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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Randalls_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Randalls Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Randalls_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sunken_Meadow_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunken_Meadow_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Sunken Meadow Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunken_Meadow_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wards_Island" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wards_Island"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Wards Island </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wards_Island-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Little_Hell_Gate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Little_Hell_Gate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Little Hell Gate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Little_Hell_Gate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lenape_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lenape_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Lenape use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lenape_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th_through_early_19th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th_through_early_19th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 17th through early 19th centuries </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Mid-19th_century:_development_of_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-19th_century:_development_of_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Mid-19th century: development of institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-19th_century:_development_of_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wards_Island_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wards_Island_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Wards Island institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wards_Island_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Randalls_Island_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Randalls_Island_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.2 Randalls Island institutions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Randalls_Island_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potter's_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potter's_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.3 Potter's fields </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potter's_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_19th_and_early_20th_century_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_19th_and_early_20th_century_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Late 19th and early 20th century changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_19th_and_early_20th_century_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wards_Island_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wards_Island_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Wards Island changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wards_Island_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Randalls_Island_changes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Randalls_Island_changes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 Randalls Island changes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Randalls_Island_changes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-20th_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-20th_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Mid-20th century to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-20th_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 1930s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1940s_to_1960s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1940s_to_1960s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 1940s to 1960s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1940s_to_1960s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1970s_to_early_1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1970s_to_early_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 1970s to early 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1970s_to_early_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s_and_early_2000s_redevelopment_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s_and_early_2000s_redevelopment_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.4 1990s and early 2000s redevelopment plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s_and_early_2000s_redevelopment_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-2000s_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-2000s_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.5 Mid-2000s to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-2000s_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Parks and recreation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Parks and recreation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Randalls_Island_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Randalls_Island_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Randalls Island Park </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Randalls_Island_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stadiums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stadiums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Stadiums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stadiums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wetlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wetlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Wetlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wetlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Facilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Facilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hospitals_and_shelters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospitals_and_shelters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Hospitals and shelters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospitals_and_shelters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emergency_services_and_utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergency_services_and_utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Emergency services and utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergency_services_and_utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fire_and_police_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_and_police_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Fire and police facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_and_police_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sewage_plant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sewage_plant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Sewage plant </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sewage_plant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Road_and_rail_bridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_and_rail_bridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Road and rail bridges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_and_rail_bridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footbridges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footbridges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Footbridges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footbridges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&params=40_47_15_N_73_55_31_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark">40°47′15″N 73°55′31″W / 40.78750°N 73.92528°W / 40.78750; -73.92528</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Conjoined islands in New York City</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Ward's Island" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Bumpkin_Island" title="Bumpkin Island">Bumpkin Island</a> or <a href="/wiki/Toronto_Islands" title="Toronto Islands">Toronto Islands</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Randalls Island" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Randalls_Island_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Randalls Island (disambiguation)">Randalls Island (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129712854">.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-title-embed{background-color:#efefef;font-weight:bold;padding:0.3em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-native>div{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-header{background-color:#efefef}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country{border-top:1px solid black;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands-country2{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-islands .infobox-below{text-align:left;border-top:#aaa 1px solid}</style><table class="infobox ib-islands vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Randalls and Wards Islands</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Randalls_and_Wards_Islands.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands.JPG/250px-Randalls_and_Wards_Islands.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands.JPG/375px-Randalls_and_Wards_Islands.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands.JPG/500px-Randalls_and_Wards_Islands.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="2272" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Looking southwest; Randalls Island is in the foreground and Wards Island is behind it. <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a> can be seen in the background.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Randalls and Wards Islands is located in New York City"><img alt="Randalls and Wards Islands is located in New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg/260px-USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg/390px-USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg/520px-USA_New_York_City_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="757" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:30.814%;left:58.427%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Randalls and Wards Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Randalls and Wards Islands</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Randalls and Wards Islands</div>Show map of New York City</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_York_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Randalls and Wards Islands is located in New York"><img alt="Randalls and Wards Islands is located in New York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/260px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/390px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/USA_New_York_location_map.svg/520px-USA_New_York_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1569" data-file-height="1276" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:90.25%;left:73.189%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Randalls and Wards Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Randalls and Wards Islands</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Randalls and Wards Islands (New York)</div>Show map of New York</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:260px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:260px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:260px"><a href="/wiki/File:Usa_edcp_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Randalls and Wards Islands is located in the United States"><img alt="Randalls and Wards Islands is located in the United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/260px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/390px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Usa_edcp_location_map.svg/520px-Usa_edcp_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="731" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:35.264%;left:85.798%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Randalls and Wards Islands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Randalls and Wards Islands</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Randalls and Wards Islands (the United States)</div>Show map of the United States</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Geography</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>, Manhattan, New York, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&params=40_47_15_N_73_55_31_W_region:US-NY_type:landmark">40°47′15″N 73°55′31″W / 40.78750°N 73.92528°W / 40.78750; -73.92528</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data">2.09 km2 (0.81 sq mi)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Administration</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in New York">City</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Borough_(New_York_City)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borough (New York City)">Borough</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Population</th><td class="infobox-data">1,648 (2010)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pop. density</th><td class="infobox-data">788.5/km2 (2042.2/sq mi)</td></tr></tbody></table> Randalls Island (sometimes called Randall's Island) and Wards Island are conjoined islands, collectively called Randalls and Wards Island, in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-gnis-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a> Part of the <a href="/wiki/Boroughs_of_New_York_City" title="Boroughs of New York City">borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, it is separated from Manhattan Island by the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River">Harlem River</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a> by the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate" title="Hell Gate">Hell Gate</a>, and from <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Kill" title="Bronx Kill">Bronx Kill</a>. A channel named Little Hell Gate separated Randalls Island to the north from Wards Island to the south; the channel was filled by the early 1960s. A third, smaller island, Sunken Meadow Island, was located east of Randalls Island and was connected to it in 1955. The <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> Native Americans, who lived in the New York City area before European colonization, did not inhabit the islands. Between the 1630s and the 1770s, the islands had various European residents; the islands had the same owners in the 17th century, but ownership was split during the 18th century. Randalls and Wards Islands became known for their respective early-19th-century owners, Jonathan Randel and the Ward brothers. The city government took over both islands in the mid-19th century and developed numerous hospitals, asylums, and cemeteries there. Most of the existing buildings were demolished starting in the 1930s, when the <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge">Triborough (now Robert F. Kennedy) Bridge</a>, two parks, and a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">wastewater treatment</a> plant were developed there. The islands have since been connected with each other, and various recreational facilities and institutions have been developed on both islands in the late 20th and the 21st centuries. Most of Randalls and Wards Island is parkland with athletic fields, a driving range, greenways, playgrounds, picnic grounds, and the <a href="/wiki/Icahn_Stadium" title="Icahn Stadium">Icahn Stadium</a> track-and-field facility. The island is home to several public facilities, including a <a href="/wiki/Psychiatric_hospital" title="Psychiatric hospital">psychiatric hospital</a>, an addiction treatment facility, shelters, a fire training academy, <a href="/wiki/Police_station" title="Police station">police station</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">wastewater treatment</a> plant. The modern-day island is crossed by the Robert F. Kennedy and <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate_Bridge" title="Hell Gate Bridge">Hell Gate</a> bridges. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> What is now Randalls and Wards Island was originally composed of Randalls Island to the north, Wards Island to the south, and Sunken Meadow just southeast of Randalls Island.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._7-4">[4]</a> A small creek, Little Hell Gate, ran between the islands.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_1918_p._238-5">[5]</a> The current Randalls and Wards Island came about when Little Hell Gate was partially infilled.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1995-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._4-7">[7]</a> The combined island is part of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City borough">New York City borough</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._4-7">[7]</a> this dates to an 1829 statute that designated the islands as being within Manhattan's eastern boundary.<a href="#cite_note-Margolick_1985_a063-8">[8]</a> Randalls and Wards Island has an area of about 530 acres (210 ha). The island is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Bronx_Kill" title="Bronx Kill">Bronx Kill</a> to the north, separating it from <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>; <a href="/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River">Harlem River</a> to the west, separating it from Manhattan Island; and the <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate" title="Hell Gate">Hell Gate</a> channel of the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a> to the south and east, separating it from <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._7-4">[4]</a> The island had a population of 1,648 in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> A small island called <a href="/wiki/Mill_Rock" title="Mill Rock">Mill Rock</a> exists south of Wards Island, while further downstream is <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BOE_p._12-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greene_1890_p._423-11">[11]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Hell_Gate_rocks" title="Removal of Hell Gate rocks">removal of Hell Gate rocks</a> in the mid-19th century,<a href="#cite_note-usace-12">[12]</a> there were other large rock outcroppings in the East River near Wards Island.<a href="#cite_note-Greene_1890_p._423-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Islands">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Randalls_Island">Randalls Island</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Randalls Island">edit</a>]</div> Before the islands were combined, Randalls Island had an area of about 240 acres (97 ha).<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._7-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wilson_pp._254–255-13">[13]</a> Randalls Island had some granite outcroppings and marshland.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._4-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._2-14">[14]</a> The southern part of the island was composed of low hills, while the northern two-thirds were higher and flatter. There were two isolated ponds on the northern part of the island.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._2-14">[14]</a> There was a ridge across the island's northern section, which hosted farms and fruit orchards in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._4-7">[7]</a> Surrounding Randalls Island was a narrow strip of marshland, and there were larger marshes to the north and southeast, which drained into the East River.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._2-14">[14]</a> The north and southeast shores also had shellfish beds.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._11-15">[15]</a> The southern part of the island was leveled, and the shoreline rebuilt, in the mid-19th century, though some meadows and swamps remained until the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_pp._2–3-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sunken_Meadow_Island">Sunken Meadow Island</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Sunken Meadow Island">edit</a>]</div> To the east of Randalls Island was Sunken Meadow Island,<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._7-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._2-14">[14]</a> which covered about 20 acres (8.1 ha).<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._7-4">[4]</a> Ownership of Sunken Meadow Island had been disputed during the early 20th century, and city officials had considered that island to be part of Randalls Island.<a href="#cite_note-of_1942_p._5-PT28-17">[17]</a> Infilling took place beginning in the mid-1950s.<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a> The Sunken Meadow section of Randalls Island Park comprises 85 acres (34 ha) and contains ball fields.<a href="#cite_note-:1-19">[19]</a> Also east of Randalls Island was an even smaller island called the Hammock, which was subsumed through filling operations.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._2-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wards_Island">Wards Island</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wards Island">edit</a>]</div> Originally, Wards Island had an area of about 145 acres (59 ha).<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._7-4">[4]</a> Like Randalls Island to the north, Wards Island had marshlands on its western and northern shores and shellfish beds on the southeastern part of the island.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._11-15">[15]</a> A 1968 guidebook described grasses as being present across the island.<a href="#cite_note-BOE_p._12-10">[10]</a> The island is surrounded by piles of <a href="/wiki/Riprap" title="Riprap">riprap</a> or rocks.<a href="#cite_note-BOE_p._13-20">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negro-Pt-NOAA-12339.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Negro-Pt-NOAA-12339.jpg/220px-Negro-Pt-NOAA-12339.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Negro-Pt-NOAA-12339.jpg/330px-Negro-Pt-NOAA-12339.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Negro-Pt-NOAA-12339.jpg/440px-Negro-Pt-NOAA-12339.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption>Detail from NOAA Chart 12339 showing Negro Point</figcaption></figure> By the 19th century, the southern end of Wards Island was known as Negro Point;<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._4-7">[7]</a> the Negro Point name became official in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Nordheimer_1994_j804-21">[21]</a> A ledge extended about 200 feet (61 m) to its southeast.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_1918_p._238-5">[5]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a> used the Negro Point name.<a href="#cite_note-Nordheimer_1994_j804-21">[21]</a> Parks commissioner <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stern_(New_York_politician)" title="Henry Stern (New York politician)">Henry Stern</a> renamed Negro Point in 2001 upon learning of the name, which he thought was offensive.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> He changed the name to "Scylla Point" because it faced Charybdis Playground in <a href="/wiki/Astoria_Park" title="Astoria Park">Astoria Park</a>, on the opposite shore of Hell Gate; these were named after the mythological monsters of <a href="/wiki/Scylla" title="Scylla">Scylla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charybdis" title="Charybdis">Charybdis</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pollak_2008_w063-23">[23]</a> There were other outcroppings around Wards Island.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_1918_p._238-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-BOE_p._13-20">[20]</a> A 1918 guidebook listed two outcroppings known as Holmes Rock and Hogs Back, both of which were west of Scylla Point and above the waterline. The western outcropping extended 400 feet (120 m) to the southwest, while the eastern outcropping extended 300 feet (91 m) to the southwest.<a href="#cite_note-U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_1918_p._238-5">[5]</a> These outcroppings are made of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_schist" class="mw-redirect" title="Manhattan schist">Manhattan schist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BOE_p._13-20">[20]</a> Ships traveling from the Belgian city of <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> also dumped <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> onto the shores of the island.<a href="#cite_note-BOE_p._14-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Little_Hell_Gate">Little Hell Gate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Little Hell Gate">edit</a>]</div> Little Hell Gate was originally a natural waterway separating Randalls Island and Wards Island. The east end of the waterway opened into the <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate" title="Hell Gate">Hell Gate</a> passage of the <a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a>, opposite <a href="/wiki/Astoria,_Queens" title="Astoria, Queens">Astoria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a>. The west end met the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_River" title="Harlem River">Harlem River</a> across from <a href="/wiki/116th_Street_(Manhattan)" title="116th Street (Manhattan)">East 116th Street</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> At the <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate_Bridge" title="Hell Gate Bridge">Hell Gate Bridge</a>, the waterway was over 1000 feet (300 m) wide with swift currents.