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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Construction_boom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Construction_boom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Construction boom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Construction_boom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-September_11_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#September_11_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 September 11 attacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-September_11_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-9/11_rebuilding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-9/11_rebuilding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Post-9/11 rebuilding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-9/11_rebuilding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Historical sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denotation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denotation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Denotation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denotation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Government and infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Subway </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Vehicles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Bus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Lower Manhattan</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%84%D9%89" title="مانهاتن السفلى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مانهاتن السفلى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%9Fa%C4%9F%C4%B1_Manhetten" title="Aşağı Manhetten – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Aşağı Manhetten" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B1_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86" title="لوور مانهاتان – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوور مانهاتان" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manhattan_Sor" title="Manhattan Sor – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Manhattan Sor" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajo_Manhattan" title="Bajo Manhattan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bajo Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malalta_Manhatano" title="Malalta Manhatano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Malalta Manhatano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87%D8%AA%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="منهتن جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منهتن جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%96%B4%EB%A7%A8%ED%95%B4%ED%8A%BC" title="로어맨해튼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로어맨해튼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מנהטן תחתית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מנהטן תחתית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ქვემო მანჰეტენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქვემო მანჰეტენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDemutinis_Manhatanas" title="Žemutinis Manhatanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žemutinis Manhatanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8F%E3%83%83%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="ロウアー・マンハッタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロウアー・マンハッタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Нижний Манхэттен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нижний Манхэттен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Нижній Мангеттен – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нижній Мангеттен" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lower Manhattan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%9F" title="לאוער מאנהעטען – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאוער מאנהעטען" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%93%88%E9%A1%BF%E4%B8%8B%E5%9F%8E" title="曼哈顿下城 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="曼哈顿下城" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11253#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lower_Manhattan&params=40_42_27_N_74_0_43_W_type:city(382654)">40°42′27″N 74°0′43″W / 40.70750°N 74.01194°W / 40.70750; -74.01194</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Downtown_Manhattan&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Downtown Manhattan">Downtown Manhattan</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Southern part of Manhattan, New York City</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Central business district in New York, United States</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Lower Manhattan</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Downtown Manhattan, Downtown New York City</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Central_business_district" title="Central business district">Central business district</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Luchtfoto_van_Lower_Manhattan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lower Manhattan, including Wall Street – a leading financial district, and One World Trade Center – the tallest building in the western hemisphere"><img alt="Lower Manhattan, including Wall Street – a leading financial district, and One World Trade Center – the tallest building in the western hemisphere" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Luchtfoto_van_Lower_Manhattan.jpg/300px-Luchtfoto_van_Lower_Manhattan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Luchtfoto_van_Lower_Manhattan.jpg/450px-Luchtfoto_van_Lower_Manhattan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Luchtfoto_van_Lower_Manhattan.jpg/600px-Luchtfoto_van_Lower_Manhattan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Lower Manhattan, including <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> – a leading financial district, and <a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a> – the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings" title="List of tallest buildings">tallest building</a> in the western hemisphere</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_City_-_Manhattan_-_Lower_Manhattan_(cropped).PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lower Manhattan"><img alt="Location of Lower Manhattan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/New_York_City_-_Manhattan_-_Lower_Manhattan_%28cropped%29.PNG/250px-New_York_City_-_Manhattan_-_Lower_Manhattan_%28cropped%29.PNG" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/New_York_City_-_Manhattan_-_Lower_Manhattan_%28cropped%29.PNG/375px-New_York_City_-_Manhattan_-_Lower_Manhattan_%28cropped%29.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/New_York_City_-_Manhattan_-_Lower_Manhattan_%28cropped%29.PNG/500px-New_York_City_-_Manhattan_-_Lower_Manhattan_%28cropped%29.PNG 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="776" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Lower_Manhattan&params=40_42_27_N_74_0_43_W_type:city(382654)">40°42′27″N 74°0′43″W / 40.70750°N 74.01194°W / 40.70750; -74.01194</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">State</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">City</th><td class="infobox-data">New York City</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">Borough</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Settled</th><td class="infobox-data">1626</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (<a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010</a>)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">382,654</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zip_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Zip code">ZIP Codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">10004, 10005, 10006, 10007, 10038, 10280, 10012, 10013, 10014</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Area_codes_212,_646,_and_332" title="Area codes 212, 646, and 332">212, 332, 646</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Area_code_917" title="Area code 917">917</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Median household income</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$201,953</td></tr></tbody></table> Lower Manhattan, also known as Downtown Manhattan or Downtown New York City, is the southernmost part of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City borough">New York City borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>. The neighborhood is <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">the historical birthplace</a> of New York City<a href="#cite_note-LowerManhattanNYCBirthplace-1">[1]</a> and for its first 225 years was the entirety of the city. Lower Manhattan serves as <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">the seat of government</a> of both Manhattan and the entire City of New York.<a href="#cite_note-LowerManhattanNYCBirthplace-1">[1]</a> Because there are no municipally defined boundaries for the neighborhood, a precise population cannot be quoted, but several sources have suggested that it was one of the fastest-growing locations in New York City between 2010 and 2020, related to the influx of young adults and significant development of new housing units.<a href="#cite_note-LowerManhattanBooming1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-LowerManhattanBooming2-3">[3]</a> Despite various definitions of Lower Manhattan, they generally include all of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Island">Manhattan Island</a> south of <a href="/wiki/14th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="14th Street (Manhattan)">14th Street</a>. Anchored by <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Manhattan" title="Financial District, Manhattan">Financial District</a> in Lower Manhattan, New York City is the leading <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global center</a> for <a href="/wiki/Financial_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial center">finance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fintech" title="Fintech">fintech</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LowerManhattanFinancialAndFintechCapitalWorld-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Financial District houses Wall Street, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank_of_New_York" title="Federal Reserve Bank of New York">Federal Reserve Bank of New York</a>, and other major financial institutions. A center of <a href="/wiki/Culture_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture in New York City">culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_New_York_City" title="Tourism in New York City">tourism</a>, Lower Manhattan is home to many of New York City's most iconic structures, including <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Hall" title="New York City Hall">New York City Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bull_of_Wall_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Bull of Wall Street">Bull of Wall Street</a>, and <a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings in the world">tallest skyscraper in the Western Hemisphere</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_neighborhoods">Geography and neighborhoods</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography and neighborhoods">edit</a>]</div> Lower Manhattan is delineated on the north by <a href="/wiki/14th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="14th Street (Manhattan)">14th Street</a>, on the west by the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>, on the east by the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>, and on the south by <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>. Its northern border is designated by thoroughfares about a mile-and-a-half south of <a href="/wiki/14th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="14th Street (Manhattan)">14th Street</a> and a mile north of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>'s southern tip around <a href="/wiki/Chambers_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Chambers Street (Manhattan)">Chambers Street</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> east of the entrances and overpass to the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Two other major arteries to Lower Manhattan are <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Canal Street (Manhattan)">Canal Street</a>, roughly half a mile north of Chambers Street, and <a href="/wiki/23rd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="23rd Street (Manhattan)">23rd Street</a>, roughly half a mile north of 14th Street. Lower Manhattan's central business district forms the core of the area below Chambers Street and includes the <a href="/wiki/The_Financial_District_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Financial District (Manhattan)">Financial District</a>, commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> after the name of its primary artery, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">World Trade Center site</a>. At the island's southern tip is <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Park">Battery Park</a>, near the <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowling Green Park">Bowling Green</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Hall" title="New York City Hall">City Hall</a> is north of the Financial District. South of Chambers Street are <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park_City" title="Battery Park City">Battery Park City</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Street_Seaport" title="South Street Seaport">South Street Seaport</a>. <a href="/wiki/TriBeCa" class="mw-redirect" title="TriBeCa">TriBeCa</a> straddles Chambers Street on the west side; at the street's east end is the giant <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Municipal_Building" title="Manhattan Municipal Building">Manhattan Municipal Building</a>. North of Chambers Street and the Brooklyn Bridge and south of Canal Street is the <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown neighborhood</a>, home to the largest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese people in New York City">Chinese people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ManhattanChinatownLargestConcentrationChineseWesternHemisphere-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-fact-sheet-8">[8]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Courts" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Courts">court buildings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foley_Square" title="Foley Square">other government offices</a> are located in this area. The <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower East Side, Manhattan">Lower East Side</a> neighborhood straddles Canal Street. North of Canal Street and south of 14th Street are <a href="/wiki/SoHo" class="mw-redirect" title="SoHo">SoHo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Meatpacking_District,_Manhattan" title="Meatpacking District, Manhattan">Meatpacking District</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Village,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="West Village, Manhattan">West Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Manhattan" title="Little Italy, Manhattan">Little Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/NoLIta,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="NoLIta, Manhattan">Nolita</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan" title="East Village, Manhattan">East Village</a>. Between 14th and <a href="/wiki/23rd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="23rd Street (Manhattan)">23rd</a> Streets are lower <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan" title="Chelsea, Manhattan">Chelsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Union_Square_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Square (New York City)">Union Square</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Flatiron_District" title="Flatiron District">Flatiron District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gramercy,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramercy, Manhattan">Gramercy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Town%E2%80%93Peter_Cooper_Village" title="Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village">Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">History of New York City</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Manhattan" title="History of Manhattan">History of Manhattan</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lenape_and_New_Netherland">Lenape and New Netherland</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lenape and New Netherland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(prehistory%E2%80%931664)" title="History of New York City (prehistory–1664)">History of New York City (prehistory–1664)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg/280px-GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg/420px-GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg/560px-GezichtOpNieuwAmsterdam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7276" data-file-height="4964" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, centered in what eventually became Lower Manhattan, in 1664, the year <a href="/wiki/British_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="British colonization of the Americas">England</a> took control and renamed it New York</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petrus_(Peter_Pieter)_Stuyvesant_portrait_c1660.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Petrus_%28Peter_Pieter%29_Stuyvesant_portrait_c1660.jpg/280px-Petrus_%28Peter_Pieter%29_Stuyvesant_portrait_c1660.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="348" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Petrus_%28Peter_Pieter%29_Stuyvesant_portrait_c1660.jpg/420px-Petrus_%28Peter_Pieter%29_Stuyvesant_portrait_c1660.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Petrus_%28Peter_Pieter%29_Stuyvesant_portrait_c1660.jpg/560px-Petrus_%28Peter_Pieter%29_Stuyvesant_portrait_c1660.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1691" data-file-height="2103" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant" title="Peter Stuyvesant">Peter Stuyvesant</a></figcaption></figure> The area that would eventually encompass modern-day New York City was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> people. These groups of culturally and linguistically identical <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native Americans</a> who spoke an <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> language now referred to as <a href="/wiki/Unami_language" title="Unami language">Unami</a>. European settlement began with the founding of a <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trading</a> post in Lower Manhattan, later called <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Nieuw-Amsterdam) in 1626.<a href="#cite_note-LowerManhattanHistory-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The first fort was built at <a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Manhattan)" title="The Battery (Manhattan)">The Battery</a> to protect <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYCPR-11">[11]</a> In approximately 1626, construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Amsterdam" title="Fort Amsterdam">Fort Amsterdam</a> began.<a href="#cite_note-NYCPR-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indies_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch West Indies Company">Dutch West Indies Company</a> subsequently <a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New York">imported African slaves</a> to serve as laborers; they helped to build <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">the wall</a> that defended the town against English and native attacks. Early directors included <a href="/wiki/Willem_Verhulst" title="Willem Verhulst">Willem Verhulst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Minuit" title="Peter Minuit">Peter Minuit</a>. <a href="/wiki/Willem_Kieft" title="Willem Kieft">Willem Kieft</a> became a <a href="/wiki/Director_of_New_Netherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of New Netherland">director</a> in 1638 but five years later was embroiled in <a href="/wiki/Kieft%27s_War" title="Kieft's War">Kieft's War</a> against the Native Americans. The <a href="/wiki/Pavonia_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavonia Massacre">Pavonia Massacre</a>, across the Hudson River in present-day <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City</a>, New Jersey resulted in the death of 80 natives in February 1643. Following the massacre, <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> tribes joined forces and nearly defeated the Dutch. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> sent additional forces to the aid of Kieft, leading to the overwhelming defeat of the Native Americans and a peace treaty on August 29, 1645.<a href="#cite_note-EllisEpic1966-12">[12]</a>: 37–40  On May 27, 1647, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Stuyvesant" title="Peter Stuyvesant">Peter Stuyvesant</a> was inaugurated as <a href="/wiki/Director-General_of_New_Netherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Director-General of New Netherland">director general</a> upon his arrival. The colony was granted self-government in 1652, and New Amsterdam was formally incorporated as a city on February 2, 1653.<a href="#cite_note-EllisEpic1966-12">[12]</a>: 57  The first mayors (<a href="/wiki/Burgemeesters" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgemeesters">burgemeesters</a>) of New Amsterdam, <a href="/wiki/Arent_van_Hattem" class="mw-redirect" title="Arent van Hattem">Arent van Hattem</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martin_Cregier" title="Martin Cregier">Martin Cregier</a>, were appointed in that year.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_and_18th_centuries">17th and 18th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th and 18th centuries">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1665%E2%80%931783)" title="History of New York City (1665–1783)">History of New York City (1665–1783)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Harbor_Waterfront_1727_panorama_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/New_York_Harbor_Waterfront_1727_panorama_map.jpg/280px-New_York_Harbor_Waterfront_1727_panorama_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/New_York_Harbor_Waterfront_1727_panorama_map.jpg/420px-New_York_Harbor_Waterfront_1727_panorama_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/New_York_Harbor_Waterfront_1727_panorama_map.jpg/560px-New_York_Harbor_Waterfront_1727_panorama_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5600" data-file-height="2727" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>, 1727</figcaption></figure> In 1664, the English <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">conquered the area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geographical_renaming" title="Geographical renaming">renamed</a> it "<a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">New York</a>" after the <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">Duke of York</a> and the city of <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> in Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> At that time, people of African descent made up 20% of the population of the city, with European settlers numbering approximately 1,500,<a href="#cite_note-HarrisSlavery2003-16">[16]</a>: 14  and people of African descent numbering 375 (with 300 of that 375 enslaved and 75 free).<a href="#cite_note-HarrisSlavery2003-16">[16]</a>: 22  While it has been claimed that African slaves comprised 40% of the small population of the city at that time,<a href="#cite_note-Spencer-17">[17]</a> this claim has not been substantiated. During the mid-1600s, farms of free blacks covered 130 acres (53 ha) where <a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a> later developed.<a href="#cite_note-Rothstein-18">[18]</a> The Dutch <a href="/wiki/Third_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Third Anglo-Dutch War">briefly regained the city in 1673</a>, renaming the city "<a href="/wiki/New_Orange" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orange">New Orange</a>", before permanently ceding the colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a> to the English for what is now <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> in November 1674. The new English rulers of the formerly Dutch New Amsterdam and New Netherland renamed the settlement back to New York. As the colony grew and prospered, sentiment also grew for greater autonomy. In the context of the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in England, <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Leisler" title="Jacob Leisler">Jacob Leisler</a> led <a href="/wiki/Leisler%27s_Rebellion" title="Leisler's Rebellion">Leisler's Rebellion</a> and effectively controlled the city and surrounding areas from 1689 to 1691, before being arrested and executed. By 1700, the Lenape population of New York had diminished to 200.<a href="#cite_note-gothamcenter.org-19">[19]</a> By 1703, 42% of households in New York had slaves, a higher percentage than in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hh_slavery-20">[20]</a> The 1735 <a href="/wiki/Libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Libel">libel</a> trial of <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Zenger" title="John Peter Zenger">John Peter Zenger</a> in the city was a seminal influence on <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a> in North America. It would be a standard for the basic articles of freedom in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>. By the 1740s, with expansion of settlers, 20% of the population of New York were slaves, totaling about 2,500 people.<a href="#cite_note-Rothstein-18">[18]</a> After a series of fires in 1741, the city became panicked that blacks <a href="/wiki/New_York_Conspiracy_of_1741" title="New York Conspiracy of 1741">planned to burn the city</a> in a conspiracy with some poor whites. Historians believe their alarm was mostly fabrication and fear, but officials rounded up 31 blacks and 4 whites, all of whom were convicted of arson and executed. City officials executed 13 blacks by burning them alive and hanged 4 whites and 18 blacks.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> In 1754, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> was founded under <a href="/wiki/Charter" title="Charter">charter</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II of Great Britain</a> as King's College in Lower Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Stamp Act">Stamp Act</a> and other British measures fomented dissent, particularly among the <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a>, who maintained a long-running skirmish with locally stationed British troops over <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Pole" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Pole">Liberty Poles</a> from 1766 to 1776. The <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a> met in New York City in 1765 in the first organized resistance to British authority across the colonies. After the major defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>, General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> withdrew to <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan Island">Manhattan Island</a>, but with the subsequent defeat at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Battle of Fort Washington</a> the island was effectively left to the British. The city became a haven for <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">loyalist</a> refugees, becoming a British stronghold for the entire war. Consequently, the area also became the focal point for Washington's <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">espionage and intelligence-gathering</a> throughout the war. In 1771, <a href="/wiki/Bear_Market_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bear Market (Manhattan)">Bear Market</a> was established along the Hudson River shoreline on land donated by <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Trinity Church (Manhattan)">Trinity Church</a>, and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Washington_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Market">Washington Market</a> in 1813.