CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Minimum inhibitory concentration - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"7dbd7e4b-ac14-429e-baeb-53e0278b47a5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Minimum_inhibitory_concentration","wgTitle":"Minimum inhibitory concentration","wgCurRevisionId":1226840387,"wgRevisionId":1226840387,"wgArticleId":5600471,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Microbiology terms"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Minimum_inhibitory_concentration","wgRelevantArticleId":5600471,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove" :[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":20000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q597889","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Minimum inhibitory concentration - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Minimum_inhibitory_concentration rootpage-Minimum_inhibitory_concentration skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Minimum+inhibitory+concentration" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Minimum+inhibitory+concentration" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Minimum+inhibitory+concentration" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Minimum+inhibitory+concentration" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clinical_usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clinical_usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Clinical usage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clinical_usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Methods</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Methods-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Methods subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broth_dilution_assay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broth_dilution_assay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Broth dilution assay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broth_dilution_assay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Etest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MBC_testing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MBC_testing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>MBC testing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MBC_testing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Importance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Importance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minimum inhibitory concentration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%89" title="التركيز المثبط الأدنى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التركيز المثبط الأدنى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minim%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_inhibi%C4%8Dn%C3%AD_koncentrace" title="Minimální inhibiční koncentrace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minimální inhibiční koncentrace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimale_Hemm-Konzentration" title="Minimale Hemm-Konzentration – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minimale Hemm-Konzentration" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentraci%C3%B3n_inhibitoria_m%C3%ADnima" title="Concentración inhibitoria mínima – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Concentración inhibitoria mínima" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%DB%8C" title="غلظت بازدارنده حداقلی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="غلظت بازدارنده حداقلی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentration_minimale_inhibitrice" title="Concentration minimale inhibitrice – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Concentration minimale inhibitrice" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B5%9C%EC%86%8C_%EC%A0%80%EC%A7%80_%EB%86%8D%EB%8F%84" title="최소 저지 농도 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="최소 저지 농도" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsentrasi_hambat_minimum" title="Konsentrasi hambat minimum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsentrasi hambat minimum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentrazione_minima_inibitoria" title="Concentrazione minima inibitoria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Concentrazione minima inibitoria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%96_%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%9B%D7%91_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99" title="ריכוז מעכב מזערי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ריכוז מעכב מזערי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E7%99%BA%E8%82%B2%E9%98%BB%E6%AD%A2%E6%BF%83%E5%BA%A6" title="最小発育阻止濃度 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="最小発育阻止濃度" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalne_st%C4%99%C5%BCenie_hamuj%C4%85ce" title="Minimalne stężenie hamujące – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minimalne stężenie hamujące" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concentra%C3%A7%C3%A3o_inibit%C3%B3ria_m%C3%ADnima" title="Concentração inibitória mínima – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Concentração inibitória mínima" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalna_inhibitorna_koncentracija" title="Minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalna_inhibitorna_koncentracija" title="Minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimalna_inhibitorna_koncentracija" title="Minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minimalna inhibitorna koncentracija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Мінімальна інгібувальна концентрація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінімальна інгібувальна концентрація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%B0%8F%E6%8A%91%E8%8F%8C%E6%B5%93%E5%BA%A6" title="最小抑菌浓度 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="最小抑菌浓度" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q597889#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Minimum_inhibitory_concentration" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&oldid=1226840387" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&id=1226840387&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMinimum_inhibitory_concentration"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMinimum_inhibitory_concentration"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q597889" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Concentration of chemical that stops bacterial growth</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>, the <b>minimum inhibitory concentration</b> (<b>MIC</b>) is the lowest concentration of a <a href="/wiki/Chemical" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical">chemical</a>, usually a drug, which prevents visible <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Cell_growth" title="Cell growth">growth</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid36551405_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid36551405-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21050800_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21050800-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MIC testing is performed in both <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnostic">diagnostic</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid36551405_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid36551405-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21050800_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21050800-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">drug discovery</a> laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid36455285_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid36455285-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid32529587_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32529587-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The MIC is determined by preparing a <a href="/wiki/Serial_dilution" title="Serial dilution">dilution series</a> of the chemical, adding <a href="/wiki/Agar_dilution" title="Agar dilution">agar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Broth_microdilution" title="Broth microdilution">broth</a>, then inoculating with bacteria or fungi, and incubating at a suitable <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>. The value obtained is largely dependent on the susceptibility of the microorganism and the <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">antimicrobial</a> potency of the chemical, but other variables can affect results too.