizations to unite together in cooperation for outreach missions and discipleship. </p><p>Some organizations are Christian consortiums which organizationally band themselves together like 50,000 persons in the Illinois-based Missio Nexus organization led by Ted Esler.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other organizations are united by a common source of financial funding, cooperation in outreach projects and digital communications between internal missions personnel around the world and their partners like SIM or the various church and non profit ministries associated with the GMNF Global Mission Society.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> GMNF was founded by Anton R Williams of Grand Rapids Michigan who provides direction and support for the organization and its partnerships through Anton R. Williams Holding Company of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Rapids,_Michigan" title="Grand Rapids, Michigan">Grand Rapids, Michigan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Still other organizations sign legal contacts with an agencies to join for specific functions in missions like the SIMS organization.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rice_Christian" title="Rice Christian">Rice Christian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proselytization_and_counter-proselytization_of_Jews" title="Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews">Proselytization and counter-proselytization of Jews</a></div> <p>In 1924, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>This [Christian] proselytization will mean no peace in the world. Conversions are harmful to India. If I had the power and could legislate I should certainly stop all proselytizing ... It pains me to have to say that the Christian missionaries as a body, with honorable exceptions, have actively supported a system which has impoverished, enervated and demoralized a people considered to be among the gentlest and most civilized on earth.<sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gandhi_1999_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gandhi_1999-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In India, Hindu organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a> assert that most conversions undertaken by zealous evangelicals occur due to compulsion, inducement or fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Tripura" title="Tripura">Tripura</a>, the government has alleged financial and weapons-smuggling connections between <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> missionaries and rebel groups such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Liberation_Front_of_Tripura" title="National Liberation Front of Tripura">National Liberation Front of Tripura</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The accused <a href="/wiki/Tripura_Baptist_Christian_Union" title="Tripura Baptist Christian Union">Tripura Baptist Christian Union</a> is a member body of the <a href="/wiki/Baptist_World_Alliance" title="Baptist World Alliance">Baptist World Alliance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>In mid-May, the Vatican was also co-sponsoring a meeting about how some religious groups abuse liberties by proselytizing, or by evangelizing in aggressive or deceptive ways. Iraq ... has become an open field for foreigners looking for fresh converts. Some Catholic Church leaders and aid organizations have expressed concern about new Christian groups coming in and luring Iraqis to their churches with offers of cash, clothing, food or jobs. ... Reports of aggressive proselytism and reportedly forced conversions in mostly Hindu India have fueled religious tensions and violence there and have prompted some regional governments to pass laws banning proselytism or religious conversion. ... Sadhvi Vrnda Chaitanya, a Hindu monk from southern India, told CNS that India's poor and uneducated are especially vulnerable to coercive or deceptive methods of evangelization. ... Aid work must not hide any ulterior motives and avoid exploiting vulnerable people like children and the disabled, she said.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In an interview with <i><a href="/wiki/Outlook_(Indian_magazine)" title="Outlook (Indian magazine)">Outlook</a></i> magazine, Sadhvi Vrnda Chaitanya said "If the Vatican could understand that every religious and spiritual tradition is as sacred as Christianity, and that they have a right to exist without being denigrated or extinguished, it will greatly serve the interests of dialogue, mutual respect, and peaceful coexistence."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Communicating_diseases">Communicating diseases</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Communicating diseases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>European explorers in the Americas introduced Afro-Eurasian diseases to which Amerindian peoples had no immunity, leading to tens of millions of deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-LeaveAlone1_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeaveAlone1-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Missionaries, along with other travelers, brought diseases into native populations. <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">Smallpox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Common_cold" title="Common cold">common cold</a>, have been blamed on their arrivals.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/David_Igler" title="David Igler">David Igler</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Irvine" title="University of California, Irvine">University of California, Irvine</a>, includes missionary activity as a cause of spreading germs. However, he says that commercial traders were the main agents of disease: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>other diseases arrived on non-commercial voyages; missionary activities certainly spread germs, and Spanish conquests had dispersed deadly germs in parts of the Americas and Pacific prior to the late eighteenth century. Yet, for the period between the 1770s and the 1840s, trading vessels were the main agents of disease, creating in the Pacific what Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie has called a "paroxysm" of the "microbian unification of the world." By 1850, the microbes of Europe, Asia, and Africa circulated in almost every Pacific population.