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> New York City was greatly damaged twice by <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York_(1776)" title="Great Fire of New York (1776)">fires</a> of suspicious origin during British military rule. The city became the political and military center of operations for the British in North America for the remainder of the war and a haven for Loyalist refugees. <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> officer <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Hale" title="Nathan Hale">Nathan Hale</a> was hanged in Manhattan for espionage. In addition, the British began to hold the majority of captured American <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners of war">prisoners of war</a> aboard <a href="/wiki/Prison_Ship_Martyrs%27_Monument" title="Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument">prison ships</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wallabout_Bay" title="Wallabout Bay">Wallabout Bay</a>, across the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a>. More Americans died from neglect aboard these ships than died in all the battles of the war. British occupation lasted until November 25, 1783. George Washington triumphantly returned to the city that day, as <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">the last British forces left the city</a>. Starting in 1785, the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Congress</a> met in New York City under the <a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a>. In 1789, New York City became the first <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States#United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">national capital of the United States</a> under the new <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. The Constitution also created the current <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Congress of the United States">Congress of the United States</a>, and its first sitting was at <a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall</a> on Wall Street. The first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> sat there. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> was drafted and ratified there. George Washington was inaugurated at Federal Hall.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> New York City remained the capital of the U.S. until 1790, when the role was transferred to Philadelphia. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1784%E2%80%931854)" title="History of New York City (1784–1854)">History of New York City (1784–1854)</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1855%E2%80%931897)" title="History of New York City (1855–1897)">History of New York City (1855–1897)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Twelve_Miles_Around_New_York_(City)_Map_1849_by_James_Charles_Sidney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Twelve_Miles_Around_New_York_%28City%29_Map_1849_by_James_Charles_Sidney.jpg/280px-Twelve_Miles_Around_New_York_%28City%29_Map_1849_by_James_Charles_Sidney.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Twelve_Miles_Around_New_York_%28City%29_Map_1849_by_James_Charles_Sidney.jpg/420px-Twelve_Miles_Around_New_York_%28City%29_Map_1849_by_James_Charles_Sidney.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Twelve_Miles_Around_New_York_%28City%29_Map_1849_by_James_Charles_Sidney.jpg/560px-Twelve_Miles_Around_New_York_%28City%29_Map_1849_by_James_Charles_Sidney.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8500" data-file-height="8452" /></a><figcaption>Sidney's Map Twelve Miles Around New York, 1849 lithograph by James Charles Sidney</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Cooper_Union%27s_Foundation_Building_-_North_Side_(48072759802).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Cooper_Union%27s_Foundation_Building_-_North_Side_%2848072759802%29.jpg/280px-The_Cooper_Union%27s_Foundation_Building_-_North_Side_%2848072759802%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Cooper_Union%27s_Foundation_Building_-_North_Side_%2848072759802%29.jpg/420px-The_Cooper_Union%27s_Foundation_Building_-_North_Side_%2848072759802%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/The_Cooper_Union%27s_Foundation_Building_-_North_Side_%2848072759802%29.jpg/560px-The_Cooper_Union%27s_Foundation_Building_-_North_Side_%2848072759802%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3380" data-file-height="3380" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union" title="Cooper Union">Cooper Union</a> at <a href="/wiki/Astor_Place" title="Astor Place">Astor Place</a>, one of Lower Manhattan's most storied buildings, where <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> gave his famed <a href="/wiki/Cooper_Union_speech" title="Cooper Union speech">Cooper Union speech</a> on February 27, 1860</figcaption></figure> New York grew as an economic center, first as a result of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>'s policies and practices as the first <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Treasury" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a> and, later, with the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> in 1825, which connected the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port of New York and New Jersey">Atlantic port</a> to the vast agricultural markets of the North American interior.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-lankevich-p67-26">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="History of immigration to the United States">Immigration</a> resumed after being slowed by wars in Europe, and a new <a href="/wiki/Street_grid" class="mw-redirect" title="Street grid">street grid</a> system, the <a href="/wiki/Commissioners%27_Plan_of_1811" title="Commissioners' Plan of 1811">Commissioners' Plan of 1811</a>, expanded to encompass all of Manhattan. Early in the 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> was used to expand Lower Manhattan from the natural Hudson shoreline at <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Street" title="Greenwich Street">Greenwich Street</a> to <a href="/wiki/West_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Street (Manhattan)">West Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In 1898, the modern <a href="/wiki/City_of_Greater_New_York" title="City of Greater New York">City of New York</a> was formed with the consolidation of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brooklyn" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> (until then an independent city), Manhattan and outlying areas.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The borough of <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> incorporated the independent City of Brooklyn, recently joined to Manhattan by the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a> in Lower Manhattan. Municipal governments contained within the boroughs were abolished, and the county governmental functions, housed in Lower Manhattan after unification, were absorbed by the city or each borough.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1898%E2%80%931945)" title="History of New York City (1898–1945)">History of New York City (1898–1945)</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1946%E2%80%931977)" title="History of New York City (1946–1977)">History of New York City (1946–1977)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="History of New York City (1978–present)">History of New York City (1978–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_from_Woolworth_Building_1913_New_York_City.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/View_from_Woolworth_Building_1913_New_York_City.jpg/280px-View_from_Woolworth_Building_1913_New_York_City.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/View_from_Woolworth_Building_1913_New_York_City.jpg/420px-View_from_Woolworth_Building_1913_New_York_City.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/View_from_Woolworth_Building_1913_New_York_City.jpg/560px-View_from_Woolworth_Building_1913_New_York_City.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="2951" /></a><figcaption>View from the <a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a> in 1913</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhattan_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Manhattan_1931.jpg/280px-Manhattan_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Manhattan_1931.jpg/420px-Manhattan_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Manhattan_1931.jpg/560px-Manhattan_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1467" data-file-height="1044" /></a><figcaption>Lower Manhattan in 1931</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg/280px-NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg/420px-NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg/560px-NYC_Manhattan_1938_Franz_Grasser.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Lower Manhattan photographed in 1938 using <a href="/wiki/Agfacolor" title="Agfacolor">Agfacolor</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_view_of_East_River,_Lower_Manhattan,_New_York_Harbor,_1981.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Aerial_view_of_East_River%2C_Lower_Manhattan%2C_New_York_Harbor%2C_1981.jpg/280px-Aerial_view_of_East_River%2C_Lower_Manhattan%2C_New_York_Harbor%2C_1981.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Aerial_view_of_East_River%2C_Lower_Manhattan%2C_New_York_Harbor%2C_1981.jpg/420px-Aerial_view_of_East_River%2C_Lower_Manhattan%2C_New_York_Harbor%2C_1981.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Aerial_view_of_East_River%2C_Lower_Manhattan%2C_New_York_Harbor%2C_1981.jpg/560px-Aerial_view_of_East_River%2C_Lower_Manhattan%2C_New_York_Harbor%2C_1981.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1204" /></a><figcaption>View from an airplane in 1981 prior to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> when the Lower Manhattan skyline was dominated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">Twin Towers of the former World Trade Center</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_(6451249051).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg/280px-Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg/420px-Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg/560px-Greenwich_Village_Halloween_Parade_%286451249051%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1063" /></a><figcaption>The annual <a href="/wiki/Village_Halloween_Parade" class="mw-redirect" title="Village Halloween Parade">Village Halloween Parade</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> is the world's largest Halloween parade, with millions of spectators annually.<a href="#cite_note-NewYorkCityQueerHalloweenParade-30">[30]</a></figcaption></figure> Washington Market was located between <a href="/wiki/Barclay_Street_station" title="Barclay Street station">Barclay</a> and Hubert Streets, and from <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Street" title="Greenwich Street">Greenwich Street</a> to <a href="/wiki/West_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="West Street (Manhattan)">West Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> It was demolished in the 1960s and replaced by a new Independence Plaza, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Market_Park" title="Washington Market Park">Washington Market Park</a>, and other developments. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Construction_boom">Construction boom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Construction boom">edit</a>]</div> Lower Manhattan retains the most irregular street <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid plans</a> in the borough. Throughout the early decades of the 1900s, the area experienced a construction boom, with major towers such as <a href="/wiki/40_Wall_Street" title="40 Wall Street">40 Wall Street</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_International_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="American International Building">American International Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a>, and <a href="/wiki/20_Exchange_Place" title="20 Exchange Place">20 Exchange Place</a> being erected. Many new water crossings into Lower Manhattan were built at this time, including the <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg_Bridge" title="Williamsburg Bridge">Williamsburg Bridge</a> in 1903<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Bridge" title="Manhattan Bridge">Manhattan Bridge</a> in 1909.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Holland_Tunnel" title="Holland Tunnel">Holland Tunnel</a> to New Jersey opened in 1927,<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> while the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Battery_Tunnel" title="Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel">Brooklyn–Battery Tunnel</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> opened in 1950 and was the last major fixed crossing to be built to Lower Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Despite these road connections opening, the economic center of New York City began to shift from Lower Manhattan to <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown</a> with the opening of many commuter rail terminals at the turn of the 20th century. The original <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Station_(1910%E2%80%931963)" title="Pennsylvania Station (1910–1963)">Penn Station</a> opened in 1910,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_and_Manhattan_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudson and Manhattan Railroad">Hudson and Manhattan Railroad</a> (now PATH) extension to <a href="/wiki/33rd_Street_station_(PATH)" title="33rd Street station (PATH)">33rd Street</a> was completed in 1910,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a> opened in 1913.