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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Activism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Activism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Activism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoaxing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoaxing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Hoaxing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoaxing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propagandizing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propagandizing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Propagandizing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propagandizing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_warfare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_warfare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Psychological warfare</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_warfare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Public relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Internet_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Internet manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astroturfing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astroturfing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Astroturfing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astroturfing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clickbait" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clickbait"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Clickbait</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clickbait-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Information_laundering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Information_laundering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Information laundering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Information_laundering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Search_engine_marketing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Search_engine_marketing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Search engine marketing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Search_engine_marketing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distraction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distraction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Distraction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distraction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Distraction_by_major_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distraction_by_major_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Distraction by major events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distraction_by_major_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distracting_the_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distracting_the_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Distracting the public</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distracting_the_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Straw_man_fallacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Straw_man_fallacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Straw man fallacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Straw_man_fallacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Audio manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photo_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photo_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Photo manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photo_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_manipulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_manipulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Video manipulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_manipulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Media manipulation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A5%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A" title="تلاعب إعلامي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلاعب إعلامي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_manipulyasiyas%C4%B1" title="Media manipulyasiyası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Media manipulyasiyası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulaci%C3%B3_als_mitjans_de_comunicaci%C3%B3" title="Manipulació als mitjans de comunicació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manipulació als mitjans de comunicació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medi%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_manipulace" title="Mediální manipulace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mediální manipulace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medienmanipulation" title="Medienmanipulation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Medienmanipulation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulaci%C3%B3n_de_los_medios_de_comunicaci%C3%B3n" title="Manipulación de los medios de comunicación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Manipulación de los medios de comunicación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دستکاری رسانه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دستکاری رسانه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%AC%EB%A1%A0%EC%A1%B0%EC%9E%91" title="여론조작 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="여론조작" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մեդիամանիպուլյացիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեդիամանիպուլյացիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulasi_media" title="Manipulasi media – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Manipulasi media" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipolazione_dell%27informazione" title="Manipolazione dell'informazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Manipolazione dell'informazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%83%85%E5%A0%B1%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C" title="情報操作 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="情報操作" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulacja_mediami" title="Manipulacja mediami – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Manipulacja mediami" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipula%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_m%C3%ADdia" title="Manipulação da mídia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Manipulação da mídia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Media manipulation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Медијска манипулација – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Медијска манипулација" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medya_manip%C3%BClasyonu" title="Medya manipülasyonu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Medya manipülasyonu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Медіаманіпуляція – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Медіаманіпуляція" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A1c_%C4%91%E1%BB%99ng_truy%E1%BB%81n_th%C3%B4ng" title="Tác động truyền thông – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tác động truyền thông" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AA%92%E9%AB%94%E6%93%8D%E7%B8%B1" title="媒體操縱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="媒體操縱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12606852#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="View the 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Techniques in which partisans create an image that favours their interests</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Manipulation (disambiguation)">Manipulation</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kozera_DTV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kozera_DTV.jpg/330px-Kozera_DTV.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kozera_DTV.jpg/500px-Kozera_DTV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Kozera_DTV.jpg/580px-Kozera_DTV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Examples of <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">televised</a> manipulation can be found in <a href="/wiki/News_programs" class="mw-redirect" title="News programs">news programs</a> that can reach mass audiences. Pictured is the Polish newscast program <i><a href="/wiki/Dziennik_Telewizyjny" title="Dziennik Telewizyjny">Dziennik</a></i>, infamous for having attempted to slander <a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">capitalism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">then-communist Poland</a> using <a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">emotive and loaded language</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Media manipulation</b> refers to orchestrated campaigns in which actors exploit the distinctive features of broadcasting mass communications or digital media platforms to mislead, misinform, or create a narrative that advance their interests and agendas.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Human_Manipulation_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Human_Manipulation-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In practice, media manipulation tactics may include the use of the use of <a href="/wiki/Rhetorical_strategies" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhetorical strategies">rhetorical strategies</a> including <a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">logical fallacies</a>, deceptive content like <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> techniques, and often involve the <a href="/wiki/Information_suppression" class="mw-redirect" title="Information suppression">suppression of information</a> or points of view by crowding them out, by inducing other people or groups of people to stop listening to certain arguments, or by simply diverting <a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">attention</a> elsewhere. In <i><a href="/wiki/Propaganda:_The_Formation_of_Men%27s_Attitudes" title="Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes">Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Jacques Ellul</a> writes that <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a> can only express itself through channels which are provided by the <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> of communication – without which there could be no propaganda.