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<div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.11</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.12</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.13</span> <span>Trinidad and Tobago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.14</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.15</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Television-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Television subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.13</span> <span>The Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.14</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.15</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trinidad_and_Tobago_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.16</span> <span>Trinidad and Tobago</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trinidad_and_Tobago_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.17</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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For the spirituality-focused literary genre, see <a href="/wiki/Theological_fiction" title="Theological fiction">theological fiction</a>. 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span"><div class="multiple-issues-text mw-collapsible"><b>This article has multiple issues.</b> Please help <b><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Religious_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Religious broadcasting">improve it</a></b> or discuss these issues on the <b><a href="/wiki/Talk:Religious_broadcasting" title="Talk:Religious broadcasting">talk page</a></b>. <small><i>(<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove these messages</a>)</i></small> <div class="mw-collapsible-content"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Religious_broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Religious broadcasting">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Religious+broadcasting%22">"Religious broadcasting"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Religious+broadcasting%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Religious+broadcasting%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Religious+broadcasting%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Religious+broadcasting%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Religious+broadcasting%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this article <b>deal primarily with Christianity, the <a href="/wiki/English-speaking_world" title="English-speaking world">English-speaking world</a>, and South Asia and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit">improve this article</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Religious_broadcasting" title="Talk:Religious broadcasting">talk page</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_wizard" title="Wikipedia:Article wizard">create a new article</a>, as appropriate.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expert_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs attention from an expert in Islam, Judaism, Hinduism or Buddhism</b>. The specific problem is: <b>Article needs more non-Christian examples.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Islam" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Islam">WikiProject Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Judaism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Judaism">WikiProject Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject Hinduism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Buddhism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Buddhism">WikiProject Buddhism</a> may be able to help recruit an expert.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2017</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Religious broadcasting</b>, sometimes referred to as <b>faith-based broadcasts</b>, is the dissemination of television and/or radio content that intentionally has religious ideas, religious experience, or religious practice as its core focus. In some countries, religious broadcasting developed primarily within the context of public service provision (as in the UK), whilst in others, it has been driven more by <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">religious</a> organisations themselves (as in the United States). Across Europe and in the US and Canada, religious broadcasting began in the earliest days of radio, usually with the transmission of religious worship, preaching or "talks". Over time, formats evolved to include a broad range of styles and approaches, including radio and television drama, documentary, and chat show formats, as well as more traditional devotional content. Today, many religious organizations record sermons and lectures, and have moved into distributing content on their own web-based IP channels.<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong1978_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong1978-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Religious broadcasting can be funded <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercially</a> or through some sort of <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a>-style arrangement (religious broadcasters are often recognized as <a href="/wiki/Non-profit" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-profit">non-profit</a> organizations). Donations from listeners and viewers, often <a href="/wiki/Tax-deductible" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax-deductible">tax-deductible</a>, are solicited by some broadcasters.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the US, 42 percent of non-commercial radio stations currently have a religious format where on the other hand about 80 percent of the 2,400 Christian radio stations and 100 full-power Christian TV stations throughout the entire United States are considered non-profit.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some countries, particularly those with an established <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, broadcasting related to one particular religion only is allowed, or in some cases required. For example, a function of the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_Broadcasting_Corporation#Legal_basis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation">Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation</a> is by law "to broadcast such programmes as may promote Islamic ideology, national unity and principles of democracy, freedom equality, tolerance and social justice as enunciated by Islam..." (s. 10(1)(b)). </p><p>Broadcasting in both radio and TV has taken on a new look with the development of the internet and mobile devices. Internet radio stations and internet TV stations have been on the rise over the last few years. The main reason for the increase is that the cost to set up and operate is significantly less than traditional radio and TV stations. This is huge for religious organisations as it allows them to put their religious content to a world wide audience at a fraction of the cost. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Radio">Radio</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(The distinction between radio and television broadcasters is not rigid; broadcasters in both areas may appear in the Radio or Television section in this article.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious radio stations include </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a> Australia Radio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Jewish_Radio" title="Melbourne Jewish Radio">Melbourne Jewish Radio</a></li> <li>Australia National Hindu Radio (ANHR)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Rede Católica de Rádio (Catholic radio network) <ul><li>Rádio Canção Nova</li> <li>Rádio Aparecida</li> <li>Rádio Imaculada Conceição</li> <li>Rádio Evangelizar</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A1dio_Novo_Tempo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rádio Novo Tempo (page does not exist)">Rádio Novo Tempo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rede_Aleluia" title="Rede Aleluia">Rede Aleluia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a>)</li> <li>Rádio Deus é Amor (<a href="/wiki/God_is_Love_Pentecostal_Church" title="God is Love Pentecostal Church">God is Love Pentecostal Church</a>)</li> <li>Rede Gospel FM (<a href="/wiki/Reborn_in_Christ_Church" title="Reborn in Christ Church">Reborn in Christ Church</a>)</li> <li>Rede Nossa Rádio]] (<a href="/wiki/International_Grace_of_God_Church" title="International Grace of God Church">International Grace of God Church</a>)</li> <li>Rede Feliz FM (Peace and Life Christian Community)</li> <li>Rede Sara Brasil FM (Heal Our Earth Evangelical Community)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioislam.ca/">Canadian Islamic Broadcasting Network (CIBN)</a> - Islamic Talk Radio</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>World Hindu Radio;World latest Hindu Community Radio Station based in <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya, India</a></li> <li>Asian Hindu Radio; based on <a href="/wiki/Ayodhya" title="Ayodhya">Ayodhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Suva" title="Suva">Suva</a></li> <li>Marithus Hindu Voice</li> <li>Fiji Hindu Radio</li> <li>Angel Radio</li> <li>Jai Ram Community Radio</li> <li>Hindustan World Radio</li> <li>Malabar Muslim Radio</li> <li>Asian Muslim World</li> <li>Lord Radio</li> <li>Jwiees Radio International</li> <li>Vice of Hindu (VOH)</li> <li>Vice of Jain (VOJ)</li> <li>Vice of Sikh (VOS)</li> <li>Vice of Parasi (VOP)</li> <li>Vice of Christian (VOC)</li> <li>VOH Hindi</li> <li>VOH Tamil</li> <li>VOH Bangla</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Maria" title="Radio Maria">Radio Maria</a>; International Catholic radio broadcasting, founded by Erba, has branches in 55 countries around the world. <a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a> is its sister media.