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> On March 25, 1911, the <a href="/wiki/Triangle_Shirtwaist_Factory_fire" title="Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire">Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> took the lives of 146 garment workers, which would eventually lead to great advancements in the city's fire department, building codes, and workplace regulations. Throughout the first half of the 20th century, New York became a world center for industry, commerce, and <a href="/wiki/Media_in_New_York_City" title="Media in New York City">communication</a>. <a href="/wiki/Interborough_Rapid_Transit_Company" title="Interborough Rapid Transit Company">Interborough Rapid Transit</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> company, began operating in 1904. The area's demographics stabilized, labor unionization brought new protections and affluence to the working class, the city's government and infrastructure underwent a dramatic overhaul under <a href="/wiki/Fiorello_La_Guardia" title="Fiorello La Guardia">Fiorello La Guardia</a>, and his controversial parks commissioner, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a>, ended the 'blight' of many tenement areas, by demolishing slums, factories, and working-class neighborhoods through public works such as the <a href="/wiki/High_Line#History" title="High Line">High line</a>, the <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Elevated_Highway" title="West Side Elevated Highway">West Side Highway</a> and <a href="/wiki/FDR_Drive" title="FDR Drive">FDR Drive</a>, built housing projects, expanded new parks, rebuilt streets, and <a href="/wiki/Zoning_in_the_United_States" title="Zoning in the United States">zoning controls</a>, especially in Lower Manhattan. The zoning changes were intended to displace the industrial workforce by removing zoning protection for industrial space and incentivizing upscale residential and clerical redevelopment. The port of New York, despite its physical suitability for berthing and its close proximity to Europe, began to deteriorate due to the city's unwillingness to invest or modernise the port and the deindustrialization zoning policy. However a large number of small scale, dynamic, and highly specialized industries persisted despite the city's efforts such as the garment industry which was closely tied to the fashion industry in Midtown, or the printing industry; linked with the publishing industry. In the 1950s, a few new buildings were constructed in Lower Manhattan, including an 11-story building at 156 William Street in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-12251960-39">[39]</a> A 27-story office building at 20 Broad Street, a 12-story building at 80 Pine Street, a 26-story building at 123 William Street, and a few others were built in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-12251960-39">[39]</a> By the end of the decade, Lower Manhattan had become economically depressed, in comparison with <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>, which was booming with the continued <a href="/wiki/March_uptown" title="March uptown">march uptown</a>. <a href="/wiki/David_Rockefeller" title="David Rockefeller">David Rockefeller</a> spearheaded widespread <a href="/wiki/Urban_renewal" title="Urban renewal">urban renewal</a> efforts in Lower Manhattan, beginning with constructing <a href="/wiki/One_Chase_Manhattan_Plaza" class="mw-redirect" title="One Chase Manhattan Plaza">One Chase Manhattan Plaza</a>, the new headquarters for his bank. He established the Downtown-Lower Manhattan Association (DLMA) which drew up plans for broader revitalization of Lower Manhattan, with the development of a <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_world_trade_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide world trade center">world trade center</a> at the heart of these plans. The original DLMA plans called for the "world trade center" to be built along the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>, between Old Slip and <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Fulton Street (Manhattan)">Fulton Street</a>. After negotiations with <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> Governor <a href="/wiki/Richard_J._Hughes" title="Richard J. Hughes">Richard J. Hughes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority</a> decided to build the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> on a site along the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Highway" title="West Side Highway">West Side Highway</a>, rather than the East River site.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When <a href="/wiki/Building_of_the_World_Trade_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Building of the World Trade Center">building</a> the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>, 1.2 million cubic yards (917,000 m3) of material was excavated from the site.<a href="#cite_note-gillespie-p71-40">[40]</a> Rather than dumping the spoil at sea or in landfills, the fill material was used to expand the Manhattan shoreline across West Street, creating <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park_City,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Park City, Manhattan">Battery Park City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iglauer-41">[41]</a> The result was a 700-foot (210-m) extension into the river, running six blocks or 1,484 feet (452 m), covering 92 acres (37 ha), providing a 1.2-mile (1.9 km) riverfront esplanade and over 30 acres (12 ha) of parks.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Through much of its history, the area south of Chambers Street was mainly a commercial district, with a small population of residents—in 1960, it was home to about 4,000.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-01311960-43">[43]</a> Construction of <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park_City" title="Battery Park City">Battery Park City</a>, on landfill from construction of the World Trade Center, brought many new residents to the area. Gateway Plaza, the first Battery Park City development, was finished in 1983. The project's centerpiece, the <a href="/wiki/Brookfield_Place_(New_York_City)" title="Brookfield Place (New York City)">World Financial Center</a>, consists of four luxury highrise towers. By the turn of the century, Battery Park City was mostly completed, with the exception of some ongoing construction on West Street. Around this time, Lower Manhattan reached its highest population of business tenants and full-time residents.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These developments struggled to become fully occupied at desirable rents, with relatively high vacancy rates.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> In 1993, the Downtown Lower Manhattan Association contributed to a city plan calling for the revitalization of Lower Manhattan. The plan included recommended zoning changes, tax incentives to encourage new tenants, and the conversion of commercial buildings into apartments. It also called for the creation of a business improvement district, called The Alliance for Downtown New York, to help spur the area's renewal. Between 1995 and 2014, 15.8 million square feet of office space was converted to residential or hotel use. As a result, Lower Manhattan's residential population rose from 14,000 to 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Culture">Culture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> Since the early-20th century, Lower Manhattan has been an important center for the arts and leisure activities. <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a> was a locus of <a href="/wiki/Bohemianism" title="Bohemianism">bohemian</a> culture from the first decade of the century through the 1980s. Several of the city's leading jazz clubs are still located in Greenwich Village, which was also one of the primary bases of the <a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">American folk music revival</a> of the 1960s. Many art galleries were located in SoHo between the 1970s and early 1990s; today, the downtown Manhattan gallery scene is centered in Chelsea. From the 1960s onward, Lower Manhattan has been home to many alternative theater companies, constituting the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Off-Off-Broadway" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-Off-Broadway">Off-Off-Broadway</a> community. <a href="/wiki/Punk_rock" title="Punk rock">Punk rock</a> and its musical derivatives emerged in the mid-1970s largely at two Lower Manhattan venues, <a href="/wiki/CBGB" title="CBGB">CBGB</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bowery" title="Bowery">Bowery</a> in the western edge of the East Village, and <a href="/wiki/Max%27s_Kansas_City" title="Max's Kansas City">Max's Kansas City</a> on <a href="/wiki/Park_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Park Avenue (Manhattan)">Park Avenue South</a>. At the same time, the area's surfeit of appropriated industrial lofts, played an integral role in the development and sustenance of the minimalist composition, <a href="/wiki/Free_jazz" title="Free jazz">free jazz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">electronic dance music</a> subcultures. The area's many nightclubs and bars, though mostly shorn of the freewheeling iconoclasm, pioneering spirit, and <a href="/wiki/Do-it-yourself" class="mw-redirect" title="Do-it-yourself">do-it-yourself</a> mentality that characterized the pre-gentrification era, still draw patrons from throughout the city and the surrounding region. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1978%E2%80%93present)" title="History of New York City (1978–present)">History of New York City (1978–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg/280px-UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg" decoding="async" width="280" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg/420px-UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg/560px-UA_Flight_175_hits_WTC_south_tower_9-11_edit.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1062" data-file-height="926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a> hits the <a href="/wiki/2_World_Trade_Center" title="2 World Trade Center">South Tower</a> of the original <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> on <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11, 2001</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/280px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/420px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg/560px-WTC_smoking_on_9-11.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Lower Manhattan on September 11, 2001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Manhattan_from_Governors_Island_with_a_fishing_boat_(46294p).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lower_Manhattan_from_Governors_Island_with_a_fishing_boat_%2846294p%29.jpg/330px-Lower_Manhattan_from_Governors_Island_with_a_fishing_boat_%2846294p%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lower_Manhattan_from_Governors_Island_with_a_fishing_boat_%2846294p%29.jpg/495px-Lower_Manhattan_from_Governors_Island_with_a_fishing_boat_%2846294p%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Lower_Manhattan_from_Governors_Island_with_a_fishing_boat_%2846294p%29.jpg/660px-Lower_Manhattan_from_Governors_Island_with_a_fishing_boat_%2846294p%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="20037" data-file-height="9141" /></a><figcaption>The Lower Manhattan skyline viewed from <a href="/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors Island</a></figcaption></figure> In the early 21st century, the <a href="/wiki/Meatpacking_District,_Manhattan" title="Meatpacking District, Manhattan">Meatpacking District</a>, once the sparsely populated province of after-hours <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a> clubs and transgender prostitutes, gained a reputation as New York City's trendiest neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="September_11_attacks">September 11 attacks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: September 11 attacks">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001, two of four hijacked planes were flown into the Twin Towers of the original <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>, and the towers collapsed. The <a href="/wiki/7_World_Trade_Center_(1987%E2%80%932001)" title="7 World Trade Center (1987–2001)">7 World Trade Center</a> was not struck by a plane but uncontrolled fires that were caused by falling debris resulted in the building's collapse; a first in the history of steel framed skyscrapers.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The 3, 4, 5, and 6 World Trade Center buildings were damaged beyond repair or destroyed, and soon after demolished. The collapse of the Twin Towers also caused extensive damage to surrounding buildings and skyscrapers in Lower Manhattan. A total of 2,753 people, including those on the planes, were killed in New York.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> About 400,000 people, including rescue workers and residents of the area were exposed to toxic dust and debris; many developed <a href="/wiki/Health_effects_arising_from_the_September_11_attacks" title="Health effects arising from the September 11 attacks">serious respiratory illnesses, cancers, and other harms</a> arising from the attack, and 3,496 died.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-9/11_rebuilding">Post-9/11 rebuilding</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Post-9/11 rebuilding">edit</a>]</div> Following September 11, Lower Manhattan lost much of its economy and office space but has since rebounded significantly. Private sector employment reached 233,000 at the end of 2016, the highest levels since the end of 2001. This was largely due to growth and diversification in the local workforce with gains in employment sectors like Technology, Advertising, Media and Information, as well as Hotel, Restaurants, Retailing, and Health care.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> As of 2016, Lower Manhattan's business district is home to approximately 700 retail stores and 500 bars and restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan_Development_Corporation" title="Lower Manhattan Development Corporation">Lower Manhattan Development Corporation</a> has consummated plans to rebuild downtown Manhattan by adding new streets, buildings, and office space. The <a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum" title="National September 11 Memorial & Museum">National September 11 Memorial</a> at the site was opened to the public on September 11, 2011, while the National September 11 Museum was officially inaugurated by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> on May 15, 2014.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> As of the time of its opening in November 2014, the new <a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a>, formerly known as the Freedom Tower, is the tallest skyscraper in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_the_world#Tallest_skyscrapers_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="List of tallest buildings in the world">sixth-tallest in the world</a>, at 1,776 feet (541 m);<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> while other skyscrapers are under construction at the site. The <a href="/wiki/Occupy_Wall_Street" title="Occupy Wall Street">Occupy Wall Street</a> protests in <a href="/wiki/Zuccotti_Park" title="Zuccotti Park">Zuccotti Park</a>, formerly known as Liberty Plaza Park, began in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial District (Manhattan)">Financial District</a> on September 17, 2011, receiving global attention and spawning the <a href="/wiki/Occupy_movement" title="Occupy movement">Occupy movement</a> against <a href="/wiki/Social_inequality" title="Social inequality">social</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">economic inequality</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> On October 29 and 30, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a> ravaged portions of Lower Manhattan with record-high <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a> from New York Harbor, severe flooding, and high winds, causing <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outages</a> for hundreds of thousands of Manhattanites and leading to gasoline shortages and disruption of <a href="/wiki/Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a> systems. The storm and <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_Hurricane_Sandy_in_New_York" title="Effects of Hurricane Sandy in New York">its effects</a> have prompted the discussion of constructing <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawalls</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">coastal barriers</a> around the shorelines of Manhattan and the New York City metropolitan region to minimize the risk of destructive consequences from another such event in the future.