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href="#Motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Learned_behavior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Learned_behavior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Learned behavior</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Learned_behavior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Habilitation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Habilitation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Habilitation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Habilitation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broader_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broader_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Broader use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broader_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_medicine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_medicine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In medicine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_medicine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In politics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaslighting</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 51 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-51" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">51 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8C%8B%E1%8B%9D_%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%88%83%E1%8A%95_%E1%88%9B%E1%8B%B5%E1%88%A8%E1%8C%8D" title="የጋዝ ብርሃን ማድረግ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የጋዝ ብርሃን ማድረግ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A8_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D9%84" title="تلاعب بالعقول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلاعب بالعقول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qazlaytinq" title="Qazlaytinq – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qazlaytinq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82" title="গ্যাসলাইটিং – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্যাসলাইটিং" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Газлайтынг – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Газлайтынг" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Гаслайтинг – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гаслайтинг" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fer_llum_de_gas" title="Fer llum de gas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fer llum de gas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibwyllo" title="Dibwyllo – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Dibwyllo" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaasikeeramine" title="Gaasikeeramine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gaasikeeramine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting_(%CF%88%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Gaslighting (ψυχολογία) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Gaslighting (ψυχολογία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luz_de_gas_(manipulaci%C3%B3n)" title="Luz de gas (manipulación) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luz de gas (manipulación)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslampumado" title="Gaslampumado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gaslampumado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="گسلایتینگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گسلایتینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%80%EC%8A%A4%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%ED%8C%85" title="가스라이팅 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="가스라이팅" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3" title="Գազլայթինգ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գազլայթինգ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izlu%C4%91ivanje" title="Izluđivanje – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Izluđivanje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penyemaian_ragu" title="Penyemaian ragu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penyemaian ragu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gasl%C3%BDsing" title="Gaslýsing – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gaslýsing" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="גזלייטינג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גזלייטינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazlaitings" title="Gazlaitings – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gazlaitings" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%98%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Геслајтинг – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Геслајтинг" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ഗ്യാസ് ലൈറ്റിങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്യാസ് ലൈറ്റിങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98" title="გაზლაითინგი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გაზლაითინგი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semai_ragu" title="Semai ragu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Semai ragu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ガスライティング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ガスライティング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazlayting" title="Gazlayting – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Gazlayting" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Газлайтинг – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Газлайтинг" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manipulimi" title="Manipulimi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Manipulimi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="การหลอกปั่นหัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การหลอกปั่นหัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Газлайтинг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Газлайтинг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaslighting" title="Gaslighting – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gaslighting" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a 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For illumination derived from burning gas, see <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">Gas lighting</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_(topic)_on_Google_Trends.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/300px-20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/450px-20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg/600px-20241116_%22Gaslighting%22_%28topic%29_on_Google_Trends.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Google_Trends" title="Google Trends">Google Trends</a> topic searches for "<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaslighting</a>" began a substantial increase in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-Gaslighting_GoogleTrends_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gaslighting_GoogleTrends-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Gaslighting</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Colloquialism" title="Colloquialism">colloquialism</a>, defined as manipulating someone into questioning their own perception of reality.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MerriamWebster_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerriamWebster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expression, which derives from the title of the 1944 film <i><a href="/wiki/Gaslight_(1944_film)" title="Gaslight (1944 film)">Gaslight</a></i>, became popular in the mid-2010s. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> cites deception of one's memory, perception of reality, or mental stability.<sup id="cite_ref-MerriamWebster_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerriamWebster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some mental health experts have expressed concern that the term has been used too broadly. In 2022, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> reported that it had become a <a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">buzzword</a> improperly used to describe ordinary disagreements. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gaslight_promo_still.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gaslight_promo_still.jpg/220px-Gaslight_promo_still.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gaslight_promo_still.jpg/330px-Gaslight_promo_still.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gaslight_promo_still.jpg/440px-Gaslight_promo_still.