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Public_Broadcasting#other" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands Public Broadcasting">Netherlands Public Broadcasting § other</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Broadcasting_Foundation" title="Buddhist Broadcasting Foundation">Buddhist Broadcasting Foundation</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Humanistische_Omroep" title="Humanistische Omroep">Humanistische Omroep</a></b>: A small broadcaster dedicated to secular Humanism.</li> <li><b>IKON</b> (Interkerkelijke Omroep Nederland): A small broadcaster representing a diverse set of nine mainstream Christian churches.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Joodse_Omroep" title="Joodse Omroep">Joodse Omroep</a></b> The new name of NIKmedia (Nederlands-Israëlitisch Kerkgenootschap): Dutch-Jewish broadcaster.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Islamitische_Omroep" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandse Islamitische Omroep">NIO</a></b> (Nederlandse Islamitische Omroep): Small Islamic broadcaster.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Moslim_Omroep" class="mw-redirect" title="Nederlandse Moslim Omroep">NMO</a></b> (Nederlandse Moslim Omroep): Small Islamic broadcaster, slightly more progressive than the NIO.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Organisatie_Hindoe_Media" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisatie Hindoe Media">OHM</a></b> (Organisatie Hindoe Media): Small Hindu broadcaster.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katholiek_Kerkgenootschap" title="Rooms-Katholiek Kerkgenootschap">RKK</a></b> (Rooms-Katholiek Kerkgenootschap): Small Roman Catholic broadcaster, actual programming produced by the KRO. Roman Catholic events and services on television are broadcast by the RKK.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Zendtijd_voor_Kerken" title="Zendtijd voor Kerken">ZvK</a></b> (Zendtijd voor Kerken): Small broadcaster that broadcasts church services from some smaller Protestant churches.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhema_Media" title="Rhema Media">Rhema Media</a> encompasses three radio networks; Rhema, Life FM and Star.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DZBR" title="DZBR">Bible Radio DZBR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Praise" title="Cathedral of Praise">Cathedral of Praise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Media_Network" title="Catholic Media Network">Catholic Media Network</a> (Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_Catholic_Television_Network" title="Cebu Catholic Television Network">Cebu Catholic Television Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecostal_Missionary_Church_of_Christ_(4th_Watch)" title="Pentecostal Missionary Church of Christ (4th Watch)">End-Time Mission Broadcasting Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_East_Broadcasting_Company" title="Far East Broadcasting Company">FEBC Philippines</a> (Christianity)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Channel_Philippines" title="Hope Channel Philippines">Hope Channel (TV), Hope Radio and Adventist World Radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DZEM" title="DZEM">INC Radio 954</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonshine_Media_Network_International" title="Sonshine Media Network International">Sonshine Media Network International</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZOE_Broadcasting_Network" title="ZOE Broadcasting Network">ZOE Broadcasting Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jesus_Is_Lord_Church_Worldwide" title="Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide">Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Maryja" title="Radio Maryja">Radio Maryja</a> – A Christian-national Polish educational, guide and religious radio station based in Toruń, belonging to the Lux Veritatis Foundation registered in Warsaw.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1dio_Renascen%C3%A7a" title="Rádio Renascença">Rádio Renascença</a> - Owned by the Portuguese Catholic Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Maria#Radio_stations_in_Europe" title="Radio Maria">Rádio Maria</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christian_radio" title="Christian radio">Catholic radio</a></li> <li>Rádio Canção Nova – <a href="/wiki/Christian_radio" title="Christian radio">Catholic radio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>GCN</b> Global Christian Network (broadcaster)</li> <li><b>CTS</b> (Christian Television System)</li> <li><b>CBS</b> (Christian Broadcasting System)</li> <li><b>FEBC Korea</b> (Far East Broadcasting Company)</li> <li><b>PBC</b> (Pyeonghwa/Peace Broadcasting Corporation); catholic</li> <li><b>BBS</b> (Buddhist Broadcasting System)</li> <li><b>WBS</b> (원음방송 – Original Sound Broadcasting)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cadena_COPE" title="Cadena COPE">Cadena COPE</a> - Owned by Spanish Catholic Church</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Maria#Radio_stations_in_Europe" title="Radio Maria">Radio María</a> – <a href="/wiki/Christian_radio" title="Christian radio">Catholic radio</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trinidad and Tobago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Jaagriti_102.7_FM" title="Radio Jaagriti 102.7 FM">Radio Jaagriti 102.7 FM</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>); owned by the <a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Dharma_Maha_Sabha" title="Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha">Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious broadcasting in the UK was established on 30 July 1922, a Sunday, when the first radio sermon was transmitted by J. Boon of the Peckham Christian Union, from the Burdette Aerial Works at <a href="/wiki/Blackheath,_London" title="Blackheath, London">Blackheath</a>, to the congregation at Christ Church, <a href="/wiki/Peckham" title="Peckham">Peckham</a>, and listeners up to 100 miles distant.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The religious ethos of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">British Broadcasting Corporation</a>, and the importance attributed to the place of its religious output is predominantly due to the distinctive and formative role played by the BBC's first director-general, <a href="/wiki/John_Reith,_1st_Baron_Reith" title="John Reith, 1st Baron Reith">John Reith</a>. Reith was the son of a Presbyterian minister. Although opposed to narrow dogmatism, he strongly believed that it was a public service duty of the BBC to actively promote religion. The pattern established by Reith in the early days, and the advisory system that he established, continued to exert a strong influence on the corporation's religious output through the war years and beyond, and eventually extend from radio into television. </p><p>British broadcasting laws prohibit religious organizations, political parties, local government, and trade unions from running national analog terrestrial stations. Some religious radio stations are available in certain areas on the MW (medium wave) or VHF (FM) wavebands; others transmit using other methods, some of them nationally (such as via digital terrestrial TV broadcasting, satellite, and cable). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Premier_Christian_Radio" title="Premier Christian Radio">Premier Radio</a> is available on MW in the London area and also nationally on DAB. <a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Broadcasters" title="United Christian Broadcasters">United Christian Broadcasters</a> is available in both the London and Stoke-on-Trent areas, and nationally as well via <a href="/wiki/Digital_Audio_Broadcasting" title="Digital Audio Broadcasting">DAB.</a> <a href="/wiki/TWR-UK" title="TWR-UK">TWR-UK</a> is available on Sky, Freeview, Freesat and online. There are several UK-based radio stations that serve a genre group or locality, such as <a href="/wiki/Cross_Rhythms" title="Cross Rhythms">Cross Rhythms</a> based in Stoke-on-Trent, a contemporary music station with a local FM <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> license. Branch FM operates across West Yorkshire and is a volunteer-run community <a href="/wiki/Christian_radio" title="Christian radio">Christian radio</a> station. Like most other local Christian stations, they also use the Internet to gain national coverage. There are other UK-based radio channels which apply for regular temporary licenses, such as Flame FM on the Wirral, Cheshire which applies for two months of local FM broadcasting per year via a Restricted Service Licence (RSL), and <a href="/wiki/Refresh_FM" title="Refresh FM">Refresh FM</a>, which regularly broadcasts in <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a> for 3 or 4 weeks over the <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a> period. </p><p>Also, there are religious broadcasters that transmit to the UK from outside on medium wave at night (when MW signals travel much further) by buying airtime on commercial stations such as <a href="/wiki/Manx_Radio" title="Manx Radio">Manx Radio</a> (from the Isle of Man) and <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Radio" title="Trans World Radio">Trans World Radio</a> (from Monte Carlo). </p><p>Although there are tight restrictions on religious groups setting up their own radio and TV stations, there is a legal requirement for the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> to broadcast a certain amount of religious programming. Some commercial local radio stations carry a limited amount of religious programming, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 2, 1921, <a href="/wiki/KDKA_(AM)" title="KDKA (AM)">KDKA</a> broadcast the church services from Calvary Episcopal Church, Pittsburgh, PA. The Rev. Lewis B. Whittemore, an associate pastor of the church, conducted the service, thus becoming the first Christian broadcaster. In 1923, <a href="/wiki/Calvary_Baptist_Church_(Manhattan,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvary Baptist Church (Manhattan, New York)">Calvary Baptist Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> was the first church to operate its own radio station.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>"Tell It From Calvary" is a radio show that the church still produces weekly; its heard on WMCA AM570.