<sup id="cite_ref-Igler_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Igler-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aid_and_evangelism">Aid and evangelism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Aid and evangelism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While there is a general agreement among most major aid organizations not to mix aid with proselyting, others see disasters as a useful opportunity to spread the word. One such an occurrence was the <a href="/wiki/2004_Indian_Ocean_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami">tsunami that devastated parts of Asia on December 26, 2004</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>"This (disaster) is one of the greatest opportunities God has given us to share his love with people," said K.P. Yohannan, president of the Texas-based Gospel for Asia. In an interview, Yohannan said his 14,500 "native missionaries" in India, Sri Lanka and the Andaman Islands are giving survivors Bibles and booklets about "how to find hope in this time through the word of God." In Krabi, Thailand, a Southern Baptist church had been "praying for a way to make inroads" with a particular ethnic group of fishermen, according to Southern Baptist relief coordinator Pat Julian. Then came the tsunami, "a phenomenal opportunity" to provide ministry and care, Julian told the Baptist Press news service. ... Not all evangelicals agree with these tactics. "It's not appropriate in a crisis like this to take advantage of people who are hurting and suffering", said the Rev. Franklin Graham, head of Samaritan's Purse and son of evangelist Billy Graham.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Christian Science Monitor echoes these concerns: "'I think evangelists do this out of the best intentions, but there is a responsibility to try to understand other faith groups and their culture,' says Vince Isner, director of FaithfulAmerica.org, a program of the National Council of Churches USA."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> has made it easier for U.S. faith-based groups and missionary societies to tie aid and church together. </p> <blockquote><p>For decades, US policy has sought to avoid intermingling government programs and religious proselytizing. The aim is both to abide by the Constitution's prohibition against a state religion and to ensure that aid recipients don't forgo assistance because they don't share the religion of the provider. ... But many of those restrictions were removed by Bush in a little-noticed series of executive orders – a policy change that cleared the way for religious groups to obtain hundreds of millions of dollars in additional government funding. It also helped change the message American aid workers bring to many corners of the world, from emphasizing religious neutrality to touting the healing powers of the Christian God.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christian_counter-claims">Christian counter-claims</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Christian counter-claims"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Missionaries say that the government in India has passed anti-conversion laws in several states that are supposedly meant to prevent conversions from "force or allurement", but are primarily used, they say, to persecute and criminalize voluntary conversion due to the government's broad definition of "force and allurement". Any gift received from a Christian in exchange for, or with the intention of, conversion is considered allurement. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_the_Martyrs" title="Voice of the Martyrs">Voice of the Martyrs</a> reports that aid-workers claim that they are being hindered from reaching people with much needed services as a result of this persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alan de Lastic, Roman Catholic archbishop of New Delhi states that claims of forced conversion are false.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"'There are attacks practically every week, maybe not resulting in death, but still, violent attacks,' Richard Howell, general secretary of the Evangelical Fellowship of India tells The Christian Science Monitor today. 'They [India's controlling BJP party] have created an atmosphere where minorities do feel insecure.'"<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Prakash Louis, director of the secular Indian Social Institute in New Delhi, "We are seeing a broad attempt to stifle religious minorities and their constitutional rights ... Today, they say you have no right to convert, Tomorrow you have no right to worship in certain places."<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Existing congregations, often during times of worship, are being persecuted.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Properties are sometimes destroyed and burnt to the ground, while native pastors are sometimes beaten and left for dead.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Political scientist Robert Woodberry claims that conversionary Protestants were a crucial catalyst in spreading religious liberty, education, and democracy.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his historical analysis is exhaustive, the accompanying empirical evidence suffers from severe inconsistencies. Elena Nikolova and Jakub Polansky replicate Woodberry's analysis using twenty-six alternative democracy measures and extend the time period over which the democracy measures are averaged. These two simple modifications lead to the breakdown of Woodberry's results. Overall, no significant relationship between Protestant missions and the development of democracy can be established.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major contribution of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian missionaries">Christian missionaries</a> in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other places was better <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health care</a> of the people through <a href="/wiki/Hygiene" title="Hygiene">hygiene</a> and introducing and distributing <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian".<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventist_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Adventist Mission">Adventist Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_missions" title="Catholic missions">Catholic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">Cultural imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Community" title="Emmanuel Community">Emmanuel Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidesco_International" title="Fidesco International">Fidesco International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Reductions">Indian Reductions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_Reductions" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit Reductions">Jesuit Reductions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Protestant_missionary_societies" title="List of Protestant missionary societies">List of Protestant missionary societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_missionaries" title="List of Christian missionaries">List of Christian missionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_missions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Spanish missions">List of Spanish missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missions_in_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Missions in California">Missions in California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_(LDS_Church)" title="Mission (LDS Church)">Mission (LDS Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missional_living" title="Missional