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contexts">Contexts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contexts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Activism">Activism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Activism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></div> <p>Activism is the practice or doctrine that has an emphasis on direct vigorous action especially supporting or opposing one side of a controversial matter.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is quite simply starting a movement to affect or change social views. It is frequently started by influential individuals but is done collectively through <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a> with large masses. These social movements can be done through public <a href="/wiki/Demonstration_(protest)" class="mw-redirect" title="Demonstration (protest)">rallies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a>, street marches, and <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising">Advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Daisy_%281964%29.webm/350px-seek%3D3-Daisy_%281964%29.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="350" height="263" data-durationhint="61" data-mwtitle="Daisy_(1964).webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Daisy_(1964).webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Daisy_%281964%29.webm/Daisy_%281964%29.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Daisy_%281964%29.webm/Daisy_%281964%29.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="960" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Daisy_%281964%29.webm/Daisy_%281964%29.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5f/Daisy_%281964%29.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="1440" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Daisy_%281964%29.webm/Daisy_%281964%29.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Daisy_%281964%29.webm/Daisy_%281964%29.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Daisy_%281964%29.webm/Daisy_%281964%29.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5f/Daisy_%281964%29.webm/Daisy_%281964%29.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADaisy_%281964%29.webm&lang=aeb-arab&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="aeb-Arab" label="تونسي ‪(aeb-arab)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADaisy_%281964%29.webm&lang=arc&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="arc" label="ܐܪܡܝܐ ‪(arc)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADaisy_%281964%29.webm&lang=de-formal&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de-x-formal" label="Deutsch (Sie-Form) ‪(de-formal)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADaisy_%281964%29.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADaisy_%281964%29.webm&lang=eo&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="eo" label="Esperanto ‪(eo)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADaisy_%281964%29.webm&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADaisy_%281964%29.webm&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADaisy_%281964%29.webm&lang=pl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pl" label="polski ‪(pl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADaisy_%281964%29.webm&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ADaisy_%281964%29.webm&lang=zh-tw&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant-TW" label="中文（臺灣） ‪(zh-tw)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>"<a href="/wiki/Daisy_(advertisement)" title="Daisy (advertisement)">Daisy</a>", a TV commercial for the re-election of U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>. It aired only once, in September 1964, and is considered both one of the most controversial and one of the most effective political ads in U.S. history.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></div> <p>Advertising is a form of promotion that seeks to persuade a specific audience to purchase a good or service. One of the first types of marketing, it aims to influence its target market to either buy, sell, or carry out a particular action.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These advertisements are not only done by businesses but can also be done by other groups. Non-commercial advertisers are those who spend money on advertising in the hope of raising awareness for a cause or promoting specific ideas.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoaxing">Hoaxing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hoaxing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></div> <p>A hoax is something intended to deceive or defraud. Misleading public stunts, <a href="/wiki/Scientific_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific fraud">scientific frauds</a>, false <a href="/wiki/Bomb_threat" title="Bomb threat">bomb threats</a> and business <a href="/wiki/Scam" title="Scam">scams</a> are examples of hoaxes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propagandizing">Propagandizing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Propagandizing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></div> <p>Propagandizing is a form of communication that is aimed at <a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">influencing</a> the attitude of a community toward some cause or position by presenting only one side of an argument. <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> is commonly created by governments, but some forms of <a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">mass communication</a> created by other influential organizations can be considered propaganda. As opposed to impartially providing information, propaganda, in its most basic sense, presents information primarily to influence an audience. Propaganda is usually repeated and dispersed over a wide variety of media in order to create the desired result in audience attitudes. While the term propaganda has justifiably acquired a strongly negative connotation by association with its most manipulative and <a href="/wiki/Jingoistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Jingoistic">jingoistic</a> examples (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> used to justify the <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">Holocaust</a>), propaganda in its original sense was neutral, and could refer to uses that were generally benign or innocuous, such as public health recommendations, signs encouraging citizens to participate in a census or election, or messages encouraging persons to report crimes to the police, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Propaganda uses societal norms and myths that people hear and believe. Because people respond to, understand and remember more simple ideas this is what is used to influence people's beliefs, attitudes and values.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_warfare">Psychological warfare</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Psychological warfare"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></div> <p>Psychological warfare is a term used to denote actions taken by governments with the aim evoking a planned psychological reaction in other people.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This tactic has been used in multiple wars throughout history. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">western Allies</a>, expected that the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> would drop leaflets on the US and England. During the conflict with <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, American and English forces dropped leaflets, with many of the leaflets telling the people how to surrender. In the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> both sides would use <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loud speakers</a> from the front lines.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009 people in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Gaza_War_(2008%E2%80%9309)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaza War (2008–09)">Gaza war</a> received text messages on their <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">cell phones</a> threatening them with rocket attacks. The <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian</a> people were getting phone calls and leaflets warning them that they were going to drop rockets on them. These phone calls and leaflets were not always accurate.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_relations">Public relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Public relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></div> <p>Public relations (PR) is the management of the flow of <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> between an individual or an <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_public" class="mw-redirect" title="General public">public</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Means of influence include, but are not limited to, the methods outlined in <i><a href="/wiki/Influence:_Science_and_Practice" title="Influence: Science and Practice">Influence: Science and Practice</a></i>, which include appealing to authority, and making the person aware of the scarcity of an offer.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_manipulation">Internet manipulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Internet manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Astroturfing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></div> <p>Astroturfing is when there is an intent and attempt to create the illusion of support for a particular cause, person, or stance. While this is mainly connected to and seen on the internet, it has also happened in newspapers during times of political elections.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporations and political parties try to imitate <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> movements in order to sway the public to believing something that is not true.