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="522" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ingrid_Bergman" title="Ingrid Bergman">Ingrid Bergman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cotten" title="Joseph Cotten">Joseph Cotten</a> in the 1944 American film version of <i><a href="/wiki/Gaslight_(1944_film)" title="Gaslight (1944 film)">Gaslight</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>The term originates in the 1938 British play <i><a href="/wiki/Gas_Light" title="Gas Light">Gas Light</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Hamilton_(writer)" title="Patrick Hamilton (writer)">Patrick Hamilton</a>. The play was adapted into a 1940 film in the UK, <i><a href="/wiki/Gaslight_(1940_film)" title="Gaslight (1940 film)">Gaslight</a></i>, which was remade as in the US as the 1944 film <i><a href="/wiki/Gaslight_(1944_film)" title="Gaslight (1944 film)">Gaslight</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_English_Dictionary_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford_English_Dictionary-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYT_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wilkinson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilkinson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Set among London's elite during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>, <i>Gas Light</i> and its adaptations portray a seemingly genteel husband using lies and manipulation to isolate his heiress wife and persuade her that she is mentally ill so that he can steal from her.<sup id="cite_ref-Thomas_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the husband's tricks is to secretly dim and brighten the indoor <a href="/wiki/Gas_lighting" title="Gas lighting">gas lighting</a>, insisting his wife is imagining it.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a> form <i>gaslighting</i> does not appear in the play or films.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was first used in the 1950s, particularly in the episode of <i><a href="/wiki/The_George_Burns_and_Gracie_Allen_Show" title="The George Burns and Gracie Allen Show">The Burns and Allen Show</a></i>; in <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, it was first used in a 1995 column by <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Dowd" title="Maureen Dowd">Maureen Dowd</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Yagoda_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yagoda-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> in 2021, gaslighting "once referred to manipulation so extreme as to induce mental illness or to justify commitment of the gaslighted person to a psychiatric institution".<sup id="cite_ref-APA_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It remained obscure — <i>The New York Times</i> only used it nine times in the following 20 years — until the 2010s, when it seeped into the English lexicon.<sup id="cite_ref-Yagoda_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yagoda-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a> defines <i>gaslighting</i> as "<a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">psychological manipulation</a>" to make someone question their "perception of reality" leading to "dependence on the perpetrator".<sup id="cite_ref-MerriamWebster_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MerriamWebster-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Dialect_Society" title="American Dialect Society">American Dialect Society</a> named <i>gaslight</i> the most useful new word of 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-ADS_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ADS-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a> named it a runner-up in its list of the most popular new words of 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_self-help_and_amateur_psychology">In self-help and amateur psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In self-help and amateur psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Gaslighting</i> is a term used in <a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">self-help</a> and <a href="/wiki/Popular_psychology" title="Popular psychology">amateur psychology</a> to describe a dynamic that can occur in personal relationships (romantic or parental) and in workplace relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaslighting involves two parties: the "gaslighter", who persistently puts forth a false narrative in order to <a href="/wiki/Psychological_manipulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological manipulation">manipulate</a>, and the "gaslighted", who struggles to maintain their individual <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NBC_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NBC-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sarkis_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sarkis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaslighting is typically effective only when there is an unequal power dynamic or when the gaslighted has shown respect to the gaslighter.<sup id="cite_ref-Vox_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gaslighting is different from genuine relationship disagreement, which is both common and important in relationships. Gaslighting is distinct in that: </p> <ul><li>one partner is consistently listening and considering the other partner's perspective;</li> <li>one partner is consistently negating the other's perception, insisting that they are wrong, or telling them that their emotional reaction is irrational or <a href="/wiki/Structural_functionalism" title="Structural functionalism">dysfunctional</a>.</li></ul> <p>The term gaslighting is more often used to refer to a pattern of behavior over a long duration, not a one-off instance of persuasion, but the method(s) of persuasion is the defining trait of gaslighting behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Haupt_2022_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haupt_2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, the listening partner may exhibit symptoms often associated with <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorder" title="Anxiety disorder">anxiety disorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Depression_(mood)" title="Depression (mood)">depression</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Low_self-esteem" class="mw-redirect" title="Low self-esteem">low self-esteem</a>. Gaslighting is distinct from genuine relationship conflict in that one party manipulates the perceptions of the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Vox_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_psychiatry_and_psychology">In psychiatry and psychology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In psychiatry and psychology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word gaslighting is occasionally used in clinical literature, but is considered a colloquialism by the American Psychological Association.<sup id="cite_ref-APA_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holland_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barton and Whitehead described three <a href="/wiki/Case_report" title="Case report">case reports</a> of gaslighting with the goal of securing a person's <a href="/wiki/Involuntary_commitment" title="Involuntary commitment">involuntary commitment</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospital</a>, motivated by a desire to get rid of relatives or obtain financial gain: a wife attempting to frame her husband as violent so she could elope with her lover, another wife alleging that her <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pub</a>-owning husband was an alcoholic in order to leave him and take control of the pub, and a retirement home manager who gave laxatives to a resident before referring her to a psychiatric hospital for slight <a href="/wiki/Dementia" title="Dementia">dementia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fecal_incontinence" title="Fecal incontinence">incontinence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, at a time when published literature on gaslighting was still sparse, Lund and Gardiner published a case report on an elderly woman who was repeatedly involuntarily committed for alleged <a href="/wiki/Psychosis" title="Psychosis">psychosis</a>, by staffers of her retirement home, but whose symptoms always disappeared shortly after admittance without any treatment. After investigation, it was discovered that her '<a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">paranoia</a>' had been the result of gaslighting by staffers of the retirement home, who knew the woman had suffered from paranoid psychosis 15 years prior.