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searchaux" style="display:none">License granting permission to use radio frequency spectrum for broadcasting use</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>broadcast license</b> is a type of spectrum <a href="/wiki/License" title="License">license</a> granting the licensee permission to use a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/Radio_spectrum" title="Radio spectrum">spectrum</a> in a given geographical area for <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> purposes. The licenses generally include restrictions, which vary from band to band.<sup id="cite_ref-nuechterlein235_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuechterlein235-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Spectrum may be divided according to use. As indicated in a graph from the <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a> (NTIA), <a href="/wiki/Frequency_allocation" title="Frequency allocation">frequency allocations</a> may be represented by different types of services which vary in size.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many options exist when applying for a broadcast license; the FCC determines how much spectrum to allot to licensees in a given band,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> according to what is needed for the service in question.<sup id="cite_ref-nuechterlein235_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuechterlein235-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The determination of frequencies used by licensees is done through frequency allocation, which in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> is specified by the FCC in a <a href="/wiki/Table_of_allotments" class="mw-redirect" title="Table of allotments">table of allotments</a>. The FCC is authorized to regulate spectrum access for private and government uses; however, the <a href="/wiki/National_Telecommunications_and_Information_Administration" title="National Telecommunications and Information Administration">National Telecommunications and Information Administration</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">Commerce Department</a> allocates spectrum for use by the federal government (including the military). </p><p>In some cases (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Citizens%27_band_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizens' band radio">CB</a> radio, <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>), the public may use spectrum without a license. Commercial users (such as television, AM/FM radio, and some types of two-way communications) will receive an FCC assignment to a portion of spectrum, which may be a single frequency or a band of frequencies. In issuing broadcast licenses the FCC relies on "comparative hearings", whereby the most qualified user will be granted use of the spectrum to best serve the public interest; researchers have pointed out that this procedure favors incumbents.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Violation of the terms of a license (due to technical fault or illegal content) may result in <a href="/wiki/Fine_(penalty)" title="Fine (penalty)">fines</a> or <a href="/wiki/Revocation" title="Revocation">revocation</a> of the license. Licenses have also been jeopardized by misrepresentation on the part of the holder or failure to keep a <a href="/wiki/Public_file" title="Public file">public file</a> (in the U.S. and Canada). <a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_broadcasting" title="Unlicensed broadcasting">Unlicensed broadcasting</a> refers to legal devices allowed to transmit at <a href="/wiki/Low-power_broadcasting" title="Low-power broadcasting">low power</a> without a license and <a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">pirate stations</a>, which violate the law. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economics">Economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_license&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the U.S. broadcast licenses were issued for only a nominal payment, but economist <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Coase" title="Ronald Coase">Ronald Coase</a> challenged the FCC's approach. Coase proposed that, as for other resources (land, metal, etc.), the market should regulate the use of radio spectrum. This proposition is based on the <a href="/wiki/Coase_theorem" title="Coase theorem">Coase theorem</a>: with well-defined property rights, the free market will allocate resources to their most efficient use if transaction costs are low. Coase's theory indicated that broadcast licenses in a spectrum that was limited had high <a href="/wiki/Economic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic value">economic value</a>, which should be paid on the <a href="/wiki/Open_market" title="Open market">open market</a>. Licenses are increasingly offered via <a href="/wiki/Spectrum_auction" title="Spectrum auction">spectrum auctions</a>; however, this fails to consider <a href="/wiki/Non-commercial_educational" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-commercial educational">non-commercial educational</a> users (who are shut out of the process for economic reasons). </p><p>Licensing is conducted by a broadcasting authority (a government agency) to manage the radio-frequency spectrum and implement <a href="/wiki/Public_policy" title="Public policy">public policy</a>, such as that regarding the <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership" title="Concentration of media ownership">concentration of media ownership</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_in_the_United_States" title="Broadcasting in the United States">the U.S.</a> the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC) does not assign licenses to exclusive users, instead permitting qualified users to apply for a license.<sup id="cite_ref-nuechterlein235_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuechterlein235-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Radio_Act_of_1927" title="Radio Act of 1927">Radio Act of 1927</a> established the regulatory premise that the spectrum belongs to the public, and licensees have no property rights to use it.<sup id="cite_ref-nuechterlein232_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuechterlein232-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the spectrum is licensed to bidders, its purchase does not entail ownership or rights but the privilege of using that portion of the spectrum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Process">Process</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_license&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The process of obtaining a new broadcast license may be lengthy. A <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast engineer">broadcast engineer</a> first determines an available frequency, which may be unavailable in a crowded <a href="/wiki/Media_market" title="Media market">media market</a> (such as a <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a>). If a frequency is available, an engineering study is submitted with an application to the broadcasting authority, to demonstrate that the licensee will not cause <a href="/wiki/RF_interference" class="mw-redirect" title="RF interference">RF interference</a> to existing stations. There is a limited term for the license, once acquired. According to the United States Government Printing Office in 1997, the term could exceed 8 years;<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> however, this has been shortened to five years or less (depending on whether the FCC requires further evaluation).