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Lower Manhattan has been experiencing a <a href="/wiki/Baby_boom" title="Baby boom">baby boom</a>, well above the overall birth rate in Manhattan, with the area south of <a href="/wiki/Canal_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Canal Street (Manhattan)">Canal Street</a> witnessing 1,086 births in 2010, 12% greater than 2009 and over twice the number born in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The Financial District alone has witnessed growth in its population to approximately 43,000 as of 2014, nearly double the 23,000 recorded at the 2000 Census.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> There are currently 61,000 residents in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Manhattan" title="Financial District, Manhattan">Financial District of Lower Manhattan</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Chambers_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Chambers Street (Manhattan)">Chambers Street</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and more than 62 percent of the population is between 18 and 44. Lower Manhattan is home to more young professionals than <a href="/wiki/Greenpoint,_Brooklyn" title="Greenpoint, Brooklyn">Greenpoint</a>, the <a href="/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan" title="East Village, Manhattan">East Village</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Brooklyn" title="Downtown Brooklyn">Downtown Brooklyn</a> and on par with <a href="/wiki/Downtown_Jersey_City" title="Downtown Jersey City">Downtown Jersey City</a> and <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Brooklyn" title="Williamsburg, Brooklyn">Williamsburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> In June 2015, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> wrote that Lower Manhattan's dining scene was experiencing a renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> There are over 400 casual dining and more than 100 full-service dining restaurants in the area.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Village_Voice" title="The Village Voice">The Village Voice</a>, based at 80 <a href="/wiki/Maiden_Lane_(Manhattan)" title="Maiden Lane (Manhattan)">Maiden Lane</a> in the Financial District and historically the largest <a href="/wiki/Alternative_newspaper" title="Alternative newspaper">alternative newspaper</a> in the United States, announced in 2017 that it would cease publication of its print edition and convert to a fully <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital venture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VillageVoiceDigital-63">[63]</a> On October 31, 2017, a man <a href="/wiki/2017_New_York_City_truck_attack" title="2017 New York City truck attack">drove a pickup truck</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_Park" title="Hudson River Park">Hudson River Park</a>'s bike path between <a href="/wiki/Houston_Street" title="Houston Street">Houston Street</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chambers_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Chambers Street (Manhattan)">Chambers Street</a>, killing eight people and injuring at least 15.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> Most of those who were hit were bicyclists. It was the first deadly terrorist attack in Manhattan since 9/11.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Since 2010, a Lower Manhattan community known as <a href="/wiki/Little_Australia" title="Little Australia">Little Australia</a> has emerged and is growing in the <a href="/wiki/Nolita,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nolita, Manhattan">Nolita</a> neighborhood.<a href="#cite_note-LittleAustraliaNYC-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_sites">Historical sites</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Historical sites">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/280px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/420px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG/560px-Chinatown_manhattan_2009.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown</a> is home to the highest concentration of <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Overseas Chinese</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a></figcaption></figure> Before the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, the Twin Towers were iconic of Lower Manhattan's global significance as a <a href="/wiki/Financial_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial center">financial center</a>. The new office towers built since the attack (including <a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a>) have transformed the skyline of Lower Manhattan. The <a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum" title="National September 11 Memorial & Museum">9/11 Memorial & Museum</a> at the former <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_site" title="World Trade Center site">World Trade Center site</a> has become a popular draw for visitors. New York City has been described as the <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture_in_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture in New York City">gay capital</a> of the world, and the epicenter of <a href="/wiki/LGBT_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT culture">LGBT culture</a> and its catalyst as a continuing cultural force in modern society has been the <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Inn" title="Stonewall Inn">Stonewall Inn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYCGayCapitalOfTheWorld1-68">[68]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown</a>, which was spawned just east of the original <a href="/wiki/Five_Points,_Manhattan" title="Five Points, Manhattan">Five Points</a> neighborhood of Lower Manhattan, was born in the 1850s and continues to be the epicenter of culture for the <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">Chinese diaspora</a>. Lower Manhattan contains many more historical buildings and sites, including <a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_(New_York_City)" title="Bowling Green (New York City)">Bowling Green</a>, the old <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_U.S._Custom_House" title="Alexander Hamilton U.S. Custom House">United States Customs House</a> (now the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_the_American_Indian" title="National Museum of the American Indian">National Museum of the American Indian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall_National_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Hall National Memorial">Federal Hall National Memorial</a> commemorating the site where <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> was <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_presidential_inaugurations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States presidential inaugurations">inaugurated</a> as the first U.S. President, <a href="/wiki/Fraunces_Tavern" title="Fraunces Tavern">Fraunces Tavern</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Hall" title="New York City Hall">New York City Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_American_Finance" title="Museum of American Finance">Museum of American Finance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange_Building" title="New York Stock Exchange Building">New York Stock Exchange Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Street_Seaport" title="South Street Seaport">South Street Seaport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge" title="Brooklyn Bridge">Brooklyn Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Ferry,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="South Ferry, Manhattan">South Ferry</a> (the embarkation point for the <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Ferry" title="Staten Island Ferry">Staten Island Ferry</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Trinity Church (Manhattan)">Trinity Church</a>. Lower Manhattan is home to some of New York City's most spectacular skyscrapers, including the <a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/40_Wall_Street" title="40 Wall Street">40 Wall Street</a> (also known as the Trump Building), <a href="/wiki/26_Wall_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="26 Wall Street">26 Wall Street</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Standard_Oil" title="Standard Oil">Standard Oil</a> Building), and <a href="/wiki/70_Pine_Street" title="70 Pine Street">70 Pine Street</a> (also known as the <a href="/wiki/American_International_Group" title="American International Group">American International Building</a>). In 1966, the commercial district of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Row" title="Radio Row">Radio Row</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cortlandt_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Cortlandt Street (Manhattan)">Cortlandt Street</a> was demolished to make way for construction of the former World Trade Center. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Denotation">Denotation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Denotation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Downtown" title="Downtown">Downtown</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1_new_york_city_union_square_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1_new_york_city_union_square_2010.JPG/280px-1_new_york_city_union_square_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1_new_york_city_union_square_2010.JPG/420px-1_new_york_city_union_square_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/1_new_york_city_union_square_2010.JPG/560px-1_new_york_city_union_square_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a> and its surrounding neighborhood, located between <a href="/wiki/14th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="14th Street (Manhattan)">14th</a> and <a href="/wiki/17th_Street_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Street (Manhattan)">17th Streets</a>, may be considered a part of either Lower or <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>.</figcaption></figure> Downtown in the context of Manhattan, and of New York City generally, has different meanings to different people, especially depending on where in the city they reside. Residents of the island or of <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a> generally speak of going "downtown" to refer to any southbound excursion to any Manhattan destination.<a href="#cite_note-NYCV-69">[69]</a> A declaration that one is going to be "downtown" may indicate a plan to be anywhere south of <a href="/wiki/14th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="14th Street (Manhattan)">14th Street</a>—the definition of downtown according to the city's official tourism marketing organization<a href="#cite_note-NYCV-69">[69]</a>—or even <a href="/wiki/23rd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="23rd Street (Manhattan)">23rd Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The full phrase Downtown Manhattan may also refer more specifically to the area of Manhattan south of Canal Street.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-01311960-43">[43]</a> Within business-related contexts, many people use the term Downtown Manhattan to refer only to the Financial District and the corporate offices in the immediate vicinity. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Business_Improvement_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Business Improvement District">Business Improvement District</a> managed by the Alliance for Downtown New York defines Downtown as south of Murray Street (essentially South of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Hall" title="New York City Hall">New York City Hall</a>), which includes the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="World Trade Center (2001–present)">World Trade Center</a> area and the <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Manhattan" title="Financial District, Manhattan">Financial District</a>. The phrase Lower Manhattan may apply to any of these definitions: the broader ones often if the speaker is discussing the area in relation to the rest of the city; more restrictive ones, again, if the focus is on business matters or on the colonial and early post-colonial history of the island.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As reflected in popular culture, "Downtown" in Manhattan has historically represented a place where one could "forget all your troubles, forget all your cares, and go Downtown," as the lyrics of <a href="/wiki/Petula_Clark" title="Petula Clark">Petula Clark</a>'s 1964 hit "<a href="/wiki/Downtown_(Petula_Clark_song)" title="Downtown (Petula Clark song)">Downtown</a>" celebrate (although <a href="/wiki/Tony_Hatch" title="Tony Hatch">Tony Hatch</a>, the songwriter of the track, later clarified that he naively believed <a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a> to be "downtown," and was the actual inspiration for the hit single). The protagonist of <a href="/wiki/Billy_Joel" title="Billy Joel">Billy Joel</a>'s 1983 hit "<a href="/wiki/Uptown_Girl" title="Uptown Girl">Uptown Girl</a>" contrasts himself (a "downtown man") with the purportedly staid uptown world.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Likewise, the chorus of <a href="/wiki/Neil_Young" title="Neil Young">Neil Young</a>'s 1995 single "Downtown" urges "Let's have a party, downtown all right." <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_Stock_Exchange_August_2017_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/New_York_Stock_Exchange_August_2017_01.jpg/280px-New_York_Stock_Exchange_August_2017_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/New_York_Stock_Exchange_August_2017_01.jpg/420px-New_York_Stock_Exchange_August_2017_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/New_York_Stock_Exchange_August_2017_01.jpg/560px-New_York_Stock_Exchange_August_2017_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="2562" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> is, by a significant margin, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">world's largest stock exchange</a> with a $23.1 trillion <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> of its listed companies as of April 2018.