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The research paper, "Gaslighting: A Marital Syndrome", includes clinical observations of the impact on wives after their reactions were mislabeled by their husbands and male therapists.<sup id="cite_ref-Gass_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gass-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other experts have noted values and techniques of therapists can be harmful as well as helpful to clients (or indirectly to other people in a client's life).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorpat1996_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorpat1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In his 1996 book, <i>Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Analysis</i>, Theo L. Dorpat recommends non-directive and <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">egalitarian</a> attitudes and methods on the part of clinicians,<sup id="cite_ref-Dorpat1996_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorpat1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 225">: 225 </span></sup> and "treating patients as active collaborators and equal partners".<sup id="cite_ref-Dorpat1996_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorpat1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 246">: 246 </span></sup> He writes, "Therapists may contribute to the victim's distress through mislabeling the [victim's] reactions.... The gaslighting behaviors of the spouse provide a recipe for the so-called '<a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder#Definition" title="Mental disorder">nervous breakdown</a>' for some [victims, and] suicide in some of the worst situations."<sup id="cite_ref-Dorpat1996_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorpat1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dorpat also cautions clinicians about the unintentional abuse of patients when using interrogation and other methods of covert control in Psychotherapy and Analysis, as these methods can subtly coerce patients rather than respect and genuinely help them.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorpat1996_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorpat1996-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 31–46">: 31–46 </span></sup> </p><p>This increased global awareness of the dangers of gaslighting has not been met with enthusiasm by all psychologists, some of whom have issued warnings that overuse of the term could weaken its meaning and minimize the serious health effects of such abuse.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Motivations">Motivations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaslighting is a way to control the moment, stop conflict, ease anxiety, and feel in control. However, it often deflects responsibility and tears down the other person.<sup id="cite_ref-Vox_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some may gaslight their partners by denying events, including personal violence.<sup id="cite_ref-JacobsonGottman1998_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JacobsonGottman1998-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Learned_behavior">Learned behavior</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Learned behavior"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaslighting is a learned trait. A gaslighter is a student of <a href="/wiki/Observational_learning" title="Observational learning">social learning</a>. They witness it, experience it themselves, or stumble upon it, and see that it works, both for <a href="/wiki/Emotional_self-regulation" title="Emotional self-regulation">self-regulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coregulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coregulation">coregulation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vox_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies have shown that gaslighting is more prevalent in couples where one or both partners have maladaptive personality traits<sup id="cite_ref-:4_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (such as traits associated with short-term mental illness like depression), substance-induced illness (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mood_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Mood disorders">mood disorders</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>), <a href="/wiki/Anxiety_disorders" class="mw-redirect" title="Anxiety disorders">anxiety disorders</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/PTSD" class="mw-redirect" title="PTSD">PTSD</a>), <a href="/wiki/Personality_disorder" title="Personality disorder">personality disorder</a> (e.g., BPD, NPD, etc.), <a href="/wiki/Neurodevelopmental_disorder" title="Neurodevelopmental disorder">neurodevelopmental disorder</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/ADHD" class="mw-redirect" title="ADHD">ADHD</a>), or combination of the above (<i>i.e.</i>, co-occurrence) and are prone to and adept at convincing others to doubt their own perceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-Stout2006_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stout2006-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Habilitation">Habilitation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Habilitation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It can be difficult to extricate oneself from a gaslighting power dynamic: </p> <ul><li>Those who gaslight must attain greater emotional awareness and self-regulation,<sup id="cite_ref-Vox_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> or;</li> <li>Those being gaslighted must learn that they do not need others to validate their reality, and they need to gain self-reliance and confidence in defining their own reality.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson2001_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson2001-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Vox_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vox-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Broader_use">Broader use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Broader use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2022, <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster</a></i> named "gaslighting" its Word of the Year due to the vast increase in channels and technologies used to mislead and the word becoming common for the perception of deception.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word is often used incorrectly to refer to conflicts and disagreements.<sup id="cite_ref-Haupt_2022_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haupt_2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holland_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ellen_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Robin Stern, PhD, co-founder of the Yale Center for Emotional Intelligence, "Gaslighting is often used in an accusatory way when somebody may just be insistent on something, or somebody may be trying to influence you. That's not what gaslighting is."<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some mental health experts have expressed concern that the broader use of the term is diluting its usefulness and may make it more difficult to identify the specific type of abuse described in the original definition.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxford_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxford-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Haupt_2022_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haupt_2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ellen_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ellen-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 2022 <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a></i> report, it had become a "trendy <a href="/wiki/Buzzword" title="Buzzword">buzzword</a>" frequently improperly used to describe ordinary disagreements, rather than those situations that align with the word's historical definition.<sup id="cite_ref-Haupt_2022_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haupt_2022-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_medicine">In medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: In medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><b>"Medical gaslighting"</b></i> is an informal term<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that refers to patients having their real symptoms dismissed or downplayed by medical professionals, leading to incorrect <i>OR</i> delayed diagnoses. Women and racial minorities are more likely to be affected by the phenomenon.