CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Staining - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"665867d8-d6ea-481b-a7d8-be58229923b9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Staining","wgTitle":"Staining","wgCurRevisionId":1252306835,"wgRevisionId":1252306835,"wgArticleId":411782,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Commons category link from Wikidata","Staining","Dyes","Pigments","Staining dyes","Scientific techniques","Biological techniques and tools"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Staining","wgRelevantArticleId":411782,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[], "wgRedirectedFrom":"Staining_(biology)","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Staining","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q2332446","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics" :true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stained_microscope_slide.jpg/1200px-Stained_microscope_slide.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="904"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stained_microscope_slide.jpg/800px-Stained_microscope_slide.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="602"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stained_microscope_slide.jpg/640px-Stained_microscope_slide.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="482"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Staining - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Staining rootpage-Staining skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Staining" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Staining" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Staining" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Staining" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-In_vivo_vs_In_vitro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_vivo_vs_In_vitro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span><i>In vivo</i> vs <i>In vitro</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_vivo_vs_In_vitro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preparation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preparation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Preparation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standardization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Standardization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negative_staining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negative_staining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Negative staining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negative_staining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Positive_staining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Positive_staining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Positive staining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Positive_staining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Simple_versus_differential" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_versus_differential"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Simple versus differential</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_versus_differential-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Techniques</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Techniques subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gram" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gram"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Gram</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gram-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endospore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endospore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Endospore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endospore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ziehl-Neelsen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ziehl-Neelsen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ziehl-Neelsen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ziehl-Neelsen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haematoxylin_and_eosin_(H&E)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haematoxylin_and_eosin_(H&E)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haematoxylin_and_eosin_(H&E)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papanicolaou" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papanicolaou"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Papanicolaou</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papanicolaou-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PAS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PAS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>PAS</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PAS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Masson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romanowsky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romanowsky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Romanowsky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romanowsky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Silver" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Silver"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Silver</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Silver-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sudan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sudan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Sudan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sudan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wirtz-Conklin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wirtz-Conklin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Wirtz-Conklin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wirtz-Conklin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collagen_hybridizing_peptide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collagen_hybridizing_peptide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Collagen hybridizing peptide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collagen_hybridizing_peptide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_biological_stains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_biological_stains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Common biological stains</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Common_biological_stains-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Common biological stains subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Common_biological_stains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acridine_orange" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acridine_orange"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Acridine orange</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acridine_orange-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bismarck_brown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bismarck_brown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bismarck brown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bismarck_brown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carmine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carmine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Carmine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carmine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coomassie_blue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coomassie_blue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Coomassie blue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coomassie_blue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cresyl_violet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cresyl_violet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Cresyl violet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cresyl_violet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crystal_violet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crystal_violet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Crystal violet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crystal_violet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DAPI" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DAPI"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>DAPI</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DAPI-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eosin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eosin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Eosin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eosin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethidium_bromide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethidium_bromide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Ethidium bromide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethidium_bromide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acid_fuchsin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acid_fuchsin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Acid fuchsin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acid_fuchsin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haematoxylin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haematoxylin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Haematoxylin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Haematoxylin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hoechst_stains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hoechst_stains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Hoechst stains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hoechst_stains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iodine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iodine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Iodine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iodine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malachite_green" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malachite_green"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Malachite green</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malachite_green-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methyl_green" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methyl_green"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Methyl green</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methyl_green-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methylene_blue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methylene_blue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Methylene blue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methylene_blue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neutral_red" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neutral_red"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>Neutral red</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neutral_red-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nile_blue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nile_blue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Nile blue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nile_blue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nile_red" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nile_red"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>Nile red</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nile_red-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osmium_tetroxide_(formal_name:_osmium_tetraoxide)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmium_tetroxide_(formal_name:_osmium_tetraoxide)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>Osmium tetroxide (formal name: osmium tetraoxide)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmium_tetroxide_(formal_name:_osmium_tetraoxide)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Propidium_iodide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Propidium_iodide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>Propidium iodide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Propidium_iodide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rhodamine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rhodamine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.22</span> <span>Rhodamine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rhodamine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safranine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safranine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.23</span> <span>Safranine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safranine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stainability_of_tissues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stainability_of_tissues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stainability of tissues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stainability_of_tissues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electron_microscopy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electron_microscopy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Electron microscopy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Electron_microscopy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Electron microscopy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Electron_microscopy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phosphotungstic_acid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphotungstic_acid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Phosphotungstic acid</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphotungstic_acid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Osmium_tetroxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Osmium_tetroxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Osmium tetroxide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Osmium_tetroxide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ruthenium_tetroxide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruthenium_tetroxide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Ruthenium tetroxide</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruthenium_tetroxide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Staining</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%BA_(%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1)" title="صبغ (علم أحياء) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صبغ (علم أحياء)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinci%C3%B3n" title="Tinción – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tinción" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinci%C3%B3" title="Tinció – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tinció" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barven%C3%AD_(biologie)" title="Barvení (biologie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barvení (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A6vsfarvning" title="Vævsfarvning – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vævsfarvning" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinci%C3%B3n" title="Tinción – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tinción" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolorigo" title="Kolorigo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kolorigo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C_(%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="رنگ‌آمیزی (زیست‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رنگ‌آمیزی (زیست‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coloration_(microscopie)" title="Coloration (microscopie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coloration (microscopie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%BC%EC%83%89_(%EC%83%9D%EB%AC%BC%ED%95%99)" title="염색 (생물학) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="염색 (생물학)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorazione_(microscopia)" title="Colorazione (microscopia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Colorazione (microscopia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histologische_kleuring" title="Histologische kleuring – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Histologische kleuring" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6)" title="染色 (生物学) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="染色 (生物学)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colora%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Coloração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Coloração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colora%C8%9Bie" title="Colorație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Colorație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Окрашивание (гистология) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Окрашивание (гистология)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staining" title="Staining – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Staining" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D)" title="சாயமேற்றல் (உயிரியல்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சாயமேற்றல் (உயிரியல்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boyama_(laboratuvar)" title="Boyama (laboratuvar) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Boyama (laboratuvar)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_(%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA)" title="تلوین (حیاتیات) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تلوین (حیاتیات)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" title="染色 (生物學) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="染色 (生物學)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2332446#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Staining" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Staining" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Staining"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Staining"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Staining" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Staining" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&oldid=1252306835" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Staining&id=1252306835&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStaining"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FStaining"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Staining&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Microscopy_staining_methods" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2332446" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining_(biology)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Staining (biology)">Staining (biology)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Technique used to enhance visual contrast of specimens observed under a microscope</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Staining_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Staining (disambiguation)">Staining (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stained_microscope_slide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stained_microscope_slide.jpg/300px-Stained_microscope_slide.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stained_microscope_slide.jpg/450px-Stained_microscope_slide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Stained_microscope_slide.jpg/600px-Stained_microscope_slide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2299" data-file-height="1731" /></a><figcaption>A stained <a href="/wiki/Histological" class="mw-redirect" title="Histological">histological</a> specimen, sandwiched between a glass <a href="/wiki/Microscope_slide" title="Microscope slide">microscope slide</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Staining</b> is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscopic</a> level. <a href="/wiki/Stain" title="Stain">Stains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dye" title="Dye">dyes</a> are frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> (microscopic study of biological <a href="/wiki/Tissue_(biology)" title="Tissue (biology)">tissues</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Cytology" class="mw-redirect" title="Cytology">cytology</a> (microscopic study of <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>), and in the <a href="/wiki/Medical" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical">medical</a> fields of <a href="/wiki/Histopathology" title="Histopathology">histopathology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hematology" title="Hematology">hematology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cytopathology" title="Cytopathology">cytopathology</a> that focus on the study and <a href="/wiki/Diagnoses" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagnoses">diagnoses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> at the microscopic level. Stains may be used to define <a href="/wiki/Biological_tissues" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological tissues">biological tissues</a> (highlighting, for example, <a href="/wiki/Muscle_fiber" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle fiber">muscle fibers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cell</a> populations (classifying different <a href="/wiki/Blood_cell" title="Blood cell">blood cells</a>), or <a href="/wiki/Organelle" title="Organelle">organelles</a> within individual cells. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a>, it involves adding a class-specific (<a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a>) dye to a substrate to qualify or quantify the presence of a specific compound. Staining and <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent_tag" title="Fluorescent tag">fluorescent tagging</a> can serve similar purposes. Biological staining is also used to mark cells in <a href="/wiki/Flow_cytometry" title="Flow cytometry">flow cytometry</a>, and to flag <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nucleic_acid" title="Nucleic acid">nucleic acids</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis" title="Gel electrophoresis">gel electrophoresis</a>. Light microscopes are used for viewing stained samples at high magnification, typically using bright-field or epi-fluorescence illumination. </p><p>Staining is not limited to only biological materials, since it can also be used to study the structure of other materials; for example, the <a href="/wiki/Lamellar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamellar">lamellar</a> structures of <a href="/wiki/Semi-crystalline_polymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-crystalline polymer">semi-crystalline polymers</a> or the domain structures of <a href="/wiki/Block_copolymer" class="mw-redirect" title="Block copolymer">block copolymers</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_vivo_vs_In_vitro"><i>In vivo</i> vs <i>In vitro</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In vivo vs In vitro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/In_vivo" title="In vivo">In vivo</a> staining</i> (also called <a href="/wiki/Vital_staining" class="mw-redirect" title="Vital staining">vital staining</a> or intravital staining) is the process of dyeing living tissues. By causing certain cells or structures to take on contrasting colours, their form (<a href="/wiki/Morphology_(biology)" title="Morphology (biology)">morphology</a>) or position within a cell or tissue can be readily seen and studied. The usual purpose is to reveal cytological details that might otherwise not be apparent; however, staining can also reveal where certain chemicals or specific chemical reactions are taking place within cells or tissues. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">In vitro</a></i> staining involves colouring cells or structures that have been removed from their biological context. Certain stains are often combined to reveal more details and features than a single stain alone. Combined with specific protocols for <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(histology)" title="Fixation (histology)">fixation</a> and sample preparation, scientists and physicians can use these standard techniques as consistent, repeatable diagnostic tools. A <a href="/wiki/Counterstain" title="Counterstain">counterstain</a> is stain that makes cells or structures more visible, when not completely visible with the principal stain. </p> <ul><li>Crystal violet stains both Gram positive and Gram negative organisms. Treatment with alcohol removes the crystal violet colour from gram negative organisms only. <a href="/wiki/Safranin" title="Safranin">Safranin</a> as counterstain is used to colour the gram negative organisms that got decolorised by alcohol.</li></ul> <p>While ex vivo, many cells continue to live and metabolize until they are "fixed". Some staining methods are based on this property. Those stains excluded by the living cells but taken up by the already dead cells are called <a href="/wiki/Vital_stain" title="Vital stain">vital stains</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Trypan_blue" title="Trypan blue">trypan blue</a> or <a href="/wiki/Propidium_iodide" title="Propidium iodide">propidium iodide</a> for eukaryotic cells). Those that enter and stain living cells are called <a href="/wiki/Supravital_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Supravital stain">supravital stains</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/New_Methylene_Blue" class="mw-redirect" title="New Methylene Blue">New Methylene Blue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brilliant_cresyl_blue" title="Brilliant cresyl blue">brilliant cresyl blue</a> for <a href="/wiki/Reticulocyte" title="Reticulocyte">reticulocyte</a> staining). However, these stains are eventually toxic to the organism, some more so than others. Partly due to their toxic interaction inside a living cell, when supravital stains enter a living cell, they might produce a characteristic pattern of staining different from the staining of an already fixed cell (e.g. "reticulocyte" look versus diffuse "polychromasia"). To achieve desired effects, the stains are used in very dilute solutions ranging from <span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">:</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">5</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">000</span></span> to <span style="white-space:nowrap">1<span style="margin-left:0.25em">:</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">500</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em">000</span></span> (Howey, 2000). Note that many stains may be used in both living and fixed cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The preparatory steps involved depend on the type of analysis planned. Some or all of the following procedures may be required. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Wet_mount" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet mount">Wet mounts</a></b> are used to view live organisms and can be made using water and certain stains. The liquid is added to the slide before the addition of the organism and a coverslip is placed over the specimen in the water and stain to help contain it within the <a href="/wiki/Field_of_view" title="Field of view">field of view</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Fixation_(histology)" title="Fixation (histology)">Fixation</a></b>, which may itself consist of several steps, aims to preserve the shape of the cells or tissue involved as much as possible. Sometimes <a href="/wiki/Heat_fixation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat fixation">heat fixation</a> is used to kill, adhere, and alter the specimen so it accepts stains. Most chemical fixatives (chemicals causing fixation) generate <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a> between <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> and other substances within the sample, increasing their rigidity. Common fixatives include <a href="/wiki/Formaldehyde" title="Formaldehyde">formaldehyde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">methanol</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Picric_acid" title="Picric acid">picric acid</a>. Pieces of tissue may be embedded in <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a> to increase their mechanical strength and stability and to make them easier to cut into thin slices.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">Mordants</a></b> are chemical agents which have power of making dyes to stain materials which otherwise are unstainable </p><p>Mordants are classified into two categories: </p><p>a) Basic mordant: React with acidic dyes e.g. alum, ferrous sulfate, cetylpyridinium chloride etc. </p><p>b) Acidic mordant : React with basic dyes e.g. picric acid, tannic acid etc. </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><b>Direct Staining:</b> Carried out without mordant. </p><p><b>Indirect Staining:</b> Staining with the aid of a mordant. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Table represents Indirect Staining Techniques and mordants applied in each: </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr No. </th> <th>Name of Indirect Staining Technique </th> <th>Name of mordant applied </th></tr> <tr> <td>1.) </td> <td>Gram's Staining </td> <td>Gram's iodine </td></tr> <tr> <td>2.) </td> <td>Cell Wall Staining <p>a.) Ringer's method </p><p>b.) Dyar's method </p> </td> <td>10% Tannic acid <p>0.34% C.P.C </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3.) </td> <td>Flagella Staining <p>a.) Leifson's method </p><p>b.) Loeffler's method </p> </td> <td>Tannic acid in Leifson's stain <p>Loeffler's mordant (20%Tannic acid ) </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.) </td> <td>Spirochete Staining <p>a.) Fontana's method </p><p>b.) Becker's method </p> </td> <td>Fontana's mordant(5%Tannic acid) <p>Fontana's mordant(5%Tannic acid) </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Permeabilization</b> involves treatment of cells with (usually) a mild <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a>. This treatment dissolves <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a>, and allows larger dye molecules into the cell's interior. </p><p><b><a href="/wiki/Microscope_slide#Mounting" title="Microscope slide">Mounting</a></b> usually involves attaching the samples to a glass microscope slide for observation and analysis. In some cases, cells may be grown directly on a slide. For samples of loose cells (as with a blood smear or a <a href="/wiki/Pap_smear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pap smear">pap smear</a>) the sample can be directly applied to a slide. For larger pieces of tissue, thin sections (slices) are made using a <a href="/wiki/Microtome" title="Microtome">microtome</a>; these slices can then be mounted and inspected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standardization">Standardization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Standardization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the dyes commonly used in microscopy are available as <b>BSC-certified stains</b>. This means that samples of the manufacturer's batch have been tested by an independent body, the <a href="/wiki/Biological_Stain_Commission" title="Biological Stain Commission">Biological Stain Commission</a> (<b>BSC</b>), and found to meet or exceed certain standards of purity, dye content and performance in staining techniques ensuring more accurately performed experiments and more reliable results. These standards are published in the commission's journal <a href="/wiki/Biotechnic_%26_Histochemistry" title="Biotechnic & Histochemistry">Biotechnic & Histochemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many dyes are inconsistent in composition from one supplier to another. The use of BSC-certified stains eliminates a source of unexpected results.<sup id="cite_ref-HorobinKiernan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HorobinKiernan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some vendors sell stains "certified" by themselves rather than by the Biological Stain Commission. Such products may or may not be suitable for diagnostic and other applications.