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> The opening of the <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge">Triborough Bridge</a> spurred the conversion of both islands to <a href="/wiki/Park" title="Park">parkland</a>. Soon thereafter, the city began filling in most of the passage between the two islands, in order to expand and connect the two parks. The inlet was filled in by the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1995-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a> What is now called "Little Hell Gate Inlet" is the western end of what used to be Little Hell Gate; however, few traces of the eastern end of Little Hell Gate still remain: an indentation in the shoreline on the East River side indicates the former east entrance to that waterway. Today, parkland and part of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City Fire Department</a> Academy occupy that area.<a href="#cite_note-nyt1995-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lenape_use">Lenape use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lenape use">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:337px;max-width:337px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhattan1781.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Manhattan1781.jpg/154px-Manhattan1781.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Manhattan1781.jpg/231px-Manhattan1781.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Manhattan1781.jpg/308px-Manhattan1781.jpg 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="1680" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A 1781 British map of Manhattan. Montresor's (Randalls) and Buchanan's (Wards) Islands can be seen on the right, flanking <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate" title="Hell Gate">Hell Gate</a>, although their names have been reversed, Montresor's being the northern of the two.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Long_Island_City_map_1896.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Long_Island_City_map_1896.jpg/175px-Long_Island_City_map_1896.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Long_Island_City_map_1896.jpg/263px-Long_Island_City_map_1896.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Long_Island_City_map_1896.jpg/350px-Long_Island_City_map_1896.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="615" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Detail of an 1896 map of <a href="/wiki/Long_Island_City" title="Long Island City">Long Island City</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Astoria_Historical_Society" title="Greater Astoria Historical Society">Greater Astoria Historical Society</a>; Randalls and Wards Islands are at the top.</div></div></div></div></div> According to archaeological digs, the area around Randalls and Wards Islands was settled by <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Indians" title="Paleo-Indians">Paleo-Indians</a> up to 12,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> people indigenous to New York City, called Wards Island Tekenas<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._6-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._11-15">[15]</a> or Tenkenas.<a href="#cite_note-Tooker_1901_p.-29">[29]</a> The exact translation of the name is not known but has been interpreted as "forest", "wild land[s]", or "uninhabited place";<a href="#cite_note-Grumet_1981_p.-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._6-28">[28]</a> the name is derived from Tékene, the <a href="/wiki/Munsee_language" title="Munsee language">Munsee Delaware</a> word for "the woods".<a href="#cite_note-Tooker_1901_p.-29">[29]</a> Randalls Island was called Minnehanonck<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bonner_1925_p._37-32">[32]</a> or Minnahanouth.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._7-33">[33]</a> Neither Randalls nor Wards Islands are known to have had any Lenape settlements.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._6-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._8-34">[34]</a> Just west of Randalls Island was a village called Conykeekst ("little narrow tract") on Manhattan Island, while to the north of Randalls Island was the village of Ranachqua in the Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> There was another settlement, Rechewanis, on Manhattan Island southwest of the two islands as late as 1669.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a> At the time of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European contact</a> in the early 17th century, there were 900 <a href="/wiki/Wecquaesgeek" title="Wecquaesgeek">Wecquaesgeek</a> Lenape living in what is now <a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan" title="Upper Manhattan">Upper Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">the Bronx</a>, and lower <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The islands became part of the Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>, and Dutch colonists ultimately forced the Wecquaesgeek off Manhattan by the late 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-HSS_p._6-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_pp._6–7-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th_through_early_19th_centuries">17th through early 19th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 17th through early 19th centuries">edit</a>]</div> Between the 1630s and the 1770s, the islands had various European residents. At the time, the islands were several miles from the boundaries of New York City, which then occupied modern-day <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._180-40">[40]</a> The islands had the same owners in the 17th century, but ownership was split during the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._9;_HSS_p._8-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_colonial_use">Early colonial use</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Early colonial use">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Wouter_Van_Twiller" class="mw-redirect" title="Wouter Van Twiller">Wouter Van Twiller</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Director_of_New_Netherland" class="mw-redirect" title="Director of New Netherland">Director General</a> of New Netherland, obtained the island from two Lenape chiefs named Numers and Seyseys<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_pp._254–255-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._6-28">[28]</a> on July 16, 1637.<a href="#cite_note-Bonner_1925_p._37-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergen_1915_p._1218-42">[42]</a> Van Twiller only used the islands for raising livestock.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._6-28">[28]</a> Wards Island's first European name was Great Barent Island, while Randalls Island's first European name was Little Barent Island; both were named after a <a href="/wiki/Danish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish people">Danish</a> cowherd named Barent Jansen Blom.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._6-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._11-15">[15]</a> A map from 1639 indicates that Van Twiller farmed Great Barent Island but left Little Barent Island unused.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._9;_HSS_p._8-41">[41]</a> The islands were both seized in April 1667, three years after the British takeover of New Netherland.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._8;_HSS_p._8-43">[43]</a> The names of Great and Little Barent Islands were changed to Great and Little Barn<a href="#cite_note-44">[a]</a> after the British took over.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Delavall" title="Thomas Delavall">Thomas Delavall</a>, a customs collector<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._11-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_pp._6–7-45">[44]</a> and an early <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_New_York_City" title="Mayor of New York City">mayor of New York City</a>, claimed ownership of both islands in January 1667 and formally took ownership in 1668.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._8;_HSS_p._8-43">[43]</a> Delavall offered the islands as a public park for the nearby town of <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>, but nothing came of this proposal.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._9;_HSS_p._8-41">[41]</a> After Delavall's death in 1682, the islands were bequeathed to his son-in-law William Dervall.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._11-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_pp._6–7-45">[44]</a> The islands became part of <a href="/wiki/New_York_County" class="mw-redirect" title="New York County">New York County</a> (now Manhattan) in 1683, and they became part of New York City in 1691.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._9;_HSS_p._8-41">[41]</a> Toward the end of the 17th century, stones from Little Barn Island were quarried for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Church_(Manhattan)" title="Trinity Church (Manhattan)">Trinity Church</a> in Manhattan's <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Manhattan" title="Financial District, Manhattan">Financial District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._180-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_and_mid-18th_century_use">Early and mid-18th century use</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early and mid-18th century use">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Hell_Gate_in_2008_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Little_Hell_Gate_in_2008_jeh.jpg/200px-Little_Hell_Gate_in_2008_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Little_Hell_Gate_in_2008_jeh.jpg/300px-Little_Hell_Gate_in_2008_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Little_Hell_Gate_in_2008_jeh.jpg/400px-Little_Hell_Gate_in_2008_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1863" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption>Looking west along Little Hell Gate Inlet, a remnant of the former Little Hell Gate strait between the two islands, in 2008</figcaption></figure>Great Barn (Wards) Island came under the ownership of Thomas Parcell in 1687; his family owned it until <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1762, during which it was called Parcell's Island.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._11-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._6-28">[28]</a> At least four people, likely members of the Parcell family, were buried in a stone vault on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._11-15">[15]</a> Wards Island was also known as Buchanan's Island.<a href="#cite_note-Wilson_p._255-46">[45]</a> Thomas Bohanna bought 140 acres (57 ha) on the southern section Great Barn Island in 1767,<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a> and the island was briefly known for him.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._11-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_pp._11–12-47">[46]</a> Bohanna's portion of Great Barn Island was then resold in 1772 to Benjamin Hildreth, while John William Pinfold obtained the remainder of the island at that time. By then, Great Barn Island included an orchard, farms, pastures, and several buildings.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a> Meanwhile, Little Barn (Randalls) Island had come under the ownership of Elias Pipon, Delavall's great grandson,<a href="#cite_note-Richmond_1872_p.-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._7-33">[33]</a> by 1735.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._9;_HSS_p._8-41">[41]</a> Pipon had emigrated from England in 1732<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._7-33">[33]</a> and was socially popular until he went bankrupt in 1739 and had to return to England.<a href="#cite_note-p101210777-49">[48]</a> The island subsequently became known as Belle Isle<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._9;_HSS_p._8-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[b]</a> or Belle Island.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._7-33">[33]</a> The New York Times describes an "amiable English gentlemen of quiet tastes", George Talbot, as being the next occupant of Pipon's house.<a href="#cite_note-p101210777-49">[48]</a> Talbot definitely occupied the island by 1747,<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_pp._7–8-51">[49]</a> and the isle gained the name Talbot's Island.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._9;_HSS_p._8-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richmond_1872_p.-48">[47]</a> He died on the island in 1765 and bequeathed it to the Society in Great Britain for Propagating the Gospel to Foreign Parts, which held onto the island for another seven years.<a href="#cite_note-p101210777-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_pp._7–8-51">[49]</a> Captain <a href="/wiki/John_Montresor" title="John Montresor">John Montresor</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Military_engineering" title="Military engineering">engineer</a> with the <a href="/wiki/British_army" class="mw-redirect" title="British army">British army</a>, purchased Randalls Island in 1772.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._9;_HSS_p._8-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-p101210777-49">[48]</a> He renamed it Montresor's Island and lived on it until the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._9;_HSS_p._8-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._8-52">[50]</a> he surveyed the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> area for the British prior to the war.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._180-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._9;_HSS_p._8-41">[41]</a> Starting in early 1776, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> used Montresor's Island to quarantine American soldiers who were infected with <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_pp._11–12-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._10;_HSS_p._8-53">[51]</a> Following the Continental Army's defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>, the British took over both islands<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._180-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_pp._7–8-51">[49]</a> and used them as an army base.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_pp._11–12-47">[46]</a> The British launched amphibious attacks on Manhattan from Montresor's Island.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> John Montresor's wife Frances worked at a hospital on Montresor's Island, and troops on that island became friendly with American troops in the modern-day South Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._180-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._10;_HSS_p._8-53">[51]</a> The Continental Army unsuccessfully tried to retake Montresor's Island on September 23, 1776, and 14 American troops were killed or injured.<a href="#cite_note-Black_Tucker_2018_p._2113-55">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mays_2019_p._221-56">[54]</a> Montresor's house there was burned in 1777. Montresor wrote in his diary that American soldiers had burned down his house, while the Americans maintained that the British had set the house aflame while retreating from what they believed was an imminent attack.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._180-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._10;_HSS_p._8-53">[51]</a> Maps from late 1777 indicate that there were no remaining structures on Montresor's Island's western shore.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._10;_HSS_p._8-53">[51]</a> Montresor moved back to England afterward.<a href="#cite_note-57">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._8-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._10;_HSS_p._8-53">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Revolutionary_use">Post-Revolutionary use</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Post-Revolutionary use">edit</a>]</div> The New York City government confiscated the islands after the British occupation of New York <a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">ended in 1783</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p101210777-49">[48]</a> The city sold Montresor's Island to the merchant <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ogden" title="Samuel Ogden">Samuel Ogden</a> in 1784.<a href="#cite_note-p101210777-49">[48]</a> In November 1784, Jonathan Randel<a href="#cite_note-61">[d]</a> bought Montresor's Island for about $6,000.<a href="#cite_note-p101210777-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._10;_HSS_p._9-58">[55]</a> Randel reportedly sold enough produce to pay for the island within a decade.<a href="#cite_note-p101210777-49">[48]</a> Maps from the early 19th century show that Randel developed at least three structures; an 1836 map depicts a tree-lined path leading from the Harlem River to Randell's main house.<a href="#cite_note-HSS_p._9-62">[58]</a> William Lownds bought Great Barn Island's southern half from Benjamin Hildreth in 1785.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._11-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_pp._11–12-47">[46]</a> He operated a quarry on that island and continued to maintain a farm there.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._12-60">[57]</a> Jasper Ward bought Lownds's land in 1806. His brother Bartholomew bought the remainder of Great Barn Island from John Molenaar, who in turn had acquired that land from Pinfold.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._7-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._12-60">[57]</a> The island was renamed for the Ward brothers, who unsuccessfully tried to create an agrarian community there,<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-SM_p._181-63">[59]</a> selling off parcels to various people.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._12-60">[57]</a> In addition, Bartholomew Ward and Philip Milledolar<a href="#cite_note-65">[e]</a> built a drawbridge to what is now 114th Street on Manhattan Island,<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._12-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYC_DOT_1980_p380-64">[60]</a> which was completed around 1807.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a> A cotton factory was then built on the island by 1811, but it failed in part because of the economic effects of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._12-60">[57]</a> The bridge lasted until 1821, when it was destroyed in a storm.<a href="#cite_note-NYC_DOT_1980_p380-64">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-SM_p._181-63">[59]</a> The damaged bridge pilings remained in place for several decades,<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._12-60">[57]</a> and Wards Island was mostly abandoned afterward.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-19th_century:_development_of_institutions">Mid-19th century: development of institutions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mid-19th century: development of institutions">edit</a>]</div> Jonathan Randel's heirs sold Randalls Island to the city in 1835 for $50,000 (equivalent to $1.5 million in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-p101210777-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richmond_1872_p.-48">[47]</a> or $60,000 (equivalent to $1.8 million in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._8-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._10;_HSS_p._9-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-66">[61]</a> Randel's name was misspelled in the ownership <a href="/wiki/Deed_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deed (law)">deed</a> that was given to the city, and so the island became known as Randalls Island.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._10;_HSS_p._9-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Best_Books_on_Project_1939_p._424-59">[56]</a> The city government leased Wards Island in December 1847, initially erecting the <a href="/wiki/State_Emigrant_Refuge_and_Hospital" title="State Emigrant Refuge and Hospital">State Emigrant Refuge and Hospital</a> there before buying Wards Island outright.<a href="#cite_note-Richmond_1872_p.-48">[47]</a> The city bought half of Wards Island during the early 1850s<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._7-33">[33]</a> and acquired the remainder of the island through 1883.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._12-60">[57]</a> In the mid-19th century, various social facilities were relocated from Manhattan Island to nearby smaller isles, including Randalls and Wards Islands.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._11;_HSS_p._9-67">[62]</a> Randalls Island housed an <a href="/wiki/Poor_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor house">almshouse</a> (opened 1845), a children's hospital (opened 1848), the Idiot Asylum,<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._10;_HSS_p._9-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Best_Books_on_Project_1939_p._424-59">[56]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_House_of_Refuge" title="New York House of Refuge">New York House of Refuge</a> reformatory.<a href="#cite_note-p101210777-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._11;_HSS_p._9-67">[62]</a> Maps from the 1850s show two hospital complexes on Randalls Island.<a href="#cite_note-HSS_p._9-62">[58]</a> Meanwhile, Wards Island was used by the State Emigrant Refuge and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Asylum_for_the_Insane" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Asylum for the Insane">New York City Asylum for the Insane</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> Both islands also had <a href="/wiki/Potter%27s_field" title="Potter's field">potter's fields</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cemetery" title="Cemetery">cemeteries</a> for destitute people.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wards_Island_institutions">Wards Island institutions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wards Island institutions">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Immigration_and_the_Commissioners_of_Emigration_of_the_state_of_New_York_154.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Immigration_and_the_Commissioners_of_Emigration_of_the_state_of_New_York_154.png/300px-Immigration_and_the_Commissioners_of_Emigration_of_the_state_of_New_York_154.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Immigration_and_the_Commissioners_of_Emigration_of_the_state_of_New_York_154.png/450px-Immigration_and_the_Commissioners_of_Emigration_of_the_state_of_New_York_154.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Immigration_and_the_Commissioners_of_Emigration_of_the_state_of_New_York_154.png/600px-Immigration_and_the_Commissioners_of_Emigration_of_the_state_of_New_York_154.png 2x" data-file-width="1191" data-file-height="793" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of the State Emigrant Hospital</figcaption></figure> The New York State Board of Commissioners of Emigration established Wards Island's first institution, the <a href="/wiki/State_Emigrant_Refuge_and_Hospital" title="State Emigrant Refuge and Hospital">State Emigrant Hospital</a>, in 1847.<a href="#cite_note-69">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._13-70">[65]</a> They leased some land in 1848, then bought additional land on the island's western shore.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._13-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._9-71">[66]</a> The two-story State Emigrant Hospital and the three-story Refuge for Destitute Immigrants on Wards Island both opened in July 1866;<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._13-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_t315-72">[67]</a> its design was based on a plan by the social reformer <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1903_n179-73">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-n145235976-74">[69]</a> The main Emigrant Hospital could accommodate 400 or 450 patients<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._9-71">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-n145235976-74">[69]</a> and supplemented the city's immigration center, which was then located at <a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Garden</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._182-75">[70]</a> After these structures opened, various other buildings were constructed, including a nursery, two chapels, doctors' residences, and barracks.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._13-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._9-71">[66]</a> A mental asylum within the Emigrant Hospital was developed on Wards Island's southwestern corner in the 1870s,<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._14-76">[71]</a> following allegations that mentally ill emigrants were being mistreated.<a href="#cite_note-p572502994-77">[72]</a> The western portion of Wards Island contained a <a href="/wiki/Fever_hospital" title="Fever hospital">smallpox hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p173826671-78">[73]</a> The Commissioners of Public Charities and Correction bought additional land on Wards Island in 1852, though disputes over the purchase continued through the 1860s.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._17-79">[74]</a> Following the development of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Inebriate_Asylum" title="New York State Inebriate Asylum">New York State Inebriate Asylum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton, New York</a>, a similar asylum was proposed on Wards Island in 1865.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._17-79">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_h293-80">[75]</a> The three-story New York Inebriate Asylum on Wards Island opened in 1868<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._17-79">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._5-81">[76]</a> and served recovering alcoholics.