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><b>Circa 2024</b></i>, “<b>medical gaslighting</b>” was coined to describe negative patient experiences of having clinical concerns inappropriately dismissed or invalidated by their attending physicians due to systematics and or bias. <sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>“Medical gaslighting is when somebody presents with symptoms that are ignored or dismissed, chalked up to anxiety or imagination, possibly told they’re too young to develop cancer or chronic illness, and having their symptoms minimized without being properly addressed,” due to bias</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>from medical practitioners. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/health-wellness/2023/05/19/medical-gaslighting-patients-doctors-need-to-know/70232820007/">[1]</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_politics">In politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gaslighting is more likely to be effective when the gaslighter has a position of power.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 2008 book <i>State of Confusion: Political Manipulation and the Assault on the American Mind</i>, the authors contend that the prevalence of gaslighting in American politics began with the age of modern communications:<sup id="cite_ref-Welch_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welch-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>To say gaslighting was started by... any extant group is not simply wrong, it also misses an important point. Gaslighting comes directly from blending modern communications, marketing, and advertising techniques with long-standing methods of propaganda. They were simply waiting to be discovered by those with sufficient ambition and psychological makeup to use them.</p></blockquote> <p>The term has been used to describe the behavior of politicians and media personalities on both the left and the right sides of the political spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-Welch_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welch-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples include: </p> <ul><li>American journalists used the word "gaslighting" to describe the actions of <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_States_presidential_election" title="2016 United States presidential election">2016 US presidential election</a> and his term as president.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Gaslighting" has been used to describe state implemented psychological harassment techniques used in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a> during the 1970s and 1980s. The techniques were used as part of the <a href="/wiki/Stasi" title="Stasi">Stasi's</a> (the state security service's) <a href="/wiki/Zersetzung" title="Zersetzung">decomposition methods</a>, which were designed to paralyze the ability of hostile-negative (politically incorrect or rebellious) people to operate without unjustifiably imprisoning them, which would have resulted in international condemnation.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">Confidence trick</a>: using trust to defraud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DARVO" title="DARVO">DARVO</a>: acronym for "deny, attack, and reverse victim and offender"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a>: intentionally using false statements to mislead</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypnopedia">Hypnopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults#Insecure" title="Attachment in adults">Insecure attachment</a>: desperate to hold onto relationships</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a>: exploiting for personal gain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Mitchell_effect" title="Martha Mitchell effect">Martha Mitchell effect</a>: labeling real experiences as delusional</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a>: struggle for relationship superiority</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivete" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivete">Naivete</a>: favors moral idealism over pragmatism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)#History" title="Spin (propaganda)">Political spin</a>: political propaganda tactic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychotherapy#General_critiques" title="Psychotherapy">Psychotherapy issues</a>: unintended treatment problems</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_distortion_field" title="Reality distortion field">Reality distortion field</a>: Steve Jobs' particular ability to convince others of virtually anything</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superiority_complex" title="Superiority complex">Superiority complex</a>: defense for feeling inferior</li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Gaslighting_GoogleTrends-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gaslighting_GoogleTrends_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&q=%2Fm%2F07h4c7&hl=en">"Gaslighting / topic"</a>. <i>Google Trends</i>. 16 November 2024. <q>Worldwide / 2004 - present / All categories / Web Search</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Trends&rft.atitle=Gaslighting+%2F+topic&rft.date=2024-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrends.google.com%2Ftrends%2Fexplore%3Fdate%3Dall%26q%3D%252Fm%252F07h4c7%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-APA_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-APA_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.apa.org/gaslight">"APA Dictionary of Psychology"</a>. <i>APA.org</i>. American Psychological Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185323/https://dictionary.apa.org/gaslight">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=APA.org&rft.atitle=APA+Dictionary+of+Psychology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.apa.org%2Fgaslight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MerriamWebster-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MerriamWebster_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MerriamWebster_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MerriamWebster_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gaslight">"Definition of gaslight (Entry 2 of 2)"</a>. <i>Merriam Webster</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185759/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gaslight">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam+Webster&rft.atitle=Definition+of+gaslight+%28Entry+2+of+2%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fgaslight&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_English_Dictionary-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_English_Dictionary_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/255554">"Gaslight"</a>. <i>Oxford English Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211019092326/https://www.oed.com/viewdictionaryentry/Entry/255554">Archived</a> from the original on 19 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>. <q>Etymology: from the title of George Cukor's 1944 film Gaslight</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Gaslight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fviewdictionaryentry%2FEntry%2F255554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoberman2019" class="citation news cs1">Hoberman, J (21 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/21/arts/gaslight-movie-afterlife.html">"Why 'Gaslight' Hasn't Lost Its Glow"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190822014242/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/21/arts/gaslight-movie-afterlife.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2019</span>. <q>The verb 'to gaslight,' voted by the American Dialect Society in 2016 as the word most useful/likely to succeed, and defined as "to psychologically manipulate a person into questioning their own sanity," derives from MGM's 1944 movie, directed by George Cukor.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Why+%27Gaslight%27+Hasn%27t+Lost+Its+Glow&rft.date=2019-08-21&rft.aulast=Hoberman&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2019%2F08%2F21%2Farts%2Fgaslight-movie-afterlife.