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938 the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Council_of_Churches" title="Federal Council of Churches">Federal Council of Churches</a> petitioned the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Broadcasters" title="National Association of Broadcasters">National Association of Broadcasters</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> formally requesting that all paid religious programs be barred from the air. The major radio networks at this time donated time to the three major divisions of organized religion in the United States: <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. Protestant programming had been placed under exclusive direction of the council, an organization which represented about thirty denominations but less than half of American Protestantism. Overtly liberal in its theology, the Federal Council would not sponsor a conservative program such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lutheran_Hour" title="The Lutheran Hour">the Lutheran Hour</a></i>. Jealous of its privilege, the council's general secretary was on record as having said in 1929, "in the future, no denomination or individual church will be able to secure any time whatever on the air unless they are willing to pay prohibitively high prices....” This was defeated by <a href="/wiki/Walter_A._Maier" title="Walter A. Maier">Walter A. Maier</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most prominent religion on the radio in the United States is Christianity, particularly the evangelical sect. It has changed since its inception with a growing audience and different regulations. The audience for Christian radio has grown in the past twenty years and has a dispersed audience throughout the U.S.. The Moody Bible Institute was the first religious organization to use satellite radio to reach a larger audience than before. The Moody Bible Institute was also one of the first religious broadcasting networks to receive a non-commercial educational FM license from the FCC allowing them to open other stations. Religious broadcasting in the United States is mainly the province of local or regional networks which produce programming relevant to their community, and is usually heard on stations holding <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial educational">non-commercial educational</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">broadcast licenses</a>. Although religious radio began as locally owned, because of the deregulation in the 1996 Telecommunications act it has become more consolidated with local affiliates under a national radio company. Several national networks do exist, which include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air1" title="Air1">Air1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Radio" title="American Family Radio">American Family Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EWTN_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="EWTN Radio">EWTN Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Radio" title="Family Radio">Family Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-LOVE" class="mw-redirect" title="K-LOVE">K-LOVE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeTalk_Radio" title="LifeTalk Radio">LifeTalk Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Media" title="Northwestern Media">Northwestern Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_74_Internationale" title="Radio 74 Internationale">Radio 74 Internationale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relevant_Radio" title="Relevant Radio">Relevant Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_Radio_Network" title="Salem Radio Network">Salem Radio Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3ABN_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN Radio">3ABN Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VCY_America" title="VCY America">VCY America</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Television">Television</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>(The distinction between radio and television broadcasters is not rigid; broadcasters in both areas may appear in the Radio or Television section in this article.) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia_2">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Australian_Christian_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Christian Channel">Australian Christian Channel</a></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T.B._Joshua" class="mw-redirect" title="T.B. Joshua">T.B. Joshua</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_TV" title="Emmanuel TV">Emmanuel TV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ezekiel TV is a Christian television network started by <a href="/wiki/Ezekiel_Guti" title="Ezekiel Guti">Ezekiel Guti</a> of ZAOGA Forward in Faith Ministries International (FIFMI) in 2008, based in South Africa. Most of the programming is from Zimbabwe, where ZAOGA FIFMI is headquartered. The channel broadcasts on the internet on the FIFMI Website.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deen_TV" title="Deen TV">Deen TV</a> is an Islamic TV station broadcasting to a wide range of audience interest based in South Africa.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>3ABN</b></li> <li><b>CGTN</b></li> <li><b>BBS</b> (Buddhist Broadcasting System)</li> <li><b>CPBC TV</b> (Catholic Peace Broadcasting TV); HQ- Seoul, South Korea</li> <li><b>CPBS TV</b> (Confucianism Peace Broadcasting Corporation TV)</li> <li><b>CGNTV</b> (Christian Global Network Television)</li> <li><b>Kantas-HSTV</b> (<i>Kantor Warta Swastiyastu-Hindu Spirits Television</i>)</li> <li><b>Kantas-HSTV</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil_2">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rede_Vida" class="mw-redirect" title="Rede Vida">Rede Vida</a> (Catholic national television network)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Aparecida" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Aparecida">TV Aparecida</a> (Catholic national television network)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TV_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nova&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TV Canção Nova (page does not exist)">TV Canção Nova</a> (Catholic national television network)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TV_Evangelizar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TV Evangelizar (page does not exist)">TV Evangelizar</a> (Catholic national television network)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TV_Nazar%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TV Nazaré (page does not exist)">TV Nazaré</a> (Catholic regional television network, focused to <a href="/wiki/Amaz%C3%B4nia_Legal" title="Amazônia Legal">Brazilian Legal Amazon</a> states)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TV_Pai_Eterno&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TV Pai Eterno (page does not exist)">TV Pai Eterno</a> (Catholic national television network)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rede_Internacional_de_Televis%C3%A3o" title="Rede Internacional de Televisão">RIT</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/International_Grace_of_God_Church" title="International Grace of God Church">International Grace of God Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV_Universal" title="TV Universal">TV Universal</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/Universal_Church_of_the_Kingdom_of_God" title="Universal Church of the Kingdom of God">Universal Church of the Kingdom of God</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rede_Mundial" title="Rede Mundial">Rede Mundial</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/World_Church_of_God%27s_Power" title="World Church of God's Power">World Church of God's Power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rede_Boas_Novas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rede Boas Novas (page does not exist)">Rede Boas Novas</a> (owned by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Convention_of_the_Assemblies_of_God_in_Brazil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Convention of the Assemblies of God in Brazil (page does not exist)">Convention of the Assemblies of God in Brazil</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rede_Gospel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rede Gospel (page does not exist)">Rede Gospel</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/Reborn_in_Christ_Church" title="Reborn in Christ Church">Reborn in Christ Church</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rede_G%C3%AAnesis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rede Gênesis (page does not exist)">Rede Gênesis</a> (owned by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heal_Our_Earth_Evangelical_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heal Our Earth Evangelical Community (page does not exist)">Heal Our Earth Evangelical Community</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novo_Tempo" title="Novo Tempo">TV Novo Tempo</a> (owned by <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventist Church</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_2">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Networks</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" width="100%"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Owner </th> <th>Religious Affiliation </th> <th>Base </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Yes_TV" title="Yes TV">Yes TV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Crossroads_Christian_Communications" title="Crossroads Christian Communications">Crossroads Christian Communications</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (some multi-faith) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Ontario" title="Burlington, Ontario">Burlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td>Nationwide </td> <td>Airs a mixture of religious and general entertainment programming. <p>Also available <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">over-the-air</a> in: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Greater Toronto Area">Greater Toronto Area</a>, <a