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Construction_permit" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction permit">construction permit</a> is first issued, with the license receiving approval when the station certifies that the permit has been executed (after testing to ensure that all parameters are within allowable <a href="/wiki/Tolerance_(engineering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolerance (engineering)">tolerances</a>). Once a facility is built and operational, it may be allowed to operate under <a href="/wiki/Program_test_authority" title="Program test authority">program test authority</a> until the license is issued (or denied). Where a station is close to an <a href="/wiki/International_border" class="mw-redirect" title="International border">international border</a>, a license may also need to be approved by the foreign country's broadcasting authority for <a href="/wiki/Frequency_coordination" title="Frequency coordination">frequency coordination</a>. This is done even if the border is outside of a station's <a href="/wiki/Computer_modeling" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer modeling">predicted</a> <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_range" title="Broadcast range">broadcast range</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">radio propagation</a> sometimes causes stations to be heard outside their service area. </p><p>Existing stations apply for permits and license amendments when making changes to their facilities (such as relocation to another site, changing the <a href="/wiki/Radio_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio antenna">radio antenna</a> <a href="/wiki/HAAT" class="mw-redirect" title="HAAT">height</a>, making changes to a <a href="/wiki/Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">directional antenna</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">radiation pattern</a>, or when adding—or converting to—<a href="/wiki/Digital_broadcasting" title="Digital broadcasting">digital broadcasting</a>). Other situations (such as a change in the <a href="/wiki/City_of_license" title="City of license">city of license</a>) are covered in <a href="/wiki/Rulemaking" title="Rulemaking">rulemaking</a> <a href="/wiki/Proceeding" class="mw-redirect" title="Proceeding">proceedings</a> in the U.S., which may be a prerequisite to moving a station a significant distance (leaving its original community outside its new coverage area). Temporary situations are covered by <a href="/wiki/Special_temporary_authority" title="Special temporary authority">special temporary authority</a> (STA) to operate at a variance from the license or permit or a <a href="/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licence</a> (RSL) to operate for a fixed period at reduced power. While these are FCC and <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> terms, respectively, other countries have similar regulations. </p><p>In the U.S., court cases can prolong the process when <a href="/wiki/Mutually_exclusive" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutually exclusive">mutually exclusive</a> applications are received. The FCC opens application window periods of about a week. Some applications have been pending for years; others end up in <a href="/wiki/Administrative_law" title="Administrative law">administrative law</a> courts or <a href="/wiki/Arbitration" title="Arbitration">arbitration</a>, sometimes with one applicant seeking a <a href="/wiki/Buyout" title="Buyout">buyout</a> of another. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_specifications">Technical specifications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_license&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Technical specifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Management of technical <a href="/wiki/Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Specification">specifications</a> (such as those in <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">broadcast television systems</a>) is normally undertaken as a part of broadcast licensing in each country. <a href="/wiki/Radio_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio band">Radio bands</a> carry <a href="/wiki/Radio_signal" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio signal">signals</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog_signal" title="Analog signal">analog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Narrowband" title="Narrowband">narrowband</a>, <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> and <a href="/wiki/Content_(media_and_publishing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Content (media and publishing)">content</a>), and are licensed differently. </p><p>The broadcast license typically specifies the following minimum information: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate" class="mw-redirect" title="Geographic coordinate">Geographic coordinates</a>, with exact <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> and <a href="/wiki/Longitude" title="Longitude">longitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_frequency" class="mw-redirect" title="Carrier frequency">Carrier frequency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">Modulation</a> type[s]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effective_radiated_power" title="Effective radiated power">Effective radiated power</a> (ERP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Height_above_average_terrain" title="Height above average terrain">Height above average terrain</a> (HAAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directional_antenna" title="Directional antenna">Directional antenna</a> <a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">radiation pattern</a>, specified at several <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuths</a></li></ul> <p>Additionally, it often specifies: </p> <ul><li>Operating hours (for <a href="/wiki/Mediumwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediumwave">mediumwave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shortwave" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortwave">shortwave</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmitter_power_output" title="Transmitter power output">Transmitter power output</a> (TPO) (before any <a href="/wiki/Attenuation" title="Attenuation">attenuation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gain_(electronics)" title="Gain (electronics)">gain</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_auxiliary_service" title="Broadcast