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_clickbait_adverts_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Example_clickbait_adverts_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Example_clickbait_adverts_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Example_clickbait_adverts_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Example_clickbait_adverts_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/94/Example_clickbait_adverts_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>Examples of typical Clickbait with headlines containing exaggerated or sensationalized information.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clickbait">Clickbait</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Clickbait"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></div> <p>Clickbait refers to headlines of online news articles that are <a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">sensationalized</a> or sometimes wholly <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake</a>. It uses people's natural curiosity to get people to click. In some cases clickbait is used to generate income; more clicks mean more money is made with advertisers.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But these headlines and articles can also be used to influence a group of people on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a>. In some cases, they are constructed to appeal to the interest group's <a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">pre-existing biases</a> and thus to be shared within <a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">filter bubbles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Information_laundering">Information laundering</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Information laundering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Information_laundering" title="Information laundering">Information laundering</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Information_laundering" title="Information laundering">Information laundering</a> is a method of using a less trusted or less popular platform to publish a story of dubious origin or veracity for the purposes of reporting on that report rather than the story itself. This technique serves to insulate the secondary, more established media from having to issue a retraction if the report is false. Generally, secondary reports will report that the original report is reporting without verifying or making the report themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Search_engine_marketing">Search engine marketing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Search engine marketing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_marketing" title="Search engine marketing">Search engine marketing</a></div> <p>In search engine marketing, <a href="/wiki/Websites" class="mw-redirect" title="Websites">websites</a> use <a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">market research</a> from past searches and other sources to increase their visibility in <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_results_page" title="Search engine results page">search engine results pages</a>. This allows them to guide search results along the lines they desire, thereby influencing searchers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Businesses have many tactics to entice customers to their websites to generate revenue, such as <a href="/wiki/Banner_ad" class="mw-redirect" title="Banner ad">banner ads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Search_engine_optimization" title="Search engine optimization">search engine optimization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-click" title="Pay-per-click">pay-per-click</a> marketing tools. They all serve a different purposes and use different tools that appeal to multiple types of users. Banner ads appear on sites in an attempt to attract visitors to a linked website. Search engine optimization is a technique in which a website is optimized to received a higher ranking from the search engine, causing it to be returned more often in searches.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distraction">Distraction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Distraction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distraction_by_major_events">Distraction by major events</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Distraction by major events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commonly known as "smoke screen", this technique consists of making the public focus its attention on a topic that is more convenient for the propagandist. This particular type of media manipulation has been referenced in popular culture. For example, the movie <a href="/wiki/Wag_the_Dog" title="Wag the Dog">Wag the Dog</a> (1997) illustrates how the public can be deceitfully distracted from an important topic by presenting another whose only quality is that of being more attractive. </p><p>Politicians might distract the public from domestic issues by diverting attention to global issues in order to reduce pressure domestically.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Distracting_the_public">Distracting the public</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Distracting the public"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This is a variation of the traditional arguments known, in <a href="/wiki/Logic" title="Logic">logic</a> as <a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">ad hominem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ad_populum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad populum">ad populum</a> but applied to countries instead of individuals. This technique consists of refuting arguments by appealing to nationalism or by inspiring fear and hate toward a foreign country or all foreigners. It has the potential to be important since it gives the propagandists the power to discredit any information coming from other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Straw_man_fallacy">Straw man fallacy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Straw man fallacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Straw_man" title="Straw man">Straw man</a></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">informal fallacy</a>. The "straw man" consists of appearing to refute the opponent's argument while attacking another topic. For it to work correctly the topic that was refuted and the one that should have been refuted need to be similar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_manipulation">Audio manipulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Audio manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Audio_deepfake" title="Audio deepfake">Audio deepfake</a></div> <p>Audio manipulation is an artificially generated audio created by <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence (AI)</a> to create a realistic-replication of someone's voice. AI uses machine learning models and can replicate the specific characteristics of a target voice, such as pitch, tone, and cadence. It is commonly used to deceive and cause disruption.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photo_manipulation">Photo manipulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Photo manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">Photo manipulation</a></div> <p>Visual media can be <a href="/wiki/Image_editing" title="Image editing">transformed</a> through photo manipulation, commonly called "<a href="/wiki/Photoshopping" class="mw-redirect" title="Photoshopping">photoshopping</a>." This can make a product, person, or idea seem more appealing. Specific product features are highlighted to attract and persuade the public, and specific editing tools are used to enhance the photo. Some techniques include cropping, resizing, airbrushing, color-enhancing, and removing or adding subjects from the original image. The motivation for photo manipulation may be for pure artistic creativity or more nefarious reasons to deceive. Photo manipulation is used extensively in the advertising and fashion industry and has been the subject of controversy for its part in false advertising and promoting unrealistic images of beauty.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_manipulation">Video manipulation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Video manipulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">video manipulation</a></div> <p>Video manipulation is a variant of media manipulation that targets <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> using a combination of traditional <a href="/wiki/Video_processing" title="Video processing">video processing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_editing" title="Video editing">video editing</a> techniques and auxiliary methods from artificial intelligence like <a href="/wiki/Face_recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Face recognition">face recognition</a>. In typical video manipulation, the facial structure, body movements, and voice of the subject are replicated in order to create a fabricated recording of the subject. The applications of these methods range from educational videos to videos aimed at (<a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">mass</a>) manipulation and <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>, a straightforward extension of the long-standing possibilities of <a href="/wiki/Photo_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Photo manipulation">photo manipulation</a>. This form of computer-generated misinformation has contributed to <a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">fake news</a>, and there have been instances when this technology was used during political campaigns in an attempt to influence the outcome.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Icon_Camera.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Icon_Camera.svg/28px-Icon_Camera.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Icon_Camera.svg/42px-Icon_Camera.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Icon_Camera.svg/56px-Icon_Camera.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="55" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Media">Media portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_deepfake" title="Audio deepfake">Audio deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">Black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(public_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin (public relations)">Spin (public relations)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDiaz_Ruiz2023" class="citation journal cs1">Diaz Ruiz, Carlos (2023-10-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F14614448231207644">"Disinformation on digital media platforms: A market-shaping approach"</a>. <i>New Media & Society</i>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F14614448231207644">10.1177/14614448231207644</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1461-4448">1461-4448</a>.