href="/wiki/London,_Ontario" title="London, Ontario">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Calgary" title="Calgary">Calgary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>)</li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Channels</b> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" width="100%"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Owner </th> <th>Religious Affiliation </th> <th>Base </th> <th>Range </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ATN_Aastha_TV" title="ATN Aastha TV">ATN Aastha TV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Television_Network" title="Asian Television Network">Asian Television Network</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Newmarket,_Ontario" title="Newmarket, Ontario">Newmarket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td>Nationwide </td> <td>Only available on <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ATN_Punjabi_5" title="ATN Punjabi 5">ATN Punjabi 5</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Television_Network" title="Asian Television Network">Asian Television Network</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Markham,_Ontario" title="Markham, Ontario">Markham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td>Nationwide </td> <td>Only available on <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Channel" title="Sikh Channel">ATN Sikh Channel</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asian_Television_Network" title="Asian Television Network">Asian Television Network</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td>Nationwide </td> <td>Only available on <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Daystar_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Daystar Canada">Daystar Canada</a> </td> <td>World Impact Ministries </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a>)</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></span> </td> <td>Nationwide </td> <td>Only available on <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CIIT-DT" title="CIIT-DT">HopeTV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ZoomerMedia" title="ZoomerMedia">ZoomerMedia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> </td> <td>Nationwide </td> <td>Available <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">over-the-air</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> nationwide. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CHNU-DT" title="CHNU-DT">Joytv</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ZoomerMedia" title="ZoomerMedia">ZoomerMedia</a> </td> <td>Multi-faith </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fraser_Valley_Regional_District" title="Fraser Valley Regional District">Fraser Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></span> </td> <td>Nationwide </td> <td>Available <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">over-the-air</a> in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lower_Mainland" title="Lower Mainland">Lower Mainland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> nationwide. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Salt_%2B_Light_Television" title="Salt + Light Television">Salt + Light Television</a> </td> <td>Salt & Light Catholic Media Foundation </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td>Nationwide </td> <td>Only available on <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vertical_TV" title="Vertical TV">Vertical TV</a> </td> <td>Vertical Entertainment </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brampton" title="Brampton">Brampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td>Nationwide </td> <td>Only available on <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/VisionTV" title="VisionTV">VisionTV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/ZoomerMedia" title="ZoomerMedia">ZoomerMedia</a> </td> <td>Multi-faith </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td> <td>Nationwide </td> <td>Only available on <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay television</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CFSO-TV" title="CFSO-TV">CFSO-TV</a> </td> <td>Logan & Corey McCarthy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mormonism" title="Mormonism">Mormonism</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cardston" title="Cardston">Cardston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> </td> <td>Local </td> <td>Only available <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">over-the-air</a>; airs selected programming from <a href="/wiki/BYUtv" class="mw-redirect" title="BYUtv">BYUtv</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CFEG-TV </td> <td><span class="nowrap">Clearbrook Mennonite Brethren Church</span> </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mennonite_Brethren_Church" title="Mennonite Brethren Church">Mennonite Brethren</a>)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbotsford,_British_Columbia" title="Abbotsford, British Columbia">Abbotsford</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> </td> <td>Local </td> <td>Only available <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">over-the-air</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/CJIL-DT" title="CJIL-DT">Miracle Channel</a> </td> <td>The Miracle Channel Association </td> <td><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a>)</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lethbridge" title="Lethbridge">Lethbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> </td> <td>Local </td> <td>Only available <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">over-the-air</a>; secondary affiliate of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">Trinity Broadcasting Network</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>HolyGod TV, Christian station based in France with stated mission "to evangelise people in India, Sri Lanka, Africa, Europe and other countries and plant churches"<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>HOSFO TV, Christian station in France founded by Pastor Allen IKADI and his wife Josiane Ondeu through their private Christian media company group <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hosfo.fr">HOSFO SAS</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>GOSPLAY DIGITAL TELEVISION a 24/7 gospel music TV Channel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/KTO_(TV_channel)" title="KTO (TV channel)">KTO</a>; TV Catholique for the <a href="/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdiocese of Paris">Archdiocese of Paris</a></li> <li>NLM TV (New Living Ministries), Christian station based in France with presence in other countries<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.k-tv.org">K-TV</a>; K-TV Katholisches Fernsehen. Catholic broadcaster founded by Father Hans Buschor in 1999 in Gossau, Switzerland. K-TV produces live mass broadcasts and original programming in German and is the first and largest German Catholic satellite and cable broadcast organisation operating in the DACH region. It is supported solely via private donations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_2">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Aastha TV</b> (Hinduism)</li> <li><b>Divya Channel</b> (Hinduism, Sikh)</li> <li><b>Sanskar TV</b> (Hinduism, Sikh)</li> <li><b>ANGEL TV</b> (Christianity)</li> <li><b>GOD TV ASIA</b> (Christianity)</li> <li><b>JCILM TV</b> (Christianity)</li> <li><b>HopeTV</b> (Christianity)</li> <li><b>Islamiya</b> (Islam)</li> <li><b>MH Sarrdha</b> (Hinduism, Sikh, Jain)</li> <li><b>Omkar</b> (Buddhism, Hinduism)</li> <li><b>PaigaamTV</b> (Islam)</li> <li><b>RamrajTV </b> (Hinduism)</li> <li><b>Sadana TV</b> (Hinduism)</li> <li><b>Sanskar</b> (Jainism)</li> <li><b>Sanskar</b> (Sanatan Dharam, Hinduism)</li> <li><b>Shree Sankara</b> (Hinduism)</li> <li><b>Sikha TV</b> (Sikhism, Hinduism)</li> <li><b>Vadic Brobcact</b> (Hinduism, Sikhism)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MQTV" title="MQTV">MQTV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TV_MUI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TV MUI (page does not exist)">TV MUI</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy_2">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio_TV" title="Padre Pio TV">Padre Pio TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepace" title="Telepace">Telepace</a>; HQ Cerna</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV2000" title="TV2000">TV2000</a>; Owned by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Episcopal_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Episcopal Conference">Italian Episcopal Conference</a>. HQ Rome.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Middle East, Christian satellite broadcaster <a href="/wiki/SAT-7" title="SAT-7">SAT-7</a> operates five channels, SAT-7 ARABIC, SAT-7 PARS (Farsi), SAT-7 KIDS (Arabic), SAT-7 PLUS (Arabic) and SAT-7 TÜRK (Turkish), which broadcast in the prominent languages of the region with more than 80% of programs made by and for people of the region.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> SAT-7's satellite footprints reach 22 countries in the Middle East and North Africa, as well as 50 countries in Europe, with "free to air" programming. <a href="/wiki/SAT-7" title="SAT-7">SAT7</a>, founded in 1995, is the first and largest Christian satellite broadcast organization operating in the region. It is supported by Christian churches from a variety of denominations in the Middle East and North Africa, as well as supporters from Europe, Canada <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924101638/http://www.sat7can.org/">[2]</a>, United States <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.sat7usa.org">[3]</a>, and Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visjon_Norge" title="Visjon Norge">Visjon Norge</a>, a Norwegian Christian television channel that broadcasts over Scandinavia.