living">Missional living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_(LDS_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionary (LDS Church)">Missionary (LDS Church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outstation_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Outstation (church)">Outstation (church)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselytism" title="Proselytism">Proselytism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_conversion" title="Religious conversion">Religious conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_conversion" title="Secondary conversion">Secondary conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short-term_mission" title="Short-term mission">Short-term mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Christian_missions" title="Timeline of Christian missions">Timeline of Christian missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_with_a_Mission" class="mw-redirect" title="Youth with a Mission">Youth with a Mission</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/385426/mission">"Mission"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mission&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F385426%2Fmission&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dictionary.com/browse/missionary">"Missionary Definition & Meaning | Dictionary.com"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Missionary+Definition+%26+Meaning+%7C+Dictionary.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Fmissionary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2008" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Philip (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/losthistoryofchr00jenk"><i>The Lost History of Christianity: The Thousand Year Golden Age of the Church in the Middle East, Africa, and Asia —and How It Died</i></a></span>. HarperOne. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780061472800" title="Special:BookSources/9780061472800"><bdi>9780061472800</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+History+of+Christianity%3A+The+Thousand+Year+Golden+Age+of+the+Church+in+the+Middle+East%2C+Africa%2C+and+Asia+%E2%80%94and+How+It+Died&rft.pub=HarperOne&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780061472800&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flosthistoryofchr00jenk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridger2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bridger, J. Scott (February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stfrancismagazine.info/ja/images/pdf/Raymond-Lull-(JScott-Bridger).pdf">"Raymond Lull: Medieval Theologian, Philosopher, and Missionary to Muslims"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>St Francis Magazine</i>. <b>5</b> (1): 1–25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St+Francis+Magazine&rft.atitle=Raymond+Lull%3A+Medieval+Theologian%2C+Philosopher%2C+and+Missionary+to+Muslims&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-25&rft.date=2009-02&rft.aulast=Bridger&rft.aufirst=J.+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stfrancismagazine.info%2Fja%2Fimages%2Fpdf%2FRaymond-Lull-%28JScott-Bridger%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roland Oliver, and Anthony Atmore, <i>Medieval Africa, 1250–1800</i> (2001) pp.167–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Liam Matthew Brockey, <i>Journey to the east: The Jesuit mission to China, 1579–1724</i> (Harvard University Press, 2009)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽupanov2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ines_G._%C5%BDupanov" title="Ines G. Županov">Županov, Ines G.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nix4M4dy7nQC"><i>Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th–17th centuries)</i></a>. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11490-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11490-0"><bdi>978-0-472-11490-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Tropics%3A+The+Catholic+Frontier+in+India+%2816th%E2%80%9317th+centuries%29&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11490-0&rft.aulast=%C5%BDupanov&rft.aufirst=Ines+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNix4M4dy7nQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoy2010" class="citation book cs1">Roy, Olivier (2010). <i>Holy Ignorance</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 48–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70126-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-70126-6"><bdi>978-0-231-70126-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Ignorance&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=48-56&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-231-70126-6&rft.aulast=Roy&rft.aufirst=Olivier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalls2016" class="citation journal cs1">Walls, Andrew F. 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"Eschatology and the Western Missionary Movement". <i>Studies in World Christianity</i>. <b>22</b> (3): 182–200. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3366%2Fswc.2016.0155">10.3366/swc.2016.0155</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+World+Christianity&rft.atitle=Eschatology+and+the+Western+Missionary+Movement&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=182-200&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3366%2Fswc.2016.0155&rft.aulast=Walls&rft.aufirst=Andrew+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2007" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Duane Alexander (December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1502825">"The Installation of a Bishop in Jerusalem"</a>. <i>Anglican and Episcopal History</i>. <b>76</b> (4): 549–554<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anglican+and+Episcopal+History&rft.atitle=Renegotiating+the+Boundaries+of+Evangelicalism+in+Jerusalem%27s+Christian+Quarter&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=185-188&rft.date=2010-06&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Duane+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1502818&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert E. Johnson, <i>A Global Introduction to Baptist Churches</i>, Cambridge University Press, UK, 2010, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Gordon Melton and Martin Baumann, <i>Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and Practices</i>, ABC-CLIO, US, 2010, p. 292</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jonathan M. Yeager, <i>Early Evangelicalism: A Reader</i>, OUP USA, US, 2013, p. 357</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gonzalez,_Justo_L_p._306-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gonzalez,_Justo_L_p._306_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gonzalez, Justo L. (2010) <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=98cou2YIuUIC&pg=PA419">The Story of Christianity</a></i> Vol. 2: The Reformation to the Present Day, <a href="/wiki/Zondervan" title="Zondervan">Zondervan</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06185589-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06185589-4">978-0-06185589-4</a>, p. 419.