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15015030_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15015030-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MIC is often expressed in micrograms per milliliter (μg/mL) or milligrams per liter (mg/L). </p><p>In diagnostic labs, MIC test results are used to grade the susceptibility of microbes. These grades are assigned based on agreed upon values called breakpoints. Breakpoints are published by <a href="/wiki/Standards_organization" title="Standards organization">standards development organizations</a> such as the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Clinical_and_Laboratory_Standards_Institute" title="Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute">Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute</a> (CLSI), the <a href="/wiki/British_Society_for_Antimicrobial_Chemotherapy" title="British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy">British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy</a> (BSAC) and the <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_on_Antimicrobial_Susceptibility_Testing" title="European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing">European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing</a> (EUCAST).<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34550809_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34550809-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11420333_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11420333-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EUCAST-1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUCAST-1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of measuring MICs and grading microbes is to enable <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> to prescribe the most appropriate antimicrobial treatment. </p><p>The first step in <a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">drug discovery</a> is often measurement of the MICs of biological <a href="/wiki/Extraction_(chemistry)" title="Extraction (chemistry)">extracts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_product#Isolation_and_purification" title="Natural product">isolated</a> <a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">compounds</a> or large <a href="/wiki/Chemical_library" title="Chemical library">chemical libraries</a> against bacteria and fungi of interest.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid15268641_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15268641-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MIC values provide a quantitative measure of an extract or compound's antimicrobial <a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">potency</a>. The lower the MIC, the more potent the antimicrobial.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32529587_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32529587-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <i>in vitro</i> toxicity data is available, MICs can also be used to calculate selectivity index values, a measure of off-target to target <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxicity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid32529587_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid32529587-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the discovery and commercialization of antibiotics, microbiologist, pharmacologist, and physician <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a> developed the broth dilution technique using the turbidity of the broth for assessment.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is commonly believed to be the conception point of minimum inhibitory concentrations.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the 1980s, the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute consolidated the methods and standards for MIC determination and clinical usage. Because pathogens continue to evolve, and new drugs continue to be developed, the CLSI's MIC protocols are periodically updated to reflect these changes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protocols and parameters set by the CLSI are considered to be the "gold standard" in the United States and are used by regulatory authorities, such as the FDA, to make evaluations.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clinical_usage">Clinical usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Clinical usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nowadays, the MIC is used in antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The MIC is reported by providing the susceptibility interpretation next to each antibiotic. The different susceptibility interpretations are: "S" (susceptible or responding to a standard dosing regimen), "I" (intermediate or requiring increased exposure), and "R" (resistant). These interpretations were developed by the <a href="/wiki/Clinical_and_Laboratory_Standards_Institute" title="Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute">CLSI</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Committee_on_Antimicrobial_Susceptibility_Testing" title="European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing">EUCAST</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid34550809_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid34550809-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EUCAST-1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EUCAST-1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There have been major discrepancies between the breakpoints from various European countries over the years, and between those from the CLSI and EUCAST.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid28653629_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid28653629-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In clinics, more often than not, exact pathogens cannot be easily determined by symptoms of the patient. Then, even if the pathogen is determined, different <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> of pathogens, such as <i>Staphylococcus aureus,</i> have varying levels of <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">resistance to antimicrobials</a>. As such, it is difficult to prescribe correct antimicrobials.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The MIC is determined in such cases by growing the pathogen isolate from the patient on plate or broth, which is later used in the assay.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, knowledge of the MIC will provide a physician valuable information for making a prescription. </p><p>Accurate and precise usage of antimicrobials is also important in the context of <a href="/wiki/Multidrug-resistant_bacteria" title="Multidrug-resistant bacteria">multidrug-resistant bacteria</a>. Microbes such as bacteria have been gaining resistance to antimicrobials they were previously susceptible to.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Usage of incompatible levels of antimicrobials provides the selective pressure that has driven the direction and evolution of resistance of bacterial pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been seen at sub-MIC levels of antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, it is increasingly important to determine the MIC in order to make the best choice in prescribing antimicrobials. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broth_dilution_assay">Broth dilution assay</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Broth dilution assay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minimum_Inhibitory_Concentration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Minimum_Inhibitory_Concentration.jpg/368px-Minimum_Inhibitory_Concentration.jpg" decoding="async" width="368" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Minimum_Inhibitory_Concentration.jpg/552px-Minimum_Inhibitory_Concentration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Minimum_Inhibitory_Concentration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Broth dilution assay. The MIC is determined by examining tubes containing the microbe and a <a href="/wiki/Serial_dilution" title="Serial dilution">dilution series</a> of antimicrobial agent for turbidity.</figcaption></figure><p> There are three main <a href="/wiki/Reagents" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagents">reagents</a> necessary to run this assay: the media, an antimicrobial agent, and the microbe being tested. The most commonly used media is cation-adjusted Mueller Hinton Broth, due to its ability to support the growth of most pathogens and its lack of inhibitors towards common antibiotics.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the pathogen and antibiotics being tested, the media can be changed and/or adjusted. The antimicrobial concentration is adjusted into the correct concentration by mixing stock antimicrobial with media. The adjusted antimicrobial is <a href="/wiki/Serial_dilution" title="Serial dilution">serially diluted</a> into multiple tubes (or wells) to obtain a gradient. The dilution rate can be adjusted depending on the breakpoint and the practitioner's needs. The microbe, or the inoculating agent, must come from the same colony-forming unit, and must be at the correct concentration. This may be adjusted by incubation time and dilution. For verification, the positive control is plated in a hundred fold dilution to count colony forming units. The microbes inoculate the tubes (or plate) and are incubated for 16–20 hours. The MIC is generally determined by turbidity.