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Largest_stock_markets_in_the_world-75">[75]</a> Pictured is the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange_Building" title="New York Stock Exchange Building">exchange's building</a> on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_York_City_Hall_exterior,_October_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/New_York_City_Hall_exterior%2C_October_2016.jpg/280px-New_York_City_Hall_exterior%2C_October_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/New_York_City_Hall_exterior%2C_October_2016.jpg/420px-New_York_City_Hall_exterior%2C_October_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/New_York_City_Hall_exterior%2C_October_2016.jpg/560px-New_York_City_Hall_exterior%2C_October_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12641" data-file-height="5249" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Hall" title="New York City Hall">New York City Hall</a> in Lower Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Civic_Center,_Manhattan" title="Civic Center, Manhattan">Civic Center</a> neighborhood</figcaption></figure> Lower Manhattan is the third-largest business district in the United States, after <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Loop" title="Chicago Loop">Chicago Loop</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Anchored by Wall Street, New York City functions as the <a href="/wiki/Financial_centre" title="Financial centre">financial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fintech" title="Fintech">fintech</a> capital of the world and has been called the world's most economically powerful city.<a href="#cite_note-LowerManhattanFinancialCapitalWorld-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCDominantFinancialCenter1-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYCDominantFinancialCenter2-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-EconomicallyPowerful2015-80">[80]</a> Lower Manhattan is home to the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a>, at <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange_Building" title="New York Stock Exchange Building">11 Wall Street</a>, and the corporate headquarters of <a href="/wiki/NASDAQ" class="mw-redirect" title="NASDAQ">NASDAQ</a>, at <a href="/wiki/One_Liberty_Plaza" title="One Liberty Plaza">165 Broadway</a>, representing the world's largest and second largest <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchanges</a>, respectively, when measured both by overall average daily trading volume and by total <a href="/wiki/Market_capitalization" title="Market capitalization">market capitalization</a> of their listed companies in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-stockexchangemagnitude-81">[81]</a> Wall Street <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a> fees in 2012 totaled approximately US$40 billion.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Other large companies with headquarters in Lower Manhattan include (in alphabetical order): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_International_Group" title="American International Group">AIG</a>, 175 Water Street<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambac_Financial_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambac Financial Group">Ambac Financial Group</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AOL" title="AOL">AOL</a>, at 770 Broadway<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a></li> <li>BARKER, 30 Broad Street<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cond%C3%A9_Nast" title="Condé Nast">Condé Nast</a>, One World Trade Center, publisher of <a href="/wiki/Vogue_(magazine)" title="Vogue (magazine)">Vogue</a>, <a href="/wiki/W_(magazine)" title="W (magazine)">W</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a>, and other publications<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EmblemHealth" title="EmblemHealth">EmblemHealth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard_%26_Poor%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard & Poor's">Standard & Poor's</a>, at <a href="/wiki/55_Water_Street" title="55 Water Street">55 Water Street</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> HIP Health Plan of New York, which became a part of EmblemHealth, moved there with 2,000 employees in October 2004. It was the largest corporate relocation in downtown Manhattan following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldman_Sachs" title="Goldman Sachs">Goldman Sachs</a>, at <a href="/wiki/200_West_Street" title="200 West Street">200 West Street</a></li> <li>Group M, 3 World Trade Center<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>, Brookfield Place, the parent company of Saks, Lord and Taylor and Gilt Groupe<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBT_Media" title="IBT Media">IBT Media</a>, publisher of the <a href="/wiki/International_Business_Times" title="International Business Times">International Business Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newsweek" title="Newsweek">Newsweek</a>, among other publications; located in <a href="/wiki/Hanover_Square_(Manhattan)" title="Hanover Square (Manhattan)">Hanover Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen Company">Nielsen Company</a> and subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_Media_Research" title="Nielsen Media Research">Nielsen Media Research</a><a href="#cite_note-Oldsmarinfo-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PR_Newswire" title="PR Newswire">PR Newswire</a>, at 350 Hudson Street<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, 4 World Trade Center<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon_Communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Verizon Communications">Verizon Communications</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Barclay-Vesey_Building" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay-Vesey Building">140 West Street</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></li></ul> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">One World Trade Center</a> served as the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/Cantor_Fitzgerald" title="Cantor Fitzgerald">Cantor Fitzgerald</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> Prior to its dissolution, the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/US_Helicopter" title="US Helicopter">US Helicopter</a> were in Lower Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Hi_Tech_Expressions" title="Hi Tech Expressions">Hi Tech Expressions</a> existed, its headquarters were in Lower Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_infrastructure">Government and infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Government and infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subway">Subway</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Subway">edit</a>]</div> The headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/4_World_Trade_Center" title="4 World Trade Center">4 World Trade Center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="World Trade Center (2001–present)">World Trade Center</a> complex.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The city hall and related government infrastructure of the City of New York are located in Lower Manhattan, next to City Hall Park. The <a href="/wiki/Jacob_K._Javits_Federal_Building" title="Jacob K. Javits Federal Building">Jacob K. Javits Federal Building</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Civic_Center,_Manhattan" title="Civic Center, Manhattan">Civic Center</a>. It includes the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a> New York <a href="/wiki/FBI_field_office" class="mw-redirect" title="FBI field office">field office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> Many <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">New York City Subway</a> routes converge downtown. The largest hub, <a href="/wiki/Fulton_Center" title="Fulton Center">Fulton Center</a>, was completed in 2014 after a $1.4 billion reconstruction project necessitated by the September 11, 2001, attacks, and involves six separate stations. This transit hub was expected to serve 300,000 daily riders as of late 2014.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(PATH_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="World Trade Center (PATH station)">World Trade Center Transportation Hub and PATH station</a> opened in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Ferry services are also concentrated downtown, including the <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Ferry" title="Staten Island Ferry">Staten Island Ferry</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Ferry_Whitehall_Terminal" title="Staten Island Ferry Whitehall Terminal">Whitehall Terminal</a>, <a href="/wiki/NYC_Ferry" title="NYC Ferry">NYC Ferry</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pier_11/Wall_Street" title="Pier 11/Wall Street">Pier 11/Wall Street</a> (and <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park_City_Ferry_Terminal" title="Battery Park City Ferry Terminal">Battery Park City Ferry Terminal</a> starting in 2020), and service to <a href="/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors Island</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battery_Maritime_Building" title="Battery Maritime Building">Battery Maritime Building</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vehicles">Vehicles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Vehicles">edit</a>]</div> Lower Manhattan is accessible by vehicle through several major thoroughfares. From <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, Lower Manhattan is accessible through the <a href="/wiki/Holland_Tunnel" title="Holland Tunnel">Holland Tunnel</a> from <a href="/wiki/Interstate_78_in_New_Jersey" title="Interstate 78 in New Jersey">Interstate 78</a>. From <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, and points east, it is accessible through the <a href="/wiki/Queens%E2%80%93Midtown_Tunnel" title="Queens–Midtown Tunnel">Queens–Midtown Tunnel</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Interstate_495_(New_York)" title="Interstate 495 (New York)">Long Island Expressway</a>. From <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan" title="Upper Manhattan">Upper Manhattan</a>, it is accessible from the <a href="/wiki/West_Side_Highway" title="West Side Highway">West Side Highway</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Bus">edit</a>]</div> Many <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">MTA</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_express_bus_routes_in_New_York_City" title="List of express bus routes in New York City">express buses</a> stop in lower Manhattan, the <a href="/wiki/SIM1_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM1 (New York City bus)">SIM1</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIM2_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM2 (New York City bus)">SIM2</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIM4_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM4 (New York City bus)">SIM4</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIM5_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM5 (New York City bus)">SIM5</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIM7_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM7 (New York City bus)">SIM7</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIM9_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM9 (New York City bus)">SIM9</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIM15_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM15 (New York City bus)">SIM15</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIM32_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM32 (New York City bus)">SIM32</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIM33_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM33 (New York City bus)">SIM33</a>, <a href="/wiki/SIM34_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM34 (New York City bus)">SIM34</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SIM35_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="SIM35 (New York City bus)">SIM35</a> to <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BM1_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="BM1 (New York City bus)">BM1</a>, <a href="/wiki/BM2_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="BM2 (New York City bus)">BM2</a>, <a href="/wiki/BM3_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="BM3 (New York City bus)">BM3</a>, <a href="/wiki/BM4_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="BM4 (New York City bus)">BM4</a>, <a href="/wiki/X27_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="X27 (New York City bus)">X27</a>, and <a href="/wiki/X28_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="X28 (New York City bus)">X28</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn, New York">Brooklyn</a>, the <a href="/wiki/QM7_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="QM7 (New York City bus)">QM7</a>, <a href="/wiki/QM8_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="QM8 (New York City bus)">QM8</a>, <a href="/wiki/QM11_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="QM11 (New York City bus)">QM11</a>, and <a href="/wiki/QM25_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="QM25 (New York City bus)">QM25</a> to <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/BxM18_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="BxM18 (New York City bus)">BxM18</a> to <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Side_(Manhattan)" title="East Side (Manhattan)">East Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_West_Side,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower West Side, Manhattan">Lower West Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan" title="Upper Manhattan">Upper Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_(Manhattan)" title="West Side (Manhattan)">West Side</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LowerManhattanNYCBirthplace-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LowerManhattanNYCBirthplace_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LowerManhattanNYCBirthplace_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRussell_Shorto2023" class="citation news cs1">Russell Shorto (June 20, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/19/travel/walking-tour-nyc-history.html">"A Walk Through the Past in New York"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved August 19, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Walk+Through+the+Past+in+New+York&rft.date=2023-06-20&rft.au=Russell+Shorto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2023%2F06%2F19%2Ftravel%2Fwalking-tour-nyc-history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LowerManhattanBooming1-2"><a href="#cite_ref-LowerManhattanBooming1_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://downtownny.com/research/a-growing-market/">"A Growing Market: Lower Manhattan's Young, Educated & Affluent Residents"</a>. Downtown Alliance. May 16, 2023. 