<a href="#cite_note-p93295553-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-p575271445-83">[78]</a> Veterans were housed in the Inebriate Asylum's eastern wing starting in 1869;<a href="#cite_note-p93295553-82">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_w907-84">[79]</a> they remained there until 1875.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._17-79">[74]</a> A contemporary newspaper wrote that the Inebriate Asylum could not accept any more boarders by 1872 because it was so crowded.<a href="#cite_note-p575271445-83">[78]</a> The New York Inebriate Asylum became the Homeopathic Hospital in September 1875.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._17-79">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_z189-85">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._5-81">[76]</a> A third hospital on Wards Island, Manhattan State Hospital for the Insane, opened in 1871<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._11-86">[81]</a> or 1872<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._18-87">[82]</a> and was located near the middle of the island.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._5-81">[76]</a> The hospital's first building was a three-story Gothic stone structure west of the Inebriate Asylum.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._18-87">[82]</a> By the early 1870s, there were reports that asylum patients were being abused.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_a067-88">[83]</a> The structure was known as the Insane Asylum or the Male Lunatic Asylum, a men's asylum, by the early 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._5-81">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Randalls_Island_institutions">Randalls Island institutions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Randalls Island institutions">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_of_Refuge,_Randall%27s_Island,_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/House_of_Refuge%2C_Randall%27s_Island%2C_New_York.jpg/250px-House_of_Refuge%2C_Randall%27s_Island%2C_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/House_of_Refuge%2C_Randall%27s_Island%2C_New_York.jpg/375px-House_of_Refuge%2C_Randall%27s_Island%2C_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/House_of_Refuge%2C_Randall%27s_Island%2C_New_York.jpg/500px-House_of_Refuge%2C_Randall%27s_Island%2C_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="574" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_House_of_Refuge" title="New York House of Refuge">New York House of Refuge</a> youth detention center in 1855</figcaption></figure>Randalls Island's first institution was the Nurseries, operated by Commissioners of Public Charities and Correction.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._11-86">[81]</a> In 1847 or 1848, the commissioners completed the Nurseries' first buildings on the northeastern shore.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._11-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_(1868)_p._8-89">[84]</a> The Nurseries were used by non-criminal youth below age 17.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_(1868)_p._8-89">[84]</a> There was a farm on the island's northern shore,<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._11-86">[81]</a> as well as a brick detention building.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_(1868)_p._9-90">[85]</a> An 1867 article described the complex as including a wooden storage building, boathouse, and a wide road leading to the nursery.<a href="#cite_note-HSS_p._9-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_(1868)_pp._8–9-91">[86]</a> At the time, the nursery department comprised eight buildings, while the nursery hospital comprised another five structures.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_(1868)_pp._9–10-92">[87]</a> The Children's Hospital was on the west side of the island.<a href="#cite_note-HSS_p._9-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._12-93">[88]</a> An 1880s map indicates that the Children's Hospital buildings included an infant hospital, insane asylum, and the Randalls Island Hospital from west to east.<a href="#cite_note-HSS_p._9-62">[58]</a> Due to the poor sanitary conditions, many of the island's infants died from frequent epidemics.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._12-93">[88]</a> Within the Children's Hospital was the Asylum for Juvenile Idiots.<a href="#cite_note-n145233312-94">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-New_York_(State)._Legislature._Senate_1868_p._3-PA20-95">[90]</a> There was also the Idiot School, created in 1867 to serve mentally disabled children.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_(State)._Legislature._Senate_1868_p._3-PA20-95">[90]</a> One newspaper from the 1880s called Randalls Island "an island full of idiots".<a href="#cite_note-n145233312-94">[89]</a> The House of Refuge, for youth with criminal histories,<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_(1868)_p._8-89">[84]</a> occupied Randalls Island's southern end.<a href="#cite_note-HSS_p._9-62">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._12-93">[88]</a> It was operated by the Society for the Reformation of Juvenile Delinquents, which took over part of Randalls Island in 1851.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._11;_HSS_p._9-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pickett_p._139-96">[91]</a> Construction began in 1852,<a href="#cite_note-Pickett_p._140-97">[92]</a> and the reformatory opened in 1854;<a href="#cite_note-Pickett_p._140-97">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._11;_HSS_p._9-67">[62]</a> an additional structure for women opened at the House of Refuge in 1860.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._11;_HSS_p._9-67">[62]</a> The House of Refuge consisted of numerous three-and-four-story Italianate buildings,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_p253-98">[93]</a> surrounded by a wall.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._11-99">[94]</a> The reformatory was supposed to provide religious classes, non-religious lessons, and manual employment.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._183-100">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_pp._11–12-101">[96]</a> Though The New York Times said in 1870 that the institution was not intended for punishment,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_p253-98">[93]</a> youths were often beaten and malnourished through the end of the century.<a href="#cite_note-SM_pp._182–183-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._12-103">[98]</a> It also faced overcrowding, with as many as a thousand youths in the 1860s and 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-SM_pp._182–183-102">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_pp._11–12-101">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potter's_fields">Potter's fields</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Potter's fields">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the 1840s, the city's potter's fields were located on Manhattan Island; the potter's fields had to be relocated every few years as the city developed. A proposal to relocate the potter's fields to Randalls Island was first put forth in 1835, but this did not happen immediately because of concerns that the potter's fields would be too close to the Randalls Island almshouse.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._14;_Schuldenrein_pp._19–20-104">[99]</a> A potter's field opened on Randalls Island in 1843,<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._11;_HSS_p._9-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._14;_Schuldenrein_p._20-105">[100]</a> two years before the almshouse was completed.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._14;_Schuldenrein_p._20-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1975_c815-106">[101]</a> The Randalls Island burial ground covered 75 acres (30 ha)<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1975_c815-106">[101]</a> and was likely south of the island's nurseries, though the exact location is unknown. It operated simultaneously with another potter's field on <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Avenue_(Manhattan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Avenue (Manhattan)">Fourth Avenue</a> in Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._14;_Schuldenrein_p._20-105">[100]</a> The Randalls Island potter's field operated until 1850, when the almshouse's governors reported that the field had no more space for interments,<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._14;_Schuldenrein_p._20-105">[100]</a> and the shallow layer of soil made further burials infeasible.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a> Historical studies indicate that around 21,000 people may have been buried on the island; with 120 interments in one pit, this would have required at least 130 pits.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._15;_Schuldenrein_p._20-107">[102]</a> By the mid-1850s, The New York Times regarded the Randalls Island potter's field as "a disgrace to the city".<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._21-108">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1854a-109">[104]</a> The Corporation of New York thus began acquiring land for the Wards Island potter's field in 1851;<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._15;_Schuldenrein_p._20-107">[102]</a> it covered 69 to 75 acres (28 to 30 ha).<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._4-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1975_c815-106">[101]</a> The location of the Wards Island potter's field is also not known, but between 1,000 and 4,000 bodies were interred there each year.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_pp._4–5-110">[105]</a> Another 100,000 bodies were moved from the Fourth Avenue potter's field to Wards Island,<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._11;_HSS_p._9-67">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_pp._4–5-110">[105]</a> which was completed by 1857.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1975_c815-106">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._22-111">[106]</a> Other bodies were relocated from the <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison Square">Madison Square</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bryant_Park" title="Bryant Park">Bryant Park</a> graveyards,<a href="#cite_note-NYC_Parks_Wards-112">[107]</a> and immigrants who died at the State Emigrant Hospital were also interred there.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._13-70">[65]</a> About one-third of the bodies were immigrants, who were interred for an additional fee, under an agreement with the emigration commissioners.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._22-111">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_v588-113">[108]</a> When the Wards Island potter's field was in operation, coffins were delivered to a cove on the island's southern shore. They were stored at a receiving vault nearby for a short time, in case families wanted to claim the remains. Unclaimed coffins were placed in <a href="/wiki/Mass_grave" title="Mass grave">mass graves</a>, consisting of trenches measuring 300 by 18 by 15 feet (91.4 by 5.5 by 4.6 m). After the trenches were filled, the trenches were covered with topsoil, and trees were planted above them.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._16;_Schuldenrein_p._21-114">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_v588-113">[108]</a> There were two separate clusters of mass graves, one each for Catholics and Protestants; burials in either cluster were overseen by a cleric from the respective denomination.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._22-111">[106]</a> No headstones were installed above the mass graves, as the bodies were not identifiable.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._17;_Schuldenrein_p._22-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_t315-72">[67]</a> The cemetery did contain individual graves, which were interred to the west of the mass graves.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._17;_Schuldenrein_p._22-115">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_v588-113">[108]</a> By 1868, there were calls to relocate the island's mass graves because people were increasingly relocating along the East River shoreline, across from Wards Island.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._22-111">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_19th_and_early_20th_century_changes">Late 19th and early 20th century changes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Late 19th and early 20th century changes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wards_Island_changes">Wards Island changes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Wards Island changes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robinson_Manhattan_and_Bronx_Plate_30_publ._1885.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robinson_Manhattan_and_Bronx_Plate_30_publ._1885.jpg/220px-Robinson_Manhattan_and_Bronx_Plate_30_publ._1885.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robinson_Manhattan_and_Bronx_Plate_30_publ._1885.jpg/330px-Robinson_Manhattan_and_Bronx_Plate_30_publ._1885.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Robinson_Manhattan_and_Bronx_Plate_30_publ._1885.jpg/440px-Robinson_Manhattan_and_Bronx_Plate_30_publ._1885.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5866" data-file-height="3831" /></a><figcaption>An 1885 map showing Randalls, Wards, and Sunken Meadow Islands as three separate landmasses</figcaption></figure> Wards Island began receiving freshwater from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_water_supply_system" title="New York City water supply system">New York City water supply system</a> in the early 1870s.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_l783-116">[111]</a> By 1874, the corpses in the Wards Island potter's field were relocated to <a href="/wiki/Hart_Island" title="Hart Island">Hart Island</a> in the Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._13-70">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1975_c815-106">[101]</a> Later the same year, the emigration commissioners established an immigrants' cemetery on Wards Island after several immigrants' families complained about the way their bodies were treated on Hart Island.<a href="#cite_note-p572584580-117">[112]</a> Two reservoirs were added to Wards Island by the late 1870s; maps indicate that the island remained largely unchanged until the end of the century, aside from new roads.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._6-118">[113]</a> By the early 1880s, control of Wards Island was split between the Commissioners of Emigration (which operated the State Emigrant Hospital and an attached asylum, nursery, and "houses of refuge") and the Commissioners of Public Charities and Correction (which operated institutions such as the Homeopathic Hospital and the Insane Asylum).<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_f112-119">[114]</a> During the 1880s, there were complaints over the mistreatment of people at Wards Island's Insane Asylum.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_i8792-120">[115]</a> In addition, there were concerns that the Wards Islands buildings were not fireproof,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_w410-121">[116]</a> and the emigration commissioners demanded in 1885 that the charities and correction commissioners vacate one of the Wards Islands buildings.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_r396-122">[117]</a> By 1887, overcrowding on Wards Island had compelled the charities and correction commissioners to develop another asylum on <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-p573293643-123">[118]</a> There were proposals to turn over the state-owned Emigrant Hospital buildings on Wards Island to the city government.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_y362-124">[119]</a> The Emigration Commission proposed selling the Emigrant Hospital property to the city for about $2 million in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_i244-125">[120]</a> Despite objections to the abandonment of the Emigrant Hospital buildings,<a href="#cite_note-n145235976-74">[69]</a> the hospital was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a>'s immigration station in 1892.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._182-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._14-76">[71]</a> That May, the city acquired the island,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_j006-126">[121]</a> taking over 35 buildings on approximately 120 acres (49 ha).<a href="#cite_note-p573939611-127">[122]</a> The Emigrant Hospital buildings became part of Wards Island's Insane Asylum,<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._10-128">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._14-76">[71]</a> which was still beset by allegations of mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_n522-129">[124]</a> The Homeopathic Hospital relocated to Blackwell's (Roosevelt) Island in 1894, becoming the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Hospital_Center" title="Metropolitan Hospital Center">Metropolitan Hospital</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Haller_2005_p._134-130">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Psychiatric_Center" title="Manhattan Psychiatric Center">Manhattan State Hospital</a> took over Wards Island's immigration and asylum buildings in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._18-87">[82]</a> Part of the hospital was rebuilt following a fire the next year,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_n453-131">[126]</a> and additional hospital buildings were proposed on Wards Island to relieve overcrowding.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_m422-132">[127]</a> With 4,400 patients by 1899, the Manhattan State Hospital was the world's largest psychiatric hospital.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._18-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYC_Parks_Wards-112">[107]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Sunroom" title="Sunroom">solarium</a> was added to the State Hospital in the early 1900s,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1903_n179-73">[68]</a> and there were proposals for a lighthouse on Wards Island (which was not built).<a href="#cite_note-Proceedings_1903_p._475-133">[128]</a> Part of Wards Island was acquired for the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate_Bridge" title="Hell Gate Bridge">Hell Gate Bridge</a>, a railroad bridge between the Bronx and Queens; work on the bridge commenced in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-n142367701-134">[129]</a> The Manhattan State Hospital unsuccessfully tried to prevent the construction of the span across Wards Island,<a href="#cite_note-n142388040-135">[130]</a> and the bridge was completed in 1917.<a href="#cite_note-:2-136">[131]</a> In addition, the state leased Wards Island from the city for 50 years beginning in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1914_n685-137">[132]</a> The Mabon Building was erected south of the Wards Island asylum by the early 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._18-87">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._10-128">[123]</a> After 27 people died in a fire at the Manhattan Psychiatric Center in 1923,<a href="#cite_note-138">[133]</a> investigators blamed the fire on overcrowding<a href="#cite_note-139">[134]</a> and said the island's fire apparatus could not sufficiently protect the island's buildings.<a href="#cite_note-p1237252934-140">[135]</a> The city was studying the possibility of erecting a sewage disposal plant on the island by that year.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1923_t703-141">[136]</a> By 1926, the Manhattan State Hospital had an estimated population of 7,000.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._183-100">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._18-87">[82]</a> Additional buildings on the island's northern tip were completed by the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._11-86">[81]</a> In addition, Mayor <a href="/wiki/John_Hylan" class="mw-redirect" title="John Hylan">John Hylan</a> proposed a sewage treatment plant on Wards Island in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1925_l490-142">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Randalls_Island_changes">Randalls Island changes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Randalls Island changes">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-1870s, a seawall was built around Randalls Island, along with some docks,<a href="#cite_note-HSS_p._9-62">[58]</a> and there were also proposals to lay a freshwater pipe to the island.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_l783-116">[111]</a> By the following decade, Randalls Island had the House of Refuge, the Children's Hospital, and the Idiot Asylum,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_f112-119">[114]</a> and there were complaints over the mistreatment of people at the House of Refuge.<a href="#cite_note-p5728784196-143">[138]</a> The city's Charities Department took over Randalls Island's schools from the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Education" title="New York City Department of Education">Department of Education</a> in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._12-93">[88]</a> The Randall's Island Hospital and Schools were created in 1892 through a merger of the Randalls Island Hospital, Idiot School, and Asylum for Juvenile Idiots.<a href="#cite_note-p1221685657-144">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-HSS_p._10-145">[140]</a> Randalls Island was still home to sick children, orphans, juvenile delinquents, and mentally disabled children.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_h845-146">[141]</a> The House of Refuge stopped accepting prisoners in 1897 because of unsanitary conditions,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_z5832-147">[142]</a> and there were reports of high infant mortality on the island.<a href="#cite_note-148">[143]</a> New facilities were planned on Randalls Island in the late 1890s, including a steam plant, a nurses' home,<a href="#cite_note-149">[144]</a> and a playroom building.<a href="#cite_note-p574691683-150">[145]</a> Randalls Island's industrial school burned down in 1900.<a href="#cite_note-p570776937-151">[146]</a> The Infants' Hospital was combined with the Randalls Island Hospital and School in 1902, and the latter organization became Randalls Island Hospitals, Schools, and Asylum.<a href="#cite_note-HSS_p._10-145">[140]</a> During the first decade of the 20th century, there were calls to relocate the boys' reformatory from Randalls Island.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1901_e951-152">[147]</a> Though the state passed legislation to allow the House of Refuge's relocation in 1904,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1904_j487-153">[148]</a> the reformatory remained for three decades.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._12-103">[98]</a> In the mid-1900s, there was a proposal to convert Randalls Island into a public park,<a href="#cite_note-p1013639892-154">[149]</a> as well as a plan for a new tuberculosis hospital on that island.<a href="#cite_note-p571905109-155">[150]</a> On Wards Island, Manhattan State Hospital was facing overcrowding by the 1900s,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1903_n1792-156">[151]</a> and there were continuing concerns about the flammability of the buildings on Wards Island.<a href="#cite_note-p571537095-157">[152]</a> The state agreed to sell its land on Randalls Island to the city in 1907,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1907_j225-158">[153]</a> while the city concurrently planned to lease Wards Island to the state for a new psychiatric hospital.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1908_f640-159">[154]</a> City government architect <a href="/wiki/Raymond_F._Almirall" title="Raymond F. Almirall">Raymond F. Almirall</a> filed plans for a four-story nurses' home on Randalls Island the next year;<a href="#cite_note-n145374741-160">[155]</a> that building opened in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-p1221685657-144">[139]</a> In the 1910s, Almirall drew up plans to redevelop Randalls Island into a park, but the Municipal Art Commission rejected his proposal.<a href="#cite_note-n145375749-161">[156]</a> Part of the island was also used for the construction of the Hell Gate Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-n142367701-134">[129]</a> The city took over the state-owned section of Randalls Island in 1914.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1914_z027-162">[157]</a> The state government also began investigating conditions on the island in the mid-1910s, following allegations of mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1915_v399-163">[158]</a> The poor conditions prompted proposals to rebuild the 75 structures on Randalls Island,<a href="#cite_note-p575550521-164">[159]</a> The city's public charities commissioner devised plans to rebuild the Children's Hospital and School in 1916,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1916_d963-165">[160]</a> and work on the new buildings began the following year.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1917_d557-166">[161]</a> During the late 1910s, a park on Randalls Island was again proposed,<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._184-167">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-p509705438-168">[163]</a> along with a home for mentally disabled women.