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negative_staining">Negative staining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Negative staining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HexLamMic_phases.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/HexLamMic_phases.jpg/220px-HexLamMic_phases.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bb/HexLamMic_phases.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="293" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/Negative_staining" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative staining">negative staining</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Negative_staining" class="mw-redirect" title="Negative staining">Negative staining</a></div> <p>A simple staining method for bacteria that is usually successful, even when the <a href="#Positive_staining">positive staining</a> methods fail, is to use a <a href="/wiki/Negative_stain" title="Negative stain">negative stain</a>. This can be achieved by smearing the sample onto the slide and then applying <a href="/wiki/Nigrosin" title="Nigrosin">nigrosin</a> (a black synthetic dye) or <a href="/wiki/India_ink" title="India ink">India ink</a> (an aqueous suspension of carbon particles). After drying, the microorganisms may be viewed in bright field microscopy as lighter inclusions well-contrasted against the dark environment surrounding them.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Negative staining is able to stain the background instead of the organisms because the cell wall of microorganisms typically has a negative charge which repels the negatively charged stain. The dyes used in negative staining are acidic.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Note: negative staining is a mild technique that may not destroy the microorganisms, and is therefore unsuitable for studying pathogens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Positive_staining">Positive staining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Positive staining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike negative staining, positive staining uses basic dyes to color the specimen against a bright background. While <a href="/wiki/Chromophore" title="Chromophore">chromophore</a> is used for both negative and positive staining alike, the type of chromophore used in this technique is a positively charged ion instead of a negative one. The negatively charged cell wall of many microorganisms attracts the positively charged chromophore which causes the specimen to absorb the stain giving it the color of the stain being used. Positive staining is more commonly used than negative staining in microbiology. The different types of positive staining are listed below.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_versus_differential">Simple versus differential</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Simple versus differential"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simple Staining is a technique that only uses one type of stain on a slide at a time. Because only one stain is being used, the specimens (for positive stains) or background (for negative stains) will be one color. Therefore, simple stains are typically used for viewing only one organism per slide. Differential staining uses multiple stains per slide. Based on the stains being used, organisms with different properties will appear different colors allowing for categorization of multiple specimens. Differential staining can also be used to color different organelles within one organism which can be seen in <a href="/wiki/Endospore_staining" title="Endospore staining">endospore staining</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types">Types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Types of staining techniques<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Sr. No. </th> <th>Staining Technique </th> <th>Preparation </th> <th>Application </th> <th>Result </th></tr> <tr> <td>1. </td> <td>Simple (Monochrome) </td> <td>Smear stain with single dye . <p>e.g. Methylene blue, Safranin°≤×←→ etc. </p> </td> <td>Used to highlight microbes and illustrate cellular <p>shapes and arrangements </p> </td> <td>Organisms are stained in the color of applied stain </td></tr> <tr> <td>2. </td> <td>Negative (Relief) </td> <td>Smear mixed with Nigrosin and spread <p>into thin film </p> </td> <td>Study cell morphology </td> <td>Organism is stained, the background is black </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Gram </td> <td>Primary stain: Crystal violet applied to film then treated with iodine (mordant), alcohol (decolourizer) and counter stained with safranin </td> <td>Characterizes bacteria in one of two groups, Gram positive or Gram negative </td> <td>Gram positive appears purple in color <p>Gram negative appears pink in color </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>Acid fast (Ziehl-Neelsen technique) </td> <td>Film stained with hot Z.N.C.F. decolourised (acid-alcohol) and counter stain with methylene blue </td> <td>Separate non-decolorized acid fast bacteria that are not decolorized from colorized non-acid fast bacteria </td> <td>Acid fast bacteria:Red <p>Non acid fast: Blue </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Endospore (Dornor's method) </td> <td>Primary stain Malachite green heat fixed to penetrate spores; vegetative cells are counterstained with Safranin </td> <td>Detects the presence of endospores in six genera of bacteria </td> <td>Endospores: Green <p>Vegetative cells: Red </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>Capsule <p>A: Hiss method (Positive technique) </p><p>B: Manevals's technique (Negative) </p> </td> <td>Smear stained with Hiss stain following treatment with copper sulphate <p>Bacterial suspension smeared along with Congo red and the Maneval's stain is applied </p> </td> <td>Capsules can be observed as clear zones surrounding cells of capsulated bacteria and are used to demonstrate the presence of capsules. </td> <td>Capsule: Light violet/pale mauve color <p>Bacteria: Purple capsule, bacterial cell, stands out against dark background </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td>Cell wall (Dyar's method) </td> <td>Smear treated with C.P.C. which dissociates to form positively charged cetyl pyridinium and negatively charged chloride ions. Positively charged ions are adsorbed on negatively charged cell wall </td> <td>Stains cell wall of bacterium </td> <td>Cell wall: Red Cytoplasm: Blue </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Flagella (Leifson's method) </td> <td>Mordant acts to thicken flagella before staining and increases visibility microscopically when stained with Leifson stain </td> <td>Demonstrates presence of flagella </td> <td>Flagella: Red Vegetative cells: Blue </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Nuclear material (Feulgen technique) </td> <td>Smear is treated for hydrolysis to release purines from DNA, purines to cause shift form furanose to aldehyde. Aldehyde groups are available to react with schiff's reagent to form addition compounds. </td> <td>To demonstrate the presence of DNA in cell. But for detection of the DNA, RNA should be selectively destroyed by acid hydrolysis without affecting DNA </td> <td>Nuclear material- pinkish purple, <p>Cytoplasm- colorless </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Metachromatic granules (Alberts's method) </td> <td>The smear is first treated with chloroform to remove fats . Smear applied with Alberts stain which contains cationic dyes such as toluidine blue and malachite green. Toluidine blue preferentially stains granules while malachite green stains cytoplasm. </td> <td>The granules show the typical monochromatism nature, this is used to demonstrate granules </td> <td>Granules: Bluish black, Cytoplasm: Green </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td>Intracellular lipids (Burdon's method) </td> <td>Lipids are stained with fat soluble dyes like Sudan black. On application of Sudan black-B dyes move into lipids and are retained there while cytoplasm is counter stained with safranin. </td> <td>To detect the presence of lipids in cell wall, cell membrane or fat globules (PHB in cytoplasm) </td> <td>Lipid granules: Deep blue, <p>Cytoplasm: Light pink </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Polysaccharide (Hotch kuss method) </td> <td>Polysaccharide is oxidized with periodate to form polyaldehyde which reacts with Schiff's reagents to red color, while cytoplasm is counter stained with malachite green </td> <td>Detects the accumulation of polysaccharide granules in the cells </td> <td>Polysaccharide: Red <p>Cytoplasm: Green </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Techniques">Techniques</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gram">Gram</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gram"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Gram_staining" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram staining">Gram staining</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gram_staining" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram staining">Gram staining</a> is used to determine gram status to classifying bacteria broadly based on the composition of their <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a>. Gram staining uses <a href="/wiki/Gentian_violet" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentian violet">crystal violet</a> to stain cell walls, <a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">iodine</a> (as a mordant), and a <a href="/wiki/Fuchsin" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuchsin">fuchsin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Safranin" title="Safranin">safranin</a> counterstain to (mark all bacteria). Gram status, helps divide specimens of bacteria into two groups, generally representative of their underlying phylogeny. This characteristic, in combination with other techniques makes it a useful tool in clinical microbiology laboratories, where it can be important in early selection of appropriate <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic" title="Antibiotic">antibiotics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On most Gram-stained preparations, <a href="/wiki/Gram-negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative">Gram-negative</a> organisms appear red or pink due to their counterstain. Due to the presence of higher lipid content, after alcohol-treatment, the porosity of the cell wall increases, hence the CVI complex (crystal violet – iodine) can pass through. Thus, the primary stain is not retained. In addition, in contrast to most Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria have only a few layers of peptidoglycan and a secondary cell membrane made primarily of lipopolysaccharide. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endospore">Endospore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Endospore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Endospore_staining" title="Endospore staining">Endospore staining</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Endospore_staining" title="Endospore staining">Endospore staining</a> is used to identify the presence or absence of <a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">endospores</a>, which make bacteria very difficult to kill. Bacterial spores have proven to be difficult to stain as they are not permeable to aqueous dye reagents.  Endospore staining is particularly useful for identifying endospore-forming bacterial <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile_(bacteria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clostridioides difficile (bacteria)">Clostridioides difficile</a></i>. Prior to the development of more efficient methods, this stain was performed using the Wirtz method with heat fixation and counterstain. Through the use of malachite green and a diluted ratio of carbol fuchsin, fixing bacteria in osmic acid was a great way to ensure no blending of dyes. However, newly revised staining methods have significantly decreased the time it takes to create these stains. This revision included substitution of carbol fuchsin with aqueous Safranin paired with a newly diluted 5% formula of malachite green. This new and improved composition of stains was performed in the same way as before with the use of heat fixation, rinsing, and blotting dry for later examination. Upon examination, all endospore forming bacteria will be stained green accompanied by all other cells appearing red.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ziehl-Neelsen">Ziehl-Neelsen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ziehl-Neelsen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain" title="Ziehl–Neelsen stain">Ziehl–Neelsen stain</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain" title="Ziehl–Neelsen stain">Ziehl–Neelsen stain</a> is an acid-fast stain used to stain species of <i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a></i> that do not stain with the standard laboratory staining procedures such as Gram staining. </p><p>This stain is performed through the use of both red coloured <a href="/wiki/Carbol_fuchsin" title="Carbol fuchsin">carbol fuchsin</a> that stains the bacteria and a counter stain such as <a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">methylene blue</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haematoxylin_and_eosin_(H&E)"><span id="Haematoxylin_and_eosin_.28H.26E.29"></span>Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg/220px-Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg/330px-Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg/440px-Emphysema_H_and_E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="393" /></a><figcaption>Microscopic view of a histologic specimen of human <a href="/wiki/Lung" title="Lung">lung</a> tissue stained with <a href="/wiki/Hematoxylin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hematoxylin">hematoxylin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eosin" title="Eosin">eosin</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">Haematoxylin and eosin staining</a> is frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> to examine thin tissue sections.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Haematoxylin" title="Haematoxylin">Haematoxylin</a> stains cell nuclei blue, while <a href="/wiki/Eosin" title="Eosin">eosin</a> stains cytoplasm, connective tissue and other extracellular substances pink or red.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eosin is strongly absorbed by <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>, colouring them bright red. In a skillfully made H&E preparation the red blood cells are almost orange, and collagen and cytoplasm (especially muscle) acquire different shades of pink. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papanicolaou">Papanicolaou</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Papanicolaou"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Papanicolaou_stain" title="Papanicolaou stain">Papanicolaou stain</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Papanicolaou_stain" title="Papanicolaou stain">Papanicolaou staining</a>, or PAP staining, was developed to replace fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) in hopes of decreasing staining times and cost without compromising quality. This stain is a frequently used method for examining cell samples from a variety of tissue types in various organs. PAP staining has endured several modifications in order to become a “suitable alternative” for FNAC. This transition stemmed from the appreciation of wet fixed smears by scientists preserving the structures of the nuclei opposed to the opaque appearance of air dried Romanowsky smears. This led to the creation of a hybrid stain of wet fixed and air dried known as the ultrafast papanicolaou stain. This modification includes the use of nasal saline to rehydrate cells to increase cell transparency and is paired with the use of alcoholic formalin to enhance colors of the nuclei. The papanicolaou stain is now used in place of cytological staining in all organ types due to its increase in morphological quality, decreased staining time, and decreased cost. It is frequently used to stain <a href="/wiki/Pap_smear" class="mw-redirect" title="Pap smear">Pap smear</a> specimens.