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Retrieved August 20, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+BroadsheetDAILY+%E2%80%93+2%2F22%2F22+%E2%80%93+Lower+Manhattan%27s+Local+Newspaper+%E2%80%93+Lower+Manhattan+Is+Fourth-Fastest+Growing+Community+in+NYC&rft.date=2022-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ebroadsheet.com%2Fthe-broadsheetdaily-2-22-22-lower-manhattans-local-newspaper-lower-manhattan-is-fourth-fastest-growing-community-in-nyc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LowerManhattanFinancialAndFintechCapitalWorld-4"><a href="#cite_ref-LowerManhattanFinancialAndFintechCapitalWorld_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.longfinance.net/publications/long-finance-reports/the-global-financial-centres-index-36/">"The Global Financial Centres Index 36"</a>. Long Finance. September 24, 2024. Retrieved September 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Financial+Centres+Index+36&rft.pub=Long+Finance&rft.date=2024-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.longfinance.net%2Fpublications%2Flong-finance-reports%2Fthe-global-financial-centres-index-36%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2022" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Huw (March 24, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/business/new-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24/">"New York widens lead over London in top finance centres index"</a>. Reuters. Retrieved September 24, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=New+York+widens+lead+over+London+in+top+finance+centres+index&rft.date=2022-03-24&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Huw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fnew-york-widens-lead-over-london-top-finance-centres-index-2022-03-24%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200130103211/https://www.downtownny.com/district-information">"District Information"</a>. Downtown Alliance. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.downtownny.com/district-information">the original</a> on January 30, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+Information&rft.pub=Downtown+Alliance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.downtownny.com%2Fdistrict-information&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ManhattanChinatownLargestConcentrationChineseWesternHemisphere-7"><a href="#cite_ref-ManhattanChinatownLargestConcentrationChineseWesternHemisphere_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown">"Chinatown New York"</a>. Civitatis New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200404164227/https://www.introducingnewyork.com/chinatown">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2020. Retrieved March 23, 2024. <q>As its name suggests, Chinatown is where the largest population of Chinese people live in the Western Hemisphere.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinatown+New+York&rft.pub=Civitatis+New+York&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.introducingnewyork.com%2Fchinatown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-fact-sheet-8"><a href="#cite_ref-fact-sheet_8-0">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf">"Chinatown New York City Fact Sheet"</a> (PDF). www.explorechinatown.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050528160253/http://www.explorechinatown.com/PDF/FactSheet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on May 28, 2005. Retrieved March 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chinatown+New+York+City+Fact+Sheet&rft.pub=www.explorechinatown.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.explorechinatown.com%2FPDF%2FFactSheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarah_Waxman" class="citation web cs1">Sarah Waxman. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html">"The History of New York's Chinatown"</a>. Mediabridge Infosystems, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014333/https://www.ny.com/articles/chinatown.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 25, 2017. Retrieved March 23, 2024. <q>Manhattan's Chinatown, the largest Chinatown in the United States and the site of the largest concentration of Chinese in the Western Hemisphere, is located on the Lower East Side.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+New+York%27s+Chinatown&rft.pub=Mediabridge+Infosystems%2C+Inc&rft.au=Sarah+Waxman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ny.com%2Farticles%2Fchinatown.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Reimers1992" class="citation book cs1">David M. Reimers (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104">Still the golden door: the Third ... – Google Books</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231076814" title="Special:BookSources/9780231076814"><bdi>9780231076814</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153044/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104#v=snippet&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Still+the+golden+door%3A+the+Third+...+%E2%80%93+Google+Books&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9780231076814&rft.au=David+M.+Reimers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNagJFMxtkAcC%26q%3DFlushing%2BChinatown%2BLittle%2BTaiwan%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_A._McGlinn,_Department_of_Geography_SUNY-New_Paltz" class="citation web cs1">Lawrence A. McGlinn, Department of Geography SUNY-New Paltz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029075400/http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf">"Beyond Chinatown: Dual immigration and the Chinese population of metropolitan New York City, 2000, Page 4"</a> (PDF). Middle States Geographer, 2002, 35: 110–119, Journal of the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geographyplanning.buffalostate.edu/MSG%202002/13_McGlinn.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on October 29, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Beyond+Chinatown%3A+Dual+immigration+and+the+Chinese+population+of+metropolitan+New+York+City%2C+2000%2C+Page+4&rft.pub=Middle+States+Geographer%2C+2002%2C+35%3A+110%E2%80%93119%2C+Journal+of+the+Middle+States+Division+of+the+Association+of+American+Geographers&rft.au=Lawrence+A.+McGlinn%2C+Department+of+Geography+SUNY-New+Paltz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeographyplanning.buffalostate.edu%2FMSG%25202002%2F13_McGlinn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_M._Reimers1992" class="citation book cs1">David M. Reimers (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104">Still the golden door: the Third ... – Google Books</a>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231076814" title="Special:BookSources/9780231076814"><bdi>9780231076814</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103153044/https://books.google.com/books?id=NagJFMxtkAcC&q=Flushing+Chinatown+Little+Taiwan&pg=PA104#v=snippet&q=Flushing%20Chinatown%20Little%20Taiwan&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on November 3, 2023. 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Old Town Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Epic+of+New+York+City&rft.pub=Old+Town+Books&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Edward+Robb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Scheltema, Gajus and Westerhuijs, Heleen (eds.),Exploring Historic Dutch New York. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_City_of_New_York" title="Museum of the City of New York">Museum of the City of New York</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>, New York 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoolcraft1907" class="citation journal cs1">Schoolcraft, Henry L. (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1431702">"The Capture of New Amsterdam"</a>. <a href="/wiki/English_Historical_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="English Historical Review">English Historical Review</a>. 22 (88): 674–693. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXII.LXXXVIII.674">10.1093/ehr/XXII.LXXXVIII.674</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/550138">550138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Capture+of+New+Amsterdam&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=88&rft.pages=674-693&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXXII.LXXXVIII.674&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F550138%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Schoolcraft&rft.aufirst=Henry+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1431702&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomberger2005" class="citation book cs1">Homberger, Eric (2005). The Historical Atlas of New York City: A Visual Celebration of 400 Years of New York City's History. <a href="/wiki/Owl_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Owl Books">Owl Books</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8050-7842-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8050-7842-8"><bdi>0-8050-7842-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Atlas+of+New+York+City%3A+A+Visual+Celebration+of+400+Years+of+New+York+City%27s+History&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=Owl+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8050-7842-8&rft.aulast=Homberger&rft.aufirst=Eric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarrisSlavery2003-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HarrisSlavery2003_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HarrisSlavery2003_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2003" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Leslie M. 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New York City: Mentor Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordhistoryoft02samu/page/207">207</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-451-62600-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-451-62600-1"><bdi>0-451-62600-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+American+People&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Mentor+Books&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-451-62600-1&rft.aulast=Morison&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Eliot&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordhistoryoft02samu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1876" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Nathaniel Fish (1876). 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New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+New+York+City&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> "[B]orough presidents ... responsible for local administration and public works." </li> <li id="cite_note-NewYorkCityQueerHalloweenParade-30"><a href="#cite_ref-NewYorkCityQueerHalloweenParade_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan_van_Gorder2018" class="citation web cs1">Bryan van Gorder (October 22, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.logotv.com/news/cv61fg/the-queer-history-and-present-of-nycs-village-halloween-parade">"The Queer History (and Present) of NYC's Village Halloween Parade"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Logo_TV" title="Logo TV">Logo TV</a>. 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The New York Times. January 1, 1910. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. 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Retrieved May 24, 2019. <q>In Little Australia, Australian-owned cafes are popping up all over the place (such as Two Hands), joining other Australian-owned businesses (such as nightclubs and art galleries) as part of a growing green and gold contingent in NYC. Indeed, walking in this neighbourhood, the odds of your hearing a fellow Aussie ordering a coffee or just kicking back and chatting are high – very high – so much so that if you're keen to meet other Aussies whilst taking your own bite out of the Big Apple, then this is the place to throw that Australian accent around like it's going out of fashion!</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G-day%21+Welcome+to+Little+Australia+in+New+York+City&rft.pub=KarryOn&rft.date=2016-11-03&rft.au=Shaun+Busuttil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkarryon.com.au%2Flifestyle%2Ftravel-inspiration%2Fcrikey-welcome-to-little-australia-in-new-york-city%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYCGayCapitalOfTheWorld1-68"><a href="#cite_ref-NYCGayCapitalOfTheWorld1_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Minkoff2018" class="citation web cs1">Peter Minkoff (April 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gayexpress.co.nz/2018/04/new-york-worlds-gay-capital/">"New York - The World's Gay Capital"</a>. 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Retrieved on December 2, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timeout.com/newyork/file/visitor-info/listings.downtown.html">Hotels: Downtown below 23rd Street</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071120030226/http://www.timeout.com/newyork/file/visitor-info/listings.downtown.html">Archived</a> November 20, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Out_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Out New York">Time Out New York</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycedc.com/program/lower-manhattan">the original</a> on May 26, 2012. Retrieved March 31, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lower+Manhattan&rft.pub=New+York+City+Economic+Development+Corporation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycedc.com%2Fprogram%2Flower-manhattan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LowerManhattanFinancialCapitalWorld-77"><a href="#cite_ref-LowerManhattanFinancialCapitalWorld_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230928132949/https://www.longfinance.net/programmes/financial-centre-futures/global-financial-centres-index/gfci-34-explore-the-data/gfci-34-rank/">"The Global Financial Centres Index 34"</a>. Long Finance. September 28, 2023. 