</li> <li>Kanal 10 Norge, a Norwegian Christian television channel and branch of the Swedish <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kanal_10&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kanal 10 (page does not exist)">Kanal 10</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Philippines">The Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV_Maria" title="TV Maria">TV Maria</a> (owned by the Philippine Roman Catholic Church)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZOE_Broadcasting_Network" title="ZOE Broadcasting Network">Light TV 33</a> (owned by Jesus Is Lord Worldwide)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DZCE-TV" title="DZCE-TV">Iglesia ni Cristo TV (INC TV)</a> (owned by the indigenous sect <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_ni_Cristo" title="Iglesia ni Cristo">Iglesia ni Cristo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truth_Channel" title="Truth Channel">Truth Channel</a> (owned by another indigenous sect <a href="/wiki/Members_Church_of_God_International" title="Members Church of God International">Members Church of God International</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonshine_Media_Network_International" title="Sonshine Media Network International">Sonshine Media Network International</a> (owned by another than indigenous sect <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jesus_Christ_(church)" title="Kingdom of Jesus Christ (church)">Kingdom of Jesus Christ</a> and Kingdom Light Congregation)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland_2">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV_Trwam" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Trwam">TV Trwam</a> – A Christian-national Polish educational, guide and religious TV station based in Toruń, belonging to the Lux Veritatis Foundation registered in Warsaw.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A function of the state-owned Pakistan Broadcasting Corporation is by law "to broadcast such programmes as may promote Islamic ideology, national unity and principles of democracy, freedom equality, tolerance and social justice as enunciated by Islam..." (s. 10(1)(b)). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_TV_(Pakistan)" title="Catholic TV (Pakistan)">Catholic TV (Pakistan)</a></li> <li>Barkat TV</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trinidad_and_Tobago_2">Trinidad and Tobago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Trinidad and Tobago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TV_Jaagriti" title="TV Jaagriti">TV Jaagriti</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>); owned by the <a href="/wiki/Sanatan_Dharma_Maha_Sabha" title="Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha">Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha</a></li> <li>Sankhya Television (<a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>)</li> <li>Bhakti TV (<a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IeTV" title="IeTV">ieTV</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Islamic_Network_(T.I.N.)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Islamic Network (T.I.N.)">The Islamic Network (T.I.N.)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Broadcast_Network" title="Islamic Broadcast Network">Islamic Broadcast Network</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a>)</li> <li>Trinity TV (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholic</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Islamic broadcasters include:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TGRT" title="TGRT">TGRT</a>, Turkey's first nationwide "Islamic" television channel, est. 1993</li> <li>STV, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BClen_movement" title="Gülen movement">Gülen movement</a>, est. 1994</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanal_7" title="Kanal 7">Kanal 7</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesaj_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mesaj TV (page does not exist)">Mesaj TV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nisa_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nisa TV (page does not exist)">Nisa TV</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berat_TV&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berat TV (page does not exist)">Berat TV</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the UK, the first religious channel was <a href="/wiki/MTA_1" class="mw-redirect" title="MTA 1">Muslim TV Ahmadiyya</a>, which launched in 1992. However, religious television is dominated by the main non-commercial terrestrial public service broadcaster, the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, obliged by its licence to broadcast 110 hours per year.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-running programmes such as <i><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_Praise" title="Songs of Praise">Songs of Praise</a></i> continue to draw loyal audiences, although declining interest in devotional-style religious programmes — and sometimes erratic scheduling decisions — have taken their toll. Up until the turn of the century, the ITV network and Channel 4 also produced religious programme content, and for many years, Sunday evenings were dominated by 'the God slot' — a 70-minute period of religious programmes broadcast simultaneously on BBC1 and ITV. Attempts to extend the range of formats and experiment in more populist styles reached its zenith in the late 1960s with the light entertainment show, <i><a href="/wiki/Stars_on_Sunday_(TV_series)" title="Stars on Sunday (TV series)">Stars on Sunday</a></i> (Yorkshire Television, 1969–1979) on ITV, reaching audiences of 15 million.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The show was conceived and presented by <a href="/wiki/ITV_Yorkshire" title="ITV Yorkshire">Yorkshire Television</a>'s Head of Children's Programmes, <a href="/wiki/Jess_Yates" title="Jess Yates">Jess Yates</a> and ran for a decade. Serious documentary-style religious content emerged in the 1970s, with the BBC's <i><a href="/wiki/Everyman_(TV_series)" title="Everyman (TV series)">Everyman</a></i>, and ITV's <i>Credo</i> programme series'. Religious broadcasting declined in the later 1970s and 1980s. The birth of the <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">fourth public service channel</a> in 1982, with a remit to cater for minority interests, raised expectations followed by disappointment among many who believed that Channel 4 would provide new opportunities for religious broadcasting. Channel 4's first major religious programme commission caused a furore: <i><a href="/wiki/Jesus:_The_Evidence" title="Jesus: The Evidence">Jesus: The Evidence</a></i> (London Weekend Television for Channel 4), broadcast over the Easter period in 1984, proved to be a pivotal moment in the disintegrating relationship between the broadcasting institutions and the churches.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2010, the commercial public service television broadcasters de-prioritised their religious output due to commercial pressures. The 2009 <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> report found that religious broadcasting on public service channels was watched on average for 2.3 hours per year per viewer on the main PSB channels in 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2.7 hours in 2008, reducing steadily from 3.2 in 2006 and 3.6 in 2001. In 2006, 5% of viewers found religious broadcasting to be of personal importance.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> In 2017, the BBC announced that it was closing its dedicated Religious and Ethics Department and outsourcing its religious expertise and production work: a move described as 'dangerous' by at least one national newspaper, suggesting that the decision was based on a mistaken presumption that religion was 'a preoccupation of people who are old, strange or both, something of no interest to those happy enough to be neither'<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The BBC's decision, and the quantitative decline in religious broadcasting over several decades (as well as a growing sense that there was an absence of informed portrayals of religion in content more generally), has been implicated in what has been described as a rise in "religious illiteracy".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Partly in response to these concerns, there was a major internal review at the BBC during 2017 'to reassess our role and strategy in this area, and reconsider how best to deliver our public service mission'.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the BBC's internal report in December of that year:</p><blockquote><p>In practice, that means the BBC will: Raise our game across all output – Increase specialist expertise with a new Religious Affairs Team and Religion Editor in News (p19); Create networks of specialists (p27); Develop stakeholder relations (p27); Reach as many people as possible – Landmark series and programmes (p21); Cross-genre commissions (p16), A 'Year of Beliefs' in 2019 (p23); Content and social media aimed at a next generation audience (p23); Portray the diversity of beliefs and society – Diversify our range of contributors (p14); Increase coverage of religious events (p15); Enhance portrayal in mainstream programming (p17); Help people understand their values and decisions – Innovative content that works across genres (p17); Innovative online services that include archive content that is still relevant (p25)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The BBC has yet to unveil details of plans for its 2019 'Year of Beliefs'. </p><p>Dedicated religious channels are relatively new, and transmit via direct-to-home satellite, some, are streamed live via the Internet or, like <a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_terrestrial_television_channels_(UK)#General_entertainment" class="mw-redirect" title="List of digital terrestrial television channels (UK)">TBN</a>, broadcast 24 hours on terrestrial <a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a>. Dedicated religious channels available include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daystar_Television_Network" title="Daystar Television Network">Daystar</a>, US network, broadcast 24 hours on terrestrial digital freeview.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">TBN</a>, broadcast 24 hours on terrestrial freeview and Sky.