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mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821_en_science" title="1821 en science – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="1821 en science" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2" title="1821 במדע – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="1821 במדע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821_a_tudom%C3%A1nyban" title="1821 a tudományban – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="1821 a tudományban" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE_1821_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Науката во 1821 година – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Науката во 1821 година" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitenskaps%C3%A5ret_1821" title="Vitenskapsåret 1821 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vitenskapsåret 1821" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitskap_i_1821" title="Vitskap i 1821 – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vitskap i 1821" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821_na_ci%C3%AAncia" title="1821 na ciência – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="1821 na ciência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/1821_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4_%D0%B2_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B5" title="1821 год в науке – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="1821 год в науке" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vetenskaps%C3%A5ret_1821" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Overview of the events of 1821 in science</div> <table class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th style="font-size:larger;"> <table style="width:100%"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:left; width:15%;"> </td> <td style="text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_science" title="List of years in science">List of years in science</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right; width:15%;">(<a href="/wiki/Table_of_years_in_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of years in science">table</a>) </td></tr></tbody></table> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_by_year" title="Category:Science by year">…</a> <a href="/wiki/1811_in_science" title="1811 in science">1811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1812_in_science" title="1812 in science">1812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1813_in_science" title="1813 in science">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1814_in_science" title="1814 in science">1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1815_in_science" title="1815 in science">1815</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1816_in_science" title="1816 in science">1816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1817_in_science" title="1817 in science">1817</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1818_in_science" title="1818 in science">1818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1819_in_science" title="1819 in science">1819</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1820_in_science" title="1820 in science">1820</a></li> <li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1821</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1822_in_science" title="1822 in science">1822</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1823_in_science" title="1823 in science">1823</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_in_science" title="1824 in science">1824</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1825_in_science" title="1825 in science">1825</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1826_in_science" title="1826 in science">1826</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1827_in_science" title="1827 in science">1827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_in_science" title="1828 in science">1828</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1829_in_science" title="1829 in science">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_in_science" title="1830 in science">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_in_science" title="1831 in science">1831</a> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_by_year" title="Category:Science by year">…</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_art" title="1821 in art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_archaeology" title="1821 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_architecture" title="1821 in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_literature" title="1821 in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_music" title="1821 in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1821 in philosophy (page does not exist)">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Science</a></li></ul> </div><i><a href="/wiki/Category:1821" title="Category:1821">+...</a></i> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1821 in science</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div style="float:left;"><a href="/wiki/1820_in_science" title="1820 in science">1820</a></div><div style="float:right;"><a href="/wiki/1822_in_science" title="1822 in science">1822</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Fields</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_archaeology" title="1821 in archaeology">Archaeology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Technology</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_sustainable_energy_research_2020_to_the_present" title="Timeline of sustainable energy research 2020 to the present">Sustainable energy research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_transportation_technology#19st_century" title="Timeline of transportation technology">Transportation technology</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Social sciences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_psychology#1820s" title="Timeline of psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_governance_and_policy_studies_2020%E2%80%93present&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timeline of governance and policy studies 2020–present (page does not exist)">Governance and policy studies</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/1821_in_paleontology" title="1821 in paleontology"><b>Paleontology</b></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Cretaceous%E2%80%93Paleogene_extinction_event_research#2020s" title="Timeline of Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction event research">Dinosaurs' extinction</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Extraterrestrial environment</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Terrestrial environment</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_tornado_research#1820s" title="History of tornado research">Tornado research</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Other/related</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_birding_and_ornithology" title="1821 in birding and ornithology">Birding/ornithology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1821_in_literature" title="1821 in literature">Literature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cosmological_theories" title="Timeline of cosmological theories">Timeline of cosmological theories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_open_letters_by_academics" title="List of open letters by academics">List of open letters by academics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology#By_type" title="History of technology">History of technology by type</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines#Science" title="List of timelines">List of science timelines</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_year_nav" title="Template:Science year nav"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_year_nav" title="Template talk:Science year nav"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_year_nav" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science year nav"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The year <b>1821 in <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a></b> and <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> involved some significant events, listed below. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Astronomy">Astronomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Franz_Encke" title="Johann Franz Encke">Johann Franz Encke</a> calculates that <a href="/wiki/Comet_Encke" title="Comet Encke">Comet Encke</a> has a periodic <a href="/wiki/Orbit" title="Orbit">orbit</a>, the second <a href="/wiki/Comet" title="Comet">comet</a> after <a href="/wiki/Comet_Halley" class="mw-redirect" title="Comet Halley">Comet Halley</a> for which this has been discovered.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Bouvard" title="Alexis Bouvard">Alexis Bouvard</a> detects irregularities in the orbit of <a href="/wiki/Uranus" title="Uranus">Uranus</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Swedish <a href="/wiki/Mycologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycologist">mycologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Elias_Magnus_Fries" title="Elias Magnus Fries">Elias Magnus Fries</a> begins publication of <i><a href="/wiki/Systema_Mycologicum" title="Systema Mycologicum">Systema Mycologicum</a></i>, a key work in the modern <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">taxonomy</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mushroom" title="Mushroom">mushrooms</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Hooker" title="William Jackson Hooker">William Jackson Hooker</a> publishes <i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Scotica" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora Scotica">Flora Scotica</a>; or, A description of Scottish plants</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prideaux_John_Selby" title="Prideaux John Selby">Prideaux John Selby</a> begins publication of <i>Illustrations of British Ornithology</i>, the first set of life-sized illustrations of British birds.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chemistry">Chemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Kidd_(chemist)" title="John Kidd (chemist)">John Kidd</a> describes the properties of the substance which he calls <i><a href="/wiki/Naphthalene" title="Naphthalene">naphthaline</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jean_Robiquet" title="Pierre Jean Robiquet">Pierre Jean Robiquet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bienaim%C3%A9_Caventou" title="Joseph Bienaimé Caventou">Joseph Bienaimé Caventou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Joseph_Pelletier" title="Pierre Joseph Pelletier">Pierre Joseph Pelletier</a> isolate <a href="/wiki/Caffeine" title="Caffeine">caffeine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_exploration">Geography and exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography and exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>January 28 – Russian explorer <a href="/wiki/Fabian_Gottlieb_von_Bellingshausen" title="Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen">Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen</a> discovers <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Island" title="Alexander Island">Alexander I Land</a> in Antarctica, later determined to be the world's second-largest uninhabited island.</li> <li>December 6 – The <a href="/wiki/South_Orkney_Islands" title="South Orkney Islands">South Orkney Islands</a> are discovered by <a href="/wiki/George_Powell_(sealer)" title="George Powell (sealer)">George Powell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Palmer" title="Nathaniel Palmer">Nathaniel Palmer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>December 15 – The world's first geographical society, the <a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_g%C3%A9ographie" class="mw-redirect" title="Société de géographie">Société de géographie</a>, is established in Paris.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parry_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Parry (explorer)">William Parry</a> starts his second voyage to find the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geology">Geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ignaz_Venetz" title="Ignaz Venetz">Ignaz Venetz</a> proposes his <a href="/wiki/Ice_age" title="Ice age">ice age</a> theory.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Berthier" title="Pierre Berthier">Pierre Berthier</a> discovers <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Anning" title="Mary Anning">Mary Anning</a> finds the first ever <a href="/wiki/Plesiosaur" title="Plesiosaur">plesiosaur</a> fossil at <a href="/wiki/Lyme_Regis" title="Lyme Regis">Lyme Regis</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Mathematics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Augustin-Louis Cauchy</a> gives the first complete presentation of <a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">calculus</a> using limits.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medicine">Medicine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Medicine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bell" title="Charles Bell">Charles Bell</a> presents a paper to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>, "On the Nerves, Giving an Account of some Experiments on their Structure and Functions, which led to a New Arrangement of the System", identifying <a href="/wiki/Bell%27s_palsy" title="Bell's palsy">Bell's palsy</a>; and also publishes his book <i>Illustrations of the Great Operations of Surgery: Trepan, Hernia, Amputation, Aneurism, and Lithotomy</i> (illustrated by himself).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Marc_Gaspard_Itard" title="Jean Marc Gaspard Itard">Jean Marc Gaspard Itard</a> publishes <i>Traité des maladies d'oreille et de l'audition</i> in Paris, a major work on <a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">otology</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleontology">Paleontology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paleontology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a> finds the remains of a <a href="/wiki/Hyena" title="Hyena">hyena</a>'s den in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a>, containing the bones of <a href="/wiki/Lion" title="Lion">lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physics">Physics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> discovers electromagnetic rotation.