auxiliary service">Broadcast auxiliary services</a> (BAS) linking studio and transmitter sites</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_antenna" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio antenna">Antenna</a> brand and model</li> <li>Height <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above mean sea level</a> (AMSL) and above ground level (AGL)</li> <li>Backup facilities (which may have separate licenses)</li> <li>Additional service authorizations (<a href="/wiki/Subcarrier" title="Subcarrier">subcarriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">digital radio</a>)</li></ul> <p>Some countries (such as the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Radio-television_and_Telecommunications_Commission" title="Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission">Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>) specify <a href="/wiki/Radio_format" title="Radio format">radio format</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Television_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Television programming">television programming</a>, to ensure diversity. Community stations (such as <a href="/wiki/Class_A_television_service" title="Class A television service">class A television service</a> and <a href="/wiki/LPFM" class="mw-redirect" title="LPFM">LPFM</a> stations in the U.S.) may be required to broadcast local content each week. U.S. <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_translator" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcast translator">broadcast translator</a> licenses <i>prohibit</i> local content on FM, while <a href="/wiki/LPTV" class="mw-redirect" title="LPTV">LPTV</a> stations can choose, except those tied to a DTV station as a fill-in translator or booster to overcome the shortcomings of the <a href="/wiki/ATSC" class="mw-redirect" title="ATSC">ATSC</a> system mandated by the FCC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sharing">Sharing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_license&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In some cases, two stations may share the same frequency in the same area, or even the same facility. <a href="/wiki/Time_sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Time sharing">Time sharing</a> has on occasion been used when two applicants have an equal number of points, mainly with LPFM stations. In <a href="/w/index.php?title=FCC_auction_1000&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FCC auction 1000 (page does not exist)">FCC auction 1000</a> for the 600 MHz band, TV stations were paid to leave the air in crowded markets (to facilitate repacking of stations on <a href="/wiki/TV_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="TV channel">TV channels</a> 38 to 51 into those already using 2 to 36), but are allowed to move the license to another existing station, keeping their <a href="/wiki/Virtual_channel" title="Virtual channel">virtual channel</a> numbers and <a href="/wiki/Must-carry" title="Must-carry">must-carry</a> rights. Each licensee is responsible for the content on their own channels, while both are jointly responsible for the technical operation of the transmitter, antenna, and tower. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">city of New York</a>, 89.1 MHz is reserved for the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>; however, it is used instead by <a href="/wiki/WNYU-FM" title="WNYU-FM">WNYU-FM</a> and <a href="/wiki/WNYU-FM1" class="mw-redirect" title="WNYU-FM1">WNYU-FM1</a>, unless the U.N. should ever apply to use it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Renewal">Renewal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_license&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Renewal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Licensing requirements differ for <a href="/wiki/Public_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Public radio">public radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Public television">television</a> and for <a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">community radio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Community_television" title="Community television">television</a> compared to commercial applicants. Licensees must be aware of deadlines, from original application to renewal, which vary by state<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and include license expiration and dates for renewals. The form for renewal of a broadcast license in the United States is FCC Form 303-S. While the Form 303-S License Application consists of yes-or-no questions and certifications, the process of renewing the license is complex; the FCC requires that licensees certify that they were in compliance with all rules and regulations during the prior license term. If a license has been acquired in the middle of a term, the licensee will be evaluated from that point to the end of the license term. Misrepresentation to the FCC may lead to the loss of a license.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_license&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Broadcasting in the Soviet Union">Broadcasting in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_service_broadcasting_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom">Public service broadcasting in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectrum_management" title="Spectrum management">Spectrum management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_assignment_authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency assignment authority">Frequency assignment authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey%27s_Gala_Premier#Temporary_shutdown_of_BBC_Television_Service" title="Mickey's Gala Premier">1939 Temporary shutdown of BBC Television Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rede_Tupi" title="Rede Tupi">Rede Tupi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_(Russia)" title="NTV (Russia)">NTV (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTV_affair" title="NTV affair">NTV affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RCTV" title="RCTV">RCTV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Venezuelan_RCTV_protests" title="2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests">2007 Venezuelan RCTV protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Television" title="Asia Television">ATV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_under_Ferdinand_Marcos" title="Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos">1972 Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banahaw_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation">Banahaw Broadcasting Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_franchise_renewal_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy">ABS-CBN franchise renewal controversy</a> - a issue whereas its application for broadcast license were denied due to "politically motivated" issues</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongyang_Broadcasting_Company" title="Tongyang Broadcasting Company">Tongyang Broadcasting Company</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_license&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-nuechterlein235-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nuechterlein235_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuechterlein235_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuechterlein235_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNuechterleinWeiser,_Philip_J.2005" class="citation book cs1">Nuechterlein, Jonathan; Weiser, Philip J. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalcrossroad00jona"><i>Digital Crossroads</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalcrossroad00jona/page/235">235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262140911" title="Special:BookSources/9780262140911"><bdi>9780262140911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Crossroads&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=235&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780262140911&rft.aulast=Nuechterlein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Weiser%2C+Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdigitalcrossroad00jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+license" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ntia.doc.gov/osmhome/allochrt.pdf">"National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) United States Frequency Allocations The Radio Spectrum"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>doc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=doc.gov&rft.atitle=National+Telecommunications+and+Information+Administration+%28NTIA%29+United+States+Frequency+Allocations+The+Radio+Spectrum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntia.doc.gov%2Fosmhome%2Fallochrt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+license" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuechterleinWeiser,_Philip_J.2005" class="citation book cs1">Nuechterlein, Jonathan; Weiser, Philip J. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalcrossroad00jona"><i>Digital Crossroads</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalcrossroad00jona/page/234">234</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262140911" title="Special:BookSources/9780262140911"><bdi>9780262140911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Crossroads&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=234&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780262140911&rft.aulast=Nuechterlein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Weiser%2C+Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdigitalcrossroad00jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+license" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krattenmaker, T. G. & Pwwe, L. A. Jr. (1994). Regulating Broadcast programming.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nuechterlein232-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nuechterlein232_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNuechterleinWeiser,_Philip_J.2005" class="citation book cs1">Nuechterlein, Jonathan; Weiser, Philip J. (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalcrossroad00jona"><i>Digital Crossroads</i></a></span>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/digitalcrossroad00jona/page/232">232</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262140911" title="Special:BookSources/9780262140911"><bdi>9780262140911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Crossroads&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pages=232&rft.pub=The+MIT+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780262140911&rft.aulast=Nuechterlein&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Weiser%2C+Philip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdigitalcrossroad00jona&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+license" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-1997-02-05/pdf/97-2755.pdf">"United States Government Printing Office Broadcast License Terms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>gpo.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gpo.gov&rft.atitle=United+States+Government+Printing+Office+Broadcast+License+Terms&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FFR-1997-02-05%2Fpdf%2F97-2755.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+license" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.tv/eotvsection.php?entrycode=license">"The Museum of Broadcast Communications - Encyclopedia of Television"</a>. <i>www.museum.tv</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.museum.tv&rft.atitle=The+Museum+of+Broadcast+Communications+-+Encyclopedia+of+Television&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.tv%2Feotvsection.php%3Fentrycode%3Dlicense&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+license" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/fcc-bin/fmq?city=new+york&freq=89.1&fre2=89.1&list=1&size=10">"FM Query Results -- Audio Division (FCC) USA"</a>. <i>www.fcc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fcc.gov&rft.atitle=FM+Query+Results+--+Audio+Division+%28FCC%29+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Ffcc-bin%2Ffmq%3Fcity%3Dnew%2Byork%26freq%3D89.1%26fre2%3D89.1%26list%3D1%26size%3D10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+license" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/localism/renewals.html">Federal Communications Commission Broadcast License Renewal Filing & Expiration Dates</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050408094705/http://www.fcc.gov/localism/renewals.html">Archived</a> April 8, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/mb/video/renewal.html">"Federal Communications Commission License Renewal Applications for Television Broadcast Stations"</a>. <i>fcc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=fcc.gov&rft.atitle=Federal+Communications+Commission+License+Renewal+Applications+for+Television+Broadcast+Stations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fmb%2Fvideo%2Frenewal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+license" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321135027/http://www.dwt.com/LearningCenter/Advisories?find=406501">"Preparing for Radio Station FCC License Renewals - Advisories & Blogs - Davis Wright Tremaine"</a>. <i>www.dwt.