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wilkinson-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wilkinson_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkinson2017" class="citation web cs1">Wilkinson, Alissa (21 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/culture/2017/1/21/14315372/what-is-gaslighting-gaslight-movie-ingrid-bergman">"What is gaslighting? The 1944 film Gaslight is the best explainer"</a>. <i>Vox</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170123035333/http://www.vox.com/culture/2017/1/21/14315372/what-is-gaslighting-gaslight-movie-ingrid-bergman">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2017</span>. <q>to understand gaslighting is to go to the source. George Cukor's Gaslight. The term 'gaslighting' comes from the movie.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vox&rft.atitle=What+is+gaslighting%3F+The+1944+film+Gaslight+is+the+best+explainer.&rft.date=2017-01-21&rft.aulast=Wilkinson&rft.aufirst=Alissa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vox.com%2Fculture%2F2017%2F1%2F21%2F14315372%2Fwhat-is-gaslighting-gaslight-movie-ingrid-bergman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thomas-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thomas_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas2018" class="citation journal cs1">Thomas, Laura (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30024-5/fulltext#%20">"Gaslight and gaslighting"</a>. <i>The Lancet. Psychiatry</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 117–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2215-0366%2818%2930024-5">10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30024-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29413137">29413137</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221117174823/https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30024-5/fulltext#%20">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Business+Review&rft.atitle=Gaslighting+at+Work%E2%80%94and+What+to+Do+About+It&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhbr.org%2Fpodcast%2F2021%2F12%2Fgaslighting-at-work-and-what-to-do-about-it&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NBC-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NBC_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiGiulio2018" class="citation web cs1">DiGiulio, Sarah (13 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/better/health/what-gaslighting-how-do-you-know-if-it-s-happening-ncna890866">"What is gaslighting? And how do you know if it's happening to you?"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211231003612/https://www.nbcnews.com/better/health/what-gaslighting-how-do-you-know-if-it-s-happening-ncna890866">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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A.; Gardiner, A .Q. (1977). "The Gaslight Phenomenon: An Institutional Variant". <i><a href="/wiki/British_Journal_of_Psychiatry" title="British Journal of Psychiatry">British Journal of Psychiatry</a></i>. <b>131</b> (5): 533–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1192%2Fbjp.131.5.533">10.1192/bjp.131.5.533</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/588872">588872</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:33671694">33671694</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Psychiatry&rft.atitle=The+Gaslight+Phenomenon%3A+An+Institutional+Variant&rft.volume=131&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=533-34&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A33671694%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F588872&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1192%2Fbjp.131.5.533&rft.aulast=Lund&rft.aufirst=C.+A.&rft.au=Gardiner%2C+A+.Q.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gass-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gass_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGass_PhDNichols_EdD1988" class="citation journal cs1">Gass PhD, Gertrude Zemon; Nichols EdD, William C. (18 March 1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00922429">"Gaslighting: A marital syndrome"</a>. <i>Contemp Family Therapy</i>. <b>8</b>: 3–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00922429">10.1007/BF00922429</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145019324">145019324</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211015202640/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF00922429">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemp+Family+Therapy&rft.atitle=Gaslighting%3A+A+marital+syndrome&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=3-16&rft.date=1988-03-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00922429&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145019324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Gass+PhD&rft.aufirst=Gertrude+Zemon&rft.au=Nichols+EdD%2C+William+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%252FBF00922429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarlow2010" class="citation journal cs1">Barlow, D. H. (January 2010). "Special section on negative effects from psychological treatments". <i><a href="/wiki/American_Psychologist" title="American Psychologist">American Psychologist</a></i>. <b>65</b> (1): 13–49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0015643">10.1037/a0015643</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20063906">20063906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Special+section+on+negative+effects+from+psychological+treatments&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13-49&rft.date=2010-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0015643&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20063906&rft.aulast=Barlow&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorpat1996-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorpat1996_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorpat1996_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorpat1996_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorpat1996_23-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorpat1996_23-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorpat1996" class="citation book cs1">Dorpat, Theodore L. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QxUCcfBJQfoC"><i>Gaslighting, the Double Whammy, Interrogation, and Other Methods of Covert Control in Psychotherapy and Psychoanalysis</i></a>. Northvale, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Jason_Aronson" title="Jason Aronson">Jason Aronson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56821-828-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56821-828-1"><bdi>978-1-56821-828-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/34548677">34548677</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gaslighting%2C+the+Double+Whammy%2C+Interrogation%2C+and+Other+Methods+of+Covert+Control+in+Psychotherapy+and+Psychoanalysis&rft.place=Northvale%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Jason+Aronson&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F34548677&rft.isbn=978-1-56821-828-1&rft.aulast=Dorpat&rft.aufirst=Theodore+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQxUCcfBJQfoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasseches1997" class="citation journal cs1">Basseches, Michael (April 1997). "A developmental perspective on psychotherapy process, psychotherapists' expertise, and 'meaning-making conflict' within therapeutic relationships: part II". <i>Journal of Adult Development</i>. <b>4</b> (2): 85–106. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02510083">10.1007/BF02510083</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143991100">143991100</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Adult+Development&rft.atitle=A+developmental+perspective+on+psychotherapy+process%2C+psychotherapists%27+expertise%2C+and+%27meaning-making+conflict%27+within+therapeutic+relationships%3A+part+II&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-106&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02510083&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143991100%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Basseches&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span> Basseches coined the term "theoretical abuse" as a parallel to "sexual abuse" in psychotherapy.