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1918_n968-169">[164]</a> In addition, the city's public charities department introduced reforms to the island's hospital, including hiring additional physicians and attendants.<a href="#cite_note-n145382971-170">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-20th_century_to_present">Mid-20th century to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mid-20th century to present">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1930s">1930s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: 1930s">edit</a>]</div> Construction of a second bridge across the two islands—the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Triborough (now RFK) Bridge</a>, connecting Manhattan, Queens, and the Bronx—began in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-Feuer_2009-171">[166]</a> The next year, the city's Sanitary Commission requested funding from the city's <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Board_of_Estimate" title="New York City Board of Estimate">Board of Estimate</a> for a new sewage treatment plant on Wards Island.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1930_t647-172">[167]</a> The Board of Estimate approved $7.67 million for the sewage plant that October,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1930_z717-173">[168]</a> and preliminary work began the next month;<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1930_c476-174">[169]</a> a groundbreaking ceremony for the 50-acre (20 ha) treatment plant occurred in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1931_h517-175">[170]</a> Plans for an administration building and several other structures on the northeast part of Wards Island were filed in 1931,<a href="#cite_note-p1114270500-176">[171]</a> and plans for a fertilizer building and storage building were filed the next year.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1932_y216-177">[172]</a> Part of Wards Island, which had never been deeded to the city, was sold to Metropolitan-Columbia Stockholders Inc. in 1933;<a href="#cite_note-p1114641490-178">[173]</a> this land was later seized for the bridge.<a href="#cite_note-179">[174]</a> The construction of the Triborough Bridge required the demolition of buildings on both islands,<a href="#cite_note-180">[175]</a> and patients were sometimes moved to more crowded facilities.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._184-167">[162]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Hospitals" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Department of Hospitals">New York City Department of Hospitals</a> planned to replace the hospitals with <a href="/wiki/Seaview_Hospital" title="Seaview Hospital">Seaview Hospital</a> on <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-181">[176]</a> The House of Refuge's youth were relocated upstate,<a href="#cite_note-p1114584285-182">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._12-103">[98]</a> and the patients in the Children's Hospital were moved to <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Queens" title="Flushing, Queens">Flushing, Queens</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1935_g784-183">[178]</a> The first two phases of the sewage plant were finished in 1934.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1934_p412-184">[179]</a> That April, in anticipation of the Triborough Bridge's completion, city parks commissioner <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses" title="Robert Moses">Robert Moses</a> announced that he would convert 140 acres (57 ha) on Randalls Island to parkland.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1934_r570-185">[180]</a> The park plans were announced in February 1935,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1935_j304-186">[181]</a> and work began soon thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-p101433801-187">[182]</a> Most of Randalls Island's 87 buildings were to be razed and replaced with various athletic facilities such as a stadium.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1935_j304-186">[181]</a> Moses wanted to expand the park onto Sunken Meadow and Wards Island,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1934_r570-185">[180]</a> but Manhattan State Hospital on Wards Island was still leased by the state until 1943.<a href="#cite_note-p101433801-187">[182]</a> The sewage plant's fourth phase was funded in 1935 after several years of delays.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1935_i087-188">[183]</a> The following year, Moses canceled his plan to convert Wards Island into a park due to difficulties in relocating the hospital.<a href="#cite_note-n145013107-189">[184]</a> The Triborough Bridge formally opened in July 1936,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1936-190">[185]</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Downing_Stadium" title="Downing Stadium">Randalls Island Stadium</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1936_p186-191">[186]</a> and Randalls Island Park.<a href="#cite_note-:3-66">[61]</a> A police boat repair shop on Randalls Island was completed in March 1937,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1937_e037-192">[187]</a> and the sewage plant was finished that October.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1937_m5912-193">[188]</a> A low-level bridge between the islands opened the same year, replacing a ferry line from Manhattan to Wards Island.<a href="#cite_note-n145013248-194">[189]</a> Plans to convert Wards Island into a park were revived in early 1938, when the state government agreed to close Manhattan State Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1938_g710-195">[190]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a> began developing the southern end of Wards Island that year, demolishing what was left of the Homeopathic Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._11-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._5-81">[76]</a> The city took over Sunken Meadow Island in 1939 for an expansion of Wards Island's sewage treatment plant,<a href="#cite_note-n145020163-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-p1258030300-197">[192]</a> and a set of clay tennis courts opened on Randalls Island the same year.<a href="#cite_note-p1244981625-198">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1940s_to_1960s">1940s to 1960s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 1940s to 1960s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_hellgate_east_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Little_hellgate_east_jeh.jpg/220px-Little_hellgate_east_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Little_hellgate_east_jeh.jpg/330px-Little_hellgate_east_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Little_hellgate_east_jeh.jpg/440px-Little_hellgate_east_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Looking east from the footbridge at the mouth of the Little Hell Gate waterway toward the Triborough Bridge viaduct, 2008</figcaption></figure> Work on a restroom, field house, and five softball fields on Randalls Island began in 1941.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1941_k642-199">[194]</a> To allow public access to the new fields, city officials wanted to build a causeway from Randalls Island to the Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1940_b193-200">[195]</a> Wards Island Park was delayed during the 1940s,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1942_o899-201">[196]</a> and Manhattan State Hospital remained open past 1943, despite having been ordered to shut down.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._19-202">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._5-81">[76]</a> In early 1946, the city and state agreed to extend the state's lease of Wards Island to 1948, after which part of the island would become a city park; the state would retain control of the island's northwest corner.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1946_j436-203">[198]</a> The same year, the state announced that it would rebuild Manhattan State Hospital. The rest of Wards Island was to be converted into a park, and a new bridge would be built from Manhattan to Wards Island.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1946_z5312-204">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-p1267961537-205">[200]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_and_Recreation" title="New York City Department of Parks and Recreation">New York City Department of Parks and Recreation</a> (NYC Parks) also announced that it would build an overpass to the Bronx and infill Bronx Kill to make way for additional recreational fields on Randalls Island.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1946_c312-206">[201]</a> The Wards Island Bridge opened in 1951, along with the recreational facilities on Wards Island.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1951_b382-207">[202]</a> Initially, there was a playground, picnic grove, three softball fields, and three baseball fields on Wards Island. Though NYC Parks originally planned to expand the park onto Manhattan State Hospital's site,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1951_y076-208">[203]</a> the city government ultimately decided to allow the state to keep operating Manhattan State Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1952_k706-209">[204]</a> Two chapels were developed on the island in the mid-1950s.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1953_f110-210">[205]</a> By the mid-1950s, Wards Island Park had few visitors. Whereas Randalls Island Park was easily accessible via car, Wards Island Park's only public access was via the footbridge (the span over Little Hell Gate span was for hospital visitors only).<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1954_d416-211">[206]</a> Sunken Meadow, which had been reserved for an expansion of the Wards Island sewage plant,<a href="#cite_note-n145020163-196">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1955_m964-212">[207]</a> was freed up for recreational uses when the city decided in the mid-1950s to build a treatment plant elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1955_m964-212">[207]</a> Despite Moses's efforts to take over Wards Island, additional hospital buildings were approved in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-SM_pp._184–185-213">[208]</a> Three new buildings were erected for Manhattan State Hospital.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._19-202">[197]</a> The older hospital buildings were destroyed, and a homeless shelter, rehabilitation center, and other structures were built on that site.<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._5-81">[76]</a> The city government announced in 1955 that it planned to connect Randalls and Wards Islands by allowing private contractors to dump debris within Little Hell Gate for free.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1955_m964-212">[207]</a> After the channel had been infilled, NYC Parks would expand the two islands' parks.<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1955_m964-212">[207]</a> Moses also proposed closing Little Hell Gate and erecting a yacht <a href="/wiki/Marina" title="Marina">marina</a> on the former stream's site.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1955_f965-214">[209]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge_and_Tunnel_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority">Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority</a> announced in 1962 that it would allow contractors to fill the eastern portion of Little Hell Gate and the northern corner of Randalls Island.<a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> Randalls and Wards Islands were conjoined by the late 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-BOE_p._11-216">[211]</a> allowing the construction of more recreational facilities on the filled land.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._184-167">[162]</a> Randalls Island hosted opera performances by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Popular_Price_Grand_Opera_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Popular Price Grand Opera Company (page does not exist)">Popular Price Grand Opera Company</a> until 1961, when the city demanded that the singers pay a $250 license fee.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1961_y272-217">[212]</a> A mental research laboratory on Wards Island was proposed in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-p1325112557-218">[213]</a> Wards Island Park remained underused, and The New York Times said in 1963 that the park was generally neglected and full of garbage.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1963_i501-219">[214]</a> Work on a 200-bed hospital for mentally disabled children on Wards Island began in 1965,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1965_w275-220">[215]</a> and New York governor <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> announced a mental hospital complex on that island in 1967.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1967_f845-221">[216]</a> A rehabilitation center at the base of the Manhattan State Hospital was built on the island in the late 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1967_a044-222">[217]</a> A 45-acre (18 ha) recreation area with ballfields and a fieldhouse was built on the former Sunken Meadow Island after the filling operation was complete;<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1967_w7832-223">[218]</a> the recreation area opened in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1968_x419-224">[219]</a> The city's parks commissioner also sought to designate both Randalls and Wards Islands as an area for large gatherings.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1967_z954-225">[220]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1970s_to_early_1990s">1970s to early 1990s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: 1970s to early 1990s">edit</a>]</div> A new running track was installed in Randalls Island's Downing Stadium in 1970<a href="#cite_note-p118684516-226">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-p993738445-227">[222]</a> and again in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-p993738445-227">[222]</a> Residents of nearby areas frequented Randalls Island Park, and particularly the Sunken Meadow recreation area, during that decade.<a href="#cite_note-p118913168-228">[223]</a> Meanwhile, Wards Island's hospitals had been split into three units by the early 1970s, and robberies, rapes, and break-ins on the island were common.<a href="#cite_note-SM_pp._185–186-229">[224]</a> There were allegations of mismanagement at Wards Island's hospitals,<a href="#cite_note-SM_pp._185–186-229">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-p119947497-230">[225]</a> and the drug-treatment facility there closed in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-p226657664-231">[226]</a> A facility for severely mentally-disabled patients on Wards Island opened in 1974 and closed three years later.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1977_l454-232">[227]</a> During the decade, a training academy for the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City Fire Department</a> (FDNY) was built on the two islands, opening in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Urbanowicz_2002_p._107-233">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-SM_p._185-234">[229]</a> The Manhattan State Hospital became the Manhattan Psychiatric Center in the late 1970s, and its population decreased by nearly 90 percent from 1926 to the late 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._187-235">[230]</a> A homeless shelter opened on Wards Island in 1980,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1980_j421-236">[231]</a> following a court order.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1979_m767-237">[232]</a> Known as the Charles H. Gay Homeless Shelter, the facility faced opposition from the outset<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._186-238">[233]</a> and also became overcrowded;<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1980_i628-239">[234]</a> it was thus expanded in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Haberman_1982_c539-240">[235]</a> Downing Stadium was also renovated in the early 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-p993738445-227">[222]</a> but the stadium continued to decay and had to be renovated again within half a decade.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1987_b870-241">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-p277890638-242">[237]</a> A maximum-security mental health facility was developed on the island in 1984.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1984_j271-243">[238]</a> By the late 1980s, the Wards Island sewage treatment plant was operating over capacity,<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_1988_j949-244">[239]</a> prompting city officials to announce an expansion of the plant.<a href="#cite_note-p278094460-245">[240]</a> In addition, part of the Charles H. Gay Shelter was converted to a women's jail in 1989 to accommodate the increasing number of inmates in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Rimer_1989_q255-246">[241]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Newsday" title="Newsday">Newsday</a> report from the late 1980s found the island's park to be relatively safe but also poorly maintained.<a href="#cite_note-p278020569-247">[242]</a> The park was used by dozens of local schools at the time and had various baseball, rugby, tennis, softball, soccer, lacrosse, and cricket fields.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1987_b870-241">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1990s_and_early_2000s_redevelopment_plan">1990s and early 2000s redevelopment plan</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 1990s and early 2000s redevelopment plan">edit</a>]</div> The city considered building an incinerator on Wards Island in the early 1990s,<a href="#cite_note-p278438912-248">[243]</a> as well as a facility to convert waste into sludge.<a href="#cite_note-Specter_1992_y061-249">[244]</a> NYC Parks also agreed in 1990 to allow the American Golf Corporation to develop and operate a 36-hole miniature golf course on Randalls Island,<a href="#cite_note-Egan_1990_k508-250">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-n145447938-251">[246]</a> in addition to a driving range and batting cages.<a href="#cite_note-n145447938-251">[246]</a> Work began in 1992,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1992_a436-252">[247]</a> and the golf center opened the next year.<a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> The New York Riding Academy also had a horse stable on the island in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-p2642587826-254">[249]</a> The Randall's Island Sports Foundation (RISF) was founded in 1992 to maintain Randalls Island Park.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._181-63">[59]</a> During the next two years, RISF took over much of the islands' maintenance.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_1994_g482-255">[250]</a> The city devised plans to restore Downing Stadium,<a href="#cite_note-n145569443-256">[251]</a> and by 1994 there were plans to spend $227 million on recreational facilities.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_1994_g482-255">[250]</a> At the time, the islands' many sporting facilities were very hard to access.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_1994_g482-255">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-PA_1995-03-257">[252]</a> In addition, there were fears that the presence of the Charles H. Gay Center and the Wards Island Bridge were contributing to increased crime in neighboring East Harlem.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1994_r709-258">[253]</a> RISF presented proposals for a redevelopment of the two islands in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-PA_1995-03-257">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1995_j236-259">[254]</a> Other developments took place on the islands in the mid- and late 1990s, including a renovation of a FDNY library<a href="#cite_note-Finder_1996_x905-260">[255]</a> a new homeless shelter,<a href="#cite_note-Barron_1996_r917-261">[256]</a> an expansion of the Randalls Island golf center,<a href="#cite_note-Martin_1998_a309-262">[257]</a> and additional sporting fields.<a href="#cite_note-Martin_1998_o136-263">[258]</a> In 1999, the New York City government proposed allowing a private development project on Randalls and Wards Island to raise money for a renovation of Randalls Island Park.<a href="#cite_note-Martin1999-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-n145569318-265">[260]</a> By then, the island accommodated up to 50,000 people per day during the summer, accommodating various children's and adults' sports teams.<a href="#cite_note-Martin1999-264">[259]</a> The plan entailed demolishing Downing Stadium; adding an amphitheater and new athletic facilities, restoring wetlands; building trails, marinas, restaurants, and ferry stops; and constructing a <a href="/wiki/Water_park" title="Water park">water park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Martin1999-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-n145569318-265">[260]</a> The proposal, known privately as Operation Grand Slam, was to be funded by RISF, city, state, and federal governments.<a href="#cite_note-n145569318-265">[260]</a> RISF successor Randall's Island Park Alliance hired Zurita Architects in 2000 to devise a <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_planning" title="Comprehensive planning">master plan</a> for the park's redevelopment.<a href="#cite_note-Archinect_g569-266">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mid-2000s_to_present">Mid-2000s to present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mid-2000s to present">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Field.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/New_Field.JPG/250px-New_Field.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/New_Field.JPG/375px-New_Field.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/New_Field.JPG/500px-New_Field.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Fields on Wards Island, 2008</figcaption></figure>Icahn Stadium opened on Randalls Island in 2005, replacing the old Downing Stadium.<a href="#cite_note-Katz_2005_c068-267">[262]</a> A water park was approved on Randalls Island in 2006<a href="#cite_note-Williams_2006_d925-268">[263]</a> but was canceled the next year over financing difficulties;<a href="#cite_note-New_York_Daily_News_2007_e400-269">[264]</a> the water park's investors later sued the city for mismanagement.<a href="#cite_note-Ross_2012_i305-270">[265]</a> In April 2006, the first section of a waterfront pathway opened on Randalls Island, and officials began restoring the Little Hell Gate wetlands.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_City_Department_of_Parks_&_Recreation_2006_t242-271">[266]</a> The salt marsh on Randalls and Wards Island was restored in the 2000s,<a href="#cite_note-OPE+_2008_c900-272">[267]</a> and additional recreational fields were built on the island as well.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2010_b241-273">[268]</a> The city government proposed allowing private schools to fund many of the new fields, which were expected to cost $70 million in total.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2010_b242-274">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez_2006_f382-275">[270]</a> In 2007, twenty private schools agreed to pay the city government $52.4 million, in exchange for the exclusive use of two-thirds of the island's fields during weekday afternoons.<a href="#cite_note-Williams2007a-276">[271]</a> This prompted a lawsuit from families of East Harlem public-school students,<a href="#cite_note-Williams2007a-276">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-Durkin_2007_q516-277">[272]</a> who were forced to share the remaining fields.<a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez_2006_f382-275">[270]</a> Amid the lawsuit, the city began constructing 63 fields on the island in August 2007.<a href="#cite_note-Durkin_2007_q516-277">[272]</a> State courts twice invalidated the private schools' agreement with the city,<a href="#cite_note-Bagli_2009-278">[273]</a> and the private schools ended up receiving exclusive control over the fields for free.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2010_b242-274">[269]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Randalls_Island_Connector" class="mw-redirect" title="Randalls Island Connector">Randalls Island Connector</a> footbridge opened in 2015, connecting the island with the Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-Casteel_2015_b3812-279">[274]</a> The George Rosenfeld Center for Recovery opened in September 2017 on Wards Island.<a href="#cite_note-Blain_2017_m688-280">[275]</a> Randall's Island Park received $950,000 in 2021<a href="#cite_note-Garber_2021_h298-281">[276]</a> and another $22 million in 2022 for upgrades to Randalls and Wards Island's pathways.<a href="#cite_note-Saltonstall_2022_c693-282">[277]</a> A short-lived migrant shelter opened at Randalls Island in 2022<a href="#cite_note-The_Associated_Press_2022-283">[278]</a> and was replaced by a larger shelter in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Kliger_2023_k514-284">[279]</a> There was public opposition to the migrant shelter, which took up several soccer fields.