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOD_TV" title="GOD TV">GOD TV</a>, based in Sunderland (UK), is the longest established of the currently running TV channels on Sky in the UK and the only one that is also on the major cable TV systems in the UK.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Learning_Channel" title="God's Learning Channel">God's Learning Channel</a> (GLC) broadcasts the same lineup simultaneously to the US and Europe via the Eutelsat W-2 Satellite for Direct-to-Home broadcast.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inspiration_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inspiration Network">Inspiration</a>, US Network. Programming from around the world. Preaching. Missionary bias.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_Channel" title="Islam Channel">Islam Channel</a>. Broadcasts across Europe, the Middle East and North Africa and streamed on the Internet, and will broadcast in North America. Ruled to have breached the UK broadcasting code by airing discussions containing contentious views on violence against women and marital rape in 2008 and 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation_TV" title="Revelation TV">Revelation TV</a>, in London, produce a lot of live programmes from their studios.</li> <li>Let The Bible Speak</li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ltbs.tv">http://www.ltbs.tv</a> </p><p>In the UK, <a href="/wiki/Vision_TV_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="Vision TV UK">Vision TV UK</a> is available to viewers with Religious channels: Revelation TV, Firstlight, Good News TV, Dunamis TV, and Daystar TV. Also available are 3ABN television networks: <a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a>, 3ABN Latino, 3ABN Proclaim!, 3ABN Dare to Dream, 3ABN Français, 3ABN Russia, 3ABN Kids, and 3ABN Praise Him Music. </p> <ul><li>VisionTV UK</li></ul> <p><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.visiontv.co.uk">http://www.visiontv.co.uk</a> </p><p>See also <a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_television_and_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of Islamic television and radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of Islamic television and radio stations in the United Kingdom</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Religious television stations in the United States experienced growth in the 1990s, the number of faith-based TV stations alone has tripled. The United States government does not regulate these networks to the same extent as it does commercial outlets, as the <a href="/wiki/Free_Exercise_Clause" title="Free Exercise Clause">Free Exercise Clause</a> limits how much the government can interfere in evangelism. Religious television is widely used by evangelical Christian groups, but other religions using television broadcasting is also growing. The audience for religious television is still mainly white, middle-class, evangelicals but, that is also changing as there is an increase in young Catholic viewers and Spanish-language religious television. There has also been a growth in the number and power of television preachers in the United States, particularly evangelical preachers, also known as televangelists. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> organizations are by far the most widespread compared with other religions, with upwards of 1,600 <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> stations across the country (not necessarily counting <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast translator">broadcast translators</a>, though because many outlets have low power and repeat national telecasts, the difference is often hard to define). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Christian_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian television">Christian television</a> outlets in the U.S. usually broadcast in the <a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> band. While there are many religious content providers for religious and faith-based television, there are few nationally recognized <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial">non-commercial</a> <a href="/wiki/Television_networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Television networks">television networks</a>—funded by soliciting donations—such as <a href="/wiki/Daystar_Television_Network" title="Daystar Television Network">Daystar Television Network</a> (operated by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lamb" title="Marcus Lamb">Marcus Lamb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joni_Lamb" title="Joni Lamb">Joni Lamb</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">Trinity Broadcasting Network</a> (TBN) (operated by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Crouch" title="Paul Crouch">Paul Crouch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jan_Crouch" title="Jan Crouch">Jan Crouch</a>). Unlike the larger religious network providers available to the mass public, many smaller religious organizations have a presence on <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a> systems, either with their own channels (such as the <a href="/wiki/3ABN" class="mw-redirect" title="3ABN">3ABN</a> service) or by transmissions on <a href="/wiki/Public-access_television" title="Public-access television">public-access television</a> common for local <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/congregation" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:congregation">congregations</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Leased_access" title="Leased access">leased access</a> channels. Religious programs are sometimes also transmitted on Sunday mornings by general <a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">commercial broadcasters</a> not dedicated to religious programming. Religious broadcasters in the U.S. include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Media_Network" title="Catholic Media Network">Catholic Media Network</a> (Catholicism)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Facts" title="Amazing Facts">Amazing Facts</a> Television (AFTV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BYUtv" class="mw-redirect" title="BYUtv">BYUtv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvary_Chapel#Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvary Chapel">Calvary Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Faith_Network" title="Catholic Faith Network">Catholic Faith Network</a> (formerly Telecare)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CatholicTV" title="CatholicTV">CatholicTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">Christian Broadcasting Network</a> (CBN, part-time network established by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Pat Robertson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Television_Network" title="Christian Television Network">Christian Television Network</a> (CTN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daystar_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daystar (TV network)">Daystar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_Word_Television_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Eternal Word Television Network">Eternal Word Television Network</a> (EWTN); founded by <a href="/wiki/Mother_Angelica" title="Mother Angelica">Mother Angelica</a></li> <li>Familyland Television Network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GOD_TV" title="GOD TV">GOD TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Learning_Channel" title="God's Learning Channel">God's Learning Channel</a> (GLC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEB_America" class="mw-redirect" title="GEB America">GEB America</a></li> <li>Islamic Broadcasting Network<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope_Channel" title="Hope Channel">Hope Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/It_Is_Written" title="It Is Written">It Is Written</a> TV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Life_Television" title="Jewish Life Television">Jewish Life Television</a> (JLTV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Family Broadcasting Corporation">Family Broadcasting Corporation</a> (FBC)</li> <li>Living Faith Television (LFTv)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_Linda_Broadcasting_Network" title="Loma Linda Broadcasting Network">Loma Linda Broadcasting Network</a> (LLBN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_TV" title="Peace TV">Peace TV</a> In English, Urdu & Bangla languages</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_Network" title="Scientology Network">Scientology Network</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonlife_Broadcasting_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonlife Broadcasting Network">Sonlife Broadcasting Network</a> (SBN);<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> outlet of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Swaggart" title="Jimmy Swaggart">Jimmy Swaggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels_Broadcasting_Network" title="Three Angels Broadcasting Network">Three Angels Broadcasting Network</a> (3ABN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RadiantTV" class="mw-redirect" title="RadiantTV">RadiantTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tri-State_Christian_Television" title="Tri-State Christian Television">Tri-State Christian Television</a> (TCT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/INSP_(TV_network)" title="INSP (TV network)">INSP</a> (now predominantly secular)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">Trinity Broadcasting Network</a> (TBN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Channel" title="World Heritage Channel">World Heritage Channel</a> (WHC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Television_Network" title="Victory Television Network">Victory Television Network</a> (VTN)</li> <li>Victory Channel; founded by <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Copeland" title="Kenneth Copeland">Kenneth Copeland</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_organizations">Industry organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Industry organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_3">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The UK equivalent of the NRB is the Christian Broadcasting Council, but affiliation is much less common. Additionally in the UK is the Church and Media Network, formed in 2009 as a successor to the Churches' Media Council, which states that it seeks to be a bridge between the media and the Christian community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_3">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Christian broadcasters (but not other religions) in the U.S. are organized through the <a href="/wiki/National_Religious_Broadcasters" title="National Religious Broadcasters">National Religious Broadcasters</a> (NRB) organization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Financially, US channels tend to fare a lot better than UK based ones. The American concept of asking viewers to donate money to a channel to keep it going on air is considered more culturally acceptable than in the UK; as a result more money is raised this way. However this has become more contentious as television preachers have been accused of corruption and soliciting donations for their own personal use. There used to be no advertising revenue model – the traditional method of running commercial TV in the UK – that worked for religious TV channels.