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kopf70-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kopf70_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopf1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kopf" title="David Kopf">Kopf, David</a> (1969). <i>British Orientalism and the Renaissance: The Dynamics of Indian Modernization 1778–1835</i>. Calcutta: Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay. pp. 70, 78.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Orientalism+and+the+Renaissance%3A+The+Dynamics+of+Indian+Modernization+1778%E2%80%931835&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=70%2C+78&rft.pub=Firma+K.L.+Mukhopadhyay&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Kopf&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, <i>Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, US, 2016, p. 63</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George Thomas Kurian, Mark A. Lamport, <i>Encyclopedia of Christianity in the United States, Volume 5</i>, Rowman & Littlefield, US, 2016, p. 1206</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Missions"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Missions">"Missions" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 18 (11th ed.). 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Fairbank, <i>The United States and China</i> (4th ed. 1976) p. 202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">[J. A. S. Grenville, <i> Lord Salisbury and Foreign Policy. The Close of the Nineteenth Century</i> (1964) pp.303–318, 327–329. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordsalisburyfor0000gren/page/n7/mode/2up">online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard2006" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Kevin (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyglobalang00ward"><i>A History of Global Anglicanism</i></a></span>. New York: Cambridge U Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyglobalang00ward/page/n47">34</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Global+Anglicanism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Cambridge+U+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Kevin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryglobalang00ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusan_Thorne1999" class="citation book cs1">Susan Thorne (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7WHb8hB6hiIC&pg=PA1"><i>Congregational Missions and the Making of an Imperial Culture in Nineteenth-Century England</i></a>. Stanford University Press, ch 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804765442" title="Special:BookSources/9780804765442"><bdi>9780804765442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Congregational+Missions+and+the+Making+of+an+Imperial+Culture+in+Nineteenth-Century+England&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press%2C+ch+1&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780804765442&rft.au=Susan+Thorne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7WHb8hB6hiIC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew Porter, <i>Religion versus Empire?: British Protestant Missionaries and Overseas Expansion, 1700–1914</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mark A. 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Woodberry, "The missionary roots of liberal democracy", <i>American Political Science Review</i> 106.2 (2012): 244–274 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/2128659">/ online</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNikolovaPolansky2020" class="citation journal cs1">Nikolova, Elena; Polansky, Jakub (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/british-journal-of-political-science/article/conversionary-protestants-do-not-cause-democracy/89D4552E3CEED18F62E94E4ABEF322F6">"Conversionary Protestants Do Not Cause Democracy"</a>. <i>British Journal of Political Science</i>. <b>51</b> (4): 1723–1733. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007123420000174">10.1017/S0007123420000174</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10419%2F214629">10419/214629</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1234">0007-1234</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234540943">234540943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Conversionary+Protestants+Do+Not+Cause+Democracy&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1723-1733&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10419%2F214629&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234540943%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0007-1234&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007123420000174&rft.aulast=Nikolova&rft.aufirst=Elena&rft.au=Polansky%2C+Jakub&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fbritish-journal-of-political-science%2Farticle%2Fconversionary-protestants-do-not-cause-democracy%2F89D4552E3CEED18F62E94E4ABEF322F6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewell2006" class="citation book cs1">Newell, Stephanie (2006). <i>International Encyclopaedia of Tribal Religion: Christianity and tribal religions</i>. Ohio University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780821417096" title="Special:BookSources/9780821417096"><bdi>9780821417096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Encyclopaedia+of+Tribal+Religion%3A+Christianity+and+tribal+religions&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Ohio+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780821417096&rft.aulast=Newell&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrypma2008" class="citation book cs1">Grypma, Sonya (2008). <i>Healing Henan: Canadian Nurses at the North China Mission, 1888-1947</i>. University of British Columbia Press. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780774858212" title="Special:BookSources/9780774858212"><bdi>9780774858212</bdi></a>. <q>the Gospel of Christ was central to the "missionary" aspect of missionary nursing, the gospel of soap and water was central to "nursing" aspect of their works.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Healing+Henan%3A+Canadian+Nurses+at+the+North+China+Mission%2C+1888-1947&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780774858212&rft.aulast=Grypma&rft.aufirst=Sonya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2011" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Kedron (2011). <i>Securing the City: Neoliberalism, Space, and Insecurity in Postwar Guatemala</i>. Duke University Press. pp. 180–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822349587" title="Special:BookSources/9780822349587"><bdi>9780822349587</bdi></a>. <q>Christian hygiene existed (and still exists) as one small but ever important part of this modernization project. Hygiene provides an incredibly mundane, deeply routinized, marker of Christian civility ...Identifying the rural poor as "The Great Unwashed," Haymaker published Christian pamphlets on health and hygiene, ... of personal hygiene" (filled with soap, toothpaste, and floss), attempt to shape Christian Outreach and Ethnicity.