<a href="#cite_note-Newman_2023_u7182-285">[280]</a> One of the island's homeless shelters, the Clarke Thomas Mental Health Shelter, closed in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Ostadan_Brand_2023_d272-286">[281]</a> Migrants began sleeping outside the Randalls Island migrant shelter following a series of violent crimes there, but the outdoor encampment was dismantled in August 2024.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a> That October, the city government announced that the larger migrant shelter would close in February 2025.<a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parks_and_recreation">Parks and recreation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Parks and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Randalls_Island_Park">Randalls Island Park</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Randalls Island Park">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Under_Hell_Gate_Bridge_on_Randalls_Island_(60104).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Under_Hell_Gate_Bridge_on_Randalls_Island_%2860104%29.jpg/220px-Under_Hell_Gate_Bridge_on_Randalls_Island_%2860104%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Under_Hell_Gate_Bridge_on_Randalls_Island_%2860104%29.jpg/330px-Under_Hell_Gate_Bridge_on_Randalls_Island_%2860104%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Under_Hell_Gate_Bridge_on_Randalls_Island_%2860104%29.jpg/440px-Under_Hell_Gate_Bridge_on_Randalls_Island_%2860104%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3069" data-file-height="4586" /></a><figcaption>Hell Gate Bridge walking path</figcaption></figure> Randalls Island Park was created in 1936<a href="#cite_note-:4-3">[3]</a> and was originally centered around the Triborough Bridge's T-shaped viaduct.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1935_j304-186">[181]</a> Wards Island Park, which is connected with Randalls Island Park, was acquired by the city in 1936 and 1939.<a href="#cite_note-NYC_Parks_Wards-112">[107]</a> The park is operated by the Randall's Island Park Alliance (RIPA), a <a href="/wiki/501(c)(3)_organization" title="501(c)(3) organization">501(c)(3) organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GuideStar_Profile_t437-289">[284]</a> RIPA was founded in 1992 as the Randall Island Sports Foundation,<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._181-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-66">[61]</a> and it operates free youth programs and workshops throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a> The park has also hosted music concerts and festivals, including the <a href="/wiki/Governors_Ball_Music_Festival" title="Governors Ball Music Festival">Governors Ball Music Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Editors_of_Time_Out_2014_p._27-291">[286]</a> <a href="/wiki/Panorama_Music_Festival" title="Panorama Music Festival">Panorama Music Festival</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Brooks_2019_q533-292">[287]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rock_the_Bells" title="Rock the Bells">Rock the Bells</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farm_Aid" title="Farm Aid">Farm Aid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Underground_Garage" title="Underground Garage">Underground Garage</a> Festival, and <a href="/wiki/Electric_Zoo_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric Zoo Festival">Electric Zoo Festival</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._193-293">[288]</a> According to RIPA, in the 2010s, Randalls Island Park had 30 to 40 percent of Manhattan's baseball fields.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._193-293">[288]</a> The park includes the Randall's Island Park Golf Center, which covers 18 acres (7.3 ha). The golf center opened in 1990 with a <a href="/wiki/Driving_range" title="Driving range">driving range</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miniature_golf" title="Miniature golf">miniature golf</a> course, and <a href="/wiki/Pro_shop" title="Pro shop">pro shop</a>; the driving range was renovated in 2008 with 82 stalls.<a href="#cite_note-Klavon_2019_t419-294">[289]</a> The Sportime Randall's Island Tennis Center opened in 2009 and contains ten <a href="/wiki/Har-Tru" class="mw-redirect" title="Har-Tru">Har-Tru</a> clay courts (all outdoors), five <a href="/wiki/DecoTurf" title="DecoTurf">DecoTurf</a> courts (five indoors and five outdoors), a fitness center, recreation room, and pro shop.<a href="#cite_note-DeLessio_v801-295">[290]</a> The center houses the <a href="/wiki/John_McEnroe_Tennis_Academy" title="John McEnroe Tennis Academy">John McEnroe Tennis Academy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pflaumer_2023_y873-296">[291]</a> There are various recreational fields that are used by public and private schools.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson_2010_b241-273">[268]</a> Randalls Island Park contains over 8 miles (13 km) of pedestrian and bike pathways<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a> and connects with Manhattan, the Bronx, and Queens.<a href="#cite_note-298">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Stadiums">Stadiums</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Stadiums">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Icahn_Stadium_(60130p).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Icahn_Stadium_%2860130p%29.jpg/220px-Icahn_Stadium_%2860130p%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Icahn_Stadium_%2860130p%29.jpg/330px-Icahn_Stadium_%2860130p%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Icahn_Stadium_%2860130p%29.jpg/440px-Icahn_Stadium_%2860130p%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7187" data-file-height="4253" /></a><figcaption>Icahn Stadium</figcaption></figure>The first stadium built on the island was <a href="/wiki/Downing_Stadium" title="Downing Stadium">Downing Stadium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Collins_2004_e269-299">[294]</a> a 25,000-seat venue with 30-foot-wide (9.1 m) running track, which surrounded a grass field for other sports.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1936_t6402-300">[295]</a> It opened as the Randalls Island Stadium on July 12, 1936,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1936_p186-191">[186]</a> and consisted of a 30-foot-wide (9.1 m) running track, which surrounded a grass field for other sports.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1936_t6402-300">[295]</a> The venue was renamed in 1955 for NYC Parks employee <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_J._Downing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John J. Downing (page does not exist)">John J. Downing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._184-167">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collins_2004_e269-299">[294]</a> Among Downing Stadium's notable events were the <a href="/wiki/1936_United_States_Olympic_trials_(track_and_field)" title="1936 United States Olympic trials (track and field)">1936 Olympic track-and-field trials</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Collins_2004_e269-299">[294]</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Olympic_trials_(track_and_field)" title="1964 United States Olympic trials (track and field)">1964 Olympic track-and-field trials</a> for the American women's team.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1964_b676-301">[296]</a> Over the years, the stadium also hosted track, football, and soccer games,<a href="#cite_note-p2316203163-302">[297]</a> though it hosted no major events from 1966 to 1991.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1991_h202-303">[298]</a> Its other events had included the <a href="/wiki/Lollapalooza" title="Lollapalooza">Lollapalooza</a> music festival and the <a href="/wiki/Gay_Games" title="Gay Games">Gay Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PA_1995-03-257">[252]</a> Downing Stadium was demolished in 2002<a href="#cite_note-Collins_2004_e269-299">[294]</a> and replaced by <a href="/wiki/Icahn_Stadium" title="Icahn Stadium">Icahn Stadium</a>, which opened on April 23, 2005.<a href="#cite_note-Katz_2005_c068-267">[262]</a> Icahn Stadium is named for <a href="/wiki/Carl_Icahn" title="Carl Icahn">Carl Icahn</a>, the venue's primary financier, and contains 4,754 seats. Its running track was designed by Hillier Group Architecture and was intended to host major track-and-field events.<a href="#cite_note-Collins_2004_e269-299">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wetlands">Wetlands</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Wetlands">edit</a>]</div> There are two saltmarshes and a freshwater wetland on the island. Through the process of excavating over 20,000 cubic yards (15,000 m3) of debris, installing clean sand, and planting native marsh grasses, 4 acres (1.6 ha) of <a href="/wiki/Saltmarsh" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltmarsh">saltmarsh</a> has been created surrounding the Little Hell Gate Inlet on the western edge of Randalls and Wards Island. Just across from the Little Hell Gate saltmarsh, 4 acres (1.6 ha) of freshwater wetlands were also established.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Ecology-304">[299]</a> After the removal of almost 15,000 cubic yards (11,000 m3) of debris and fill, the freshwater wetland site was planted with native herbaceous, shrub, and tree species, such as switchgrass, aster, dogwood, and oak.<a href="#cite_note-Great_Ecology-304">[299]</a> The wetlands are part of a stormwater filtration system across Randalls and Wards Island.<a href="#cite_note-Randalls_Island_2024_t773-305">[300]</a> A footbridge crosses the salt marsh as well.<a href="#cite_note-Margolies_2012_j336-306">[301]</a> In 2012, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation approved a $1 million contract with <a href="/wiki/Natural_Currents_Energy_Services" title="Natural Currents Energy Services">Natural Currents Energy Services</a> to generate renewable energy in the park. The project was expected to produce 200 kW of solar, wind, and tidal energy to power the island's facilities. The project was planned to include a solar-powered marine research and information kiosk that would have been open to visitors of the island.<a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Facilities">Facilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Facilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manhattan_Psychiatric_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Manhattan_Psychiatric_Center.jpg/220px-Manhattan_Psychiatric_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Manhattan_Psychiatric_Center.jpg/330px-Manhattan_Psychiatric_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Manhattan_Psychiatric_Center.jpg/440px-Manhattan_Psychiatric_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2575" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Psychiatric_Center" title="Manhattan Psychiatric Center">Manhattan Psychiatric Center</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirby_Forensic_Psychiatric_Center" title="Kirby Forensic Psychiatric Center">Kirby Forensic Psychiatric Center</a> (behind the spans of the Triborough Bridge), 2013</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospitals_and_shelters">Hospitals and shelters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Hospitals and shelters">edit</a>]</div> Wards Island is home to the <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Psychiatric_Center" title="Manhattan Psychiatric Center">Manhattan Psychiatric Center</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kirby_Forensic_Psychiatric_Center" title="Kirby Forensic Psychiatric Center">Kirby Forensic Psychiatric Center</a>, both operated by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Mental_Health" title="New York State Office of Mental Health">State Office of Mental Health</a>. The Kirby Center houses some of New York state's violent mentally ill patients.<a href="#cite_note-Correal_2019_l075-308">[303]</a> The island also contains homeless shelters run by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Homeless_Services" title="New York City Department of Homeless Services">New York City Department of Homeless Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a> These include the Charles H. Gay Homeless Shelter,<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._186-238">[233]</a> which accommodated 900 men by the 2000s, making it the largest homeless shelter in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-Kilgannon_2006_m976-310">[305]</a> The George Rosenfeld Center for Recovery, operated by Odyssey House, opened in September 2017 on Wards Island.<a href="#cite_note-Blain_2017_m688-280">[275]</a> It has about 230 beds for women and older adults.<a href="#cite_note-Odyssey_House_2017_w376-311">[306]</a> The treatment center includes a childcare center.<a href="#cite_note-Blain_2017_m688-280">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-Odyssey_House_2021_v187-312">[307]</a> In October 2022, amid a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_migrant_housing_crisis" title="New York City migrant housing crisis">citywide migrant housing crisis</a> caused by a large influx of migrants seeking <a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_the_United_States" title="Asylum in the United States">asylum in the United States</a>, the administration of mayor <a href="/wiki/Eric_Adams" title="Eric Adams">Eric Adams</a> announced that the city government would open an 84,000-square-foot (7,800 m2) shelter on Randalls Island.<a href="#cite_note-Sundaram_2022-313">[308]</a> The shelter consisted of 500 beds for male migrants,<a href="#cite_note-Chang_2022-314">[309]</a> but fewer than half of the beds were filled within two weeks of the shelter's opening.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a> The Adams administration closed the migrant shelter in November 2022 due to a decrease in the number of new migrants.<a href="#cite_note-The_Associated_Press_2022-283">[278]</a> In August 2023, a migrant shelter for 3,000 people opened at Randalls Island after the number of asylum seekers traveling to the city increased sharply.<a href="#cite_note-Kliger_2023_k514-284">[279]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergency_services_and_utilities">Emergency services and utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Emergency services and utilities">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fire_and_police_facilities">Fire and police facilities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Fire and police facilities">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Police" title="New York State Police">New York State Police</a> has a station on Wards Island, <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Police" title="New York State Police">Troop NYC</a>, which serves the New York City metropolitan area.<a href="#cite_note-New_York_State_Police_2014_s344-316">[311]</a> The station also includes a barracks.<a href="#cite_note-Mueller_2017_p838-317">[312]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Parks_Enforcement_Patrol" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol">New York City Parks Enforcement Patrol</a> operates a training academy on Randalls Island.<a href="#cite_note-City_Life_Org_2022_k316-318">[313]</a> NYC Parks' Five Borough Administrative Building is located on Randalls Island; that building complex contains a <a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">green roof</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CBS_New_York_2013_m814-319">[314]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_Department_Street_Crime_Unit" title="New York City Police Department Street Crime Unit">New York City Police Department Street Crime Unit</a> was headquartered on Randalls Island until it was disbanded in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1999_q499-320">[315]</a> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Fire_Department" title="New York City Fire Department">New York City Fire Department</a> operates a training academy on Randalls Island.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._185-234">[229]</a> Designed by <a href="/wiki/Hardy_Holzman_Pfeiffer_Associates" title="Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates">Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates</a>, the complex consists of nine buildings, which include classroom structures as well as mockups of real New York City buildings.<a href="#cite_note-p120373492-321">[316]</a> The academy's facilities include classrooms, a water supply tank, a replica of a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Subway" title="New York City Subway">subway</a> tunnel with tracks and two railcars, a training course for engine drivers, a helicopter pad, a replica ship, and multiple buildings.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._185-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-fdny-322">[317]</a> The streets in the academy are named in honor of several firefighters who died while on duty. The fire academy is also used by film and TV series directors who conduct shoots there.<a href="#cite_note-SM_p._185-234">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sewage_plant">Sewage plant</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Sewage plant">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wards_Island_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant_(60106).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wards_Island_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant_%2860106%29.jpg/220px-Wards_Island_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant_%2860106%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wards_Island_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant_%2860106%29.jpg/330px-Wards_Island_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant_%2860106%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Wards_Island_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant_%2860106%29.jpg/440px-Wards_Island_Wastewater_Treatment_Plant_%2860106%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Wards Island Wastewater Treatment Plant</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">wastewater treatment</a> plant, the Wards Island Water Pollution Control Plant, is operated by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Environmental_Protection" title="New York City Department of Environmental Protection">New York City Department of Environmental Protection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nycdep-323">[318]</a> It is located northeast of the Hell Gate railroad bridge.<a href="#cite_note-p1267961537-205">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-BOE_p._11-216">[211]</a> Before the plant was developed, sewage from these areas was dumped directly into the city's rivers.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1935_t463-324">[319]</a> The plant originally occupied 77 acres (31 ha) on Wards Island's northeast corner<a href="#cite_note-p1267961537-205">[200]</a> and could treat up to 180 million U.S. gallons (680×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 L)<a href="#cite_note-325">[f]</a> of raw sewage daily when it opened in 1937.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL-1128-326">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1937_m5912-193">[188]</a> A series of tunnels transported sewage to the plant from <a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan" title="Upper Manhattan">Upper Manhattan</a> and the Bronx.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1937_l086-327">[321]</a> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit">[update]</a>, the modern plant has a capacity of 275 million U.S. gallons (1.04 gigaliters) per day.<a href="#cite_note-nycdep-323">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Water_Technology_2010_y707-328">[322]</a> The city planned to install 7 megawatts of <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> at the plant as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-329">[323]</a> The treatment plant receives sewage from two "grit chambers", one each in Manhattan and the Bronx, which filter out debris before the sewage reaches the plant.<a href="#cite_note-Techno_Consult_Inc._c672-330">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kilgannon_2006_r191-331">[325]</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bronx_Grit_Chamber&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bronx Grit Chamber (page does not exist)">Bronx chamber</a> is a <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_designated_landmark" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City designated landmark">New York City designated landmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYCL-1128-326">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-Diamonstein-Spielvogel_2011_p._639-332">[326]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Transportation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Road_and_rail_bridges">Road and rail bridges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Road and rail bridges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg/220px-Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg/330px-Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg/440px-Hell_Gate_and_Triborough_Bridges_New_York_City_Queens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1128" data-file-height="741" /></a><figcaption>A 2004 aerial view from above Queens looking towards Wards Island, with one part of the <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Robert F. Kennedy Bridge</a> (then known as the Triborough Bridge) at the left, and the <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate_Bridge" title="Hell Gate Bridge">Hell Gate Bridge</a> (right). Also visible in the distance is the <a href="/wiki/103rd_Street_Footbridge" class="mw-redirect" title="103rd Street Footbridge">103rd Street Footbridge</a> to Manhattan.</figcaption></figure> A rail bridge between Queens and the Bronx, via Randalls Islands, was first planned in the late 19th century to link the tracks of the <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Railroad" title="Pennsylvania Railroad">Pennsylvania Railroad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Haven_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="New Haven Railroad">New Haven Railroad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-n142012554-333">[327]</a> This became the <a href="/wiki/Hell_Gate_Bridge" title="Hell Gate Bridge">Hell Gate Bridge</a>, which was dedicated March 9, 1917.<a href="#cite_note-:2-136">[131]</a> The Hell Gate Bridge includes plate girder spans across both islands, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Through_arch_bridge" title="Through arch bridge">through arch bridge</a> across Hell Gate to the southeast.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1912_c124-334">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-In_2024_q032-335">[329]</a> The bridge also includes an inverted <a href="/wiki/Tied-arch_bridge" title="Tied-arch bridge">bowstring truss</a> section, with four 300-foot (91 m) long spans, across Little Hell Gate.<a href="#cite_note-336">[330]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge">Triborough Bridge</a> opened on July 11, 1936, providing a direct road connection from the then-separate islands to the rest of the city.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1936-190">[185]</a> The bridge consists of spans across the Harlem River, Hell Gate, and Bronx Kill, as well as a T-shaped viaduct that crosses the islands and connects the three spans.<a href="#cite_note-Duffus_1936-337">[331]</a> The bridge includes various pedestrian ramps connecting the islands with the Bronx, Manhattan, and Queens.<a href="#cite_note-Ashaboglu_2016_t831-338">[332]</a> In 2008, the Triborough Bridge was renamed after <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[333]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Triborough_Bridge_and_Tunnel_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority">Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority</a> erected an <a href="/wiki/Art_deco" class="mw-redirect" title="Art deco">art deco</a> administration building, which still stands on the island.<a href="#cite_note-Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority_(MTA)_2011-340">[334]</a> The <a href="/wiki/M35_(New_York_City_bus)" class="mw-redirect" title="M35 (New York City bus)">M35</a> bus connects the islands to Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-Not_For_Tourists_2015_p._205-341">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a> In May 1937, the islands were connected by a low-level bridge, carrying Central Drive over Little Hell Gate.<a href="#cite_note-n145013248-194">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a> The three-span steel arch road bridge, designed by the engineer <a href="/wiki/Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar Ammann</a>, was northwest of the rail bridge;<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a> it measured 1,000 feet (300 m) long.<a href="#cite_note-PA_1995-03-257">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-342">[336]</a> The Little Hell Gate bridge was rendered obsolete when the Little Hell Gate was filled, and a service road was built alongside the deteriorating bridge. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Department_of_Transportation" title="New York City Department of Transportation">New York City Department of Transportation</a> proposed demolishing it in the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-:5-342">[336]</a> Despite efforts to save the bridge, it was demolished.<a href="#cite_note-:0-18">[18]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footbridges">Footbridges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Footbridges">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ward%27s_Island_Bridge,_New_York_City.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ward%27s_Island_Bridge%2C_New_York_City.JPG/220px-Ward%27s_Island_Bridge%2C_New_York_City.