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The UK government's <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_Act_1990" title="Broadcasting Act 1990">Broadcasting Act 1990</a> allowed ownership of broadcasting licences by religious organisations and their officers and those who controlled them in some circumstances;<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this had previously not been allowed. </p><p>Religious channels aimed at a UK audience could get around this previous restriction by basing themselves offshore, often in a European country that permits asking viewers for money on air. Stations may appear to be based in the UK, but actually broadcast from another country. However <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> since lifted the restriction, and channels with UK licences can now ask for funds on air. </p><p>The other primary method for raising funds to run religious channels is to accept paid advertising. Traveling preachers and large churches and ministries often set up a TV department filming what they do; they then buy slots on TV channels to show their programmes. Often the same programme from an organization is shown on several channels at different times as they buy slots. The vast majority of organizations which do this are US-based. In the UK this tends to make Christian TV channels appear to be US-based, as most material originates there. Some UK TV channels have invested in making programmes to complement advertising, most notably GOD TV and Revelation TV. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_television" title="Catholic television">Catholic television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_radio" title="Christian radio">Christian radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_media" title="Christian media">Christian media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_radio_stations" title="List of religious radio stations">List of religious radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of religious topics">List of religious topics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Armstrong1978-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Armstrong1978_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBen_Armstrong1978" class="citation book cs1">Ben Armstrong (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4siJAAAAMAAJ"><i>Religious broadcasting sourcebook</i></a>. National Religious Broadcasters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+broadcasting+sourcebook&rft.pub=National+Religious+Broadcasters&rft.date=1978&rft.au=Ben+Armstrong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4siJAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kpletv.org/">"KPLE-TV"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=KPLE-TV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kpletv.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://transition.fcc.gov/osp/inc-report/INoC-11-Religious-Broadcasting.pdf">"Religious Broadcasting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>FCC</i>: 2. November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FCC&rft.atitle=Religious+Broadcasting&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2017-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftransition.fcc.gov%2Fosp%2Finc-report%2FINoC-11-Religious-Broadcasting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Content_Media_Producties_B.V." class="citation web cs1">Human Content Media Producties B.V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150831083933/http://www.buddhistmedia.com/defaultEngels.aspx">"Buddhist Broadcasting Foundation – Buddhist Broadcast Foundation"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buddhistmedia.com/defaultengels.aspx">the original</a> on 31 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Broadcasting+Foundation+%E2%80%93+Buddhist+Broadcast+Foundation&rft.au=Human+Content+Media+Producties+B.V.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buddhistmedia.com%2Fdefaultengels.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Ebenezer_Boon1922" class="citation cs2">James Ebenezer Boon (1922), <i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Gospel_by_Wireless" class="extiw" title="s:The Gospel by Wireless">The Gospel by Wireless</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/752653279">752653279</a>, <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q112427565" class="extiw" title="d:Q112427565">Q112427565</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gospel+by+Wireless&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F752653279&rft.au=James+Ebenezer+Boon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Sermon by Wireless, Clothes-Prop Aerial on London Church". <i>The Times</i>. No. 43097. 31 July 1922. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Sermon+by+Wireless%2C+Clothes-Prop+Aerial+on+London+Church&rft.issue=43097&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1922-07-31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jaker, Bill; Sulek, Frank and Kanze, Peterr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0qr_W5B1SAQC&dq=Manhattan+%22Calvary+Baptist+Church%22&pg=PA168"><i>The airwaves of New York: illustrated histories of 156 AM stations in the Metropolitan Area, 1921-1996</i></a> Page 168. WQAO went on the air 1923. WQAO went on the air 1923. One of the earliest religious broadcasters in New York. Retrieved November 20, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200529232304/https://wmca.com/programguidedaily?dayOfWeek=Sunday&timeFilter=0">"Welcome to WMCA 570 AM & 102.3 FM - New York | The Mission WMCA - New York, NY"</a>. 29 May 2020. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wmca.com/programguidedaily?dayOfWeek=Sunday&timeFilter=0">the original</a> on 29 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welcome+to+WMCA+570+AM+%26+102.3+FM+-+New+York+%7C+The+Mission+WMCA+-+New+York%2C+NY&rft.date=2020-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwmca.com%2Fprogramguidedaily%3FdayOfWeek%3DSunday%26timeFilter%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaier1963" class="citation book cs1">Maier, Paul L. (1963). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manspokeworldlis00maie"><i>A Man Spoke, a World Listened: the Story of Walter A. Maier</i></a></span>. McGraw-Hill. pp. 187–191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Man+Spoke%2C+a+World+Listened%3A+the+Story+of+Walter+A.+Maier&rft.pages=187-191&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Maier&rft.aufirst=Paul+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanspokeworldlis00maie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see also 11 April 1938, Time Magazine article: Walter A. Maier v. Federal Council of Churches on Freedom for Religious Broadcasting</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManasa2010" class="citation news cs1">Manasa, Makweembo (11 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100710080804/http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/">"TB Joshua – 21st Century Prophet in Our Midst?"</a>. <i>Zambian Watchdog</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zambianwatchdog.com/2010/02/11/tb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst/">the original</a> on 10 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zambian+Watchdog&rft.atitle=TB+Joshua+%E2%80%93+21st+Century+Prophet+in+Our+Midst%3F&rft.date=2010-02-11&rft.aulast=Manasa&rft.aufirst=Makweembo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zambianwatchdog.com%2F2010%2F02%2F11%2Ftb-joshua-21st-century-prophet-in-our-midst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holygodtv.net/index.php/ministry">Holy God Television Ministries, France: mission statement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219063730/http://www.holygodtv.net/index.php/ministry">Archived</a> 19 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.hosfotv.com/qui_sommes_nous.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210135900/http://www.hosfotv.com/qui_sommes_nous.html">Archived</a> 10 December 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_Living_Ministries" class="citation web cs1">New Living Ministries. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newlivingministries.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=74&Itemid=78">"Contact us"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+us&rft.au=New+Living+Ministries&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newlivingministries.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D74%26Itemid%3D78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sat7.org/">"SAT-7 – IMAM HUSSEIN MEDIA GROUP by running 4 TV channels in Arabic, Persian (Farsi), English and Turkish has a huge number of muslim audience in different countries. www.imamhussein.tv – Making God's Love Visible"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SAT-7+%E2%80%93+IMAM+HUSSEIN+MEDIA+GROUP+by+running+4+TV+channels+in+Arabic%2C+Persian+%28Farsi%29%2C+English+and+Turkish+has+a+huge+number+of+muslim+audience+in+different+countries.