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Securing+the+City%3A+Neoliberalism%2C+Space%2C+and+Insecurity+in+Postwar+Guatemala&rft.pages=180-181&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780822349587&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Kedron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Bauman2008" class="citation book cs1">M. Bauman, Chad (2008). <i>Christian Identity and Dalit Religion in Hindu India, 1868-1947</i>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802862761" title="Special:BookSources/9780802862761"><bdi>9780802862761</bdi></a>. <q>Along with the use of allopathic medicine, greater hygiene was one of the most frequently mobilized markers of the boundary between Christians and other communities of Chhattisgarh ... The missionaries had made no secret of preaching "soap" along with "salvation,"..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christian+Identity+and+Dalit+Religion+in+Hindu+India%2C+1868-1947&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780802862761&rft.aulast=M.+Bauman&rft.aufirst=Chad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaral2005" class="citation book cs1">Baral, K. C. (2005). <i>Between Ethnography and Fiction: Verrier Elwin and the Tribal Question in India</i>. North Eastern Hill University Press. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788125028123" title="Special:BookSources/9788125028123"><bdi>9788125028123</bdi></a>. <q>where slavery was in vogue Christianity advocated its end and personal hygiene was encouraged</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Ethnography+and+Fiction%3A+Verrier+Elwin+and+the+Tribal+Question+in+India&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=North+Eastern+Hill+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9788125028123&rft.aulast=Baral&rft.aufirst=K.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2011" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, J. Gelman (2011). <i>Cleanliness and Culture: Indonesian Histories</i>. Royal Netherlands Institute of Southeast Asian and Caribbean Studies. pp. 22–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004253612" title="Special:BookSources/9789004253612"><bdi>9789004253612</bdi></a>. <q>CLEANLINESS AND GODLINESS: These examples indicate that real cleanliness was becoming the preserve of Europeans, and, it has to be added, of Christianity. Soap became an attribute of God — or rather the Protestant</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cleanliness+and+Culture%3A+Indonesian+Histories&rft.pages=22-23&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+and+Caribbean+Studies&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789004253612&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J.+Gelman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2009" class="citation book cs1">Choi, Hyaeweol (2009). <i>Gender and Mission Encounters in Korea: New Women, Old Ways: Seoul-California Series in Korean Studies, Volume 1</i>. University of California Press. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520098695" title="Special:BookSources/9780520098695"><bdi>9780520098695</bdi></a>. <q>In this way, Western forms of hygiene, health care and child rearing became an important part of creating the modern Christian in Korea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Mission+Encounters+in+Korea%3A+New+Women%2C+Old+Ways%3A+Seoul-California+Series+in+Korean+Studies%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780520098695&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Hyaeweol&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanna2009" class="citation book cs1">Channa, Subhadra (2009). <i>The Forger's Tale: The Search for Odeziaku</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788177550504" title="Special:BookSources/9788177550504"><bdi>9788177550504</bdi></a>. <q>A major contribution of the Christian missionaries was better health care of the people through hygiene. Soap, tooth - powder and brushes came to be used increasingly in urban areas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forger%27s+Tale%3A+The+Search+for+Odeziaku&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788177550504&rft.aulast=Channa&rft.aufirst=Subhadra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, John (2015). <i>Evangelising the Nation: Religion and the Formation of Naga Political Identity</i>. Routledge. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317413981" title="Special:BookSources/9781317413981"><bdi>9781317413981</bdi></a>. <q>cleanliness and hygiene became an important marker of being identified as a Christian</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evangelising+the+Nation%3A+Religion+and+the+Formation+of+Naga+Political+Identity&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317413981&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Anderson, Gerald H., (ed.) <i>Biographical dictionary of Christian missions</i>, Simon & Schuster Macmillan, 1998</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siga_Arles" title="Siga Arles">Arles, Siga</a>. <i>Theological Education for the Mission of the Church in India: 1947 - 1987</i>, New York: Peter Lang, 1992.</li> <li>Bainbridge, William F. <i> Around the World Tour of Christian Missions: A Universal Survey</i> (1882) 583 pages; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023021078">full text online</a></li> <li>Barnes, Jonathan S. <i>Power and Partnership: A History of the Protestant Mission Movement</i> (Wipf and Stock Publishers, 2013)</li> <li>Barrett, David, ed. <i>World Christian Encyclopedia</i>, Oxford University Press, 1982.</li> <li>Beaver, R. Pierce. "North American Thought on the Fundamental Principles of Missions During the Twentieth Century". <i>Church History</i> 21.4 (1952): 345–364.</li> <li>Beaver, R. Pierce. ed <i>American Missions in Bicentennial Perspective</i>(1977).</li> <li>Beaver, Robert Pierce. <i>American Protestant Women in World Mission: History of the First Feminist Movement in North America</i>. (WB Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1980).</li> <li>Beaver, Robert Pierce. <i>Church, state, and the American Indians: two and a half centuries of partnership in missions between Protestant churches and government</i> (Concordia Pub. House, 1966).</li> <li>Beaver, Robert Pierce. <i>Missionary Motivation through Three Centuries</i> (1968).</li> <li>Best, Jeremy. "Godly, International, and Independent: German Protestant Missionary Loyalties before World War I". <i>Central European History</i> (2014) 47#3 pp: 585–611.