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June 12, 1994. K-1. Retrieved on July 28, 2010. "Meanwhile, over at Hi Tech Expressions, a New York-based software company". </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20000622214437/http://panynj.gov/abframe.HTM">About the Port Authority</a>." <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority of New York and New Jersey</a>. June 22, 2000. Retrieved on January 22, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fbi.gov/newyork">New York Field Office</a>." <a href="/wiki/Federal_Bureau_of_Investigation" title="Federal Bureau of Investigation">Federal Bureau of Investigation</a>. Retrieved on June 9, 2015. "26 Federal Plaza, 23rd Floor New York, NY 10278-0004" </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141111183019/https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/big-ny-subway-hub-opens-serve-300000-day-26790611">"Biggest NY Subway Hub Opens; Expects 300,000 Daily"</a>. <a href="/wiki/ABC_News_(United_States)" title="ABC News (United States)">ABC News</a>. December 10, 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/US/wireStory/big-ny-subway-hub-opens-serve-300000-day-26790611">the original</a> on November 11, 2014. Retrieved November 18, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biggest+NY+Subway+Hub+Opens%3B+Expects+300%2C000+Daily&rft.date=2014-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FUS%2FwireStory%2Fbig-ny-subway-hub-opens-serve-300000-day-26790611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://abc7ny.com/1229181/">"World Trade Center transportation hub, dubbed Oculus, opens to public"</a>. ABC7 New York. March 3, 2016. Retrieved July 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC7+New+York&rft.atitle=World+Trade+Center+transportation+hub%2C+dubbed+Oculus%2C+opens+to+public&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fabc7ny.com%2F1229181%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALower+Manhattan" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Lower_Manhattan&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 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template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neighborhoods_in_the_New_York_City_borough_of_Manhattan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Manhattan_neighborhoods" title="List of Manhattan neighborhoods">Neighborhoods</a> in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lower Manhattan</a> below 14th St (CB <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_1" title="Manhattan Community Board 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_2" title="Manhattan Community Board 2">2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_3" title="Manhattan Community Board 3">3</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_City,_Manhattan" title="Alphabet City, Manhattan">Alphabet City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battery_Park_City" title="Battery Park City">Battery Park City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowery" title="Bowery">Bowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinatown,_Manhattan" title="Chinatown, Manhattan">Chinatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Center,_Manhattan" title="Civic Center, Manhattan">Civic Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Village" title="Cooperative Village">Cooperative Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimes_Square" title="Dimes Square">Dimes Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Village,_Manhattan" title="East Village, Manhattan">East Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_Crossing" title="Essex Crossing">Essex Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Manhattan" title="Financial District, Manhattan">Financial District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Square" title="Hudson Square">Hudson Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Australia" title="Little Australia">Little Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Fuzhou" title="Little Fuzhou">Little Fuzhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Italy,_Manhattan" title="Little Italy, Manhattan">Little Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alphabet_City,_Manhattan#Loisaida" title="Alphabet City, Manhattan">Loisaida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meatpacking_District,_Manhattan" title="Meatpacking District, Manhattan">Meatpacking District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoHo,_Manhattan" title="NoHo, Manhattan">NoHo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nolita" title="Nolita">Nolita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoHo,_Manhattan" title="SoHo, Manhattan">SoHo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Street_Seaport" title="South Street Seaport">South Street Seaport</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Village" title="South Village">South Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribeca" title="Tribeca">Tribeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Bridges,_Manhattan" title="Two Bridges, Manhattan">Two Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Village" title="West Village">West Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(2001%E2%80%93present)" title="World Trade Center (2001–present)">World Trade Center</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a> (CB <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_5" title="Manhattan Community Board 5">5</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Circle" title="Columbus Circle">Columbus Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_Street_(Manhattan)#Diamond_District" title="47th Street (Manhattan)">Diamond District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatiron_District" title="Flatiron District">Flatiron District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan" title="Garment District, Manhattan">Garment District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald_Square" title="Herald Square">Herald Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreatown,_Manhattan" title="Koreatown, Manhattan">Koreatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown_South" title="Midtown South">Midtown South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoMad,_Manhattan" title="NoMad, Manhattan">NoMad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Alley" title="Silicon Alley">Silicon Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_District,_Manhattan" title="Theater District, Manhattan">Theater District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Side_(Manhattan)" title="West Side (Manhattan)">West Side</a> (CB <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_4" title="Manhattan Community Board 4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_7" title="Manhattan Community Board 7">7</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan" title="Chelsea, Manhattan">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen,_Manhattan" title="Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan">Hell's Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Yards,_Manhattan" title="Hudson Yards, Manhattan">Hudson Yards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Yards_(development)" title="Hudson Yards (development)">development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Square,_Manhattan" title="Lincoln Square, Manhattan">Lincoln Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Valley" title="Manhattan Valley">Manhattan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_South" title="Penn South">Penn South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomander_Walk" title="Pomander Walk">Pomander Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_South,_Manhattan" title="Riverside South, Manhattan">Riverside South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Side_(Manhattan)" title="East Side (Manhattan)">East Side</a> (CB <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_6" title="Manhattan Community Board 6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_8" title="Manhattan Community Board 8">8</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hill" title="Carnegie Hill">Carnegie Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramercy_Park" title="Gramercy Park">Gramercy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kips_Bay,_Manhattan" title="Kips Bay, Manhattan">Kips Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenox_Hill" title="Lenox Hill">Lenox Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Murray Hill, Manhattan">Murray Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Town%E2%80%93Peter_Cooper_Village" title="Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village">Peter Cooper Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Rose Hill, Manhattan">Rose Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Square" title="Stuyvesant Square">Stuyvesant Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Town%E2%80%93Peter_Cooper_Village" title="Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village">Stuyvesant Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Avenue_and_Sutton_Place" title="York Avenue and Sutton Place">Sutton Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_City" title="Tudor City">Tudor City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Bay,_Manhattan" title="Turtle Bay, Manhattan">Turtle Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterside_Plaza" title="Waterside Plaza">Waterside Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkville,_Manhattan" title="Yorkville, Manhattan">Yorkville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan" title="Upper Manhattan">Upper Manhattan</a> above 110th St (CB <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_9" title="Manhattan Community Board 9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_10" title="Manhattan Community Board 10">10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_11" title="Manhattan Community Board 11">11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_12" title="Manhattan Community Board 12">12</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astor_Row" title="Astor Row">Astor Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Harlem" title="East Harlem">East Harlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_George_(New_York)" title="Fort George (New York)">Fort George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Hamilton Heights, Manhattan">Hamilton Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Hudson Heights, Manhattan">Hudson Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inwood,_Manhattan" title="Inwood, Manhattan">Inwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Petit Senegal">Le Petit Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattanville,_Manhattan" title="Manhattanville, Manhattan">Manhattanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Marble Hill, Manhattan">Marble Hill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board 8">Bx CB 8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris_Park_Historic_District" title="Mount Morris Park Historic District">Mount Morris Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningside_Heights" title="Morningside Heights">Morningside Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Sugar Hill, Manhattan">Sugar Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Place" title="Sylvan Place">Sylvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Washington Heights, Manhattan">Washington Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> (CB 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors Island</a> (CB 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Island" title="Liberty Island">Liberty Island</a> (CB 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands" title="Randalls and Wards Islands">Randalls Island</a> (CB 11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a> (CB 8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands" title="Randalls and Wards Islands">Wards Island</a> (CB 11)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Points,_Manhattan" title="Five Points, Manhattan">Five Points</a> (CB 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Town%E2%80%93Peter_Cooper_Village#Gas_House_District" title="Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village">Gas House District</a> (CB 6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones%27s_Wood" title="Jones's Wood">Jones's Wood</a> (CB 8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Mile_Historic_District" title="Ladies' Mile Historic District">Ladies' Mile</a> (CB 5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Germany,_Manhattan" title="Little Germany, Manhattan">Little Germany</a> (CB 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Spain,_Manhattan" title="Little Spain, Manhattan">Little Spain</a> (CB 4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Syria,_Manhattan" title="Little Syria, Manhattan">Little Syria</a> (CB 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattantown" title="Manhattantown">Manhattantown</a> (CB 7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Row" title="Radio Row">Radio Row</a> (CB 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Hill,_Manhattan" title="San Juan Hill, Manhattan">San Juan Hill</a> (CB 7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Village" title="Seneca Village">Seneca Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenderloin,_Manhattan" title="Tenderloin, Manhattan">Tenderloin</a> (CB 4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_Theatre_District" title="Yiddish Theatre District">Yiddish Theatre District</a> (CB 3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_Manhattan" title="Community boards of Manhattan">Community boards</a>: <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_1" title="Manhattan Community Board 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_2" title="Manhattan Community Board 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_3" title="Manhattan Community Board 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_4" title="Manhattan Community Board 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_5" title="Manhattan Community Board 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_6" title="Manhattan Community Board 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_7" title="Manhattan Community Board 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_8" title="Manhattan Community Board 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_9" title="Manhattan Community Board 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_10" title="Manhattan Community Board 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_11" title="Manhattan Community Board 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_12" title="Manhattan Community Board 12">12</a> </li> <li>Joint interest area:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">64</a> (Central Park)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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