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Johann_Seebeck" title="Thomas Johann Seebeck">Thomas Johann Seebeck</a> discovers the <a href="/wiki/Thermoelectric_effect" title="Thermoelectric effect">thermoelectric effect</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin_Fresnel" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin Fresnel">Augustin Fresnel</a> shows that light is made up of a traverse wave motion.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Herapath" title="John Herapath">John Herapath</a> publishes a <a href="/wiki/Kinetic_theory_of_gases" title="Kinetic theory of gases">kinetic theory of gases</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antide_Janvier" title="Antide Janvier">Antide Janvier</a> publishes his textbook on the theory and practice of watchmaking, <i>Manuel Chronometrique, ou, precis de ce qui concerne le temps, ses divisions, ses mesures, leurs usages, etc.</i> in Paris.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Herschel" title="John Herschel">John Herschel</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Births">Births</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Births"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>May 16 – <a href="/wiki/Pafnuty_Chebyshev" title="Pafnuty Chebyshev">Pafnuty Chebyshev</a> (died <a href="/wiki/1894_in_science" title="1894 in science">1894</a>), Russian <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>.</li> <li>May 25 – <a href="/wiki/Henri_Alexis_Brialmont" title="Henri Alexis Brialmont">Henri Alexis Brialmont</a> (died <a href="/wiki/1903_in_science" title="1903 in science">1903</a>), <a href="/wiki/Limburg_(Netherlands)" title="Limburg (Netherlands)">Limburgish</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Military engineer">military engineer</a>.</li> <li>May 26 – <a href="/wiki/Amalie_Dietrich" title="Amalie Dietrich">Amalie Dietrich</a> (died <a href="/wiki/1891_in_science" title="1891 in science">1891</a>), <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Naturalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Naturalist">naturalist</a>.</li> <li>April 27 – <a href="/wiki/Henry_Willis" title="Henry Willis">Henry Willis</a> (died <a href="/wiki/1901_in_science" title="1901 in science">1901</a>), English organ builder.</li> <li>August 16 – <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Cayley" title="Arthur Cayley">Arthur Cayley</a> (died <a href="/wiki/1895_in_science" title="1895 in science">1895</a>), English mathematician.</li> <li>August 31 – <a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a> (died <a href="/wiki/1894_in_science" title="1894 in science">1894</a>), German <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a>.</li> <li>October 13 – <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Virchow" title="Rudolf Virchow">Rudolf Virchow</a> (died <a href="/wiki/1902_in_science" title="1902 in science">1902</a>), German <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a>.</li> <li>November 18 – <a href="/wiki/Franz_Br%C3%BCnnow" title="Franz Brünnow">Franz Brünnow</a> (died <a href="/wiki/1891_in_science" title="1891 in science">1891</a>), German <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>.</li> <li>December 21 – <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Haughton" title="Samuel Haughton">Samuel Haughton</a> (died <a href="/wiki/1897_in_science" title="1897 in science">1897</a>), <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> scientific <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deaths">Deaths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Deaths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>April 20 – <a href="/wiki/Franz_Karl_Achard" title="Franz Karl Achard">Franz Karl Achard</a> (born <a href="/wiki/1753_in_science" title="1753 in science">1753</a>), German <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>.</li> <li>October 4 – <a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_Lachapelle" title="Marie-Louise Lachapelle">Marie-Louise Lachapelle</a> (born <a href="/wiki/1769_in_science" title="1769 in science">1769</a>), French <a href="/wiki/Midwife" title="Midwife">midwife</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKidd1821" class="citation journal cs1">Kidd, John (1821). "Observations on Naphthaline, a peculiar substance resembling a concrete essential oil, which is apparently produced during the decomposition of coal tar, by exposure to a red heat". <i><a href="/wiki/Philosophical_Transactions_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>111</b>: 209–221. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1821.0017">10.1098/rstl.1821.0017</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:97798085">97798085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Observations+on+Naphthaline%2C+a+peculiar+substance+resembling+a+concrete+essential+oil%2C+which+is+apparently+produced+during+the+decomposition+of+coal+tar%2C+by+exposure+to+a+red+heat&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=209-221&rft.date=1821&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1821.0017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A97798085%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Kidd&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1821+in+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadland,_Robert_K.1989" class="citation book cs1">Headland, Robert K. (1989). <i>Chronological list of Antarctic expeditions and related historical events</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30903-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-30903-5"><bdi>978-0-521-30903-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/185311468">185311468</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronological+list+of+Antarctic+expeditions+and+related+historical+events&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F185311468&rft.isbn=978-0-521-30903-5&rft.au=Headland%2C+Robert+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1821+in+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/556316/South-Orkney-Islands">"South Orkney Islands | Location & Facts"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=South+Orkney+Islands+%26%23124%3B+Location+%26+Facts&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F556316%2FSouth-Orkney-Islands&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1821+in+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/Copley-Medal">"Copley Medal | British scientific award"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Copley+Medal+%7C+British+scientific+award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2FCopley-Medal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A1821+in+science" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&oldid=1229407301">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1821_in_science&oldid=1229407301</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1821_in_science" title="Category:1821 in science">1821 in science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th_century_in_science" title="Category:19th century in science">19th century in science</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1820s_in_science" title="Category:1820s in science">1820s in science</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 June 2024, at 16:57<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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