</li> <li>Bevans, Stephen B. <i>A Century of Catholic Mission</i> (2013) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Century-Catholic-Mission-Stephen-Bevans/dp/190835514X/">excerpt</a>; wide-ranging survey focused on 20th century worldwide</li> <li><i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, (1913) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180705111548/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/">online</a>, worldwide detailed coverage</li> <li>Cnattingius, Hans. <i>Bishops and societies: A study of Anglican colonial and missionary expansion, 1698–1850</i> (1952)</li> <li>Dries, Angelyn. <i>The missionary movement in American Catholic history</i> (Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Books, 1998)</li> <li>Dunch, Ryan. "Beyond cultural imperialism: Cultural theory, Christian missions, and global modernity". <i>History and Theory</i> 41.3 (2002): 301–325. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3590688">online</a></li> <li>Dwight, Henry Otis et al. eds., <i>The Encyclopedia of Missions</i> (2nd ed. 1904) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924029338187">Online</a>, Global coverage Of Protestant and Catholic missions.</li> <li>Endres, David J. <i>American Crusade: Catholic Youth in the World Mission Movement from World War I Through Vatican II</i> (2010)</li> <li>Etherington, Norman, ed. <i>Missions and Empire</i> (Oxford History of the British Empire Companion Series) (2008)</li> <li>Fitzpatrick-Behrens, Susan. <i>The Maryknoll Catholic Mission in Peru, 1943–1989: Transnational Faith and Transformation</i> (2012)</li> <li>Glazier, Michael and Monika K. Hellwig, eds., <i>The Modern Catholic Encyclopedia</i>, Liturgical Press, 2004</li> <li>Glover, Robert H. <i>The Progress of World-Wide Missions</i>, rev. by J. Herbert Kane., Harper and Row, 1960</li> <li>Graham, Gael. <i>Gender, culture, and Christianity: American Protestant mission schools in China, 1880–1930</i> (P. Lang, 1995)</li> <li>Herzog, Johann Jakob, Philip Schaff, and Albert Hauck. <i>The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge</i>, 12 volumes, Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1910–11</li> <li>Hollinger, David A. <i>Protestants Abroad: How Missionaries Tried to Change the World but Changed America</i> (2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Protestants-Abroad-Missionaries-Changed-America/dp/0691158436/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Huntley, Martha. <i>Caring, growing, changing: a history of the Protestant mission in Korea</i> (Friendship Press, 1984)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchison,_William_R.1993" class="citation book cs1">Hutchison, William R. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_vI0HzX8RS0C"><i>Errand to the World: American Protestant Thought and Foreign Missions</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226363103" title="Special:BookSources/9780226363103"><bdi>9780226363103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Errand+to+the+World%3A+American+Protestant+Thought+and+Foreign+Missions&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780226363103&rft.au=Hutchison%2C+William+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_vI0HzX8RS0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Kane, J. Herbert. <i>A Concise History of the Christian World Mission</i>, Baker, 1982</li> <li>Latourette, Kenneth Scott. <i>A History of the Expansion of Christianity</i>, 7 volumes, (1938–45), the most detailed scholarly history</li> <li>MacCulloch, Diarmaid. <i>Christianity: The First Three Thousand Years</i> (2009)</li> <li>Moreau, A. Scott, David Burnett, Charles Edward van Engen and <a href="/wiki/Harold_A._Netland" title="Harold A. Netland">Harold A. Netland</a>. <i>Evangelical Dictionary of World Missions</i>, Baker Book House Company, 2000</li> <li>Neill, Stephen. <i>A History of Christian Missions</i>. Penguin Books, 1986</li> <li>Newcomb, Harvey. <i>A Cyclopedia of Missions: Containing a Comprehensive View of Missionary Operations Throughout the World : with Geographical Descriptions, and Accounts of the Social, Moral, and Religious Condition of the People</i> (1860) 792 pages <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/acyclopediamiss02newcgoog">complete text online</a></li> <li>Pocock, Michael, Gailyn Van Rheenen, Douglas McConnell. <i>The Changing Face of World Missions: Engaging Contemporary Issues And Trends</i> (2005); 391 pages</li> <li>Ragsdale, John P. <i>Protestant mission education in Zambia, 1880–1954</i> (Susquehanna University Press, 1986)</li> <li>Robert, Dana L. <i>Christian Mission: How Christianity Became a World Religion</i> (2009), 226pp; short survey</li> <li>Sievernich, Michael (2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/europe-and-the-world/mission/michael-sievernich-christian-mission?set_language=en&-C=">Christian Mission</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-ego.eu/">EGO - European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ieg-mainz.de/likecms/index.php">Institute of European History</a>, retrieved: March 25, 2021 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/1031887830/34">pdf</a>).</li> <li>Stanley, Brian. <i>The Bible and the Flag: Protestant Mission and British Imperialism in the 19th and 20th Centuries</i> (1990)</li> <li>Stanley, Brian. <i>The Global Diffusion of Evangelicalism: The Age of Billy Graham and John Stott</i> (2013)</li> <li>Tejirian, Eleanor H., and Reeva Spector Simon, eds. <i>Conflict, Conquest, and Conversion: Two Thousand Years of Christian Missions in the Middle East</i> (Columbia University Press; 2012) 280 pages; focus on the 19th and 20th centuries.</li> <li>Tyrrell, Ian. <i>Reforming the World: The Creation of America's Moral Empire</i> (2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Reforming-World-Creation-Americas-America/dp/0691145210/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Tucker, Ruth. <i>From Jerusalem to Irian Jaya:From Jerusalem to Irian Jaya: A Biographical History of Christian Missions</i> (2nd ed. 2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Jerusalem-Irian-Jaya-Biographical-Christian/dp/0310239370/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Yates, Timothy. <i>The Conversion of the Maori: Years of Religious and Social Change, 1814–1842</i> (2013)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽupanov2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ines_G._%C5%BDupanov" title="Ines G. Županov">Županov, Ines G.</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nix4M4dy7nQC"><i>Missionary Tropics: The Catholic Frontier in India (16th–17th centuries)</i></a>. University of Michigan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11490-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-11490-0"><bdi>978-0-472-11490-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Missionary+Tropics%3A+The+Catholic+Frontier+in+India+%2816th%E2%80%9317th+centuries%29&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-472-11490-0&rft.aulast=%C5%BDupanov&rft.aufirst=Ines+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNix4M4dy7nQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Journal <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161020045648/http://www2.unil.ch/lefaitmissionnaire/index.html">Social Sciences and Missions</a></i> (Leiden: Brill), established 1995.