</cite><span 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Herman">Herman, Edward S.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Consent" title="Manufacturing Consent">Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media</a>,</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_Books" title="Pantheon Books">Pantheon Books</a>, 1988.</li> <li>Cialdini, Robert B., <i>Influence: Science and Practice,</i> 4th Edition New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Allyn_%26_Bacon" title="Allyn & Bacon">Allyn & Bacon</a>, 2000.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Ewen" title="Stuart Ewen">Ewen, Stuart</a>, <i>Captains of Consciousness: Advertising and the Social Roots of the Consumer Culture,</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill</a>, 1976.</li> <li>Ewen, Stuart, <i>PR! A Social History of Spin,</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Basic_Books" title="Basic Books">Basic Books</a>, 1996.</li> <li>Ewen, Stuart; Ewen, Elizabeth, <i>Channels of Desire: Mass Images and the Shaping of American Consciousness,</i> New York: McGraw-Hill, 1982.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul, Jacques</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Propaganda:_The_Formation_of_Men%27s_Attitudes" title="Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes">Propaganda: The Formation of Men's Attitudes</a></i>. Trans. Konrad Kellen & Jean Lerner. New York: Knopf, 1965. New York: Random House/ Vintage 1973</li> <li>Jamieson, H. K, <i>Dirty Politics: Deception, Distraction and Democracy</i> Oxford University Press, 1992.</li> <li>Jowett, Garth S.; O'Donnell, Victoria, <i>Propaganda and Persuasion,</i> Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-1147-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-1147-2">0-7619-1147-2</a>.</li> <li>Parenti, M., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180624081302/http://www.michaelparenti.org/MonopolyMedia.html">Monopoly Media Manipulation</a>,</i> Mediterranean Quarterly, Spring 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Lutz" title="William D. Lutz">Lutz, William D.</a>, <i>Doublespeak,</i> New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperPerennial</a>, 1990. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016134-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016134-5">0-06-016134-5</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Rushkoff" title="Douglas Rushkoff">Rushkoff, Douglas</a>, <i>"They Say"</i>, in <i>Coercion: Why We Listen to What "They" Say,</i> New York: <a href="/wiki/Riverhead_Books" title="Riverhead Books">Riverhead Books</a>, 1999.</li></ul> <p><b>Case studies</b> </p> <ul><li>Beeston, R., <i>Bin Laden Heads List of Suspects, Terror in America</i> Times, 12 September 2001.</li> <li>Bohannon, J., <i>I Fooled Millions of People into Thinking Chocolate Helps Weight Loss, Here's How</i> IO9, Gizmodo, Debunkery, 27 May 2015.</li> <li>Braddock J., <i>Historian says US backed "efficious terror" in 1965 Indonesian Massacre,</i> World Socialist Website, 7 July 2009.</li> <li>Cashmore, E.; McLaughlin, E., <i>Out of Order: Policing Black People,</i> Routledge, 1991.</li> <li>Hodges, D., <i>West Africans Are Streaming Across the U.S. Southern Border Carrying the Ebola Virus,</i> The Common Sense Show, 3 August 2014.</li> <li>Howard, Philip N.; Ganesh, Bharath; Liotsiou, Dimitra; Kelly, John; François, Camille, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/ira-political-polarization/">The IRA, Social Media and Political Polarization in the United States, 2012-2018</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Computational_Propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational Propaganda">Computational Propaganda</a> Research Project, 17 December 2018.</li> <li>Kellner, D., <i>9/11, Spectacles of terror, and media manipulation,</i> Miscellany, 15 August 2006.</li> <li>Ostrow, J., <i>Politics in Russia: A Reader,</i> Sage Publications, 26 June 2012.</li> <li>Sniffen, Michael J., <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boston.com/news/nation/washington/articles/2007/01/28/libby_case_witness_details_art_of_media_manipulation/">Libby case witness details art of media manipulation</a></i>, Boston Globe, 28 January 2007.</li> <li>Turner-Sadler, J., <i>African American History: An Introduction,</i> Peter Lang Publishing, 2009.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Media_manipulation&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/shows/persuaders">"The Persuaders"</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Frontline_(US_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontline (US TV series)">Frontline</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://polaris.gseis.ucla.edu/pagre/understanding.html">"Understanding Jargon: A Short Bibliography"</a> by Philip E. Agre</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:1%">Context</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obfuscation" title="Obfuscation">Obfuscation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persuasion" title="Persuasion">Persuasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Activism" title="Activism">Activism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy" title="Advocacy">Advocacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advocacy_group" title="Advocacy group">group</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deplatforming" title="Deplatforming">Deplatforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">Grassroots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_communication" title="Guerrilla communication">Guerrilla communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacktivism" title="Hacktivism">Hacktivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_activism" title="Internet activism">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_activism" title="Media activism">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petition" title="Petition">Petitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_activism" title="Youth activism">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billboard" title="Billboard">Billboards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_advertising" title="False advertising">False</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infomercial" title="Infomercial">Infomercials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_model" title="Promotional model">Modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_advertisement" title="Radio advertisement">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_slogan" title="Advertising slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimonial" title="Testimonial">Testimonials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_advertisement" title="Television advertisement">TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_advertising" title="Criticism of advertising">Criticism of advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a> and <br /> <a href="/wiki/Media_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media regulation">Media regulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_law" title="Broadcast law">Broadcast law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_books_and_burying_of_scholars" title="Burning of books and burying of scholars">Burying of scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_censorship" title="Corporate censorship">Corporate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover-up" title="Cover-up">Cover-ups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">Euphemism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_censorship" title="Film censorship">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship" title="Internet censorship">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_censorship" title="Political censorship">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_censorship" title="Religious censorship">Religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">Self</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoaxing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Fools%27_Day" title="April Fools' Day">April Fools'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_deepfake" title="Audio deepfake">audio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakelore" class="mw-redirect" title="Fakelore">Fakelore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictitious_entry" title="Fictitious entry">Fictitious entries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery" title="Forgery">Forgery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hoaxes" title="List of hoaxes">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_forgery" title="Literary forgery">Literary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lying_press" title="Lying press">Lying press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_hoax" title="Racial hoax">Racial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus_hoax" title="Virus hoax">Virus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_manipulation" title="Video manipulation">Video manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word of mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory" title="Agenda-setting theory">Agenda-setting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Pseudo-event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_scrum" title="Media scrum">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_campaign" title="Political campaign">Political campaigning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campaign_advertising" title="Campaign advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_ad" title="Attack ad">Attack ad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canvassing" title="Canvassing">Canvassing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_promise" title="Election promise">Election promises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawn_sign" title="Lawn sign">Lawn signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Party_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Party platform">Party platforms (or manifestos)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_recognition" title="Name recognition">Name recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_campaigning" title="Negative campaigning">Negative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_poll" title="Push poll">Push polling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge_issue" title="Wedge issue">Wedge issue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearmongering" title="Fearmongering">Fearmongering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">National mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Techniques</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airborne_leaflet_propaganda" title="Airborne leaflet propaganda">Airborne leaflets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_column" title="Fifth column">Fifth column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information (IT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_warfare" title="Political warfare">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">Public diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">Sedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subversion" title="Subversion">Subversion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-apology_apology" title="Non-apology apology">Non-apology apology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reputation_management" title="Reputation management">Reputation management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_bite" title="Sound bite">Sound bites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_(propaganda)" title="Transfer (propaganda)">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understatement" title="Understatement">Understatement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel words</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Corporate propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sales" title="Sales">Sales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cold_calling" title="Cold calling">Cold calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Door-to-door" title="Door-to-door">Door-to-door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Promotion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spaving" title="Spaving">Spaving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telemarketing" title="Telemarketing">Telemarketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias_in_the_United_States" title="Media bias in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Media concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_democracy" title="Media democracy">Media democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ethics" title="Media ethics">Media ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Media influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_proprietor" title="Media proprietor">Media proprietor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disinformation_and_misinformation165" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Misinformation" title="Template:Misinformation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Misinformation" title="Template talk:Misinformation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Misinformation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disinformation_and_misinformation165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Misinformation" title="Misinformation">misinformation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Core_content165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Core content</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_attack" title="Disinformation attack">Disinformation attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccine activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care_misinformation" title="Transgender health care misinformation">Transgender health care misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Gaza_war" title="Misinformation in the Gaza war">Misinformation in the Gaza war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Mechanisms165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Mechanisms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cognitive_biases" title="List of cognitive biases">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_effect" title="Misinformation effect">Misinformation effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_climate_change_denial" title="Psychology of climate change denial">Psychology of climate change denial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_moderation" title="Content moderation">Content moderation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="Community notes">Community notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmatic_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmatic advertising">Programmatic advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">Social networking service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_social_networking_services" title="List of social networking services">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User-generated_content" title="User-generated content">User-generated content</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audience_fragmentation" title="Audience fragmentation">Audience fragmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism" title="Surveillance capitalism">Surveillance capitalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tactics165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Tactics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astroturfing" title="Astroturfing">Astroturfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Lie" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Lie">Big Lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_reporting" title="Circular reporting">Circular reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepfake" title="Deepfake">Deepfake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_playbook" class="mw-redirect" title="Disinformation playbook">Disinformation playbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Doxxing">Doxxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fake_news_websites" title="List of fake news websites">List of fake news websites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_satirical_fake_news_websites" title="List of satirical fake news websites">List of satirical fake news websites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_attribution" title="False attribution">False attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgery_as_covert_operation" title="Forgery as covert operation">Forgery as covert operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwashing" title="Greenwashing">Greenwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_warfare" title="Information warfare">Information warfare</a></li> <li>Logic and reasoning <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gish_gallop" title="Gish gallop">Gish gallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallacy" title="Fallacy">Fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_fallacy" title="Formal fallacy">Formal fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">Informal fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fallacies" title="List of fallacies">List of fallacies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quote_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Quote mining">Quote mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_herring" title="Red herring">Red herring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memetic_warfare" title="Memetic warfare">Memetic warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">Black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterpropaganda" title="Counterpropaganda">Counterpropaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-sponsored_Internet_propaganda" title="State-sponsored Internet propaganda">State-sponsored Internet propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perception_management" title="Perception management">Perception management</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumors" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumors">Rumors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin (propaganda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_fabrication" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific fabrication">Scientific fabrication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategy_of_tension" title="Strategy of tension">Strategy of tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Related_terms165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Related terms</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_facts" title="Alternative facts">Alternative facts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factoid" title="Factoid">Factoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">Hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malinformation" title="Malinformation">Malinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potemkin_village" title="Potemkin village">Potemkin village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truthiness" title="Truthiness">Truthiness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Targets_&amp;_Campaigns165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Targets & Campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_in_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine">Disinformation in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_in_the_Gaza_war" title="Misinformation in the Gaza war">Misinformation in the Gaza war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_conspiracy_theory" title="New World Order conspiracy theory">New World Order conspiracy theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_disinformation" title="Russian disinformation">Russian disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disinformation_attacks_by_country" title="List of disinformation attacks by country">List of disinformation attacks by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_disinformation_website_campaigns" title="List of political disinformation website campaigns">List of political