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ward%27s_Island_Bridge%2C_New_York_City.JPG/330px-Ward%27s_Island_Bridge%2C_New_York_City.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Ward%27s_Island_Bridge%2C_New_York_City.JPG/440px-Ward%27s_Island_Bridge%2C_New_York_City.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wards_Island_Bridge" title="Wards Island Bridge">Wards Island Bridge</a> central span in raised position, 2007</figcaption></figure> In 1937, Moses developed plans for a pedestrian bridge across the Harlem River from Manhattan to Wards Island Park,<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1937_o961-343">[337]</a> though construction of the <a href="/wiki/Wards_Island_Bridge" title="Wards Island Bridge">Wards Island Bridge</a> did not begin until October 1949.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1949_h8432-344">[338]</a> Designed by <a href="/wiki/Othmar_Ammann" title="Othmar Ammann">Othmar Hermann Ammann</a> and built by the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Corps_of_Engineers" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Corps of Engineers">U.S. Army Corps of Engineers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-345">[339]</a> the footbridge was originally known as the Harlem River Pedestrian Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-346">[340]</a> The bridge opened on May 18, 1951, and connects with <a href="/wiki/FDR_Drive" title="FDR Drive">FDR Drive</a> and 103rd Street on Manhattan Island.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1951_b382-207">[202]</a> It is a <a href="/wiki/Vertical-lift_bridge" title="Vertical-lift bridge">vertical-lift bridge</a> with twelve spans.<a href="#cite_note-NYC_DOT_1980_p380-64">[60]</a> Since 1967, the bridge has also been open to cyclists.<a href="#cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1967_d249-347">[341]</a> A ground-level footbridge over the Bronx Kill was proposed in 2006;<a href="#cite_note-Evelly_2012_b049-348">[342]</a> the footbridge, known as the <a href="/wiki/Randalls_island_connector" class="mw-redirect" title="Randalls island connector">Randalls Island Connector</a>, ran under the Hell Gate Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson_2009_n939-349">[343]</a> An agreement was reached in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-Evelly_2012_b049-348">[342]</a> and the connector's construction commenced in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-350">[344]</a> The Randalls Island Connector opened in November 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Casteel_2015_b3812-279">[274]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of New York City parks">List of New York City parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_smaller_islands_in_New_York_City" title="List of smaller islands in New York City">List of smaller islands in New York City</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> The name "Barn" has also been transcribed as "Barnes".<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._6-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._11-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Also spelled Bell<a href="#cite_note-Richmond_1872_p.-48">[47]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Sources disagree over whether he moved to England in 1778<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._10;_HSS_p._8-53">[51]</a> or 1783.<a href="#cite_note-Bergoffen_p._8-52">[50]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> His surname is variously spelled Randal or Randel.<a href="#cite_note-Dolkart_et_al_p._10;_HSS_p._9-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Best_Books_on_Project_1939_p._424-59">[56]</a> One source from 1962 spelled his name Jonathan Randall.<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._12-60">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> His surname is variously spelled Milledoer<a href="#cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._12-60">[57]</a> or Milledolar<a href="#cite_note-NYC_DOT_1980_p380-64">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> Sometimes cited as 190 million U.S. gallons (720×10<s style="display:none">^</s>6 L)<a href="#cite_note-Davenport_p._5-81">[76]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-gnis-1"><a href="#cite_ref-gnis_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:3942948495844061::NO::P3_FID:962178">Feature Detail Report for Randalls Island</a> "Purchased in 1772 by British Captain James Montresor; sold in 1784 to Johnathan Randel; acquired by City of New York in 1835." </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:3:3942948495844061::NO::P3_FID:968795">Feature Detail Report for Wards Island</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_3-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029192922/http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/park_info_pages/park_info.php?propID=M104">"Randall's Island Park"</a>. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/park_info_pages/park_info.php?propID=M104">the original</a> on October 29, 2013. Retrieved October 29, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+City+Department+of+Parks+%26+Recreation&rft.atitle=Randall%27s+Island+Park&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nycgovparks.org%2Fsub_your_park%2Fpark_info_pages%2Fpark_info.php%3FpropID%3DM104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._7-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._7_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._7_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._7_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._7_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._7_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._7_4-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchuldenrein2012">Schuldenrein 2012</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_1918_p._238-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_1918_p._238_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_1918_p._238_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_1918_p._238_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-U.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey_1918_p._238_5-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFU.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey1918" class="citation book cs1">U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey (1918). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VstBAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA238">United States Coast Pilot: Atlantic Coast. Cape Cod to Sandy Hook</a>. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 238. Retrieved April 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Coast+Pilot%3A+Atlantic+Coast.+Cape+Cod+to+Sandy+Hook&rft.pages=238&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1918&rft.au=U.S.+Coast+and+Geodetic+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVstBAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt1995-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1995_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1995_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt1995_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/04/16/realestate/postings-parks-transportation-departments-debate-future-former-link-between.html">"Parks and Transportation Departments Debate Future of Former Link Between Randalls and Wards Islands; At City Agencies, Troubled Water Over Bridge"</a>. The New York Times. April 16, 1995. Retrieved October 24, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Parks+and+Transportation+Departments+Debate+Future+of+Former+Link+Between+Randalls+and+Wards+Islands%3B+At+City+Agencies%2C+Troubled+Water+Over+Bridge&rft.date=1995-04-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F04%2F16%2Frealestate%2Fpostings-parks-transportation-departments-debate-future-former-link-between.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._4-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._4_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._4_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._4_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._4_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._4_7-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchuldenrein2012">Schuldenrein 2012</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Margolick_1985_a063-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Margolick_1985_a063_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargolick1985" class="citation web cs1">Margolick, David (July 14, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1985/07/14/nyregion/finding-a-watery-line-with-a-map-and-a-law.html">"Finding a Watery Line With a Map and a Law"</a>. The New York Times. 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Retrieved April 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Evening+World&rft.atitle=Governor+Signs+38+Bills&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1892-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-evening-world-governor-signs-38-bill%2F145236409%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p573939611-127"><a href="#cite_ref-p573939611_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"The Ward's Island Inquiry: Big Delays in Contract Work Poor Condition of "the Branch"--walls That Needed Buttresses". New-York Tribune. July 18, 1894. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/573939611">573939611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&rft.atitle=The+Ward%27s+Island+Inquiry%3A+Big+Delays+in+Contract+Work+Poor+Condition+of+%22the+Branch%22--walls+That+Needed+Buttresses&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1894-07-18&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bergoffen_p._10-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bergoffen_p._10_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bergoffen_p._10_128-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBergoffen2001">Bergoffen 2001</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_n522-129"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2023_n522_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1894/06/23/archives/a-mental-slaughter-house-such-says-col-rogers-is-the-wards-island-a.html">"A Mental Slaughter House; Such, Says Col. Rogers, is the Ward's Island Asylum. Ex-Deputy Commissioner of Street Cleaning Tells of Brutality of Attendants -- No Regard for Sanitation, Sickness, or General Care of Patients -- Physicians' Inhumane Acts -- Miserable Food -- Patients Beaten and Often Killed"</a>. The New York Times. June 23, 1894. Retrieved April 12, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Mental+Slaughter+House%3B+Such%2C+Says+Col.+Rogers%2C+is+the+Ward%27s+Island+Asylum.+Ex-Deputy+Commissioner+of+Street+Cleaning+Tells+of+Brutality+of+Attendants+--+No+Regard+for+Sanitation%2C+Sickness%2C+or+General+Care+of+Patients+--+Physicians%27+Inhumane+Acts+--+Miserable+Food+--+Patients+Beaten+and+Often+Killed.&rft.date=1894-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1894%2F06%2F23%2Farchives%2Fa-mental-slaughter-house-such-says-col-rogers-is-the-wards-island-a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/democrat-and-chronicle-wards-island-asy/145237221/">"Ward's Island Asylum"</a>. Democrat and Chronicle. June 15, 1894. p. 1. Retrieved April 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Democrat+and+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Ward%27s+Island+Asylum&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1894-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdemocrat-and-chronicle-wards-island-asy%2F145237221%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Haller_2005_p._134-130"><a href="#cite_ref-Haller_2005_p._134_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaller2005" class="citation book cs1">Haller, J. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4trFN_jCvNMC&pg=PA134">The History of American Homeopathy: The Academic Years, 1820-1935</a>. Pharmaceutical Products Press Pharmaceutical Heritage. Taylor & Francis. p. 134. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-2660-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7890-2660-6"><bdi>978-0-7890-2660-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+American+Homeopathy%3A+The+Academic+Years%2C+1820-1935&rft.series=Pharmaceutical+Products+Press+Pharmaceutical+Heritage&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7890-2660-6&rft.aulast=Haller&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4trFN_jCvNMC%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_n453-131"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2023_n453_131-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1897/04/03/archives/the-wards-island-fire-total-damage-done-proves-to-be-much-greater.html">"The Ward's Island Fire; Total Damage Done Proves to be Much Greater than at First Estimated"</a>. 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Retrieved April 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Ward%27s+Island+Fire%3B+Total+Damage+Done+Proves+to+be+Much+Greater+than+at+First+Estimated.&rft.date=1897-04-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1897%2F04%2F03%2Farchives%2Fthe-wards-island-fire-total-damage-done-proves-to-be-much-greater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_2023_m422-132"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_2023_m422_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1896/04/18/archives/more-room-for-state-insane-plans-to-relieve-the-overcrowded.html">"More Room for State Insane; Plans to Relieve the Overcrowded Manhattan Hospital"</a>. The New York Times. April 18, 1896. Retrieved April 12, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=More+Room+for+State+Insane%3B+Plans+to+Relieve+the+Overcrowded+Manhattan+Hospital.&rft.date=1896-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1896%2F04%2F18%2Farchives%2Fmore-room-for-state-insane-plans-to-relieve-the-overcrowded.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-state-care-in-l/145237693/">"State Care in Lunacy"</a>. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. April 11, 1897. p. 14. 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The Standard Union. April 8, 1902. p. 12. Retrieved April 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Standard+Union&rft.atitle=The+Governor+Approves+Many+More+New+Measures&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1902-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-standard-union-the-governor-approves%2F145373157%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n142367701-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-n142367701_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-n142367701_134-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sun-hell-gate-bridge-begun/142367701/">"Hell Gate Bridge Begun"</a>. The Sun. March 24, 1911. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229173845/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-sun-hell-gate-bridge-begun/142367701/">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024 – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun&rft.atitle=Hell+Gate+Bridge+Begun&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1911-03-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-sun-hell-gate-bridge-begun%2F142367701%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n142388040-135"><a href="#cite_ref-n142388040_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-great-new-bridg/142388040/">"Great New Bridge Over River Within Two Years"</a>. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 26, 1913. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2577-9397">2577-9397</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240229211220/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-great-new-bridg/142388040/">Archived</a> from the original on February 29, 2024. Retrieved February 29, 2024 – via newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=Great+New+Bridge+Over+River+Within+Two+Years&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1913-01-26&rft.issn=2577-9397&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-great-new-bridg%2F142388040%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_136-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1917/03/10/archives/hell-gate-route-tested-through-service-soon-from-new-england-to.html">"Hell Gate Route Tested; Through Service Soon from New England to West and South"</a>. The New York Times. March 10, 1917. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240301200606/https://www.nytimes.com/1917/03/10/archives/hell-gate-route-tested-through-service-soon-from-new-england-to.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2024. Retrieved March 1, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Hell+Gate+Route+Tested%3B+Through+Service+Soon+from+New+England+to+West+and+South.&rft.date=1917-03-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1917%2F03%2F10%2Farchives%2Fhell-gate-route-tested-through-service-soon-from-new-england-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-first-train-cro/142455453/">"First Train Crosses Hell Gate Bridge"</a>. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 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March 16, 1914. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/575230931">575230931</a>. Retrieved April 14, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&rft.atitle=State+Leases+Ward%27s+Island+for+Fifty+Years%3A+Will+Continue+Manhattan+Hospital--city+to+Pay+for+New+Buildings&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1914-03-16&rft.issn=1941-0646&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fnew-york-tribune-state-leases-wards-isl%2F145382739%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerzoni2019" class="citation web cs1">Verzoni, Angelo (January 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210805070041/http://www.nfpa.org/News-and-Research/Publications-and-media/NFPA-Journal/2019/January-February-2019/News-and-Analysis/Looking-Back">"Looking Back - High Risk"</a>. 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The New York Times. March 17, 1916. Retrieved April 14, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Spend+%241%2C600%2C000+on+City+Defectives%3B+Model+Hospital+and+Schools+for+Children+to+be+Built+at+Randall%27s+Island&rft.date=1916-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1916%2F03%2F17%2Farchives%2Fto-spend-1600000-on-city-defectives-model-hospital-and-schools-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"City Completes Hospital Plans: Kingsbury Ready to Double Capacity of Randall's Island Institution". New-York Tribune. August 28, 1916. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/575602751">575602751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&rft.atitle=City+Completes+Hospital+Plans%3A+Kingsbury+Ready+to+Double+Capacity+of+Randall%27s+Island+Institution&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1916-08-28&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1917_d557-166"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1917_d557_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1917/09/25/archives/new-era-in-charity-is-seen-by-mayor-tells-at-cornerstone-laying-of.html">"New Era in Charity is Seen by Mayor; Tells at Cornerstone Laying of City's Broader Conception of Duty to Wards"</a>. The New York Times. September 25, 1917. Retrieved April 15, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Era+in+Charity+is+Seen+by+Mayor%3B+Tells+at+Cornerstone+Laying+of+City%27s+Broader+Conception+of+Duty+to+Wards&rft.date=1917-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1917%2F09%2F25%2Farchives%2Fnew-era-in-charity-is-seen-by-mayor-tells-at-cornerstone-laying-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Randall Island School Cornerstone Is Laid: Mayor Declares Ceremony Marks New Era in Treatment of City's Child Wards". New-York Tribune. September 25, 1917. p. 12. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/575809631">575809631</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&rft.atitle=Randall+Island+School+Cornerstone+Is+Laid%3A+Mayor+Declares+Ceremony+Marks+New+Era+in+Treatment+of+City%27s+Child+Wards&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1917-09-25&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SM_p._184-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SM_p._184_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM_p._184_167-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM_p._184_167-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SM_p._184_167-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeitzMiller2011">Seitz & Miller 2011</a>, p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-p509705438-168"><a href="#cite_ref-p509705438_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Randall's Island Park Proposed". The Christian Science Monitor. September 19, 1916. p. 6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0882-7729">0882-7729</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/509705438">509705438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Science+Monitor&rft.atitle=Randall%27s+Island+Park+Proposed&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1916-09-19&rft.issn=0882-7729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1918_n968-169"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1918_n968_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1918/01/27/archives/favor-colony-here-for-feebleminded-womens-city-club-supports-plan.html">"Favor Colony Here for Feebleminded; Women's City Club Supports Plan for Institution on Randall's Island"</a>. The New York Times. January 27, 1918. Retrieved April 14, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Favor+Colony+Here+for+Feebleminded%3B+Women%27s+City+Club+Supports+Plan+for+Institution+on+Randall%27s+Island&rft.date=1918-01-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1918%2F01%2F27%2Farchives%2Ffavor-colony-here-for-feebleminded-womens-city-club-supports-plan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Women's Club Plans A Colony for Girls: Ready to Finance Institution for Feeble-Minded if City Agrees". New-York Tribune. January 27, 1918. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/575822355">575822355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Club+Plans+A+Colony+for+Girls%3A+Ready+to+Finance+Institution+for+Feeble-Minded+if+City+Agrees&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1918-01-27&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-n145382971-170"><a href="#cite_ref-n145382971_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1917" class="citation news cs1">Stevens, Jeanne (November 4, 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/new-york-tribune-randalls-island-transf/145382971/">"Randall's Island Transformed Into Clean Home for City Waifs"</a>. 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Retrieved April 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=Humane+Reforms+Make+Inmates+Life+on+Randalls+Island+More+Cheerful&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1917-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-humane-reforms%2F145383269%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feuer_2009-171"><a href="#cite_ref-Feuer_2009_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuer2009" class="citation web cs1">Feuer, Alan (June 28, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/nyregion/28bridge.html">"Deconstructing the Robert F. Kennedy Bridge"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105203005/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/06/28/nyregion/28bridge.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 5, 2018. Retrieved November 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+the+Robert+F.+Kennedy+Bridge&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Feuer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2009%2F06%2F28%2Fnyregion%2F28bridge.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1930_t647-172"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1930_t647_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/03/13/archives/to-ask-7433000-for-a-sewage-plant-sanitary-commission-seeks.html">"To Ask $7,433,000 for a Sewage Plant; Sanitary Commission Seeks Appropriation From Board for Ward's Island Project"</a>. The New York Times. March 13, 1930. Retrieved April 6, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Ask+%247%2C433%2C000+for+a+Sewage+Plant%3B+Sanitary+Commission+Seeks+Appropriation+From+Board+for+Ward%27s+Island+Project&rft.date=1930-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1930%2F03%2F13%2Farchives%2Fto-ask-7433000-for-a-sewage-plant-sanitary-commission-seeks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"20 Million Sewage Plant Planned on Wards Island". New York Herald Tribune. February 27, 1930. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1113132819">1113132819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=20+Million+Sewage+Plant+Planned+on+Wards+Island&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1930-02-27&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1930_z717-173"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1930_z717_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/10/04/archives/approval-is-voted-for-sewage-plant-board-of-estimate-acts-to-speed.html">"Approval is Voted for Sewage Plant; Board of Estimate Acts to Speed Work on $7,670,000 Units of Ward's Island Job"</a>. The New York Times. October 4, 1930. Retrieved April 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Approval+is+Voted+for+Sewage+Plant%3B+Board+of+Estimate+Acts+to+Speed+Work+on+%247%2C670%2C000+Units+of+Ward%27s+Island+Job&rft.date=1930-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1930%2F10%2F04%2Farchives%2Fapproval-is-voted-for-sewage-plant-board-of-estimate-acts-to-speed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1930_c476-174"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1930_c476_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/30/archives/big-sewage-plant-for-wards-island-work-has-started-on-17000000.html">"Big Sewage Plant for Ward's Island; Work Has Started on $17,000,000 Improvement to Purify City Waters"</a>. The New York Times. November 30, 1930. Retrieved April 6, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Big+Sewage+Plant+for+Ward%27s+Island%3B+Work+Has+Started+on+%2417%2C000%2C000+Improvement+to+Purify+City+Waters.