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill,_2013_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill,_2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It uses a combination of <a href="/wiki/Haematoxylin" title="Haematoxylin">haematoxylin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_G" title="Orange G">Orange G</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eosin_Y" title="Eosin Y">eosin Y</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light_Green_SF_yellowish" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Green SF yellowish">Light Green SF yellowish</a>, and sometimes <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Brown_Y" class="mw-redirect" title="Bismarck Brown Y">Bismarck Brown Y</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gill,_2013_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill,_2013-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PAS">PAS</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: PAS"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid%E2%80%93Schiff_stain" title="Periodic acid–Schiff stain">Periodic acid–Schiff stain</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histoplasma_pas-d_small.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Histoplasma_pas-d_small.jpg/220px-Histoplasma_pas-d_small.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Histoplasma_pas-d_small.jpg/330px-Histoplasma_pas-d_small.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Histoplasma_pas-d_small.jpg/440px-Histoplasma_pas-d_small.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="670" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/PAS_diastase" class="mw-redirect" title="PAS diastase">PAS diastase</a> showing the fungus <a href="/wiki/Histoplasma" title="Histoplasma">Histoplasma</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid-Schiff" class="mw-redirect" title="Periodic acid-Schiff">Periodic acid-Schiff</a> is a histology special stain used to mark <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glycoprotein" title="Glycoprotein">glycoprotein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proteoglycan" title="Proteoglycan">proteoglycans</a>). PAS is commonly used on liver tissue where glycogen deposits are made which is done in efforts to distinguish different types of glycogen storage diseases. PAS is important because it can detect glycogen granules found in tumors of the ovaries and pancreas of the endocrine system, as well as in the bladder and kidneys of the renal system. Basement membranes can also show up in a PAS stain and can be important when diagnosing renal disease. Due to the high volume of carbohydrates within the cell wall of hyphae and yeast forms of fungi, the Periodic acid -Schiff stain can help locate these species inside tissue samples of the human body. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masson">Masson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Masson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Masson%27s_trichrome_stain" title="Masson's trichrome stain">Masson's trichrome stain</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Masson%27s_trichrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Masson's trichrome">Masson's trichrome</a> is (as the name implies) a three-colour staining protocol. The recipe has evolved from Masson's original technique for different specific applications, but all are well-suited to distinguish cells from surrounding <a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">connective tissue</a>. Most recipes produce red <a href="/wiki/Keratin" title="Keratin">keratin</a> and muscle fibers, blue or green staining of <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a>, light red or pink staining of <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, and black <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nuclei</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romanowsky">Romanowsky</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Romanowsky"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Romanowsky_stain" title="Romanowsky stain">Romanowsky stain</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Romanowsky_stain" title="Romanowsky stain">Romanowsky stains</a> is considered a polychrome staining effect and is based on a combination of eosin plus (chemically <a href="/wiki/Reduction_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduction (chemistry)">reduced</a> <a href="/wiki/Eosin" title="Eosin">eosin</a>) and demethylated <a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">methylene blue</a> (containing its oxidation products <a href="/wiki/Azure_A" title="Azure A">azure A</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azure_B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Azure B (page does not exist)">azure B</a>). This stain develops varying colors for all cell structures (“Romanowsky-Giemsa effect) and thus was used in staining neutrophil polymorphs and cell nuclei. Common variants include <a href="/wiki/Wright%27s_stain" title="Wright's stain">Wright's stain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jenner%27s_stain" title="Jenner's stain">Jenner's stain</a>, May-Grunwald stain, <a href="/wiki/Leishman_stain" title="Leishman stain">Leishman stain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giemsa_stain" title="Giemsa stain">Giemsa stain</a>. </p><p>All are used to examine <a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bone_marrow" title="Bone marrow">bone marrow</a> samples. They are preferred over H&E for inspection of blood cells because different types of <a href="/wiki/White_blood_cells" class="mw-redirect" title="White blood cells">leukocytes</a> (white blood cells) can be readily distinguished. All are also suited to examination of blood to detect blood-borne parasites such as <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bezrukov_2017_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bezrukov_2017-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Silver">Silver</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Silver"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg/220px-Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg/330px-Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg/440px-Histoplasma_in_granuloma_gms.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6m%C3%B6ri_methenamine_silver_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Gömöri methenamine silver stain">Gömöri methenamine silver stain</a> demonstrating <a href="/wiki/Histoplasma" title="Histoplasma">histoplasma</a> (illustrated in black).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Silver_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver stain">Silver staining</a> is the use of <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> to stain <a href="/wiki/Histologic_section" class="mw-redirect" title="Histologic section">histologic sections</a>. This kind of staining is important in the demonstration of <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> (for example type III <a href="/wiki/Collagen" title="Collagen">collagen</a>) and <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. It is used to show both substances inside and outside <a href="/wiki/Cell_(biology)" title="Cell (biology)">cells</a>. Silver staining is also used in <a href="/wiki/Temperature_gradient_gel_electrophoresis" title="Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis">temperature gradient gel electrophoresis</a>. </p><p><i>Argentaffin cells</i> <a href="/wiki/Redox" title="Redox">reduce</a> silver solution to metallic silver after <a href="/wiki/Formalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Formalin">formalin</a> <a href="/wiki/Fixation_(histology)" title="Fixation (histology)">fixation</a>. This method was discovered by Italian <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>, by using a reaction between <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Potassium_dichromate" title="Potassium dichromate">potassium dichromate</a>, thus precipitating silver chromate in some cells (see <a href="/wiki/Golgi%27s_method" title="Golgi's method">Golgi's method</a>). A<i>rgyrophilic cells</i> reduce silver solution to metallic silver after being exposed to the stain that contains a <a href="/wiki/Reducing_agent" title="Reducing agent">reductant</a>. An example of this would be <a href="/wiki/Hydroquinone" title="Hydroquinone">hydroquinone</a> or formalin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sudan">Sudan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sudan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sudan_stain" title="Sudan stain">Sudan stain</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sudan_stain" title="Sudan stain">Sudan staining</a> utilizes Sudan dyes to stain sudanophilic substances, often including <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sudan_III" title="Sudan III">Sudan III</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan_IV" title="Sudan IV">Sudan IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_Red_O" title="Oil Red O">Oil Red O</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sudan_Black_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan Black B">Sudan Black B</a> are often used. Sudan staining is often used to determine the level of <a href="/wiki/Fecal_fat" class="mw-redirect" title="Fecal fat">fecal fat</a> in diagnosing <a href="/wiki/Steatorrhea" title="Steatorrhea">steatorrhea</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wirtz-Conklin">Wirtz-Conklin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Wirtz-Conklin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Wirtz-Conklin stain is a special technique designed for staining true endospores with the use of malachite green dye as the primary stain and safranin as the counterstain. Once stained, they do not decolourize. The addition of heat during the staining process is a huge contributing factor.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heat helps open the spore's membrane so the dye can enter. The main purpose of this stain is to show germination of bacterial spores. If the process of germination is taking place, then the spore will turn green in color due to malachite green and the surrounding cell will be red from the safranin. This stain can also help determine the orientation of the spore within the bacterial cell; whether it being terminal (at the tip), subterminal (within the cell), or central (completely in the middle of the cell). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collagen_hybridizing_peptide">Collagen hybridizing peptide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Collagen hybridizing peptide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Collagen_hybridizing_peptide" title="Collagen hybridizing peptide">Collagen hybridizing peptide</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Collagen_hybridizing_peptide" title="Collagen hybridizing peptide">Collagen hybridizing peptide</a> (CHP) staining allows for an easy, direct way to stain denatured collagens of any type (Type I, II, IV, etc.) regardless if they were damaged or degraded via enzymatic, mechanical, chemical, or thermal means. They work by refolding into the collagen triple helix with the available single strands in the tissue. CHPs can be visualized by a simple <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_microscope" title="Fluorescence microscope">fluorescence microscope</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_biological_stains">Common biological stains</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Common biological stains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different stains react or concentrate in different parts of a cell or tissue, and these properties are used to advantage to reveal specific parts or areas. Some of the most common biological stains are listed below. Unless otherwise marked, all of these dyes may be used with fixed cells and tissues; vital dyes (suitable for use with living organisms) are noted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acridine_orange">Acridine orange</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Acridine orange"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acridine_orange" title="Acridine orange">Acridine orange</a> (AO) is a nucleic acid selective fluorescent cationic dye useful for cell cycle determination. It is cell-permeable, and interacts with DNA and RNA by intercalation or electrostatic attractions. When bound to DNA, it is very similar spectrally to fluorescein. Like fluorescein, it is also useful as a non-specific stain for backlighting conventionally stained cells on the surface of a solid sample of tissue (fluorescence backlighted staining<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bismarck_brown">Bismarck brown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Bismarck brown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_brown_Y" title="Bismarck brown Y">Bismarck brown</a> (also Bismarck brown Y or Manchester brown) imparts a yellow colour to acid <a href="/wiki/Mucin" title="Mucin">mucins</a> and an intense brown color to mast cells. One default of this stain is that it blots out any other structure surrounding it and makes the quality of the contrast low. It has to be paired with other stains  in order to be useful. Some complementing stains used alongside Bismark brown are Hematoxylin and Toluidine blue which provide better contrast within the histology sample. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carmine">Carmine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Carmine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pseudorhabdosynochus_morrhua.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pseudorhabdosynochus_morrhua.jpg/220px-Pseudorhabdosynochus_morrhua.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pseudorhabdosynochus_morrhua.jpg/330px-Pseudorhabdosynochus_morrhua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pseudorhabdosynochus_morrhua.jpg/440px-Pseudorhabdosynochus_morrhua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1059" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine</a> staining of a parasitic flatworm.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Carmine" title="Carmine">Carmine</a> is an intensely red dye used to stain <a href="/wiki/Glycogen" title="Glycogen">glycogen</a>, while Carmine alum is a nuclear stain. Carmine stains require the use of a mordant, usually <a href="/wiki/Aluminum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum">aluminum</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coomassie_blue">Coomassie blue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Coomassie blue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Coomassie_brilliant_blue" title="Coomassie brilliant blue">Coomassie brilliant blue</a> nonspecifically stains proteins a strong blue colour. It is often used in gel electrophoresis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cresyl_violet">Cresyl violet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cresyl violet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cresyl_violet_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Cresyl violet stain">Cresyl violet</a> stains the acidic components of the neuronal cytoplasm a violet colour, specifically <a href="/wiki/Nissl_body" title="Nissl body">nissl</a> bodies. Often used in brain research. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crystal_violet">Crystal violet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Crystal violet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Crystal_violet" title="Crystal violet">Crystal violet</a>, when combined with a suitable mordant, stains <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell walls</a> purple. Crystal violet is the stain used in Gram staining. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="DAPI">DAPI</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: DAPI"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/DAPI" title="DAPI">DAPI</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Fluorescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescent">fluorescent</a> nuclear stain, excited by <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> light and showing strong blue fluorescence when bound to <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. DAPI binds with A=T rich repeats of chromosomes. DAPI is also not visible with regular transmission microscopy. It may be used in living or fixed cells. DAPI-stained cells are especially appropriate for cell counting.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eosin">Eosin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Eosin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Eosin" title="Eosin">Eosin</a> is most often used as a counterstain to haematoxylin, imparting a pink or red colour to <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasmic</a> material, <a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">cell membranes</a>, and some extracellular structures. It also imparts a strong red colour to <a href="/wiki/Red_blood_cell" title="Red blood cell">red blood cells</a>. Eosin may also be used as a counterstain in some variants of Gram staining, and in many other protocols. There are actually two very closely related compounds commonly referred to as eosin. Most often used is <a href="/wiki/Eosin_Y" title="Eosin Y">eosin Y</a> (also known as eosin Y ws or eosin yellowish); it has a very slightly yellowish cast. The other eosin compound is eosin B (eosin bluish or imperial red); it has a very faint bluish cast. The two dyes are interchangeable, and the use of one or the other is more a matter of preference and tradition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethidium_bromide">Ethidium bromide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ethidium bromide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ethidium_bromide" title="Ethidium bromide">Ethidium bromide</a> <a href="/wiki/Intercalation_(biochemistry)" title="Intercalation (biochemistry)">intercalates</a> and stains DNA, providing a fluorescent red-orange stain. Although it will not stain healthy cells, it can be used to identify cells that are in the final stages of <a href="/wiki/Apoptosis" title="Apoptosis">apoptosis</a> – such cells have much more permeable <a href="/wiki/Biological_membrane" title="Biological membrane">membranes</a>. Consequently, ethidium bromide is often used as a marker for apoptosis in cells populations and to locate bands of DNA in <a href="/wiki/Gel_electrophoresis" title="Gel electrophoresis">gel electrophoresis</a>. The stain may also be used in conjunction with <a href="/wiki/Acridine_orange" title="Acridine orange">acridine orange</a> (AO) in viable cell counting. This EB/AO combined stain causes live cells to fluoresce green whilst apoptotic cells retain the distinctive red-orange fluorescence. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acid_fuchsin">Acid fuchsin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Acid fuchsin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Fuchsine" title="Fuchsine">Acid fuchsine</a> may be used to stain collagen, smooth muscle, or <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrion" title="Mitochondrion">mitochondria</a>. Acid fuchsin is used as the nuclear and cytoplasmic stain in Mallory's trichrome method. Acid fuchsin stains cytoplasm in some variants of Masson's trichrome. In Van Gieson's picro-fuchsine, acid fuchsin imparts its red colour to collagen fibres. Acid fuchsin is also a traditional stain for mitochondria (Altmann's method). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Haematoxylin">Haematoxylin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Haematoxylin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Haematoxylin" title="Haematoxylin">Haematoxylin</a> (hematoxylin in North America) is a nuclear stain.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Used with a mordant, haematoxylin stains nuclei blue-violet or brown.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is most often used with eosin in the <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a> (haematoxylin and eosin) staining, one of the most common procedures in <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hoechst_stains">Hoechst stains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Hoechst stains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Hoechst_stain" title="Hoechst stain">Hoechst</a> is a <i>bis</i>-benzimidazole derivative compound that binds to the <i>minor groove</i> of <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. Often used in fluorescence microscopy for DNA staining, Hoechst stains appear yellow when dissolved in aqueous solutions and emit blue light under UV excitation. There are two major types of <a href="/wiki/Hoechst_stain" title="Hoechst stain">Hoechst</a>: <i>Hoechst 33258</i> and <i>Hoechst 33342</i>. The two compounds are functionally similar, but with a little difference in structure. Hoechst 33258 contains a terminal <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl">hydroxyl</a> group and is thus more soluble in aqueous solution, however this characteristics reduces its ability to penetrate the <a href="/wiki/Plasma_membrane" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma membrane">plasma membrane</a>. Hoechst 33342 contains an <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_group" title="Ethyl group">ethyl</a> substitution on the terminal hydroxyl group (i.e. an ethylether group) making it more hydrophobic for easier plasma membrane passage </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iodine">Iodine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Iodine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Iodine" title="Iodine">Iodine</a> is used in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a> as an indicator for <a href="/wiki/Starch" title="Starch">starch</a>. When starch is mixed with iodine in solution, an intensely dark blue colour develops, representing a starch/iodine complex. Starch is a substance common to most plant cells and so a weak iodine solution will stain starch present in the cells. Iodine is one component in the staining technique known as <a href="/wiki/Gram_staining" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram staining">Gram staining</a>, used in <a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">microbiology</a>. Used as a <a href="/wiki/Mordant" title="Mordant">mordant</a> in Gram's staining, iodine enhances the entrance of the dye through the pores present in the cell wall/membrane. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lugol%27s_iodine" title="Lugol's iodine">Lugol's solution</a> or Lugol's iodine (IKI) is a brown solution that turns black in the presence of starches and can be used as a cell stain, making the cell <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nuclei</a> more visible. </p><p>Used with common vinegar (acetic acid), Lugol's solution is used to identify <a href="/wiki/Cervical_cancer#Diagnosis" title="Cervical cancer">pre-cancerous and cancerous changes</a> in cervical and vaginal tissues during "Pap smear" follow up examinations in preparation for biopsy. The acetic acid causes the abnormal cells to blanch white, while the normal tissues stain a mahogany brown from the iodine.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malachite_green">Malachite green</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Malachite green"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Malachite_green" title="Malachite green">Malachite green</a> (also known as diamond green B or victoria green B) can be used as a blue-green counterstain to safranin in the <a href="/wiki/Gimenez_stain" title="Gimenez stain">Gimenez staining technique</a> for bacteria. It can also be used to directly stain <a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spores</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methyl_green">Methyl green</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Methyl green"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Methyl_green" title="Methyl green">Methyl green</a> is used commonly with bright-field, as well as fluorescence microscopes <sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to dye the chromatin of cells so that they are more easily viewed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methylene_blue">Methylene blue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Methylene blue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">Methylene blue</a> is used to stain animal cells, such as human cheek cells, to make their nuclei more observable. Also used to stain blood films in cytology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neutral_red">Neutral red</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Neutral red"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Neutral_red" title="Neutral red">Neutral red</a> (or toluylene red) stains <a href="/wiki/Nissl_body" title="Nissl body">Nissl substance</a> red. It is usually used as a counterstain in combination with other dyes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nile_blue">Nile blue</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Nile blue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nile_blue" title="Nile blue">Nile blue</a> (or Nile blue A) stains nuclei blue. It may be used with living cells. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nile_red">Nile red</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Nile red"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nile_red" title="Nile red">Nile red</a> (also known as Nile blue oxazone) is formed by boiling Nile blue with <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. This produces a mix of Nile red and Nile blue. Nile red is a <a href="/wiki/Lipophilic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipophilic">lipophilic</a> stain; it will accumulate in <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipid</a> globules inside cells, staining them red. Nile red can be used with living cells. It fluoresces strongly when partitioned into lipids, but practically not at all in aqueous solution. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osmium_tetroxide_(formal_name:_osmium_tetraoxide)"><span id="Osmium_tetroxide_.28formal_name:_osmium_tetraoxide.29"></span>Osmium tetroxide (formal name: osmium tetraoxide)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Osmium tetroxide (formal name: osmium tetraoxide)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetraoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmium tetraoxide">Osmium tetraoxide</a> is used in optical microscopy to stain <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>. It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Propidium_iodide">Propidium iodide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Propidium iodide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Propidium_iodide" title="Propidium iodide">Propidium iodide</a> is a fluorescent intercalating agent that can be used to stain cells. Propidium iodide is used as a DNA stain in flow cytometry to evaluate cell viability or DNA content in cell cycle analysis, or in microscopy to visualise the nucleus and other DNA-containing organelles. Propidium Iodide cannot cross the membrane of live cells, making it useful to differentiate necrotic, apoptotic and healthy cells. PI also binds to RNA, necessitating treatment with nucleases to distinguish between RNA and DNA staining </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rhodamine">Rhodamine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Rhodamine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rhodamine" title="Rhodamine">Rhodamine</a> is a protein specific fluorescent stain commonly used in fluorescence microscopy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safranine">Safranine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Safranine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Safranine" class="mw-redirect" title="Safranine">Safranine</a> (or Safranine O) is a red cationic dye. It binds to nuclei (DNA) and other tissue <a href="/wiki/Polyanions" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyanions">polyanions</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Glycosaminoglycan" title="Glycosaminoglycan">glycosaminoglycans</a> in cartilage and mast cells, and components of lignin and plastids in plant tissues.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Safranine should not be confused with saffron, an expensive natural dye that is used in some methods to impart a yellow colour to collagen, to contrast with blue and red colours imparted by other dyes to nuclei and cytoplasm in animal (including human) tissues. </p><p>The incorrect spelling "safranin" is in common use. The -ine ending is appropriate for safranine O because this dye is an amine.<sup id="cite_ref-HorobinKiernan_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HorobinKiernan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stainability_of_tissues">Stainability of tissues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Stainability of tissues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eosinophilic,_basophilic,_chromophobic_and_amphophilic_staining.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eosinophilic%2C_basophilic%2C_chromophobic_and_amphophilic_staining.png/220px-Eosinophilic%2C_basophilic%2C_chromophobic_and_amphophilic_staining.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eosinophilic%2C_basophilic%2C_chromophobic_and_amphophilic_staining.png/330px-Eosinophilic%2C_basophilic%2C_chromophobic_and_amphophilic_staining.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Eosinophilic%2C_basophilic%2C_chromophobic_and_amphophilic_staining.png/440px-Eosinophilic%2C_basophilic%2C_chromophobic_and_amphophilic_staining.png 2x" data-file-width="993" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption>Main staining types when using <a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">hematoxylin and eosin (H&E)</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Tissues which take up stains are called <b>chromatic</b>. <a href="/wiki/Chromosomes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromosomes">Chromosomes</a> were so named because of their ability to absorb a violet stain. </p><p>Positive affinity for a specific stain may be designated by the suffix <i>-philic</i>. For example, tissues that stain with an <a href="/wiki/Azure_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Azure stain">azure stain</a> may be referred to as <a href="/wiki/Azurophil" class="mw-redirect" title="Azurophil">azurophilic</a>. This may also be used for more generalized staining properties, such as <a href="/wiki/Acidophile_(histology)" title="Acidophile (histology)">acidophilic</a> for tissues that stain by <a href="/wiki/Acidic" class="mw-redirect" title="Acidic">acidic</a> stains (most notably <a href="/wiki/Eosin" title="Eosin">eosin</a>), <a href="/wiki/Basophilic" title="Basophilic">basophilic</a> when staining in <a href="/wiki/Base_(chemistry)" title="Base (chemistry)">basic</a> dyes, and <i>amphophilic</i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when staining with either acid or basic dyes. In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Chromophobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromophobe">chromophobic</a> tissues do not take up coloured dye readily. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Electron_microscopy">Electron microscopy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Electron microscopy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As in light microscopy, stains can be used to enhance contrast in <a href="/wiki/Transmission_electron_microscopy" title="Transmission electron microscopy">transmission electron microscopy</a>. Electron-dense compounds of heavy metals are typically used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphotungstic_acid">Phosphotungstic acid</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Phosphotungstic acid"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/Phosphotungstic_acid" title="Phosphotungstic acid">Phosphotungstic acid</a> is a common <a href="/wiki/Negative_stain" title="Negative stain">negative stain</a> for <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nerve" title="Nerve">nerves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polysaccharide" title="Polysaccharide">polysaccharides</a>, and other biological tissue materials. It is mostly used in a .5-2% ph form making it neutral and is paired with water to make an aqueous solution. Phosphotungstic acid is filled with electron dense matter that stains the background surrounding the specimen dark and the specimen itself light. This process is not the normal positive technique for staining where the specimen is dark and the background remains light. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Osmium_tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Osmium tetroxide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Osmium_tetroxide" title="Osmium tetroxide">Osmium tetroxide</a> is used in optical microscopy to stain <a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">lipids</a>. It dissolves in fats, and is reduced by organic materials to elemental osmium, an easily visible black substance. Because it is a heavy metal that absorbs electrons, it is perhaps the most common stain used for morphology in biological electron microscopy. It is also used for the staining of various polymers for the study of their morphology by TEM. <span class="chemf nowrap">OsO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">4</sub></span></span></span> is very volatile and extremely toxic. It is a strong oxidizing agent as the osmium has an oxidation number of +8. It aggressively oxidizes many materials, leaving behind a deposit of non-volatile osmium in a lower oxidation state. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruthenium_tetroxide">Ruthenium tetroxide</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Ruthenium tetroxide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_tetroxide" title="Ruthenium tetroxide">Ruthenium tetroxide</a> is equally volatile and even more aggressive than osmium tetraoxide and able to stain even materials that resist the osmium stain, e.g. polyethylene. </p><p>Other chemicals used in electron microscopy staining include: <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_molybdate" title="Ammonium molybdate">ammonium molybdate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadmium_iodide" title="Cadmium iodide">cadmium iodide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbohydrazide" title="Carbohydrazide">carbohydrazide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferric_chloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferric chloride">ferric chloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexamine">hexamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indium_trichloride" class="mw-redirect" title="Indium trichloride">indium trichloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lanthanum(III)_nitrate" title="Lanthanum(III) nitrate">lanthanum(III) nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_acetate" title="Lead acetate">lead acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_citrate" title="Lead citrate">lead citrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_nitrate" title="Lead(II) nitrate">lead(II) nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid" title="Periodic acid">periodic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphomolybdic_acid" title="Phosphomolybdic acid">phosphomolybdic acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferricyanide" title="Potassium ferricyanide">potassium ferricyanide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_ferrocyanide" title="Potassium ferrocyanide">potassium ferrocyanide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenium_red" title="Ruthenium red">ruthenium red</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitrate" title="Silver nitrate">silver nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_proteinate" title="Silver proteinate">silver proteinate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sodium_chloroaurate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sodium chloroaurate (page does not exist)">sodium chloroaurate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thallium_nitrate" title="Thallium nitrate">thallium nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thiosemicarbazide" title="Thiosemicarbazide">thiosemicarbazide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_acetate" title="Uranyl acetate">uranyl acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uranyl_nitrate" title="Uranyl nitrate">uranyl nitrate</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vanadyl_sulfate" title="Vanadyl sulfate">vanadyl sulfate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_Stain_Commission" title="Biological Stain Commission">Biological Stain Commission</a>: Third-party quality control and certification of stains</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_biology" title="Cell biology">Cytology</a>: the study of cells</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">Histology</a>: the study of tissues</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunohistochemistry" title="Immunohistochemistry">Immunohistochemistry</a>: the use of antisera to label specific antigens</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenium(II)_tris(bathophenanthroline_disulfonate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruthenium(II) tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)">Ruthenium(II) tris(bathophenanthroline disulfonate)</a>, a protein dye.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vital_stain" title="Vital stain">Vital stain</a>: stains that do not kill cells</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyacrylamide_gel_electrophoresis" title="Polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis">PAGE</a>: separation of protein molecules</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barium_enema" class="mw-redirect" title="Barium enema">Barium enema</a> - a type of in vivo stain that creates contrast in the x-ray part of the light spectrum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphonization" title="Diaphonization">Diaphonization</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFParker2012" class="citation book cs1">Parker N (2012). <i>Microbiology</i>. OpenStax.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Microbiology&rft.pub=OpenStax&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPommerville2017" class="citation book cs1">Pommerville JC (2017). <i>Fundamentals of Microbiology</i>. Vol. I. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 248, 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-284-10095-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-284-10095-2"><bdi>978-1-284-10095-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Microbiology&rft.pages=248%2C+249&rft.pub=Jones+%26+Bartlett+Learning&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-284-10095-2&rft.aulast=Pommerville&rft.aufirst=JC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPenneyPowersFrankWillis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Penney DP, Powers JM, Frank M, Willis C, Churukian C (2002). "Analysis and testing of biological stains--the Biological Stain Commission Procedures". <i>Biotechnic & Histochemistry</i>. <b>77</b> (5–6): 237–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F714028210">10.1080/714028210</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12564600">12564600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnic+%26+Histochemistry&rft.atitle=Analysis+and+testing+of+biological+stains--the+Biological+Stain+Commission+Procedures&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=237-75&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F714028210&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12564600&rft.aulast=Penney&rft.aufirst=DP&rft.au=Powers%2C+JM&rft.au=Frank%2C+M&rft.au=Willis%2C+C&rft.au=Churukian%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HorobinKiernan-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HorobinKiernan_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HorobinKiernan_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorobinKiernan2002" class="citation book cs1">Horobin R, Kiernan J, eds. (2002). <i>Conn's Biological Stains: A Handbook of Dyes, Stains and Fluorochromes for Use in Biology and Medicine</i>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85996-099-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85996-099-8"><bdi>978-1-85996-099-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conn%27s+Biological+Stains%3A+A+Handbook+of+Dyes%2C+Stains+and+Fluorochromes+for+Use+in+Biology+and+Medicine&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85996-099-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biologicalstaincommission.org/vendors-list/">"Vendors List - The Biological Stain Commission"</a>. <i>biologicalstaincommission.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=biologicalstaincommission.org&rft.atitle=Vendors+List+-+The+Biological+Stain+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiologicalstaincommission.org%2Fvendors-list%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark1981" class="citation book cs1">Clark G (1981). <i>Staining Procedures</i> (4th ed.). Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins. p. 412. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-683-01707-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-683-01707-6"><bdi>978-0-683-01707-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staining+Procedures&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pages=412&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-683-01707-6&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=G&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Elementary Microbiology Vol - I</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elementary+Microbiology+Vol+-+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoneSteele2009" class="citation journal cs1">Stone, Rebecca B.; Steele, John C. H. (2009-07-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1309%2FAJCP9RUV0YGLBVHA">"Impact of Reporting Gram Stain Results From Blood Cultures on the Selection of Antimicrobial Agents"</a>. <i>American Journal of Clinical Pathology</i>. <b>132</b> (1): 5–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1309%2FAJCP9RUV0YGLBVHA">10.1309/AJCP9RUV0YGLBVHA</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9173">0002-9173</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19864226">19864226</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Clinical+Pathology&rft.atitle=Impact+of+Reporting+Gram+Stain+Results+From+Blood+Cultures+on+the+Selection+of+Antimicrobial+Agents&rft.volume=132&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.issn=0002-9173&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19864226&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1309%2FAJCP9RUV0YGLBVHA&rft.aulast=Stone&rft.aufirst=Rebecca+B.&rft.au=Steele%2C+John+C.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1309%252FAJCP9RUV0YGLBVHA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefferFulton1933" class="citation journal cs1">Schaeffer AB, Fulton MD (February 1933). "A Simplified Method of Staining Endospores". <i>Science</i>. <b>77</b> (1990): 194. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1933Sci....77..194S">1933Sci....77..194S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.77.1990.194">10.1126/science.77.1990.194</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17741261">17741261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=A+Simplified+Method+of+Staining+Endospores&rft.volume=77&rft.issue=1990&rft.pages=194&rft.date=1933-02&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17741261&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.77.1990.194&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1933Sci....77..194S&rft.aulast=Schaeffer&rft.aufirst=AB&rft.au=Fulton%2C+MD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bancroft_and_Stevens,_1982_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroftStevens1982" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft J, Stevens A, eds. (1982). <i>The Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques</i> (2nd ed.). Longman Group Limited.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theory+and+Practice+of+Histological+Techniques&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Longman+Group+Limited&rft.date=1982&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill,_2013-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gill,_2013_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gill,_2013_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill2013" class="citation book cs1">Gill GW (2013). "Papanicolaou Stain". <i>Cytopreparation</i>. Essentials in Cytopathology. Vol. 12. pp. 143–189. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-4614-4933-1_10">10.1007/978-1-4614-4933-1_10</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-4932-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-4932-4"><bdi>978-1-4614-4932-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1574-9053">1574-9053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Papanicolaou+Stain&rft.btitle=Cytopreparation&rft.series=Essentials+in+Cytopathology&rft.pages=143-189&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1574-9053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-4614-4933-1_10&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-4932-4&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=Gary+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThakurGuttikonda2017" class="citation journal cs1">Thakur M, Guttikonda VR (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492752">"Modified ultrafast Papanicolaou staining technique: A comparative study"</a>. <i>Journal of Cytology</i>. <b>34</b> (3): 149–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2FJOC.JOC_23_16">10.4103/JOC.JOC_23_16</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5492752">5492752</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28701828">28701828</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cytology&rft.atitle=Modified+ultrafast+Papanicolaou+staining+technique%3A+A+comparative+study&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=149-153&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5492752%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28701828&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2FJOC.JOC_23_16&rft.aulast=Thakur&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Guttikonda%2C+VR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5492752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://labce.com/spg949466_periodic_acid_schiff_pas_diagnostic_applications.aspx">"Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS): Diagnostic Applications - LabCE.com, Laboratory Continuing Education"</a>. <i>labce.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=labce.com&rft.atitle=Periodic+Acid-Schiff+%28PAS%29%3A+Diagnostic+Applications+-+LabCE.com%2C+Laboratory+Continuing+Education&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flabce.com%2Fspg949466_periodic_acid_schiff_pas_diagnostic_applications.