+www.imamhussein.tv+%E2%80%93+Making+God%27s+Love+Visible&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sat7.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.ssrc.org/tif/2010/08/31/islamic-broadcasting-in-turkey/">"The rise of "Islamic" broadcasting in Turkey"</a>. 31 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+%22Islamic%22+broadcasting+in+Turkey&rft.date=2010-08-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ssrc.org%2Ftif%2F2010%2F08%2F31%2Fislamic-broadcasting-in-turkey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckford2010" class="citation news cs1">Beckford, Martin (23 June 2010). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/7846218/ITV-will-broadcast-just-one-hour-of-religious-programming-this-year.html">"ITV will broadcast just one hour of religious programming this year"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/religion/7846218/ITV-will-broadcast-just-one-hour-of-religious-programming-this-year.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=ITV+will+broadcast+just+one+hour+of+religious+programming+this+year&rft.date=2010-06-23&rft.aulast=Beckford&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Freligion%2F7846218%2FITV-will-broadcast-just-one-hour-of-religious-programming-this-year.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-jess-yates-1454899.html">"Obituary: Jess Yates"</a>. <i>The Independent</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Jess+Yates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-jess-yates-1454899.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard" class="citation book cs1">Richard, Wallis. <i>Channel 4 and the declining influence of organized religion on UK television. The case of Jesus: The Evidence</i>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/945882509">945882509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Channel+4+and+the+declining+influence+of+organized+religion+on+UK+television.+The+case+of+Jesus%3A+The+Evidence.&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F945882509&rft.aulast=Richard&rft.aufirst=Wallis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/broadcast/reviews-investigations/psb-review/psb2012/section-c.pdf">Ofcom: Public Service Broadcasting, 2011</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/broadcasting/reviews-investigations/public-service-broadcasting/annrep/?a=0">"Public Service Broadcasting: Annual Reports"</a>. 20 March 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Public+Service+Broadcasting%3A+Annual+Reports&rft.date=2007-03-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstakeholders.ofcom.org.uk%2Fbroadcasting%2Freviews-investigations%2Fpublic-service-broadcasting%2Fannrep%2F%3Fa%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEditorial2017" class="citation web cs1">Editorial (7 April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/07/the-guardian-view-on-religious-broadcasting-imagination-and-commitment-needed">"The Guardian view on religious broadcasting: imagination and commitment needed | Editorial"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Guardian+view+on+religious+broadcasting%3A+imagination+and+commitment+needed+%7C+Editorial&rft.date=2017-04-07&rft.au=Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2017%2Fapr%2F07%2Fthe-guardian-view-on-religious-broadcasting-imagination-and-commitment-needed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDinhamFrancis2015" class="citation cs2">Dinham, Adam; Francis, Matthew (18 March 2015), "Religious literacy", <i>Religious literacy in policy and practice</i>, Policy Press, pp. 3–26, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1332%2Fpolicypress%2F9781447316657.003.0001">10.1332/policypress/9781447316657.003.0001</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781447316657" title="Special:BookSources/9781447316657"><bdi>9781447316657</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religious+literacy+in+policy+and+practice&rft.atitle=Religious+literacy&rft.pages=3-26&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1332%2Fpolicypress%2F9781447316657.003.0001&rft.isbn=9781447316657&rft.aulast=Dinham&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft.au=Francis%2C+Matthew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/corporate2/insidethebbc/howwework/reports/religion_and_ethics_2017">"BBC – BBC Religion & Ethics Review – December 2017 – Inside the BBC"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+BBC+Religion+%26+Ethics+Review+%E2%80%93+December+2017+%E2%80%93+Inside+the+BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fcorporate2%2Finsidethebbc%2Fhowwework%2Freports%2Freligion_and_ethics_2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/news/regulation/complaints-log/islam-channel-breaches-broadcasting-code/5020372.article">"Islam Channel breaches broadcasting code"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islam+Channel+breaches+broadcasting+code&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadcastnow.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fregulation%2Fcomplaints-log%2Fislam-channel-breaches-broadcasting-code%2F5020372.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ibn.net/">"Islamic Broadcasting Network – The Voice of American Muslims"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Broadcasting+Network+%E2%80%93+The+Voice+of+American+Muslims&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fibn.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSandra_Gonzalez2018" class="citation web cs1">Sandra Gonzalez (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/12/media/scientology-tv/index.html">"Church of Scientology to launch TV channel"</a>. CNN Money<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Church+of+Scientology+to+launch+TV+channel&rft.pub=CNN+Money&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.au=Sandra+Gonzalez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoney.cnn.com%2F2018%2F03%2F12%2Fmedia%2Fscientology-tv%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_O'Connell2018" class="citation web cs1">Michael O'Connell (11 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/scientology-appears-poised-launch-tv-network-1093640">"Scientology Poised to Launch TV Network"</a>. Hollywood Reporter<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientology+Poised+to+Launch+TV+Network&rft.pub=Hollywood+Reporter&rft.date=2018-03-11&rft.au=Michael+O%27Connell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Flive-feed%2Fscientology-appears-poised-launch-tv-network-1093640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErin_Jensen" class="citation web cs1">Erin Jensen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/tv/2018/03/11/scientology-network-make-tv-debut-monday-church-says/414917002/">"Scientology Network will make TV debut Monday, the church says"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientology+Network+will+make+TV+debut+Monday%2C+the+church+says&rft.pub=USAToday&rft.au=Erin+Jensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fstory%2Flife%2Ftv%2F2018%2F03%2F11%2Fscientology-network-make-tv-debut-monday-church-says%2F414917002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuardian_staff2018" class="citation news cs1">Guardian staff (12 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2018/mar/12/church-of-scientology-to-launch-tv-network">"Church of Scientology to launch TV network"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Church+of+Scientology+to+launch+TV+network&rft.date=2018-03-12&rft.au=Guardian+staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2018%2Fmar%2F12%2Fchurch-of-scientology-to-launch-tv-network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180313015930/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/new-scientologytv-will-put-members-founder-in-spotlight/2018/03/12/76923842-263a-11e8-a227-fd2b009466bc_story.html">"New ScientologyTV will put members, founder in spotlight"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Associated Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/religion/new-scientologytv-will-put-members-founder-in-spotlight/2018/03/12/76923842-263a-11e8-a227-fd2b009466bc_story.html">the original</a> on 13 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=New+ScientologyTV+will+put+members%2C+founder+in+spotlight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Freligion%2Fnew-scientologytv-will-put-members-founder-in-spotlight%2F2018%2F03%2F12%2F76923842-263a-11e8-a227-fd2b009466bc_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJSM_Web_Dept." class="citation web cs1">JSM Web Dept. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sonlifetv.com/#">"SonLife Broadcasting Network – Christian Television – SBN – Jimmy Swaggart Ministries"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SonLife+Broadcasting+Network+%E2%80%93+Christian+Television+%E2%80%93+SBN+%E2%80%93+Jimmy+Swaggart+Ministries&rft.au=JSM+Web+Dept.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sonlifetv.com%2F%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1990/42/schedule/2/enacted">"Broadcasting Act 1990"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Broadcasting+Act+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1990%2F42%2Fschedule%2F2%2Fenacted&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReligious+broadcasting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Religious_broadcasting" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alternet.org/mediaculture/21940/">Mariah Blake, Columbia Journalism Review, 5 May 2005, "Air Jesus"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/apr/07/the-guardian-view-on-religious-broadcasting-imagination-and-commitment-needed">The Guardian view on religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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style="width:1%">Medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_license" title="Broadcast license">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&oldid=1240899402">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Religious_broadcasting&oldid=1240899402</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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