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JacobsonGottman1998-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JacobsonGottman1998_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsonGottman1998" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Neil S.; Gottman, John M. (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenmenbatterwom00jaco"><i>When Men Batter Women: New Insights into Ending Abusive Relationships</i></a></span>. Simon and Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/whenmenbatterwom00jaco/page/129">129</a>–132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81447-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-81447-6"><bdi>978-0-684-81447-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Men+Batter+Women%3A+New+Insights+into+Ending+Abusive+Relationships&rft.pages=129-132&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-684-81447-6&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Neil+S.&rft.au=Gottman%2C+John+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwhenmenbatterwom00jaco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMianoBellomareGenova2021" class="citation journal cs1">Miano, Paola; Bellomare, Martina; Genova, Vincenzo Giuseppe (2 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/13552600.2020.1850893">"Personality correlates of gaslighting behaviours in young adults"</a>. <i>Journal of Sexual Aggression</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 285–298. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13552600.2020.1850893">10.1080/13552600.2020.1850893</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1355-2600">1355-2600</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234287319">234287319</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313174515/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13552600.2020.1850893">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sexual+Aggression&rft.atitle=Personality+correlates+of+gaslighting+behaviours+in+young+adults&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=285-298&rft.date=2021-09-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234287319%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1355-2600&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13552600.2020.1850893&rft.aulast=Miano&rft.aufirst=Paola&rft.au=Bellomare%2C+Martina&rft.au=Genova%2C+Vincenzo+Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F13552600.2020.1850893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stout2006-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stout2006_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStout2006" class="citation book cs1">Stout, Martha (14 March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PyOjlz_2SG0C&pg=PA94"><i>The Sociopath Next Door</i></a>. Random House Digital. pp. 94–95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1582-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-1582-3"><bdi>978-0-7679-1582-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313174522/https://books.google.com/books?id=PyOjlz_2SG0C&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociopath+Next+Door&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital&rft.date=2006-03-14&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-1582-3&rft.aulast=Stout&rft.aufirst=Martha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPyOjlz_2SG0C%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nelson2001-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Nelson2001_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson2001" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Hilde L. (March 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EjL9qyGmJF4C&pg=PA31"><i>Damaged identities, narrative repair</i></a>. Cornell University Press. pp. 31–32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8740-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8740-8"><bdi>978-0-8014-8740-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313175214/https://books.google.com/books?id=EjL9qyGmJF4C&pg=PA31#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damaged+identities%2C+narrative+repair&rft.pages=31-32&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001-03&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8740-8&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Hilde+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEjL9qyGmJF4C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/word-of-the-year">"Word of the Year 2022"</a>. <i>www.merriam-webster.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221128235416/https://www.merriam-webster.com/words-at-play/word-of-the-year">Archived</a> from the original on 28 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Word+of+the+Year+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fwords-at-play%2Fword-of-the-year&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellen-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellen_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellen_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllen2019" class="citation web cs1">Ellen, Barbara (6 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/06/gaslighting-gone-mainstream-but-we-shouldnt-overuse-the-term">"In accusing all creeps of gaslighting, we dishonour the real victims"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706172246/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/jul/06/gaslighting-gone-mainstream-but-we-shouldnt-overuse-the-term">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=In+accusing+all+creeps+of+gaslighting%2C+we+dishonour+the+real+victims&rft.date=2019-07-06&rft.aulast=Ellen&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2019%2Fjul%2F06%2Fgaslighting-gone-mainstream-but-we-shouldnt-overuse-the-term&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVargas2022" class="citation news cs1">Vargas, Theresa (2 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/04/02/women-medical-gaslighting-stories/">"Women are sharing their 'medical gaslighting' stories. Now what?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1330888409">1330888409</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220812210726/https://www.washingtonpost.com/dc-md-va/2022/04/02/women-medical-gaslighting-stories/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 August 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 October</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Women+are+sharing+their+%27medical+gaslighting%27+stories.+Now+what%3F&rft.date=2022-04-02&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1330888409&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Vargas&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fdc-md-va%2F2022%2F04%2F02%2Fwomen-medical-gaslighting-stories%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewman-TokerMoyValenteCoffey2014" class="citation journal cs1">Newman-Toker, David E.; Moy, Ernest; Valente, Ernest; Coffey, Rosanna; Hines, Anika L. (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5361750">"Missed diagnosis of stroke in the emergency department: a cross-sectional analysis of a large population-based sample"</a>. <i>Diagnosis (Berlin, Germany)</i>. <b>1</b> (2): 155–166. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fdx-2013-0038">10.1515/dx-2013-0038</a> (inactive 27 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2194-8011">2194-8011</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5361750">5361750</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28344918">28344918</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diagnosis+%28Berlin%2C+Germany%29&rft.atitle=Missed+diagnosis+of+stroke+in+the+emergency+department%3A+a+cross-sectional+analysis+of+a+large+population-based+sample&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-166&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5361750%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2194-8011&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28344918&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fdx-2013-0038&rft.aulast=Newman-Toker&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft.au=Moy%2C+Ernest&rft.au=Valente%2C+Ernest&rft.au=Coffey%2C+Rosanna&rft.au=Hines%2C+Anika+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5361750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHambergRisbergJohanssonWestman2002" class="citation journal cs1">Hamberg, Katarina; Risberg, Gunilla; Johansson, Eva E.; Westman, Göran (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396897/">"Gender bias in physicians' management of neck pain: a study of the answers in a Swedish national examination"</a>. <i>Journal of Women's Health & Gender-Based Medicine</i>. <b>11</b> (7): 653–666. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2F152460902760360595">10.1089/152460902760360595</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1524-6094">1524-6094</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396897">12396897</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160952/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12396897/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Women%27s+Health+%26+Gender-Based+Medicine&rft.atitle=Gender+bias+in+physicians%27+management+of+neck+pain%3A+a+study+of+the+answers+in+a+Swedish+national+examination&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=653-666&rft.date=2002-09&rft.issn=1524-6094&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12396897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2F152460902760360595&rft.aulast=Hamberg&rft.aufirst=Katarina&rft.au=Risberg%2C+Gunilla&rft.au=Johansson%2C+Eva+E.&rft.au=Westman%2C+G%C3%B6ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F12396897%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBleickenHahnerVentzQuinkler2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bleicken, Benjamin; Hahner, Stefanie; Ventz, Manfred; Quinkler, Marcus (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20400889/">"Delayed diagnosis of adrenal insufficiency is common: a cross-sectional study in 216 patients"</a>. <i>The American Journal of the Medical Sciences</i>. <b>339</b> (6): 525–531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FMAJ.0b013e3181db6b7a">10.1097/MAJ.0b013e3181db6b7a</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1538-2990">1538-2990</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20400889">20400889</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230317160952/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20400889/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+the+Medical+Sciences&rft.atitle=Delayed+diagnosis+of+adrenal+insufficiency+is+common%3A+a+cross-sectional+study+in+216+patients&rft.volume=339&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=525-531&rft.date=2010-06&rft.issn=1538-2990&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20400889&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FMAJ.0b013e3181db6b7a&rft.aulast=Bleicken&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Hahner%2C+Stefanie&rft.au=Ventz%2C+Manfred&rft.au=Quinkler%2C+Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F20400889%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNgThamSinghThong2024" class="citation journal cs1">Ng, Isaac KS; Tham, Sarah ZL; Singh, Gaurav Deep; Thong, Christopher; Teo, Desmond B. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amjmed.com/action/showCitFormats?doi=10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2024.06.022&pii=S0002-9343%2824%2900396-6">"Medical Gaslighting: A New Colloquialism"</a>. <i>The American Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>137</b> (10): 920–922. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2024.06.022">10.1016/j.amjmed.2024.06.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38936758">38936758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Medical+Gaslighting%3A+A+New+Colloquialism&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=920-922&rft.date=2024&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjmed.2024.06.022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38936758&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Isaac+KS&rft.au=Tham%2C+Sarah+ZL&rft.au=Singh%2C+Gaurav+Deep&rft.au=Thong%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Teo%2C+Desmond+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amjmed.com%2Faction%2FshowCitFormats%3Fdoi%3D10.1016%252Fj.amjmed.2024.06.022%26pii%3DS0002-9343%252824%252900396-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.health.harvard.edu/staying-healthy/what-to-do-about-medical-gaslighting">"What to do about medical gaslighting"</a>. April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+to+do+about+medical+gaslighting&rft.date=2024-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.health.harvard.edu%2Fstaying-healthy%2Fwhat-to-do-about-medical-gaslighting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopalChettyO'DonnellGajria2021" class="citation journal cs1">Gopal, D. P.; Chetty, U.; O'Donnell, P.; Gajria, C.; Blackadder-Weinstein, J. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8004354">"Implicit bias in healthcare: Clinical practice, research and decision making"</a>. <i>Future Healthcare Journal</i>. <b>8</b> (1): 40–48. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7861%2Ffhj.2020-0233">10.7861/fhj.2020-0233</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8004354">8004354</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33791459">33791459</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+Healthcare+Journal&rft.atitle=Implicit+bias+in+healthcare%3A+Clinical+practice%2C+research+and+decision+making&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=40-48&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8004354%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33791459&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7861%2Ffhj.2020-0233&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=D.+P.&rft.au=Chetty%2C+U.&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+P.&rft.au=Gajria%2C+C.&rft.au=Blackadder-Weinstein%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8004354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Medical gaslighting describes when health care professionals seem to invalidate or ignore your concerns. It can be linked to missed diagnoses, delayed treatment, and poor health outcomes. It might damage your trust in the health care system and make you less likely to seek care.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2011" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_K._Simon" title="George K. Simon">Simon, George</a> (8 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://counsellingresource.com/features/2011/11/08/gaslighting/">"Gaslighting as a Manipulation Tactic: What It Is, Who Does It, and Why"</a>. <i>CounsellingResource.com: Psychology, Therapy & Mental Health Resources</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313175058/https://counsellingresource.com/features/2011/11/08/gaslighting/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CounsellingResource.com%3A+Psychology%2C+Therapy+%26+Mental+Health+Resources&rft.atitle=Gaslighting+as+a+Manipulation+Tactic%3A+What+It+Is%2C+Who+Does+It%2C+and+Why&rft.date=2011-11-08&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcounsellingresource.com%2Ffeatures%2F2011%2F11%2F08%2Fgaslighting%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welch-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welch_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welch_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2008" class="citation book cs1">Welch, Bryant (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/stateofconfusion00welc"><i>State of Confusion: Political Manipulation and the Assault on the American Mind</i></a></span>. New York: Thomas Dunne Books, St. Martin's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37306-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-37306-1"><bdi>978-0-312-37306-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/181601311">181601311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+of+Confusion%3A+Political+Manipulation+and+the+Assault+on+the+American+Mind&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books%2C+St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F181601311&rft.isbn=978-0-312-37306-1&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=Bryant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstateofconfusion00welc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhitis" class="citation news cs1">Ghitis, Frida. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/10/opinions/donald-trump-is-gaslighting-america-ghitis/index.html">"Donald Trump is 'gaslighting' all of us"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419090309/https://www.cnn.com/2017/01/10/opinions/donald-trump-is-gaslighting-america-ghitis/index.html">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+is+%27gaslighting%27+all+of+us&rft.aulast=Ghitis&rft.aufirst=Frida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2017%2F01%2F10%2Fopinions%2Fdonald-trump-is-gaslighting-america-ghitis%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">* <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson2017" class="citation news cs1">Gibson, Caitlin (27 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-donald-trump-and-gaslighting/2017/01/27/b02e6de4-e330-11e6-ba11-63c4b4fb5a63_story.html">"What we talk about when we talk about Donald Trump and 'gaslighting'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201022062923/https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/what-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-donald-trump-and-gaslighting/2017/01/27/b02e6de4-e330-11e6-ba11-63c4b4fb5a63_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=What+we+talk+about+when+we+talk+about+Donald+Trump+and+%27gaslighting%27&rft.date=2017-01-27&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Caitlin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flifestyle%2Fstyle%2Fwhat-we-talk-about-when-we-talk-about-donald-trump-and-gaslighting%2F2017%2F01%2F27%2Fb02e6de4-e330-11e6-ba11-63c4b4fb5a63_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDominus2016" class="citation news cs1">Dominus, Susan (27 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/27/magazine/the-reverse-gaslighting-of-donald-trump.html">"The Reverse-Gaslighting of Donald Trump"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210414233604/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/27/magazine/the-reverse-gaslighting-of-donald-trump.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Reverse-Gaslighting+of+Donald+Trump&rft.date=2016-09-27&rft.aulast=Dominus&rft.aufirst=Susan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F09%2F27%2Fmagazine%2Fthe-reverse-gaslighting-of-donald-trump.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuca2016" class="citation news cs1">Duca, Lauren (10 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teenvogue.com/story/donald-trump-is-gaslighting-america">"Donald Trump Is Gaslighting America"</a>. <i>Teen Vogue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210419165750/https://www.teenvogue.com/story/donald-trump-is-gaslighting-america">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Teen+Vogue&rft.atitle=Donald+Trump+Is+Gaslighting+America&rft.date=2016-12-10&rft.aulast=Duca&rft.aufirst=Lauren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.teenvogue.com%2Fstory%2Fdonald-trump-is-gaslighting-america&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2017" class="citation news cs1">Fox, Maggie (25 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/health/mental-health/some-experts-say-trump-team-s-falsehoods-are-classic-gaslighting-n711021">"Some Experts Say Trump Team's Falsehoods Are Classic 'Gaslighting'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NBC_News" title="NBC News">NBC News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210129091309/https://www.nbcnews.com/health/mental-health/some-experts-say-trump-team-s-falsehoods-are-classic-gaslighting-n711021">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Some+Experts+Say+Trump+Team%27s+Falsehoods+Are+Classic+%27Gaslighting%27&rft.date=2017-01-25&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Maggie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fhealth%2Fmental-health%2Fsome-experts-say-trump-team-s-falsehoods-are-classic-gaslighting-n711021&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSopel2018" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jon_Sopel" title="Jon Sopel">Sopel, Jon</a> (25 July 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44959300">"From 'alternative facts' to rewriting history in Trump's White House"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180726012522/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-44959300">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=From+%27alternative+facts%27+to+rewriting+history+in+Trump%27s+White+House&rft.date=2018-07-25&rft.aulast=Sopel&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-us-canada-44959300&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-:10-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:10_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConstabile-HemingGlajarLewis2021" class="citation book cs1">Constabile-Heming, Carol Anne; Glajar, Valentina; Lewis, Alison (2021). "Citizen informants, glitches in the system, and the limits of collaboration: Eastern experiences in the cold war era". In Marklund, Andreas; Skouvig, Laura (eds.). <i>Histories of Surveillance from Antiquity to the Digital Era: The Eyes and Ears of Power</i>. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Citizen+informants%2C+glitches+in+the+system%2C+and+the+limits+of+collaboration%3A+Eastern+experiences+in+the+cold+war+era&rft.btitle=Histories+of+Surveillance+from+Antiquity+to+the+Digital+Era%3A+The+Eyes+and+Ears+of+Power&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Constabile-Heming&rft.aufirst=Carol+Anne&rft.au=Glajar%2C+Valentina&rft.au=Lewis%2C+Alison&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaslighting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Template:Manipulation (psychology)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Template talk:Manipulation (psychology)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Manipulation (psychology)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Manipulation_(psychology)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation (psychology)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Positive manipulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_lie" title="Big lie">Big lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwashing" title="Brainwashing">Brainwashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bribery" title="Bribery">Bribery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_grooming" class="mw-redirect" title="Child grooming">Child grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">Disinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flattery" title="Flattery">Flattery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_bombing" title="Love bombing">Love bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predatory_marriage" title="Predatory marriage">Predatory marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seduction" title="Seduction">Seduction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Negative manipulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bullying" title="Bullying">Bullying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">Character assassination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">Coercion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intimidation" title="Intimidation">Intimidation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_games" title="Mind games">Mind games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">Mobbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smear_campaign" title="Smear campaign">Smear campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_rejection" title="Social rejection">Social rejection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other manipulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entrapment" title="Entrapment">Entrapment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gaslighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_cop,_bad_cop" title="Good cop, bad cop">Good cop, bad cop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoctrination" title="Indoctrination">Indoctrination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence-for-hire" title="Influence-for-hire">Influence-for-hire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interrogation" title="Interrogation">Interrogation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(propaganda)" title="Spin (propaganda)">Spin (propaganda)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related manipulation topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crowd_manipulation" title="Crowd manipulation">Crowd manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">Confidence trick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_manipulation" title="Internet manipulation">Internet manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_manipulation" title="Market manipulation">Market manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_manipulation" title="Media manipulation">Media manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nudge_theory" title="Nudge theory">Nudge theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shill" title="Shill">Shill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undue_influence" title="Undue influence">Undue influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&oldid=1260334360">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaslighting&oldid=1260334360</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a 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