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bezrukov_2017-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bezrukov_2017_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBezrukov2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bezrukov AV (2017-01-02). "Romanowsky staining, the Romanowsky effect and thoughts on the question of scientific priority". <i>Biotechnic & Histochemistry</i>. <b>92</b> (1): 29–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F10520295.2016.1250285">10.1080/10520295.2016.1250285</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28098484">28098484</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37401579">37401579</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnic+%26+Histochemistry&rft.atitle=Romanowsky+staining%2C+the+Romanowsky+effect+and+thoughts+on+the+question+of+scientific+priority&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-35&rft.date=2017-01-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37401579%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28098484&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F10520295.2016.1250285&rft.aulast=Bezrukov&rft.aufirst=AV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorey1986" class="citation journal cs1">Corey L (March 1986). "Laboratory diagnosis of herpes simplex virus infections. Principles guiding the development of rapid diagnostic tests". <i>Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease</i>. <b>4</b> (3 Suppl): 111S–119S. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0732-8893%2886%2980049-9">10.1016/s0732-8893(86)80049-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3009082">3009082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diagnostic+Microbiology+and+Infectious+Disease&rft.atitle=Laboratory+diagnosis+of+herpes+simplex+virus+infections.+Principles+guiding+the+development+of+rapid+diagnostic+tests&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3+Suppl&rft.pages=111S-119S&rft.date=1986-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0732-8893%2886%2980049-9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3009082&rft.aulast=Corey&rft.aufirst=L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells1988" class="citation journal cs1">Wells J (1988). "A Technique for Staining the Superficial Cells of Plucked Hair Follicles and Other Solid Tissues". <i>Stain Technology</i>. <b>63</b> (3).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stain+Technology&rft.atitle=A+Technique+for+Staining+the+Superficial+Cells+of+Plucked+Hair+Follicles+and+Other+Solid+Tissues&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=3&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTomovDimitrov2017" class="citation journal cs1">Tomov N, Dimitrov N (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tru.uni-sz.bg/tsj/Vol15_N3_2017/2_N.Tomov.pdf">"Modified bismarck brown staining for demonstration of soft tissue mast cells"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Trakia Journal of Sciences</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 195–197. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.15547%2Ftjs.2017.03.001">10.15547/tjs.2017.03.001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trakia+Journal+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Modified+bismarck+brown+staining+for+demonstration+of+soft+tissue+mast+cells&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=195-197&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.15547%2Ftjs.2017.03.001&rft.aulast=Tomov&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Dimitrov%2C+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftru.uni-sz.bg%2Ftsj%2FVol15_N3_2017%2F2_N.Tomov.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevenfus2011" class="citation book cs1">Levenfus I (2011). <i>An efficient method for counting DAPI-stained cells using Fiji</i>. Munich: Grin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-640-86284-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-640-86284-9"><bdi>978-3-640-86284-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+efficient+method+for+counting+DAPI-stained+cells+using+Fiji&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=Grin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-640-86284-9&rft.aulast=Levenfus&rft.aufirst=I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSellorsSankaranarayanan" class="citation book cs1">Sellors JW, Sankaranarayanan R (eds.). "Chapter 4: An introduction to colposcopy: indications for colposcopy, instrumentation, principles and documentation of results". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190131040048/https://screening.iarc.fr/colpochap.php?lang=1&chap=4"><i>Colposcopy and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a beginners' manual</i></a>. The World Health Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://screening.iarc.fr/colpochap.php?lang=1&chap=4">the original</a> on 31 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+An+introduction+to+colposcopy%3A+indications+for+colposcopy%2C+instrumentation%2C+principles+and+documentation+of+results&rft.btitle=Colposcopy+and+treatment+of+cervical+intraepithelial+neoplasia%3A+a+beginners%27+manual&rft.pub=The+World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscreening.iarc.fr%2Fcolpochap.php%3Flang%3D1%26chap%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrietoAparicioMorandeZolessi2014" class="citation journal cs1">Prieto D, Aparicio G, Morande PE, Zolessi FR (September 2014). "A fast, low cost, and highly efficient fluorescent DNA labeling method using methyl green". <i>Histochemistry and Cell Biology</i>. <b>142</b> (3): 335–45. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00418-014-1215-0">10.1007/s00418-014-1215-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11336%2F35891">11336/35891</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24671497">24671497</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11094194">11094194</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histochemistry+and+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=A+fast%2C+low+cost%2C+and+highly+efficient+fluorescent+DNA+labeling+method+using+methyl+green&rft.volume=142&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=335-45&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11336%2F35891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11094194%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24671497&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00418-014-1215-0&rft.aulast=Prieto&rft.aufirst=D&rft.au=Aparicio%2C+G&rft.au=Morande%2C+PE&rft.au=Zolessi%2C+FR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Berlyn GP, Miksche JP (1976). <i>Botanical Microtechnique and Cytochemistry</i>. Iowa State University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker JR (1958). <i>Principles of Biological Microtechnique</i>. pp. 329 ff. London: Methuen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2001" class="citation journal cs1">Kiernan JA (2001). "Classification and naming of dyes, stains and fluorochromes". <i>Biotechnic & Histochemistry</i>. <b>76</b> (5–6): 261–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2Fbih.76.5-6.261.278">10.1080/bih.76.5-6.261.278</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11871748">11871748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:32479873">32479873</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biotechnic+%26+Histochemistry&rft.atitle=Classification+and+naming+of+dyes%2C+stains+and+fluorochromes&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=261-78&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A32479873%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11871748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2Fbih.76.5-6.261.278&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/amphophilic">thefreedictionary.com > amphophilic</a> Citing: <i>Saunders Comprehensive Veterinary Dictionary</i>, 3 ed. 2007 Elsevier, Inc</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmrf.research.uiowa.edu/negative-staining">"Negative Staining | Central Microscopy Research Facility"</a>. <i>cmrf.research.uiowa.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cmrf.research.uiowa.edu&rft.atitle=Negative+Staining+%7C+Central+Microscopy+Research+Facility&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcmrf.research.uiowa.edu%2Fnegative-staining&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBancroftGamble2002" class="citation book cs1">Bancroft JD, Gamble M, eds. (2002). <i>Theory and Practice of Histological Techniques</i> (5th ed.). London: Churchill-Livingstone. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06435-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-443-06435-7"><bdi>978-0-443-06435-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Histological+Techniques&rft.place=London&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Churchill-Livingstone&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-443-06435-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernan2015" class="citation book cs1">Kiernan JA (2015). <i>Histological and Histochemical Methods. Theory and Practice</i>. Banbury, UK: Scion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-907904-32-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-907904-32-5"><bdi>978-1-907904-32-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histological+and+Histochemical+Methods.+Theory+and+Practice&rft.place=Banbury%2C+UK&rft.pub=Scion&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-907904-32-5&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresnellSchreibman1997" class="citation book cs1">Presnell JK, Schreibman MP (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/humasonsanimalti0000pres"><i>Humason's Animal tissue Techniques</i></a></span> (5th ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801854019" title="Special:BookSources/9780801854019"><bdi>9780801854019</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humason%27s+Animal+tissue+Techniques&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780801854019&rft.aulast=Presnell&rft.aufirst=JK&rft.au=Schreibman%2C+MP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhumasonsanimalti0000pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuzin1999" class="citation book cs1">Ruzin SE (1999). <i>Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508956-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-508956-1"><bdi>978-0-19-508956-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plant+Microtechnique+and+Microscopy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-19-508956-1&rft.aulast=Ruzin&rft.aufirst=SE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStaining" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staining&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Staining</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Staining">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Staining&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Microscopy_staining_methods" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Microscopy staining methods">Microscopy staining methods</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biologicalstaincommission.org/">The Biological Stain commission</a> is an independent non-profit company that has been testing dyes since the early 1920s and issuing Certificates of approval for batches of dyes that meet internationally recognized standards.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stainsfile.com/">StainsFile</a> Reference for dyes and staining techniques.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artfeb00/rhvital.html">Vital Staining for Protozoa and Related Temporary Mounting Techniques</a> ~ Howey, 2000</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artoct00/fixation.html">Speaking of Fixation: Part 1</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/indexmag.html?http://www.microscopy-uk.org.uk/mag/artdec00/fixation2.html">Part 2</a> – by M. Halit Umar</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.histology-world.com/stains/stains.htm">Photomicrographs of Histology Stains</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microrao.com/staining.htm">Frequently asked questions in staining exercises</a> at Sridhar Rao P.N's home page</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microbial_and_histological_stains" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stains" title="Template:Stains"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stains" title="Template talk:Stains"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stains" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stains"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microbial_and_histological_stains" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Microbial and histological stains</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hemosiderin" title="Hemosiderin">hemosiderin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perls_Prussian_blue" title="Perls Prussian blue">Perls Prussian blue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lipid" title="Lipid">Lipids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_stain" title="Sudan stain">Sudan stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_II" title="Sudan II">Sudan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_III" title="Sudan III">Sudan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_IV" title="Sudan IV">Sudan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Red_O" title="Oil Red O">Oil Red O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan_Black_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Sudan Black B">Sudan Black B</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">Carbohydrates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcian_blue_stain" title="Alcian blue stain">Alcian blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mucicarmine_stain" title="Mucicarmine stain">Mucicarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_acid%E2%80%93Schiff_stain" title="Periodic acid–Schiff stain">Periodic acid–Schiff stain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Amyloid" title="Amyloid">Amyloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_red" title="Congo red">Congo red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thioflavin" title="Thioflavin">Thioflavin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_violet" title="Methyl violet">Methyl violet</a>/<a href="/wiki/Crystal_violet" title="Crystal violet">Gentian violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safranin" title="Safranin">Safranin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-fastness" title="Acid-fastness">Acid-fast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain" title="Ziehl–Neelsen stain">Ziehl–Neelsen stain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kinyoun_stain" title="Kinyoun stain">Kinyoun stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbol_fuchsin" title="Carbol fuchsin">Carbol fuchsin</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fuchsine" title="Fuchsine">Fuchsine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylene_blue" title="Methylene blue">Methylene blue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auramine%E2%80%93rhodamine_stain" title="Auramine–rhodamine stain">Auramine–rhodamine stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auramine_O" title="Auramine O">Auramine O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodamine_B" title="Rhodamine B">Rhodamine B</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auramine_phenol_stain" title="Auramine phenol stain">Auramine phenol stain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Connective_tissue" title="Connective tissue">Connective tissue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trichrome_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Trichrome stain">trichrome stain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Masson%27s_trichrome_stain" title="Masson's trichrome stain">Masson's trichrome stain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lillie%27s_trichrome" title="Lillie's trichrome">Lillie's trichrome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Light_Green_SF_yellowish" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Green SF yellowish">Light Green SF yellowish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biebrich_scarlet" title="Biebrich scarlet">Biebrich scarlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphomolybdic_acid" title="Phosphomolybdic acid">Phosphomolybdic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fast_Green_FCF" title="Fast Green FCF">Fast Green FCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirius_Red" title="Sirius Red">Sirius Red</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Van_Gieson%27s_stain" title="Van Gieson's stain">Van Gieson's stain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cresyl_violet" title="Cresyl violet">Cresyl violet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanine" title="Cyanine">Cyanine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaswant_Singh%E2%80%93Bhattacharji_(JSB)_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji (JSB) stain">Jaswant Singh–Bhattacharji (JSB) stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%26E_stain" title="H&E stain">H&E stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haematoxylin" title="Haematoxylin">Haematoxylin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eosin_Y" title="Eosin Y">Eosin Y</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janus_Green_B" title="Janus Green B">Janus Green B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giemsa_stain" title="Giemsa stain">Giemsa stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6m%C3%B6ri_trichrome_stain" title="Gömöri trichrome stain">Gömöri trichrome stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxol_fast_blue_stain" title="Luxol fast blue stain">Luxol fast blue stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_blue" title="Methyl blue">Methyl blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moeller_stain" title="Moeller stain">Moeller stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movat%27s_stain" title="Movat's stain">Movat's stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_red" title="Neutral red">Neutral red</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaeffer%E2%80%93Fulton_stain" title="Schaeffer–Fulton stain">Schaeffer–Fulton stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver stain">Silver stain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bielschowsky_stain" title="Bielschowsky stain">Bielschowsky stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grocott%27s_methenamine_silver_stain" title="Grocott's methenamine silver stain">Grocott's methenamine silver stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warthin%E2%80%93Starry_stain" title="Warthin–Starry stain">Warthin–Starry stain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright%27s_stain" title="Wright's stain">Wright's stain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tissue stainability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acidophile_(histology)" title="Acidophile (histology)">Acidophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basophilic" title="Basophilic">Basophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromophobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Chromophobe">Chromophobic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Techniques_in_clinical_microbiology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Clinical_microbiology_techniques" title="Template:Clinical microbiology techniques"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Clinical_microbiology_techniques" title="Template talk:Clinical microbiology techniques"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Clinical_microbiology_techniques" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Clinical microbiology techniques"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Techniques_in_clinical_microbiology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Techniques in <a href="/wiki/Clinical_microbiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Clinical microbiology">clinical microbiology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Isolation_(microbiology)" title="Isolation (microbiology)">Isolation</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Culture_(microbiology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture (microbiology)">culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isolation techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">Asepsis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaking_(microbiology)" title="Streaking (microbiology)">Streak plate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective media">Selective media</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures by body site</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blood_culture" title="Blood culture">Blood culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genital_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genital culture (page does not exist)">Genital culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sputum_culture" title="Sputum culture">Sputum culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_culture" title="Throat culture">Throat culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Urine culture">Urine culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wound_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wound culture">Wound culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cultures by organism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacterial_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterial culture">Bacterial culture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fungal_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fungal culture (page does not exist)">Fungal culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viral_culture" title="Viral culture">Viral culture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Microbiological_identification" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbiological identification">Identification</a><br />and testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual testing: basic techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_morphology" title="Colonial morphology">Colonial morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)" title="Hemolysis (microbiology)">Hemolysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staining_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staining (biology)">Staining</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gram_stain" title="Gram stain">Gram stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acid-fast_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="Acid-fast stain">Acid-fast stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giemsa_stain" title="Giemsa stain">Giemsa stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_ink_stain" class="mw-redirect" title="India ink stain">India ink stain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziehl%E2%80%93Neelsen_stain" title="Ziehl–Neelsen stain">Ziehl–Neelsen stain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_prep" class="mw-redirect" title="Wet prep">Wet prep</a></li> <li>Rapid tests <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxidase_test" title="Oxidase test">Oxidase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalase test">Catalase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indole_test" title="Indole test">Indole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PYR_test" class="mw-redirect" title="PYR test">PYR</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manual testing:<br />biochemical and immunologic tests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#ALA" title="Diagnostic microbiology">ALA test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amino_acid_decarboxylase_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amino acid decarboxylase test (page does not exist)">Amino acid decarboxylase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_solubility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Bile solubility test">Bile solubility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAMP_test" title="CAMP test">CAMP test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citrate_test" title="Citrate test">Citrate test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Coagulase test">Coagulase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#DNA_hydrolysis" title="Diagnostic microbiology">DNAse test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMViC" title="IMViC">IMViC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOH_test" title="KOH test">KOH test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_red_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl red test">Methyl red test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#Nitrite_test" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Nitrite test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONPG_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONPG test (page does not exist)">ONPG test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidative/fermentation_glucose_test" title="Oxidative/fermentation glucose test">Oxidative/fermentation glucose test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenylalanine_deaminase_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenylalanine deaminase test">Phenylalanine deaminase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#Reverse_CAMP_test" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Reverse CAMP test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_microbiology#6.5%_salt_broth" title="Diagnostic microbiology">Salt tolerance test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfide_indole_motility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulfide indole motility test">Sulfide indole motility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_sugar_iron_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple sugar iron test">Triple sugar iron test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urease#As_diagnostic_test" title="Urease">Urease test</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_urease_test" title="Rapid urease test">rapid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voges%E2%80%93Proskauer_test" title="Voges–Proskauer test">Voges–Proskauer test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=X_and_V_factor_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X and V factor test (page does not exist)">X and V factor test</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacitracin_susceptibility_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacitracin susceptibility test (page does not exist)">Bacitracin susceptibility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optochin_susceptibility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Optochin susceptibility test">Optochin susceptibility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novobiocin_susceptibility_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Novobiocin susceptibility test">Novobiocin susceptibility test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancefield_grouping" title="Lancefield grouping">Lancefield grouping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPR_test" class="mw-redirect" title="RPR test">RPR test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Automated and <a href="/wiki/Point-of-care_testing" title="Point-of-care testing">point-of-care testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_profile_index" title="Analytical profile index">Analytical profile index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MALDI-TOF" class="mw-redirect" title="MALDI-TOF">MALDI-TOF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction#Infectious_disease_applications" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VITEK" title="VITEK">VITEK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_strep_test" title="Rapid strep test">Rapid strep test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monospot_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Monospot test">Monospot test</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_sensitivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotic sensitivity">Antibiotic susceptibility testing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-lactamase_test&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-lactamase test (page does not exist)">Beta-lactamase test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_diffusion_test" title="Disk diffusion test">Disk diffusion test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etest" title="Etest">Etest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McFarland_standards" title="McFarland standards">McFarland standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_inhibitory_concentration" title="Minimum inhibitory concentration">Minimum inhibitory concentration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Equipment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agar_plate" title="Agar plate">Agar plate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Growth_medium" title="Growth medium">Growth medium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McIntosh_and_Filde%27s_anaerobic_jar" class="mw-redirect" title="McIntosh and Filde's anaerobic jar">Anaerobic jar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas-pak" title="Gas-pak">Gas-pak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham_tube" title="Durham tube">Durham tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosafety_cabinet" title="Biosafety cabinet">Biosafety cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubator_(culture)" title="Incubator (culture)">Incubator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation_loop" title="Inoculation loop">Inoculation loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inoculation_needle" title="Inoculation needle">Inoculation needle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staining&oldid=1252306835">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staining&oldid=1252306835</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Staining" title="Category:Staining">Staining</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dyes" title="Category:Dyes">Dyes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pigments" title="Category:Pigments">Pigments</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Staining_dyes" title="Category:Staining dyes">Staining dyes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Scientific_techniques" title="Category:Scientific techniques">Scientific techniques</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biological_techniques_and_tools" title="Category:Biological techniques and tools">Biological techniques and tools</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 20 October 2024, at 19:33<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Staining&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-9m94g","wgBackendResponseTime":186,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.599","walltime":"0.721","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2652,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":96253,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1666,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":116332,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 562.264 1 -total"," 39.45% 221.841 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.72% 150.223 13 Template:Cite_book"," 16.07% 90.337 4 Template:Navbox"," 14.71% 82.714 1 Template:Stains"," 11.71% 65.859 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.48% 58.900 2 Template:Side_box"," 8.55% 48.077 10 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.88% 44.307 1 Template:Commons_category"," 7.53% 42.336 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.340","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":5786403,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-mjpz6","timestamp":"20241122140712","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Staining","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Staining","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2332446","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2332446","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-12-23T04:41:02Z","dateModified":"2024-10-20T19:33:49Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/47\/Stained_microscope_slide.jpg","headline":"technique used to enhance contrast of specimens observed under a microscope"}</script> </body> </html>