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_or_neutral">Positive or neutral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Positive or neutral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gailey and Culbertson. <i>Discovering Missions</i> by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8341-2257-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8341-2257-X">0-8341-2257-X</a></li> <li>Johnstone <i>Operation World</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85078-357-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85078-357-8">1-85078-357-8</a></li> <li>Moreau, Corwin and McGree. <i>Introducing World Missions</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8010-2648-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8010-2648-2">0-8010-2648-2</a></li> <li>Olson, C. Gordon. <i>What in the World is God Doing?</i> Global Gospel Publishers, 2003</li> <li>Parker, J. Fred. <i>Mission to the World</i>. Nazarene Publishing House, 1988</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1982" class="citation news cs1">Smith, Lisa Deeley (13 July 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_boston-phoenix_1982-07-13_11_28/page/10/mode/1up">"A separate peace: Coming to terms with ministry"</a>. <i>The Boston Phoenix</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Phoenix&rft.atitle=A+separate+peace%3A+Coming+to+terms+with+ministry&rft.date=1982-07-13&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Deeley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_boston-phoenix_1982-07-13_11_28%2Fpage%2F10%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AChristian+mission" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Van Rheenen <i>Missions</i> by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-310-20809-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-310-20809-2">0-310-20809-2</a></li> <li>Winter and Hawthorne, eds. <i>Perspectives on the World Christian Movement</i> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87808-289-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87808-289-1">0-87808-289-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical">Critical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Critical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708091613/http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books/ncr/">"Vindicated by time – The Niyogi Committee Report On Christian Missionary Activities in Madhya Pradesh (India)"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708091508/http://www.voiceofdharma.org/books/hhce/">"History of Hindu – Christian Encounters 304 AD to 1996"</a> By Sita Ram Goel, Publisher:Voice of India, New Delhi</li> <li>Shourie, A. (1994). Missionaries in India: Continuities, changes, dilemmas. New Delhi: ASA Publications.</li> <li><i>Missionary Conquest: The Gospel and Native American Cultural Genocide</i> by George E. Tinker <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2576-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8006-2576-4">978-0-8006-2576-4</a></li> <li><i>The Missionaries: God Against the Indians</i> by Norman Lewis <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-013175-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-013175-2">0-14-013175-2</a></li> <li><i>The Dark Side of Christian History</i> by Helen Ellerbe <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9644873-4-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-9644873-4-9">0-9644873-4-9</a></li> <li>Goel, S. R. (1996). History of Hindu-Christian encounters, AD 304 to 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8185990352" title="Special:BookSources/8185990352">8185990352</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vgweb.org/unethicalconversion/port_rep.htm">Repression of Buddhism in Sri Lanka by the Portuguese (1505–1658) by Senaka Weeraratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajiv_Malhotra" title="Rajiv Malhotra">Rajiv Malhotra</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rajiv-malhotra/how-evangelists-are-inven_b_841606.html">How Evangelists Invented 'Dravidian Christianity'</a></li> <li>Peter Rohrbacher: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/8940475/V%C3%B6lkerkunde_und_Afrikanistik_f%C3%BCr_den_Papst._Missionsexperten_und_der_Vatikan_1922_1939_in_R%C3%B6mische_Historische_Mitteilungen_54_2012_583_610">Völkerkunde und Afrikanistik für den Papst. Missionsexperten und der Vatikan 1922–1939</a> in: Römische Historische Mitteilungen 54 (2012), 583–610.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_mission&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Christian_missions" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Christian missions">Christian missions</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710042119/http://www.missions-trip.com/senders.php">Missionary Organizations</a>, missionary organizations directory</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171223182839/http://www.missiology.org/">Missiology.org</a>, resources on missions (Christian) education.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070107225311/http://www2.unil.ch/lefaitmissionnaire/">LFM. 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href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Jesus" title="Miracles of Jesus">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commandment" title="Great Commandment">Great Commandment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_as_the_Roman_state_religion" title="Christianity as the Roman state religion">State church of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_biblical_canon" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian biblical canon">Christian biblical canon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">East–West Schism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_Islam" title="Christianity and Islam">Relations with Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_influences_on_the_Islamic_world" title="Christian influences on the Islamic world">Influences</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_denomination" title="Christian denomination">Denominations</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations" title="List of Christian denominations">list</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_denominations_by_number_of_members" title="List of Christian denominations by number of members">members</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Catholicism" title="Independent Catholicism">Independent Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adventism" title="Adventism">Adventist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_Christianity" title="Charismatic Christianity">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holiness_movement" title="Holiness movement">Holiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformed_Christianity" title="Reformed Christianity">Reformed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Rite_Orthodoxy" title="Western Rite