&rft.date=1930-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1930%2F11%2F30%2Farchives%2Fbig-sewage-plant-for-wards-island-work-has-started-on-17000000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1931_h517-175"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1931_h517_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1931/07/06/archives/city-ready-to-build-huge-sewage-plant-walker-to-break-ground-for.html">"City Ready to Build Huge Sewage Plant; Walker to Break Ground for $30,000,000 Ward's Island Unit, First of 33, Tomorrow"</a>. The New York Times. July 6, 1931. Retrieved April 6, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=City+Ready+to+Build+Huge+Sewage+Plant%3B+Walker+to+Break+Ground+for+%2430%2C000%2C000+Ward%27s+Island+Unit%2C+First+of+33%2C+Tomorrow&rft.date=1931-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1931%2F07%2F06%2Farchives%2Fcity-ready-to-build-huge-sewage-plant-walker-to-break-ground-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Work to Start Tomorrow on Sewage Plants: Roosevelt, Larson and Cross to See Walker Break Ground on Ward's Island". New York Herald Tribune. July 6, 1931. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1114187327">1114187327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Work+to+Start+Tomorrow+on+Sewage+Plants%3A+Roosevelt%2C+Larson+and+Cross+to+See+Walker+Break+Ground+on+Ward%27s+Island&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1931-07-06&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1114270500-176"><a href="#cite_ref-p1114270500_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Ward's Island Jobs To Cost $3,194,000". New York Herald Tribune. January 8, 1931. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1114270500">1114270500</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Ward%27s+Island+Jobs+To+Cost+%243%2C194%2C000&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1931-01-08&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1932_y216-177"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1932_y216_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1932/02/05/archives/plans-the-foundation-for-federal-building-cess-gilbert-submits.html">"Plans the Foundation for Federal Building; Cass Gilbert Submits Drawings to the Treasury -- Bids to Be Sought on Their Approval"</a>. The New York Times. February 5, 1932. Retrieved April 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Plans+the+Foundation+for+Federal+Building%3B+Cass+Gilbert+Submits+Drawings+to+the+Treasury+--+Bids+to+Be+Sought+on+Their+Approval.&rft.date=1932-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1932%2F02%2F05%2Farchives%2Fplans-the-foundation-for-federal-building-cess-gilbert-submits.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1114641490-178"><a href="#cite_ref-p1114641490_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Lienors Take Title to Ward's Island Plot: Columbia Assurance Group Buys Waterfront Tract From Geo. S. Van Shaick". New York Herald Tribune. April 16, 1933. p. C11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1114641490">1114641490</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Lienors+Take+Title+to+Ward%27s+Island+Plot%3A+Columbia+Assurance+Group+Buys+Waterfront+Tract+From+Geo.+S.+Van+Shaick&rft.pages=C11&rft.date=1933-04-16&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1933/03/04/archives/pays-1100-for-a-grant-on-wards-island-land.html">"Pays $1,100 for a Grant On Ward's Island Land"</a>. The New York Times. March 4, 1933. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/100739160">100739160</a>. Retrieved April 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pays+%241%2C100+for+a+Grant+On+Ward%27s+Island+Land&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1933-03-04&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1933%2F03%2F04%2Farchives%2Fpays-1100-for-a-grant-on-wards-island-land.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-suit-for-5257/145016623/">"Suit for $525,792 Nets Two $1 Each"</a>. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. August 10, 1938. p. 5. Retrieved April 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=Suit+for+%24525%2C792+Nets+Two+%241+Each&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1938-08-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-suit-for-5257%2F145016623%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1934/04/05/archives/triborough-span-ousting-a-hospital-removal-of-child-patients-from.html">"Triborough Span Ousting A Hospital; Removal of Child Patients From Several Buildings on Randall's Island Asked"</a>. The New York Times. April 5, 1934. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181107030237/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/04/05/archives/triborough-span-ousting-a-hospital-removal-of-child-patients-from.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 7, 2018. Retrieved November 6, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Triborough+Span+Ousting+A+Hospital%3B+Removal+of+Child+Patients+From+Several+Buildings+on+Randall%27s+Island+Asked&rft.date=1934-04-05&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1934%2F04%2F05%2Farchives%2Ftriborough-span-ousting-a-hospital-removal-of-child-patients-from.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1935/05/08/archives/city-seeks-800000-for-new-hospital-goldwater-asks-pwa-loan-for.html">"City Seeks $800,000 For New Hospital; Goldwater Asks PWA Loan for Institution to House Patients Ousted by Triborough Span"</a>. The New York Times. May 8, 1935. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181108224932/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/05/08/archives/city-seeks-800000-for-new-hospital-goldwater-asks-pwa-loan-for.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2018. Retrieved November 8, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=City+Seeks+%24800%2C000+For+New+Hospital%3B+Goldwater+Asks+PWA+Loan+for+Institution+to+House+Patients+Ousted+by+Triborough+Span.&rft.date=1935-05-08&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1935%2F05%2F08%2Farchives%2Fcity-seeks-800000-for-new-hospital-goldwater-asks-pwa-loan-for.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1114584285-182"><a href="#cite_ref-p1114584285_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Stone Placed by Lehman For Boys' Training School: Warwick Institution Replaces Randall's Island Home". New York Herald Tribune. May 20, 1932. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1114584285">1114584285</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Stone+Placed+by+Lehman+For+Boys%27+Training+School%3A+Warwick+Institution+Replaces+Randall%27s+Island+Home&rft.pages=7&rft.date=1932-05-20&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1932/05/20/archives/lehman-lays-stone-at-training-school-acting-governor-says.html">"Lehman Lays Stone at Training School: Acting Governor Says Institution at Warwick Should Be a Check to Juvenile Crime"</a>. The New York Times. May 20, 1932. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/99666183">99666183</a>. Retrieved April 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lehman+Lays+Stone+at+Training+School%3A+Acting+Governor+Says+Institution+at+Warwick+Should+Be+a+Check+to+Juvenile+Crime&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1932-05-20&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1932%2F05%2F20%2Farchives%2Flehman-lays-stone-at-training-school-acting-governor-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1935_g784-183"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1935_g784_183-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1935/07/31/archives/500-child-patients-soon-to-be-moved-randalls-island-inmates-will-be.html">"500 Child Patients Soon to Be Moved; Randall's Island Inmates Will Be Transferred Aug. 25 to Flushing Institution"</a>. The New York Times. July 31, 1935. Retrieved April 8, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=500+Child+Patients+Soon+to+Be+Moved%3B+Randall%27s+Island+Inmates+Will+Be+Transferred+Aug.+25+to+Flushing+Institution.&rft.date=1935-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1935%2F07%2F31%2Farchives%2F500-child-patients-soon-to-be-moved-randalls-island-inmates-will-be.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Vacant Flushing School To House Child Hospital: Loaned for Mental Cases From Randalls Island". New York Herald Tribune. July 31, 1935. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1242902558">1242902558</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Vacant+Flushing+School+To+House+Child+Hospital%3A+Loaned+for+Mental+Cases+From+Randalls+Island&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1935-07-31&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1934_p412-184"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1934_p412_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1934/07/12/archives/big-sewage-plant-advanced-a-step-board-authorizes-bids-on-the.html">"Big Sewage Plant Advanced a Step; Board Authorizes Bids on the $15,584,000 Third Section, Dependent on PWA Loan"</a>. The New York Times. July 12, 1934. Retrieved April 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Big+Sewage+Plant+Advanced+a+Step%3B+Board+Authorizes+Bids+on+the+%2415%2C584%2C000+Third+Section%2C+Dependent+on+PWA+Loan.&rft.date=1934-07-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1934%2F07%2F12%2Farchives%2Fbig-sewage-plant-advanced-a-step-board-authorizes-bids-on-the.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1934_r570-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1934_r570_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1934_r570_185-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1934/05/15/archives/huge-island-park-planned-for-city-moses-hopes-to-have-140acre-tract.html">"Huge Island Park Planned for City; Moses Hopes to Have 140-Acre Tract at Randall's Island Ready by July 1, 1936"</a>. The New York Times. May 15, 1934. Retrieved April 8, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Huge+Island+Park+Planned+for+City%3B+Moses+Hopes+to+Have+140-Acre+Tract+at+Randall%27s+Island+Ready+by+July+1%2C+1936&rft.date=1934-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1934%2F05%2F15%2Farchives%2Fhuge-island-park-planned-for-city-moses-hopes-to-have-140acre-tract.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Twin Island Park Projected With New Triborough Bridge: 400-Acre Playground for New Yorkers on Randall's and Ward's Islands Being Developed Coincident With the Building of New Span Location of Proposed 400-Acre Playground for New Yorkers". New York Herald Tribune. May 20, 1934. p. A1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1114826013">1114826013</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Twin+Island+Park+Projected+With+New+Triborough+Bridge%3A+400-Acre+Playground+for+New+Yorkers+on+Randall%27s+and+Ward%27s+Islands+Being+Developed+Coincident+With+the+Building+of+New+Span+Location+of+Proposed+400-Acre+Playground+for+New+Yorkers&rft.pages=A1&rft.date=1934-05-20&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1935_j304-186">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1935_j304_186-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1935_j304_186-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1935_j304_186-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1935/02/06/archives/randalls-island-to-be-play-centre-park-departments-plans-now-ready.html">"Randall's Island to Be Play Centre; Park Department's Plans, Now Ready, Call for a Stadium to Seat 10,000"</a>. The New York Times. February 6, 1935. Retrieved April 8, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Randall%27s+Island+to+Be+Play+Centre%3B+Park+Department%27s+Plans%2C+Now+Ready%2C+Call+for+a+Stadium+to+Seat+10%2C000.&rft.date=1935-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1935%2F02%2F06%2Farchives%2Frandalls-island-to-be-play-centre-park-departments-plans-now-ready.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-sports-center-f/145008814/">"Sports Center for Randall's Island Planned"</a>. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. February 5, 1935. p. 9. Retrieved April 8, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=Sports+Center+for+Randall%27s+Island+Planned&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1935-02-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-brooklyn-daily-eagle-sports-center-f%2F145008814%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"City Will Make Randall's Island Sports Center: Will Raze 87 Building and Landscape 150 Acres Near Triborough Bridge Park Department's Plan for Interborough Athletic Center". New York Herald Tribune. 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(July 21, 1935). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1935/07/21/archives/east-river-islands-to-see-big-changes-welfare-wards-and-randalls-to.html">"East River Islands to See Big Changes: Welfare, Wards and Randalls to Lose Their Unsightliness and Become Play Places for the City"</a>. The New York Times. p. E10. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/101433801">101433801</a>. 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The New York Times. July 12, 1936. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181111002004/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/07/12/archives/200000-rush-to-use-new-bridge-by-auto-bus-cycle-and-on-foot.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2018. 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The New York Times. July 12, 1936. 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December 1, 1939. p. 22A. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1258030300">1258030300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Sunken+Meadow+Island%27s+Price+to+City+Is+Slashed&rft.pages=22A&rft.date=1939-12-01&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1244981625-198"><a href="#cite_ref-p1244981625_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Randall's Island Scene of Public Parks Tennis". 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August 13, 1939. p. B5. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1244981625">1244981625</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Randall%27s+Island+Scene+of+Public+Parks+Tennis&rft.pages=B5&rft.date=1939-08-13&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1941_k642-199"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1941_k642_199-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1941/10/17/archives/city-plans-5-ballfields-recreation-center-will-cover-part-of.html">"City Plans 5 Ballfields; Recreation Center Will Cover Part of Randalls Island"</a>. 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Retrieved April 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=City+Plans+5+Ballfields%3B+Recreation+Center+Will+Cover+Part+of+Randalls+Island&rft.date=1941-10-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1941%2F10%2F17%2Farchives%2Fcity-plans-5-ballfields-recreation-center-will-cover-part-of.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1940_b193-200"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1940_b193_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1940/08/28/archives/plans-new-ballfield-on-randalls-island-park-department-says.html">"Plans New Ballfield on Randalls Island; Park Department Says Overpass Will Connect With Bronx"</a>. The New York Times. August 28, 1940. Retrieved April 8, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Plans+New+Ballfield+on+Randalls+Island%3B+Park+Department+Says+Overpass+Will+Connect+With+Bronx&rft.date=1940-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1940%2F08%2F28%2Farchives%2Fplans-new-ballfield-on-randalls-island-park-department-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Easier Approach Planned To Randalls Island Area: Dike and Overpass Across Are Listed in 1941 Budget". New York Herald Tribune. August 28, 1940. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1247569192">1247569192</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Easier+Approach+Planned+To+Randalls+Island+Area%3A+Dike+and+Overpass+Across+Are+Listed+in+1941+Budget&rft.pages=38&rft.date=1940-08-28&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1942_o899-201"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1942_o899_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1942/09/18/archives/beach-plans-await-end-of-pollution-moses-proposes-to-restore.html">"Beach Plans Await End of Pollution; Moses Proposes to Restore Bathing Areas to Public When Waters Are Clean Again"</a>. The New York Times. September 18, 1942. Retrieved April 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beach+Plans+Await+End+of+Pollution%3B+Moses+Proposes+to+Restore+Bathing+Areas+to+Public+When+Waters+Are+Clean+Again&rft.date=1942-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1942%2F09%2F18%2Farchives%2Fbeach-plans-await-end-of-pollution-moses-proposes-to-restore.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schuldenrein_p._19-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._19_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schuldenrein_p._19_202-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchuldenrein2012">Schuldenrein 2012</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1946_j436-203"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1946_j436_203-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1946/02/01/archives/city-state-arrange-wards-island-deal.html">"City, State Arrange Wards Island Deal"</a>. The New York Times. February 1, 1946. Retrieved April 8, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=City%2C+State+Arrange+Wards+Island+Deal&rft.date=1946-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1946%2F02%2F01%2Farchives%2Fcity-state-arrange-wards-island-deal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Plan Is Pushed For a City Park At Wards Island: Albany Bill Provides for Completion of Transfer by State on April 7, '48". New York Herald Tribune. February 1, 1946. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1284532834">1284532834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Plan+Is+Pushed+For+a+City+Park+At+Wards+Island%3A+Albany+Bill+Provides+for+Completion+of+Transfer+by+State+on+April+7%2C+%2748&rft.pages=21&rft.date=1946-02-01&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1946_z5312-204"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1946_z5312_204-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1946/05/12/archives/mental-hospital-to-be-built-in-city-albany-announces-15000000.html">"Mental Hospital to Be Built in City; Albany Announces $15,000,000 Project for 3,160 Patients on Ward's Island"</a>. The New York Times. May 12, 1946. Retrieved April 12, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Mental+Hospital+to+Be+Built+in+City%3B+Albany+Announces+%2415%2C000%2C000+Project+for+3%2C160+Patients+on+Ward%27s+Island&rft.date=1946-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1946%2F05%2F12%2Farchives%2Fmental-hospital-to-be-built-in-city-albany-announces-15000000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-wards-island-site-for-new-me/145231640/">"Ward's Island Site for New Mental Home"</a>. Daily News. May 12, 1946. p. 56. Retrieved April 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+News&rft.atitle=Ward%27s+Island+Site+for+New+Mental+Home&rft.pages=56&rft.date=1946-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdaily-news-wards-island-site-for-new-me%2F145231640%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-p1267961537-205">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p1267961537_205-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1267961537_205-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-p1267961537_205-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"State to Rebuild Ward's Island Insane Hospital: $15,000,000 Plant of 3,160 Beds to Replace Buildings Dating Back to Civil War". New York Herald Tribune. May 12, 1946. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1267961537">1267961537</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=State+to+Rebuild+Ward%27s+Island+Insane+Hospital%3A+%2415%2C000%2C000+Plant+of+3%2C160+Beds+to+Replace+Buildings+Dating+Back+to+Civil+War&rft.pages=33&rft.date=1946-05-12&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1946_c312-206"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1946_c312_206-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1946/06/23/archives/island-being-expanded-randalls-to-benefit-from-fill-placed-in-bronx.html">"Island Being Expanded; Randalls to Benefit From Fill Placed in Bronx Kills"</a>. The New York Times. June 23, 1946. Retrieved April 8, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Island+Being+Expanded%3B+Randalls+to+Benefit+From+Fill+Placed+in+Bronx+Kills&rft.date=1946-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1946%2F06%2F23%2Farchives%2Fisland-being-expanded-randalls-to-benefit-from-fill-placed-in-bronx.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"City Enlarging. Randalls Island At Bronx Kill: Moses Announces Project to Fill In Stream, Provide More Recreation Area Where City Plans Expansion of Randalls Island". New York Herald Tribune. June 23, 1946. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1267971864">1267971864</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=City+Enlarging.+Randalls+Island+At+Bronx+Kill%3A+Moses+Announces+Project+to+Fill+In+Stream%2C+Provide+More+Recreation+Area+Where+City+Plans+Expansion+of+Randalls+Island&rft.pages=19&rft.date=1946-06-23&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1951_b382-207">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1951_b382_207-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1951_b382_207-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1951/05/19/archives/wards-island-footbridge-and-park-open-moses-calls-planning-experts.html">"Wards Island Footbridge and Park Open; Moses Calls 'Planning Experts' No Help"</a>. The New York Times. May 19, 1951. Retrieved April 8, 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Wards+Island+Footbridge+and+Park+Open%3B+Moses+Calls+%27Planning+Experts%27+No+Help&rft.date=1951-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1951%2F05%2F19%2Farchives%2Fwards-island-footbridge-and-park-open-moses-calls-planning-experts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Bridge to Wards Island Opened; 500 Tour City's New Park There: $2,100,000 Wards Island Pedestrian Bridge Opened". New York Herald Tribune. May 19, 1951. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1327568093">1327568093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Bridge+to+Wards+Island+Opened%3B+500+Tour+City%27s+New+Park+There%3A+%242%2C100%2C000+Wards+Island+Pedestrian+Bridge+Opened&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1951-05-19&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_New_York_Times_1951_y076-208"><a href="#cite_ref-The_New_York_Times_1951_y076_208-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1951/06/04/archives/new-wards-island-park-proving-a-boon-to-manhattanites-crowds-visit.html">"New Wards Island Park Proving a Boon to Manhattanites; Crowds Visit Wards Island Park As New Bridge Makes It Handier"</a>. The New York Times. June 4, 1951. 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The New York Times. February 12, 1952. 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October 15, 1949. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1941-0646">1941-0646</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/1327375883">1327375883</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald+Tribune&rft.atitle=Breaking+Ground+for+Pedestrian+Bridge+to+Wards+Island%3A+Ground+Broken+For+Footbridge+To+Wards+Island+O%27Dwyer+Spades+Up+Gravel+for+Link+Between+Upper+East+Side+and+New+Park&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1949-10-15&rft.issn=1941-0646&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyc.gov/html/dot/downloads/pdf/2009_bridgereport.pdf">"NYC Bridges & Tunnels 2009 Annual Report, page 81"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved April 12, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DNAinfo+New+York&rft.atitle=City+Strikes+a+Deal+for+Bronx+Bridge+to+Randall%27s+Island&rft.date=2012-05-24&rft.aulast=Evelly&rft.aufirst=Jeanmarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnainfo.com%2Fnew-york%2F20120524%2Fport-morris%2Fcity-strikes-deal-for-bronx-bridge-randalls-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson_2009_n939-349"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson_2009_n939_349-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2009" class="citation web cs1">Johnson, Taylor (May 26, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://motthavenherald.com/2009/05/26/federal-stimulus-funds-will-open-randall%E2%80%99s-island-to-bronxites/">"Federal stimulus funds will open Randall's Island to Bronxites"</a>. Mott Haven Herald. Retrieved April 15, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mott+Haven+Herald&rft.atitle=Federal+stimulus+funds+will+open+Randall%27s+Island+to+Bronxites&rft.date=2009-05-26&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmotthavenherald.com%2F2009%2F05%2F26%2Ffederal-stimulus-funds-will-open-randall%25E2%2580%2599s-island-to-bronxites%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2015" class="citation news cs1">Hu, Winnie (July 28, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/29/nyregion/connector-between-randalls-island-and-the-bronx-to-open-this-summer.html">"Connector Between Randalls Island and the Bronx to Open This Summer"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved July 28, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Connector+Between+Randalls+Island+and+the+Bronx+to+Open+This+Summer&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Winnie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F07%2F29%2Fnyregion%2Fconnector-between-randalls-island-and-the-bronx-to-open-this-summer.