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etest">Etest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Etest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Etest_Vancomycin_S_aureus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Etest_Vancomycin_S_aureus.jpg/369px-Etest_Vancomycin_S_aureus.jpg" decoding="async" width="369" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Etest_Vancomycin_S_aureus.jpg/554px-Etest_Vancomycin_S_aureus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Etest_Vancomycin_S_aureus.jpg/738px-Etest_Vancomycin_S_aureus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1013" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption>Etest. After the required incubation period, when an even lawn of growth is distinctly visible, the MIC value is read where the pointed end of the inhibition ellipse intersects the side of the strip.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Etest" title="Etest">Etests</a> can be used as an alternative method to determine the minimum inhibitory concentrations of a wide range of antimicrobial agents against different organisms. They have been widely used in microbiology laboratories around the world. Manufactured by <a href="/wiki/BioM%C3%A9rieux" title="BioMérieux">bioMérieux</a>, Etests are a ready-to-use, non-porous plastic reagent strip with a predefined gradient of antibiotic, covering a continuous concentration range.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="MBC_testing">MBC testing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: MBC testing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While the MIC is the lowest concentration of an antibacterial or antifungal agent necessary to inhibit visible growth, the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_bactericidal_concentration" title="Minimum bactericidal concentration">minimum bactericidal concentration</a> (MBC) is the minimum concentration of an antibacterial agent that results in bacterial death. It is defined by the inability to re-culture bacteria, and the closer the MIC is to the MBC, the more bactericidal the compound.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MIC is used clinically over MBC because MIC is more easily determined.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, drug effectiveness is generally similar when taken at both MIC and MBC concentrations because the host immune system can expel the pathogen when bacterial proliferation is at a standstill.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the MBC is much higher than the MIC, drug toxicity makes taking the MBC of the drug detrimental to patient. Antimicrobial toxicity can come in many forms, such as immune hypersensitivity and off-target toxicity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance">Importance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Importance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Increasing bacterial outbreaks and newer strains of Microbes and Pathogen invading our lives daily, there is an increasing need to Test these microbes. Mutating Bacteria poses a higher risk to humans more than ever and thus MIC Test is important to ensure we are one step ahead of them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_diffusion_test" title="Disk diffusion test">Kirby–Bauer test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Palin" title="Arthur Thomas Palin">Arthur Thomas Palin</a>, pioneer in drinking water chlorination treatment and testing</li> <li>MIC Test Flow And <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microbe-investigations.com/minimum-inhibitory-concentration-test/">How to Perform MIS Test</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pmid36551405-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36551405_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid36551405_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMagréaultJauréguyCarbonnelleZahar2010" class="citation journal cs1">Magréault S, Jauréguy F, Carbonnelle E, Zahar JR (December 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9774413">"When and How to Use MIC in Clinical Practice?"</a>. <i>Antibiotics</i>. <b>11</b> (12): Article 1748. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fantibiotics11121748">10.3390/antibiotics11121748</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9774413">9774413</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36551405">36551405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antibiotics&rft.atitle=When+and+How+to+Use+MIC+in+Clinical+Practice%3F&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=Article+1748&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9774413%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36551405&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fantibiotics11121748&rft.aulast=Magr%C3%A9ault&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Jaur%C3%A9guy%2C+F&rft.au=Carbonnelle%2C+E&rft.au=Zahar%2C+JR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC9774413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21050800-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21050800_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid21050800_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfallerAndesDiekemaEspinel-Ingroff2010" class="citation journal cs1">Pfaller MA, Andes D, Diekema DJ, Espinel-Ingroff A, Sheehan D (December 2010). "Wild-type MIC distributions, epidemiological cutoff values and species-specific clinical breakpoints for fluconazole and Candida: Time for harmonization of CLSI and EUCAST broth microdilution methods". <i>Drug Resistance Updates</i>. <b>13</b> (6): 180–195. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.drup.2010.09.002">10.1016/j.drup.2010.09.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21050800">21050800</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Resistance+Updates&rft.atitle=Wild-type+MIC+distributions%2C+epidemiological+cutoff+values+and+species-specific+clinical+breakpoints+for+fluconazole+and+Candida%3A+Time+for+harmonization+of+CLSI+and+EUCAST+broth+microdilution+methods&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=180-195&rft.date=2010-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.drup.2010.09.002&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21050800&rft.aulast=Pfaller&rft.aufirst=MA&rft.au=Andes%2C+D&rft.au=Diekema%2C+DJ&rft.au=Espinel-Ingroff%2C+A&rft.au=Sheehan%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid36455285-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid36455285_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennaniDoudachEl_RhayamKarrouchi2022" class="citation journal cs1">Bennani FE, Doudach L, El Rhayam Y, Karrouchi K, Cherrah Y, Tarib A, Ansar M, Faouzi ME (November 2022). "Identification of the new progress on pyrazole derivatives molecules as antimicrobial and antifungal agents". <i>West African Journal of Medicine</i>. <b>39</b> (11): 1217–1244. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36455285">36455285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=West+African+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Identification+of+the+new+progress+on+pyrazole+derivatives+molecules+as+antimicrobial+and+antifungal+agents&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1217-1244&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F36455285&rft.aulast=Bennani&rft.aufirst=FE&rft.au=Doudach%2C+L&rft.au=El+Rhayam%2C+Y&rft.au=Karrouchi%2C+K&rft.au=Cherrah%2C+Y&rft.au=Tarib%2C+A&rft.au=Ansar%2C+M&rft.au=Faouzi%2C+ME&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid32529587-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32529587_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32529587_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid32529587_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCushnieCushnieEcheverríaFowsantear2020" class="citation journal cs1">Cushnie TP, Cushnie B, Echeverría J, Fowsantear W, Thammawat S, Dodgson JL, Law S, Clow SM (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3909383">"Bioprospecting for antibacterial drugs: a multidisciplinary perspective on natural product source material, bioassay selection and avoidable pitfalls"</a>. <i>Pharmaceutical Research</i>. <b>37</b> (7): Article 125. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11095-020-02849-1">10.1007/s11095-020-02849-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32529587">32529587</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254932190">254932190</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmaceutical+Research&rft.atitle=Bioprospecting+for+antibacterial+drugs%3A+a+multidisciplinary+perspective+on+natural+product+source+material%2C+bioassay+selection+and+avoidable+pitfalls&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=Article+125&rft.date=2020-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A254932190%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32529587&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11095-020-02849-1&rft.aulast=Cushnie&rft.aufirst=TP&rft.au=Cushnie%2C+B&rft.au=Echeverr%C3%ADa%2C+J&rft.au=Fowsantear%2C+W&rft.au=Thammawat%2C+S&rft.au=Dodgson%2C+JL&rft.au=Law%2C+S&rft.au=Clow%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3909383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15015030-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15015030_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnonDavis2004" class="citation journal cs1">McKinnon PS, Davis SL (April 2004). "Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic issues in the treatment of bacterial infectious diseases". <i>European Journal of Clinical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>23</b> (4): 271–88. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10096-004-1107-7">10.1007/s10096-004-1107-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15015030">15015030</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28455936">28455936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology+%26+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Pharmacokinetic+and+pharmacodynamic+issues+in+the+treatment+of+bacterial+infectious+diseases&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=271-88&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28455936%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15015030&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10096-004-1107-7&rft.aulast=McKinnon&rft.aufirst=PS&rft.au=Davis%2C+SL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid34550809-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pmid34550809_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pmid34550809_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphriesBobenchikHindlerSchuetz2021" class="citation journal cs1">Humphries R, Bobenchik AM, Hindler JA, Schuetz AN (November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601225">"Overview of Changes to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute Performance Standards for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing, M100, 31st Edition"</a>. <i>J Clin Microbiol</i>. <b>59</b> (12): Article e0021321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.00213-21">10.1128/JCM.00213-21</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8601225">8601225</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34550809">34550809</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=J+Clin+Microbiol&rft.atitle=Overview+of+Changes+to+the+Clinical+and+Laboratory+Standards+Institute+Performance+Standards+for+Antimicrobial+Susceptibility+Testing%2C+M100%2C+31st+Edition&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=Article+e0021321&rft.date=2021-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8601225%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34550809&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJCM.00213-21&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Bobenchik%2C+AM&rft.au=Hindler%2C+JA&rft.au=Schuetz%2C+AN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8601225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid11420333-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid11420333_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrews2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Andrews JM (July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2F48.suppl_1.5">"Determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations"</a>. <i>The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy</i>. 48 Suppl 1 (suppl 1): 5–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2F48.suppl_1.5">10.1093/jac/48.suppl_1.5</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11420333">11420333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Determination+of+minimum+inhibitory+concentrations&rft.volume=48+Suppl+1&rft.issue=suppl+1&rft.pages=5-16&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjac%2F48.suppl_1.5&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11420333&rft.aulast=Andrews&rft.aufirst=JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjac%252F48.suppl_1.5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EUCAST-1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EUCAST-1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EUCAST-1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eucast.org/newsiandr">"New definitions of S, I and R from 2019"</a>. European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+definitions+of+S%2C+I+and+R+from+2019&rft.pub=European+Committee+on+Antimicrobial+Susceptibility+Testing+%28EUCAST%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eucast.org%2Fnewsiandr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnidgeFerraroJorgensen2003" class="citation book cs1">Turnidge JD, Ferraro MJ, Jorgensen JH (2003). "Susceptibility Test Methods: General Considerations". In Murray PR, Baron EJ, Jorgensen JH, Pfaller MA, Yolken RH (eds.). <i>Manual of Clinical Microbiology</i> (8th ed.). Washington: American Society of Clinical Microbiology. p. 1103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55581-255-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-55581-255-4"><bdi>1-55581-255-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Susceptibility+Test+Methods%3A+General+Considerations&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Clinical+Microbiology&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=1103&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=American+Society+of+Clinical+Microbiology&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-55581-255-4&rft.aulast=Turnidge&rft.aufirst=JD&rft.au=Ferraro%2C+MJ&rft.au=Jorgensen%2C+JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15268641-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15268641_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'NeillChopra2004" class="citation journal cs1">O'Neill AJ, Chopra I (August 2004). "Preclinical evaluation of novel antibacterial agents by microbiological and molecular techniques". <i>Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs</i>. <b>13</b> (8): 1045–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F13543784.13.8.1045">10.1517/13543784.13.8.1045</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15268641">15268641</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24016698">24016698</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Investigational+Drugs&rft.atitle=Preclinical+evaluation+of+novel+antibacterial+agents+by+microbiological+and+molecular+techniques&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1045-63&rft.date=2004-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24016698%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15268641&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F13543784.13.8.1045&rft.aulast=O%27Neill&rft.aufirst=AJ&rft.au=Chopra%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFleming1944" class="citation book cs1">Fleming A (1944). <i>On the antibacterial action of cultures of a penicillium, with special reference to their use in the isolation of B. influenzae</i>. <a href="/wiki/H._K._Lewis_%26_Co._Ltd." title="H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.">H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd.</a> <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/25424051">25424051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+antibacterial+action+of+cultures+of+a+penicillium%2C+with+special+reference+to+their+use+in+the+isolation+of+B.+influenzae&rft.pub=H.+K.+Lewis+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=1944&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F25424051&rft.aulast=Fleming&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheat2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Wheat PF (July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2F48.suppl_1.1">"History and development of antimicrobial susceptibility testing methodology"</a>. <i>The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy</i>. 48 Suppl 1 (suppl_1): 1–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2F48.suppl_1.1">10.1093/jac/48.suppl_1.1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11420332">11420332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=History+and+development+of+antimicrobial+susceptibility+testing+methodology&rft.volume=48+Suppl+1&rft.issue=suppl_1&rft.pages=1-4&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjac%2F48.suppl_1.1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11420332&rft.aulast=Wheat&rft.aufirst=PF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjac%252F48.suppl_1.