disinformation website campaigns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antisemitism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environmental science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a></li> <li>Fossil fuel industry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExxonMobil_climate_change_denial" title="ExxonMobil climate change denial">ExxonMobil climate change denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels_lobby" title="Fossil fuels lobby">Fossil fuels lobby</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaded gasoline <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_Corporation" title="Ethyl Corporation">Ethyl Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Kehoe" title="Robert A. Kehoe">Robert A. Kehoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clair_Cameron_Patterson" class="mw-redirect" title="Clair Cameron Patterson">Clair Cameron Patterson</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pesticide industry <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silent_Spring" title="Silent Spring">Silent Spring</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medicine and Public health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccine activism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lancet_MMR_autism_fraud" title="Lancet MMR autism fraud">Lancet MMR autism fraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Vaccines and autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Vaccine misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19 misinformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_governments" title="COVID-19 misinformation by governments">COVID-19 misinformation by governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMO conspiracy theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_illness_denial" title="Mental illness denial">Mental illness denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misinformation_related_to_abortion" title="Misinformation related to abortion">Misinformation related to abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_industry_playbook" title="Tobacco industry playbook">Tobacco industry playbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_health_care_misinformation" title="Transgender health care misinformation">Transgender health care misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_water_fluoridation" title="Opposition to water fluoridation">Opposition to water fluoridation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalism and journalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safety_of_journalists" title="Safety of journalists">Safety of journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Maverick" title="Daily Maverick">Daily Maverick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rappler" title="Rappler">Rappler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quint" title="The Quint">The Quint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Publications_about_disinformation" title="Publications about disinformation">Publications about disinformation</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Countering_disinformation165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countering disinformation</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic research">Academic research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_literacy" title="Digital literacy">Digital literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_literacy" title="Health literacy">Health literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_literacy" title="Information literacy">Information literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_literacy" title="Media literacy">Media literacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_consensus" title="Scientific consensus">Scientific consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_literacy" title="Scientific literacy">Scientific literacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_climate_change_video_games" class="mw-redirect" title="List of climate change video games">List of climate change video games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_skepticism" title="Scientific skepticism">Scientific skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_sandwich" title="Truth sandwich">Truth sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verificado_2018" title="Verificado 2018">Verificado 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_journalism" title="Watchdog journalism">Watchdog journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Fact-checking_and_research165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fact-checking and research</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fact-checking</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fact-checking_websites" title="List of fact-checking websites">List of fact-checking websites</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Non-profits and charities <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Check" title="Africa Check">Africa Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FactCheck.org" title="FactCheck.org">FactCheck.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_Fact" title="Full Fact">Full Fact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PolitiFact" title="PolitiFact">PolitiFact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAFacts" title="USAFacts">USAFacts</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Private companies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Logically_(company)" title="Logically (company)">Logically (company)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsGuard" title="NewsGuard">NewsGuard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StopFake" title="StopFake">StopFake</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fact-Checking_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="International Fact-Checking Network">International Fact-Checking Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Bias/Fact_Check" title="Media Bias/Fact Check">Media Bias/Fact Check</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snopes" title="Snopes">Snopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quackwatch" title="Quackwatch">Quackwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projeto_Comprova" title="Projeto Comprova">Projeto Comprova</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Lab" title="Citizen Lab">Citizen Lab</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>EU <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_StratCom_Task_Force" title="East StratCom Task Force">East StratCom Task Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faktabaari" title="Faktabaari">Faktabaari</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Disinformation_Project" title="The Disinformation Project">The Disinformation Project</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter_disinformation_unit" title="Counter disinformation unit">Counter disinformation unit</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Countering_Disinformation" title="Center for Countering Disinformation">Center for Countering Disinformation</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>USA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_Measures_Working_Group" title="Active Measures Working Group">Active Measures Working Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter_Misinformation_Team" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Misinformation Team">Counter Misinformation Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation_Governance_Board" title="Disinformation Governance Board">Disinformation Governance Board</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Countering_Foreign_Propaganda_and_Disinformation_Act" title="Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act">Countering Foreign Propaganda and Disinformation Act</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Information_Agency" title="United States Information Agency">United States Information Agency</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="WikiProjects165" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">WikiProjects</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Meta-wiki page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/16px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/24px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg/32px-Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiCred" class="extiw" title="meta:WikiCred">WikiCred</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Climate_change" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_COVID-19" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject COVID-19">COVID-19</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Medicine" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Skepticism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Skepticism">Skepticism</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vaccine_safety" title="Wikipedia:Vaccine safety">Vaccine safety</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Propaganda_techniques25" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Propaganda" title="Template:Propaganda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Propaganda" title="Template talk:Propaganda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Propaganda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Propaganda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Propaganda_techniques25" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_techniques" title="Propaganda techniques">Propaganda techniques</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accusation_in_a_mirror" title="Accusation in a mirror">Accusation in a mirror</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" title="Ad hominem">Ad hominem</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_fear" title="Appeal to fear">Appeal to fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appeal_to_emotion" title="Appeal to emotion">Appeal to emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atrocity_propaganda" title="Atrocity propaganda">Atrocity propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Beautiful people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_propaganda" title="Black propaganda">Black propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">Buzzword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartographic_propaganda" title="Cartographic propaganda">Cartographic propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship" title="Censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking" title="Cherry picking">Cherry picking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonizing_the_enemy" title="Demonizing the enemy">Demonizing the enemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_whistle_(politics)" title="Dog whistle (politics)">Dog whistle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doublespeak" title="Doublespeak">Doublespeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotive_conjugation" title="Emotive conjugation">Emotive conjugation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaggeration" title="Exaggeration">Exaggeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_accusation" title="False accusation">False accusation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_balance" title="False balance">False balance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/False_dilemma" title="False dilemma">False dilemma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear,_uncertainty,_and_doubt" title="Fear, uncertainty, and doubt">Fear, uncertainty, and doubt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firehose_of_falsehood" title="Firehose of falsehood">Firehose of falsehood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag-waving" title="Flag-waving">Flag-waving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gish_gallop" title="Gish gallop">Gish gallop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glittering_generality" title="Glittering generality">Glittering generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Half-truth" title="Half-truth">Half-truth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideograph_(rhetoric)" title="Ideograph (rhetoric)">Ideograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawfare" title="Lawfare">Lawfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loaded_language" title="Loaded language">Loaded language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newspeak" title="Newspeak">Newspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimisation_(psychology)" title="Minimisation (psychology)">Minimisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monumental_propaganda" title="Monumental propaganda">Monumental propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moralistic_fallacy" title="Moralistic fallacy">Moralistic fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_generation_warfare" title="New generation warfare">New generation warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obscurantism" title="Obscurantism">Obscurantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_paralysis" title="Analysis paralysis">Overcomplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oversimplification" class="mw-redirect" title="Oversimplification">Oversimplification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_folks" title="Plain folks">Plain folks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_warfare" title="Psychological warfare">Psychological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_of_the_deed" title="Propaganda of the deed">Propaganda of the deed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rally_%27round_the_flag_effect" title="Rally 'round the flag effect">Rally 'round the flag effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapegoating" title="Scapegoating">Scapegoating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooting_and_crying" title="Shooting and crying">Shooting and crying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slogan" title="Slogan">Slogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weasel_word" title="Weasel word">Weasel word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whataboutism" title="Whataboutism">Whataboutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_propaganda" title="White propaganda">White propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_culture104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_culture" title="Template:Media culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_culture" title="Template talk:Media culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_culture104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_culture" title="Media culture">Media culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/24-hour_news_cycle" title="24-hour news cycle">24-hour news cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">Alternative media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_media" title="Electronic media">Electronic media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_media" title="Independent media">Independent media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_media" title="Lost media">Lost media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">Mainstream media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_media" title="Mobile media">Mobile media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_media" title="Old media">Old media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_media" title="Physical media">Physical media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influencer" title="Influencer">Influencers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">State media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_development" title="Media development">Media development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_policy" title="Media policy">Media policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Media independence">Media independence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_information" title="Freedom of information">Freedom of information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_pluralism" title="Media pluralism">Media pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Media transparency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Dream" title="American Dream">American Dream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bipartisanship_as_an_ideology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bipartisanship as an ideology">Bipartisanship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumerism" title="Consumerism">Consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pens%C3%A9e_unique" title="Pensée unique">Pensée unique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deception</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news" title="Fake news">Fake news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">Tabloid journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_personality" title="Cult of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbing_down" title="Dumbing down">Dumbing down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framing_(social_sciences)" title="Framing (social sciences)">Framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_circus" title="Media circus">Media circus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_event" title="Media event">Media event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcotizing_dysfunction" title="Narcotizing dysfunction">Narcotizing dysfunction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recuperation_(politics)" title="Recuperation (politics)">Recuperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_phenomenon" title="Viral phenomenon">Viral phenomenon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_kill" title="Catch and kill">Catch and kill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managing_the_news" title="Managing the news">Managing the news</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Media manipulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Theodor W. Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bernays" title="Edward Bernays">Edward Bernays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Guy Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ranci%C3%A8re" title="Jacques Rancière">Jacques Rancière</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">Counterculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boycott" title="Boycott">Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call-out_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Call-out culture">Call-out culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture" title="Cancel culture">Cancel culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_disobedience" title="Civil disobedience">Civil disobedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_jamming" title="Culture jamming">Culture jamming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">Graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_(protest)" title="Occupation (protest)">Occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_subculture" title="Punk subculture">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Review_bomb" title="Review bomb">Review bomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In academia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_mass_media" title="Influence of mass media">Influence of mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediatization_(media)" title="Mediatization (media)">Mediatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotic_democracy" title="Semiotic democracy">Semiotic democracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lonely_Crowd" title="The Lonely Crowd">The Lonely Crowd</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_women_in_mass_media" title="Exploitation of women in mass media">Exploitation of women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">Privacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence" title="Social influence">Social influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_transparency" title="Media transparency">Transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Violence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synonyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_capitalism" title="Advanced capitalism">Advanced capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_industry" title="Culture industry">Culture industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_society" title="Mass society">Mass society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_franchise" title="Media