Orthodoxy">Western Rite Orthodoxy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Church</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox_Churches" title="Oriental Orthodox Churches">Oriental Orthodox (Miaphysite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East (Nestorian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Restorationism" title="Restorationism">Restorationist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jehovah%27s_Witnesses" title="Jehovah's Witnesses">Jehovah's Witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a></li> <li><span title="Tagalog-language text"><span lang="tl" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_theology" title="Christian theology">Theology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father" title="God the Father">Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_of_God_(Christianity)" title="Son of God (Christianity)">Son</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christology" title="Christology">Christology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again" title="Born again">Born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_liturgy" title="Christian liturgy">Liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_worship" title="Eastern Orthodox worship">Eastern Orthodox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_liturgy" title="Protestant liturgy">Protestant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology" title="Mariology">Mariology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Theotokos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Christianity" title="Angels in Christianity">Angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiology" title="Ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_of_Christ" title="Body of Christ">Body of Christ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canon_law" title="Canon law">Canon law</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacraments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_marriage" title="Christian views on marriage">Marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation" title="Confirmation">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penance" title="Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_sick" title="Anointing of the sick">Anointing of the Sick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ablution_in_Christianity" title="Ablution in Christianity">Ablution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hygiene_in_Christianity" title="Hygiene in Christianity">Hygiene</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ethics" title="Christian ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_science" title="Christianity and science">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rejection_of_evolution_by_religious_groups" title="Rejection of evolution by religious groups">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_politics" title="Christianity and politics">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_poverty_and_wealth" title="Christian views on poverty and wealth">Views on poverty and wealth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br />features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_architecture" title="Church architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_cathedrals_and_great_churches" title="Architecture of cathedrals and great churches">Architecture of cathedrals and great churches</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_art" title="Christian art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Depiction_of_Jesus" title="Depiction of Jesus">Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Trinity_in_art" title="The Trinity in art">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_the_Father_in_Western_art" title="God the Father in Western art">God the Father</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christian_art" title="Holy Spirit in Christian art">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catechesis" title="Catechesis">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catechism" title="Catechism">Catechism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Flag" title="Christian Flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_literature" title="Christian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_music" title="Christian music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_piety" title="Popular piety">Popular piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_(building)" title="Church (building)">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_cathedrals" title="Lists of cathedrals">Cathedrals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_movements" title="List of Christian movements">Movements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charismatic_movement" title="Charismatic movement">Charismatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_environmentalism" title="Christian views on environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_existentialism" title="Christian existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_fundamentalism" title="Christian fundamentalism">Fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_left" title="Christian left">Left</a>/<a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_pacifism" title="Christian pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_theology" title="Prosperity theology">Prosperity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cooperation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecumenism" title="Ecumenism">Ecumenism</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charta_Oecumenica" title="Charta Oecumenica">Charta Oecumenica</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Council_of_Churches" title="World Council of Churches">World Council of Churches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Evangelical_Alliance" title="World Evangelical Alliance">World Evangelical Alliance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nondenominational_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nondenominational Christianity">Nondenominationalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_universalism" title="Christian universalism">Christian universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Christianity" title="Criticism of Christianity">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Christians" title="Cultural Christians">Cultural Christians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians" title="Persecution of Christians">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_and_other_religions" title="Christianity and other religions">Relations with other religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlimited_atonement" title="Unlimited atonement">Unlimited atonement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/16px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/24px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" 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