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockerill2012" class="citation book cs1">Cockerill FR (2012). <i>Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: approved standard</i> (9th ed.). Wayne, Pa: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1562387846" title="Special:BookSources/978-1562387846"><bdi>978-1562387846</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1016466655">1016466655</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methods+for+dilution+antimicrobial+susceptibility+tests+for+bacteria+that+grow+aerobically%3A+approved+standard&rft.place=Wayne%2C+Pa&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Clinical+and+Laboratory+Standards+Institute&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1016466655&rft.isbn=978-1562387846&rft.aulast=Cockerill&rft.aufirst=FR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockerill2012" class="citation book cs1">Cockerill F (2012). <i>Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing: twenty-second informational supplement</i>. Wayne, PA: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1562387853" title="Special:BookSources/978-1562387853"><bdi>978-1562387853</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/795927370">795927370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Performance+standards+for+antimicrobial+susceptibility+testing%3A+twenty-second+informational+supplement&rft.place=Wayne%2C+PA&rft.pub=Clinical+and+Laboratory+Standards+Institute&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F795927370&rft.isbn=978-1562387853&rft.aulast=Cockerill&rft.aufirst=F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid28653629-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid28653629_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDieneAbatRolainRaoult2017" class="citation journal cs1">Diene SM, Abat C, Rolain JM, Raoult D (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2817%2930338-9">"How artificial is the antibiotic resistance definition?"</a>. <i>The Lancet Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>17</b> (7): 690. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2817%2930338-9">10.1016/S1473-3099(17)30338-9</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28653629">28653629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=How+artificial+is+the+antibiotic+resistance+definition%3F&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=690&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2817%2930338-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28653629&rft.aulast=Diene&rft.aufirst=SM&rft.au=Abat%2C+C&rft.au=Rolain%2C+JM&rft.au=Raoult%2C+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS1473-3099%252817%252930338-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameronHowdenPeleg2011" class="citation journal cs1">Cameron DR, Howden BP, Peleg AY (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcir473">"The interface between antibiotic resistance and virulence in Staphylococcus aureus and its impact upon clinical outcomes"</a>. <i>Clinical Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>53</b> (6): 576–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcir473">10.1093/cid/cir473</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21865195">21865195</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=The+interface+between+antibiotic+resistance+and+virulence+in+Staphylococcus+aureus+and+its+impact+upon+clinical+outcomes&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=576-82&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcid%2Fcir473&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21865195&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=DR&rft.au=Howden%2C+BP&rft.au=Peleg%2C+AY&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fcid%252Fcir473&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwalbeSteele-MooreGoodwin2007" class="citation book cs1">Schwalbe R, Steele-Moore L, Goodwin AC (2007). <i>Antimicrobial susceptibility testing protocols</i>. Boca Raton: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781420014495" title="Special:BookSources/9781420014495"><bdi>9781420014495</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/666899344">666899344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antimicrobial+susceptibility+testing+protocols&rft.place=Boca+Raton&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F666899344&rft.isbn=9781420014495&rft.aulast=Schwalbe&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Steele-Moore%2C+L&rft.au=Goodwin%2C+AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2015" class="citation book cs1">World Health Organization (2015-12-15). <i>Global antimicrobial resistance surveillance system: manual for early implementation</i>. World Health Organization. Geneva, Switzerland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9241549400" title="Special:BookSources/978-9241549400"><bdi>978-9241549400</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/950637154">950637154</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+antimicrobial+resistance+surveillance+system%3A+manual+for+early+implementation.&rft.place=Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2015-12-15&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F950637154&rft.isbn=978-9241549400&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeisingerIsberg2017" class="citation journal cs1">Geisinger E, Isberg RR (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5853982">"Interplay Between Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence During Disease Promoted by Multidrug-Resistant Bacteria"</a>. <i>The Journal of Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>215</b> (suppl_1): S9–S17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjiw402">10.1093/infdis/jiw402</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5853982">5853982</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28375515">28375515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Interplay+Between+Antibiotic+Resistance+and+Virulence+During+Disease+Promoted+by+Multidrug-Resistant+Bacteria&rft.volume=215&rft.issue=suppl_1&rft.pages=S9-S17&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5853982%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28375515&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Finfdis%2Fjiw402&rft.aulast=Geisinger&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Isberg%2C+RR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5853982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGullbergCaoBergIlbäck2011" class="citation journal cs1">Gullberg E, Cao S, Berg OG, Ilbäck C, Sandegren L, Hughes D, Andersson DI (July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141051">"Selection of resistant bacteria at very low antibiotic concentrations"</a>. <i>PLOS Pathogens</i>. <b>7</b> (7): e1002158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002158">10.1371/journal.ppat.1002158</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3141051">3141051</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21811410">21811410</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Pathogens&rft.atitle=Selection+of+resistant+bacteria+at+very+low+antibiotic+concentrations&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=e1002158&rft.date=2011-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3141051%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21811410&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1002158&rft.aulast=Gullberg&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Cao%2C+S&rft.au=Berg%2C+OG&rft.au=Ilb%C3%A4ck%2C+C&rft.au=Sandegren%2C+L&rft.au=Hughes%2C+D&rft.au=Andersson%2C+DI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3141051&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCockerill2015" class="citation book cs1">Cockerill F (2015). <i>Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically: approved standard</i> (Tenth ed.). Wayne, Pa.: Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1562387839" title="Special:BookSources/978-1562387839"><bdi>978-1562387839</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/932608948">932608948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Methods+for+dilution+antimicrobial+susceptibility+tests+for+bacteria+that+grow+aerobically%3A+approved+standard&rft.place=Wayne%2C+Pa.&rft.edition=Tenth&rft.pub=Clinical+and+Laboratory+Standards+Institute&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F932608948&rft.isbn=978-1562387839&rft.aulast=Cockerill&rft.aufirst=F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biomerieux-usa.com/clinical/etest">"ETEST"</a>. <i>bioMérieux</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bioM%C3%A9rieux&rft.atitle=ETEST&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biomerieux-usa.com%2Fclinical%2Fetest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTripathi2013" class="citation book cs1">Tripathi KD (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FfG8AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA696"><i>Essentials of Medical Pharmacology</i></a> (7th ed.). New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers. pp. 696, 697. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789350259375" title="Special:BookSources/9789350259375"><bdi>9789350259375</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essentials+of+Medical+Pharmacology&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=696%2C+697&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Jaypee+Brothers+Medical+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789350259375&rft.aulast=Tripathi&rft.aufirst=KD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFfG8AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGallagher2016" class="citation book cs1">Gallagher JC (2016-11-21). <i>Antibiotics simplified</i>. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781284111293" title="Special:BookSources/9781284111293"><bdi>9781284111293</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/952657550">952657550</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antibiotics+simplified&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Publishers&rft.date=2016-11-21&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F952657550&rft.isbn=9781284111293&rft.aulast=Gallagher&rft.aufirst=JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuengerich2011" class="citation journal cs1">Guengerich FP (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4707670">"Mechanisms of drug toxicity and relevance to pharmaceutical development"</a>. <i>Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 3–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2133%2Fdmpk.DMPK-10-RV-062">10.2133/dmpk.DMPK-10-RV-062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4707670">4707670</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20978361">20978361</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Drug+Metabolism+and+Pharmacokinetics&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+drug+toxicity+and+relevance+to+pharmaceutical+development&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-14&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4707670%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20978361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2133%2Fdmpk.DMPK-10-RV-062&rft.aulast=Guengerich&rft.aufirst=FP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4707670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinimum+inhibitory+concentration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pharmacology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pharmacology" title="Template:Pharmacology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pharmacology" title="Template talk:Pharmacology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pharmacology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pharmacology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">Ligand (biochemistry)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Excitatory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Excitatory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">Agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endogenous_agonist" title="Endogenous agonist">Endogenous agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreversible_agonist" title="Irreversible agonist">Irreversible agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partial_agonist" title="Partial agonist">Partial agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superagonist" title="Superagonist">Superagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_agonism_and_antagonism" title="Physiological agonism and antagonism">Physiological agonist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Inhibitory" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Inhibitory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">Antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Competitive antagonist">Competitive antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreversible_antagonist" title="Irreversible antagonist">Irreversible antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiological_agonism_and_antagonism" title="Physiological agonism and antagonism">Physiological antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverse_agonist" title="Inverse agonist">Inverse agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzyme_inhibitor" title="Enzyme inhibitor">Enzyme inhibitor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug" title="Drug">Drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotransmitter" title="Neurotransmitter">Neurotransmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agonist-antagonist" title="Agonist-antagonist">Agonist-antagonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacophore" title="Pharmacophore">Pharmacophore</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">Pharmacodynamics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Activity_at_receptor" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Activity at receptor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanism_of_action" title="Mechanism of action">Mechanism of action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_of_action" title="Mode of action">Mode of action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_binding" title="Molecular binding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">Receptor (biochemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desensitization_(medicine)" title="Desensitization (medicine)">Desensitization (medicine)</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other_effects_of_ligand" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other effects of ligand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Selectivity (<a href="/wiki/Binding_selectivity" title="Binding selectivity">Binding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Functional_selectivity" title="Functional selectivity">Functional</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy_(drugs)" title="Pleiotropy (drugs)">Pleiotropy (drugs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-specific_effect_of_vaccines" title="Non-specific effect of vaccines">Non-specific effect of vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">Adverse effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">Toxicity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicity" title="Neurotoxicity">Neurotoxicity</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Analysis" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Analysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dose%E2%80%93response_relationship" title="Dose–response relationship">Dose–response relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_equation_(biochemistry)" title="Hill equation (biochemistry)">Hill equation (biochemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schild_plot" class="mw-redirect" title="Schild plot">Schild plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_Castillo_Katz_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Del Castillo Katz model">Del Castillo Katz model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheng-Prussoff_Equation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheng-Prussoff Equation">Cheng-Prussoff Equation</a></li> <li>Methods (<a href="/wiki/Organ_bath" title="Organ bath">Organ bath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ligand_binding_assay" title="Ligand binding assay">Ligand binding assay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patch_clamp" title="Patch clamp">Patch clamp</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Metrics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efficacy#Pharmacology" title="Efficacy">Efficacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrinsic_activity" title="Intrinsic activity">Intrinsic activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potency_(pharmacology)" title="Potency (pharmacology)">Potency</a> (<a href="/wiki/EC50" title="EC50">EC50</a>, <a href="/wiki/IC50" title="IC50">IC50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effective_dose_(pharmacology)" title="Effective dose (pharmacology)">ED50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Median_lethal_dose" title="Median lethal dose">LD50</a>, <a href="/wiki/Median_toxic_dose" title="Median toxic dose">TD50</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_index" title="Therapeutic index">Therapeutic index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociation_constant#Protein-ligand_binding" title="Dissociation constant">Affinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">Pharmacokinetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Metrics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Metrics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loading_dose" title="Loading dose">Loading dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_of_distribution" title="Volume of distribution">Volume of distribution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Initial_volume_of_distribution" title="Initial volume of distribution">Initial</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate_of_infusion" title="Rate of infusion">Rate of infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onset_of_action" title="Onset of action">Onset of action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">Biological half-life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasma_protein_binding" title="Plasma