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwt.com/LearningCenter/Advisories?find=406501">the original</a> on March 21, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 19,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dwt.com&rft.atitle=Preparing+for+Radio+Station+FCC+License+Renewals+-+Advisories+%26+Blogs+-+Davis+Wright+Tremaine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwt.com%2FLearningCenter%2FAdvisories%3Ffind%3D406501&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABroadcast+license" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadcast_license&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acma.gov.au">Australian Communications and Media Authority</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ic.gc.ca/spectrum">Industry Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsm.govt.nz/">Radio Spectrum Management New Zealand</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofcom.org.uk/">Ofcom (United Kingdom)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/">Federal Communications Commission (United States)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Broadcasting" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Broadcasting" title="Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Broadcasting" title="Template talk:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Broadcasting"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Broadcasting" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medium</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">Radio</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_program" title="Radio program">Radio program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_radio" title="Cable radio">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_radio" title="Digital radio">Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile computing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Mobile television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">Television show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television" title="Analog television">Analog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television" title="Digital terrestrial television">Digital terrestrial television</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet television">Internet television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">radio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Webcast" title="Webcast">Webcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Web television">Web television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">Peer-to-peer television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent#Film.2C_video.2C_and_music" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent television and movies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broadcasting<br />niche</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Campus_radio" title="Campus radio">Campus radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_broadcasting" title="Commercial broadcasting">Commercial broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_radio" title="Community radio">Community radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television" title="Multichannel television">Multichannel television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">Pay-per-view</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio" title="Pirate radio">Pirate radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pirate_television" title="Pirate television">Pirate television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">Public broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_broadcasting" title="Religious broadcasting">Religious broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talk_radio" title="Talk radio">Talk radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Specialty_channel" title="Specialty channel">Specialty<br />channels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_adult_television_channels" title="List of adult television channels">Adult television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_interest_channel" title="Children's interest channel">Children's interest channel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_television_series" title="Children's television series">Children's television series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Documentary_channel" title="Documentary channel">Documentary channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_interest_channel" title="Men's interest channel">Men's interest channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movie_television_channels" title="List of movie television channels">Movie television channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_radio" title="Music radio">Music radio</a> / <a href="/wiki/Music_television" title="Music television">Music television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiz_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Quiz channel">Quiz channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shopping_channel" title="Shopping channel">Shopping channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_broadcasting" title="News broadcasting">News broadcasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Business channels">Business channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_affairs_(broadcasting)" title="Public affairs (broadcasting)">Public affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livestreamed_news" title="Livestreamed news">Livestreamed news</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports broadcasting">Sports broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_interest_channel" title="Women's interest channel">Women's interest channel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production<br />and funding</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_network" title="Broadcast network">Broadcast network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast-safe" title="Broadcast-safe">Broadcast-safe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Broadcast television systems</a></li> <li>Graphics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_on-screen_graphic" title="Digital on-screen graphic">Digital on-screen graphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_third" title="Lower third">Lower third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_ticker" title="News ticker">News ticker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-screen_display" title="On-screen display">On-screen display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Score_bug" title="Score bug">Score bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_news_screen_layout" title="Television news screen layout">Television news screen layout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_affiliate" title="Network affiliate">Network affiliate</a></li> <li>Occupations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_designer" title="Broadcast designer">Broadcast designer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Broadcast license</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Director_of_network_programming" title="Director of network programming">Director of network programming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outside_broadcasting" title="Outside broadcasting">Outside broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_box" title="Press box">Press box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_pool" title="Press pool">Press pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">Television licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_studio" title="Television studio">Television studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: 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