franchise">Media franchise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Fordism" title="Post-Fordism">Post-Fordism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectacle_(critical_theory)" title="Spectacle (critical theory)">Society of the Spectacle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_and_human_factors439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_and_human_factors" title="Template talk:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_and_human_factors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media and human factors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_and_human_factors439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" class="mw-redirect" title="Media (communication)">Media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">human factors</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_psychology" title="Media psychology">Media psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_psychology" title="Social psychology">Social psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betteridge%27s_law_of_headlines" title="Betteridge's law of headlines">Betteridge's law of headlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeping_(communication)" title="Gatekeeping (communication)">Gatekeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infotainment" title="Infotainment">Infotainment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human-interest_story" title="Human-interest story">Human-interest story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_food_news" title="Junk food news">Junk food news</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Least_objectionable_program" title="Least objectionable program">Least objectionable program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_media" title="Soft media">Soft media</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_bias" title="Media bias">Media bias</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Media manipulation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pink-slime_journalism" title="Pink-slime journalism">Pink-slime journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_white_woman_syndrome" title="Missing white woman syndrome">Missing white woman syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_values" title="News values">News values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensationalism" title="Sensationalism">Sensationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hot_take" title="Hot take">Hot take</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_(journalism)" title="Spike (journalism)">Spiking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_television" title="Tabloid television">Tabloid television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_journalism" title="Yellow journalism">Yellow journalism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attention" title="Attention">Attention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attention_economy" title="Attention economy">Attention economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_inequality" title="Attention inequality">Attention inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_management" title="Attention management">Attention management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attention_span" title="Attention span">Attention span</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumbox" title="Chumbox">Chumbox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clickbait" title="Clickbait">Clickbait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_miser" title="Cognitive miser">Cognitive miser</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Low_information_voter" title="Low information voter">Low information voter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_zombie" title="Digital zombie">Digital zombie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phubbing" title="Phubbing">Phubbing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomscrolling" title="Doomscrolling">Doomscrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Human multitasking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_multitasking" title="Media multitasking">Media multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infodemic" title="Infodemic">Infodemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_explosion" title="Information explosion">Information explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_overload" title="Information overload">Information overload</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_pollution" title="Information pollution">Information pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information%E2%80%93action_ratio" title="Information–action ratio">Information–action ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rage_farming" class="mw-redirect" title="Rage farming">Rage farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Binge-watching" title="Binge-watching">Binge-watching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_consumption" title="Television consumption">Television consumption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_content" title="Sticky content">Sticky content</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_bias" title="Cognitive bias">Cognitive bias</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Conformity" title="Conformity">Conformity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Availability_cascade" title="Availability cascade">Availability cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Availability_heuristic" title="Availability heuristic">Availability heuristic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandwagon_effect" title="Bandwagon effect">Bandwagon effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_psychology" title="Crowd psychology">Crowd psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">Moral panic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negativity_bias" title="Negativity bias">Negativity bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_pressure" title="Peer pressure">Peer pressure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social-desirability_bias" title="Social-desirability bias">Social-desirability bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_influence_bias" title="Social influence bias">Social influence bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_of_silence" title="Spiral of silence">Spiral of silence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization" title="Political polarization">Political polarization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_radicalization" title="Algorithmic radicalization">Algorithmic radicalization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Youth</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_chamber_(media)" title="Echo chamber (media)">Echo chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_website" title="Fake news website">Fake news website</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Post-truth_politics" title="Post-truth politics">Post-truth politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fake_news_websites_in_the_United_States" title="Fake news websites in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_bubble" title="Filter bubble">Filter bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_divide" title="Knowledge divide">Knowledge divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_gap_hypothesis" title="Knowledge gap hypothesis">Knowledge gap hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_polarization_in_the_United_States" title="Political polarization in the United States">Political polarization in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_use_in_politics" title="Social media use in politics">Social media use in politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_and_political_communication_in_the_United_States" title="Social media and political communication in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2016 United States presidential election">2016 U.S. presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media_in_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election" title="Social media in the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 U.S. presidential election</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_rage" title="Computer rage">Computer rage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Facebook" title="Criticism of Facebook">Criticism of Facebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2021_Facebook_leak" title="2021 Facebook leak">2021 Facebook company files leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook%E2%80%93Cambridge_Analytica_data_scandal" title="Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal">Facebook–Cambridge Analytica data scandal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Netflix" title="Criticism of Netflix">Criticism of Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_impact_of_TikTok" title="Cultural impact of TikTok">Cultural impact of TikTok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_violence_in_mass_media" title="Effects of violence in mass media">Effects of violence in mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascination_with_death" title="Fascination with death">Fascination with death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griefer" title="Griefer">Griefer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_shooting_contagion" title="Mass shooting contagion">Mass shooting contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealioning" title="Sealioning">Sealioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_bot" title="Social bot">Social bot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_impact_of_YouTube" title="Social impact of YouTube">Social impact of YouTube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophilia" title="Technophilia">Technophilia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neophile" title="Neophile">Neophile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technophobia" title="Technophobia">Technophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_and_video_games" title="Violence and video games">Violence and video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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