protein binding">Plasma protein binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">Bioavailability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="LADME" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">LADME</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADME" title="ADME">(L)ADME</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Liberation_(pharmacology)" title="Liberation (pharmacology)">Liberation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)" title="Absorption (pharmacology)">Absorption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(pharmacology)" title="Distribution (pharmacology)">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_metabolism" title="Drug metabolism">Metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excretion" title="Excretion">Excretion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Clearance_(pharmacology)" title="Clearance (pharmacology)">Clearance</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compartment_(pharmacokinetics)" title="Compartment (pharmacokinetics)">Compartment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioequivalence" title="Bioequivalence">Bioequivalence</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Related<br /> fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Neuroscience_and_psychology" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychopharmacology" title="Neuropsychopharmacology">Neuropsychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropharmacology" title="Neuropharmacology">Neuropharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychopharmacology" title="Psychopharmacology">Psychopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrophysiology" title="Electrophysiology">Electrophysiology</a></li> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Medicine" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_pharmacology" title="Clinical pharmacology">Clinical pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacy" title="Pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicinal_chemistry" title="Medicinal chemistry">Medicinal chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacoepidemiology" title="Pharmacoepidemiology">Pharmacoepidemiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Biochemistry_and_genetics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genetics" title="Genetics">genetics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacoinformatics" title="Pharmacoinformatics">Pharmacoinformatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacogenetics">Pharmacogenetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacogenomics" title="Pharmacogenomics">Pharmacogenomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Toxicology" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">Toxicology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharmacotoxicology" title="Pharmacotoxicology">Pharmacotoxicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxicology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurotoxicology">Neurotoxicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Drug_discovery" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Drug_discovery" title="Drug discovery">Drug discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_pharmacology" title="Classical pharmacology">Classical pharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_pharmacology" title="Reverse pharmacology">Reverse pharmacology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photopharmacology" title="Photopharmacology">Photopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunopharmacology" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunopharmacology">Immunopharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cell biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">Physiology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinduction_(anesthetics)" title="Coinduction (anesthetics)">Coinduction (anesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_therapy" title="Combination therapy">Combination therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_analog_(chemistry)" title="Functional analog (chemistry)">Functional analog (chemistry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypharmacology" title="Polypharmacology">Polypharmacology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Chemotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_drugs" title="Lists of drugs">Lists of drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WHO_list_of_essential_medicines" class="mw-redirect" title="WHO list of essential medicines">WHO list of essential medicines</a></li> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tolerance_and_resistance" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Tolerance and resistance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_tolerance" title="Drug tolerance">Drug tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyphylaxis" title="Tachyphylaxis">Tachyphylaxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_resistance" title="Drug resistance">Drug resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic resistance">Antibiotic resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance" title="Multiple drug resistance">Multiple drug resistance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Antimicrobial_pharmacology" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Antimicrobial pharmacology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_pharmacodynamics" title="Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics">Antimicrobial pharmacodynamics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minimum inhibitory concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteriostatic_agent" title="Bacteriostatic agent">Bacteriostatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_bactericidal_concentration" title="Minimum bactericidal concentration">Minimum bactericidal concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bactericide" title="Bactericide">Bactericide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Techniques_in_clinical_microbiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clinical_microbiology_techniques" title="Template:Clinical microbiology techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clinical_microbiology_techniques" title="Template talk:Clinical microbiology techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clinical_microbiology_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clinical microbiology techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Techniques_in_clinical_microbiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Techniques in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_microbiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical microbiology">clinical microbiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(microbiology)" title="Isolation (microbiology)">Isolation</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Culture_(microbiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture (microbiology)">culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolation techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">Asepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaking_(microbiology)" title="Streaking (microbiology)">Streak plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective media">Selective media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures by body site</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_culture" title="Blood culture">Blood culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genital_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genital culture (page does not exist)">Genital culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputum_culture" title="Sputum culture">Sputum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_culture" title="Throat culture">Throat culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Urine culture">Urine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wound culture">Wound culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures by organism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial culture">Bacterial culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungal_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fungal culture (page does not exist)">Fungal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_culture" title="Viral culture">Viral culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbiological identification">Identification</a><br />and testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual testing: basic techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_morphology" title="Colonial morphology">Colonial morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)" title="Hemolysis (microbiology)">Hemolysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staining_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staining (biology)">Staining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-fast_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-fast stain">Acid-fast stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giemsa_stain" title="Giemsa stain">Giemsa stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_ink_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="India ink stain">India ink stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain" title="Ziehl–Neelsen stain">Ziehl–Neelsen stain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_prep" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet prep">Wet prep</a></li> <li>Rapid tests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test" title="Oxidase test">Oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalase test">Catalase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indole_test" title="Indole test">Indole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PYR_test" class="mw-redirect" title="PYR test">PYR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual testing:<br />biochemical and immunologic tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#ALA" title="Diagnostic microbiology">ALA test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amino_acid_decarboxylase_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amino acid decarboxylase test (page does not exist)">Amino acid decarboxylase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_solubility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile solubility test">Bile solubility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMP_test" title="CAMP test">CAMP test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrate_test" title="Citrate test">Citrate test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulase test">Coagulase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#DNA_hydrolysis" title="Diagnostic microbiology">DNAse test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMViC" title="IMViC">IMViC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOH_test" title="KOH test">KOH test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_red_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl red test">Methyl red test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#Nitrite_test" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Nitrite test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONPG_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONPG test (page does not exist)">ONPG test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidative/fermentation_glucose_test" title="Oxidative/fermentation glucose test">Oxidative/fermentation glucose test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_deaminase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenylalanine deaminase test">Phenylalanine deaminase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#Reverse_CAMP_test" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Reverse CAMP test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#6.5%_salt_broth" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Salt tolerance test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfide_indole_motility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfide indole motility test">Sulfide indole motility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sugar_iron_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple sugar iron test">Triple sugar iron test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urease#As_diagnostic_test" title="Urease">Urease test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_urease_test" title="Rapid urease test">rapid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voges%E2%80%93Proskauer_test" title="Voges–Proskauer test">Voges–Proskauer test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_and_V_factor_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X and V factor test (page does not exist)">X and V factor test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacitracin_susceptibility_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacitracin susceptibility test (page does not exist)">Bacitracin susceptibility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optochin_susceptibility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Optochin susceptibility test">Optochin susceptibility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novobiocin_susceptibility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Novobiocin susceptibility test">Novobiocin susceptibility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancefield_grouping" title="Lancefield grouping">Lancefield grouping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPR_test" class="mw-redirect" title="RPR test">RPR test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Automated and <a href="/wiki/Point-of-care_testing" title="Point-of-care testing">point-of-care testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_profile_index" title="Analytical profile index">Analytical profile index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MALDI-TOF" class="mw-redirect" title="MALDI-TOF">MALDI-TOF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction#Infectious_disease_applications" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VITEK" title="VITEK">VITEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_strep_test" title="Rapid strep test">Rapid strep test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospot_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Monospot test">Monospot test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic sensitivity">Antibiotic susceptibility testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-lactamase_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-lactamase test (page does not exist)">Beta-lactamase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_diffusion_test" title="Disk diffusion test">Disk diffusion test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etest" title="Etest">Etest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFarland_standards" title="McFarland standards">McFarland standards</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minimum inhibitory concentration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_medium" title="Growth medium">Growth medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntosh_and_Filde%27s_anaerobic_jar" class="mw-redirect" title="McIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar">Anaerobic jar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas-pak" title="Gas-pak">Gas-pak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_tube" title="Durham tube">Durham tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosafety_cabinet" title="Biosafety cabinet">Biosafety cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubator_(culture)" title="Incubator (culture)">Incubator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation_loop" title="Inoculation loop">Inoculation loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation_needle" title="Inoculation needle">Inoculation needle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&oldid=1226840387">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&oldid=1226840387</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Microbiology_terms" title="Category:Microbiology terms">Microbiology terms</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 June 2024, at 04:32<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Minimum_inhibitory_concentration&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-68pwz","wgBackendResponseTime":161,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.427","walltime":"0.546","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1825,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":129801,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":684,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":8,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":1,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":115148,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 451.072 1 -total"," 45.29% 204.311 1 Template:Reflist"," 37.93% 171.082 19 Template:Navbox"," 32.30% 145.710 1 Template:Pharmacology"," 29.03% 130.958 14 Template:Cite_journal"," 17.15% 77.362 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.16% 41.296 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.52% 33.911 9 Template:Cite_book"," 5.41% 24.405 3 Template:Main_other"," 5.00% 22.560 1 Template:SDcat"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.262","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":4920678,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-sw5fn","timestamp":"20241122141825","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Minimum inhibitory concentration","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q597889","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q597889","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2006-06-17T15:11:10Z","dateModified":"2024-06-02T04:32:57Z","headline":"parameter in microbiology"}</script> </body> </html>