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergoffen2001" class="citation report cs1">Bergoffen, Celia J. (March 8, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/arch_reports/287.pdf">Triborough Bridge and Tunnel Authority Triborough Bridge Rehabilitation Project, Randall's and Ward's Islands, Manhattan: Phase 1A Archaeological Assessment Report</a> (PDF) (Report) – via <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">nyc.gov</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Triborough+Bridge+and+Tunnel+Authority+Triborough+Bridge+Rehabilitation+Project%2C+Randall%27s+and+Ward%27s+Islands%2C+Manhattan%3A+Phase+1A+Archaeological+Assessment+Report&rft.date=2001-03-08&rft.aulast=Bergoffen&rft.aufirst=Celia+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Farch_reports%2F287.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport2019" class="citation report cs1">Davenport, Michelle L. (March 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/arch_reports/1841.pdf">Phase IA Literature Search and Archaeological Sensitivity Assessment; Ward's Island Wastewater Treatment Plant (WWTP) Boiler Building Gas Line Installation</a> (PDF) (Report). RGA Inc. – via <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">nyc.gov</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Phase+IA+Literature+Search+and+Archaeological+Sensitivity+Assessment%3B+Ward%27s+Island+Wastewater+Treatment+Plant+%28WWTP%29+Boiler+Building+Gas+Line+Installation&rft.pub=RGA+Inc.&rft.date=2019-03-14&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=Michelle+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Farch_reports%2F1841.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavenport1868" class="citation magazine cs1">Davenport, W.H. (December 1868). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hkpGAAAAcAAJ">"The Nurseries of Randall's Island"</a>. Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Harper's New Monthly Magazine. Vol. 36, no. 211. Harper.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s+New+Monthly+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Nurseries+of+Randall%27s+Island&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=211&rft.date=1868-12&rft.aulast=Davenport&rft.aufirst=W.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhkpGAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDolkart_et_al.2000" class="citation report cs1">Dolkart, Andrew; Kearns, Betsy; Kirkorian, Cece; Schaefer, Richard (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/arch_reports/427.pdf">Randalls Island Cultural Resources Assessment</a> (PDF) (Report). Historical Perspectives – via <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">nyc.gov</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Randalls+Island+Cultural+Resources+Assessment&rft.pub=Historical+Perspectives&rft.date=2000-12&rft.aulast=Dolkart&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Kearns%2C+Betsy&rft.au=Kirkorian%2C+Cece&rft.au=Schaefer%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Farch_reports%2F427.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoard_of_Education1968" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ERIC_ED027221/page/n23/mode/2up">ERIC ED027221: Operation Ward's Island, A Guide to the Trees and Other Features of Ward's Island</a>. New York City Board of Education. 1968. Retrieved April 10, 2024 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=ERIC+ED027221%3A+Operation+Ward%27s+Island%2C+A+Guide+to+the+Trees+and+Other+Features+of+Ward%27s+Island&rft.pub=New+York+City+Board+of+Education&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FERIC_ED027221%2Fpage%2Fn23%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickett1969" class="citation book cs1">Pickett, Robert (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/204/oa_monograph/chapter/2188744/pdf">"VII. The Road to Albany"</a>. House of Refuge. Syracuse University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fbook.61593">10.1353/book.61593</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-68445-008-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-68445-008-4"><bdi>978-1-68445-008-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII.+The+Road+to+Albany&rft.btitle=House+of+Refuge&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbook.61593&rft.isbn=978-1-68445-008-4&rft.aulast=Pickett&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F204%2Foa_monograph%2Fchapter%2F2188744%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHornSchaeferSaunders2012" class="citation report cs1">Horn, Julie Abell; Schaefer, Richard; Saunders, Cece (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/arch_reports/1428.pdf">Phase IA Archaeological Documentary Study Randall's Island Living Shoreline Recreation Area Part of Block 1819, Lot 203 Randall's Island, New York County, New York</a> (PDF) (Report). 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Geoarcheology Research Associates – via <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">nyc.gov</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Final+Report%3A+Phase+1b+Archaeological+Assessment+for+the+Proposed+Waterfront+Pathway+Project%2C+Randall%27s+Island%2C+Manhattan%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Geoarcheology+Research+Associates&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft.aulast=Schuldenrein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Arista%2C+Juan&rft.au=Garland%2C+Johnathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Farch_reports%2F1383.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuldenrein2012" class="citation report cs1">Schuldenrein, Joseph (August 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/arch_reports/1472.pdf">Final Report: Phase 1b Archaeological Investigation for the Randall's Island Sports Field Development Project</a> (PDF) (Report). Geoarcheology Research Associates – via <a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_City" title="Government of New York City">nyc.gov</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Final+Report%3A+Phase+1b+Archaeological+Investigation+for+the+Randall%27s+Island+Sports+Field+Development+Project&rft.pub=Geoarcheology+Research+Associates&rft.date=2012-08-02&rft.aulast=Schuldenrein&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fs-media.nyc.gov%2Fagencies%2Flpc%2Farch_reports%2F1472.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeitzMiller2011" class="citation book cs1">Seitz, Sharon; Miller, Stuart (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zRjMPZW4heMC&pg=PA185">The Other Islands of New York City: A History and Guide</a> (Third ed.). Countryman Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58157-886-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58157-886-7"><bdi>978-1-58157-886-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Other+Islands+of+New+York+City%3A+A+History+and+Guide&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Countryman+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58157-886-7&rft.aulast=Seitz&rft.aufirst=Sharon&rft.au=Miller%2C+Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzRjMPZW4heMC%26pg%3DPA185&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1902" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Rufus Rockwell (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qD8WAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA352">New York: Old and New, Its Story, Its Streets and Landmarks</a>. Lippincott.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+York%3A+Old+and+New%2C+Its+Story%2C+Its+Streets+and+Landmarks&rft.pub=Lippincott&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Rufus+Rockwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqD8WAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2018" class="citation book cs1">Nichols, Michael (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6TNuDwAAQBAJ">Hell Gate: A Nexus of New York City's East River</a>. Excelsior Editions. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7141-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4384-7141-9"><bdi>978-1-4384-7141-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hell+Gate%3A+A+Nexus+of+New+York+City%27s+East+River&rft.series=Excelsior+Editions&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4384-7141-9&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6TNuDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoddard1899" class="citation book cs1">Stoddard, W.O. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IR1CAQAAMAAJ">Walled in: A True Story of Randall's Island</a>. F.H. Revell Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walled+in%3A+A+True+Story+of+Randall%27s+Island&rft.pub=F.H.+Revell+Company&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Stoddard&rft.aufirst=W.O.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIR1CAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARandalls+and+Wards+Islands" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Randalls_and_Wards_Islands&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output 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class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Randalls and Wards Islands">Randalls and Wards Islands</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.randallsisland.org">Randall's Island Park Alliance</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=6515">History of Randall's Island</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nycgovparks.org/sub_your_park/historical_signs/hs_historical_sign.php?id=12869">History of Wards Island</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastrivernyc.org/content/history/hell-gate/index.html">Map</a> from 1885 showing Little Hell Gate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Documentation_Programs#Historic_American_Engineering_Record" title="Heritage Documentation Programs">Historic American Engineering Record</a> (HAER) No. NY-314, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loc.gov/pictures/item/ny1830/">Little Hell Gate Bridge, Connecting Randalls & Wards Islands, New York, New York County, NY</a>", 9 photos, 1 photo caption page</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/47th_Street_(Manhattan)#Diamond_District" title="47th Street (Manhattan)">Diamond District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatiron_District" title="Flatiron District">Flatiron District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garment_District,_Manhattan" title="Garment District, Manhattan">Garment District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald_Square" title="Herald Square">Herald Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreatown,_Manhattan" title="Koreatown, Manhattan">Koreatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_and_Madison_Square_Park" title="Madison Square and Madison Square Park">Madison Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midtown_South" title="Midtown South">Midtown South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NoMad,_Manhattan" title="NoMad, Manhattan">NoMad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Alley" title="Silicon Alley">Silicon Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_District,_Manhattan" title="Theater District, Manhattan">Theater District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Times_Square" title="Times Square">Times Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/West_Side_(Manhattan)" title="West Side (Manhattan)">West Side</a> (CB <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_4" title="Manhattan Community Board 4">4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_7" title="Manhattan Community Board 7">7</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Manhattan" title="Chelsea, Manhattan">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen,_Manhattan" title="Hell's Kitchen, Manhattan">Hell's Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Yards,_Manhattan" title="Hudson Yards, Manhattan">Hudson Yards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Yards_(development)" title="Hudson Yards (development)">development</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Square,_Manhattan" title="Lincoln Square, Manhattan">Lincoln Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Valley" title="Manhattan Valley">Manhattan Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penn_South" title="Penn South">Penn South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomander_Walk" title="Pomander Walk">Pomander Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_South,_Manhattan" title="Riverside South, Manhattan">Riverside South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Side" title="Upper West Side">Upper West Side</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Side_(Manhattan)" title="East Side (Manhattan)">East Side</a> (CB <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_6" title="Manhattan Community Board 6">6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_8" title="Manhattan Community Board 8">8</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hill" title="Carnegie Hill">Carnegie Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramercy_Park" title="Gramercy Park">Gramercy Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kips_Bay,_Manhattan" title="Kips Bay, Manhattan">Kips Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenox_Hill" title="Lenox Hill">Lenox Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Murray Hill, Manhattan">Murray Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Town%E2%80%93Peter_Cooper_Village" title="Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village">Peter Cooper Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Rose Hill, Manhattan">Rose Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Square" title="Stuyvesant Square">Stuyvesant Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Town%E2%80%93Peter_Cooper_Village" title="Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village">Stuyvesant Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Avenue_and_Sutton_Place" title="York Avenue and Sutton Place">Sutton Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tudor_City" title="Tudor City">Tudor City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Bay,_Manhattan" title="Turtle Bay, Manhattan">Turtle Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Side" title="Upper East Side">Upper East Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterside_Plaza" title="Waterside Plaza">Waterside Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkville,_Manhattan" title="Yorkville, Manhattan">Yorkville</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Manhattan" title="Upper Manhattan">Upper Manhattan</a> above 110th St (CB <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_9" title="Manhattan Community Board 9">9</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_10" title="Manhattan Community Board 10">10</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_11" title="Manhattan Community Board 11">11</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_12" title="Manhattan Community Board 12">12</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astor_Row" title="Astor Row">Astor Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Harlem" title="East Harlem">East Harlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_George_(New_York)" title="Fort George (New York)">Fort George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Hamilton Heights, Manhattan">Hamilton Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Hudson Heights, Manhattan">Hudson Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inwood,_Manhattan" title="Inwood, Manhattan">Inwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Petit_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Petit Senegal">Le Petit Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattanville,_Manhattan" title="Manhattanville, Manhattan">Manhattanville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marble_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Marble Hill, Manhattan">Marble Hill</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bronx_Community_Board_8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronx Community Board 8">Bx CB 8</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Morris_Park_Historic_District" title="Mount Morris Park Historic District">Mount Morris Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningside_Heights" title="Morningside Heights">Morningside Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Hill,_Manhattan" title="Sugar Hill, Manhattan">Sugar Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_Place" title="Sylvan Place">Sylvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Heights,_Manhattan" title="Washington Heights, Manhattan">Washington Heights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> (CB 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors Island</a> (CB 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Island" title="Liberty Island">Liberty Island</a> (CB 1)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Randalls Island</a> (CB 11)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a> (CB 8)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wards Island</a> (CB 11)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_Points,_Manhattan" title="Five Points, Manhattan">Five Points</a> (CB 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Town%E2%80%93Peter_Cooper_Village#Gas_House_District" title="Stuyvesant Town–Peter Cooper Village">Gas House District</a> (CB 6)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones%27s_Wood" title="Jones's Wood">Jones's Wood</a> (CB 8)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladies%27_Mile_Historic_District" title="Ladies' Mile Historic District">Ladies' Mile</a> (CB 5)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Germany,_Manhattan" title="Little Germany, Manhattan">Little Germany</a> (CB 3)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Spain,_Manhattan" title="Little Spain, Manhattan">Little Spain</a> (CB 4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Syria,_Manhattan" title="Little Syria, Manhattan">Little Syria</a> (CB 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattantown" title="Manhattantown">Manhattantown</a> (CB 7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Row" title="Radio Row">Radio Row</a> (CB 1)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Hill,_Manhattan" title="San Juan Hill, Manhattan">San Juan Hill</a> (CB 7)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Village" title="Seneca Village">Seneca Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenderloin,_Manhattan" title="Tenderloin, Manhattan">Tenderloin</a> (CB 4)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiddish_Theatre_District" title="Yiddish Theatre District">Yiddish Theatre District</a> (CB 3)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Community_boards_of_Manhattan" title="Community boards of Manhattan">Community boards</a>: <a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_1" title="Manhattan Community Board 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_2" title="Manhattan Community Board 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_3" title="Manhattan Community Board 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_4" title="Manhattan Community Board 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_5" title="Manhattan Community Board 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_6" title="Manhattan Community Board 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_7" title="Manhattan Community Board 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_8" title="Manhattan Community Board 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_9" title="Manhattan Community Board 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_10" title="Manhattan Community Board 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_11" title="Manhattan Community Board 11">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Community_Board_12" title="Manhattan Community Board 12">12</a> </li> <li>Joint interest area:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">64</a> (Central Park)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islands_of_New_York_City451" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_City_Islands" title="Template:New York City Islands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_City_Islands" title="Template talk:New York City Islands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_City_Islands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York City Islands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islands_of_New_York_City451" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_smaller_islands_in_New_York_City" title="List of smaller islands in New York City">Islands of New York City</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Governors_Island_from_One_World_Observatory_2017.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Governors_Island_from_One_World_Observatory_2017.jpg/100px-Governors_Island_from_One_World_Observatory_2017.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Governors_Island_from_One_World_Observatory_2017.jpg/150px-Governors_Island_from_One_World_Observatory_2017.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Governors_Island_from_One_World_Observatory_2017.jpg/200px-Governors_Island_from_One_World_Observatory_2017.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Islands" title="Pelham Islands">Pelham Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blauzes" title="The Blauzes">The Blauzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chimney_Sweeps_Islands" title="Chimney Sweeps Islands">Chimney Sweeps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Island,_Bronx" title="City Island, Bronx">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Ledge" title="Cuban Ledge">Cuban Ledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Flats_Reef" title="Green Flats Reef">Green Flats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Island" title="Hart Island">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Island_(Bronx)" title="High Island (Bronx)">High</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Island_(Bronx)" title="Hunter Island (Bronx)">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rat_Island_(Bronx)" title="Rat Island (Bronx)">Rat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Island_(Bronx)" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin Island (Bronx)">Twin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Bay" title="New York Bay">New York Bay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Brooklyn)" title="Fort Defiance (Brooklyn)">Cypress Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Island" title="Hoffman Island">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Lafayette" title="Fort Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Island" title="Liberty Island">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinburne_Island" title="Swinburne Island">Swinburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entirely in NJ</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Tom_explosion" title="Black Tom explosion">Black Tom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robbins_Reef_Light" title="Robbins Reef Light">Robbins Reef</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Bay" title="Jamaica Bay">Jamaica Bay</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barren_Island,_Brooklyn" title="Barren Island, Brooklyn">Barren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergen_Beach,_Brooklyn" title="Bergen Beach, Brooklyn">Bergen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Channel,_Queens" title="Broad Channel, Queens">Broad Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coney_Island" title="Coney Island">Coney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarsie_Pol" title="Canarsie Pol">Canarsie Pol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mau_Mau_Island" title="Mau Mau Island">Mau Mau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Basin,_Brooklyn" title="Mill Basin, Brooklyn">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumb_Beach,_Brooklyn" title="Plumb Beach, Brooklyn">Plumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruffle_Bar" title="Ruffle Bar">Ruffle Bar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kill" title="Arthur Kill">Arthur Kill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kill_Van_Kull" title="Kill Van Kull">Kill Van Kull</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Meadows" title="Isle of Meadows">Isle of Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prall%27s_Island" title="Prall's Island">Prall's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooters_Island" title="Shooters Island">Shooters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_River" title="East River">East River</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Newtown_Creek" title="Newtown Creek">Newtown Creek</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berrien%27s_Island" title="Berrien's Island">Berrien's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Navy_Yard#Former_structures" title="Brooklyn Navy Yard">Cob Dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Rock" title="Mill Rock">Mill Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mussel_Island" title="Mussel Island">Mussel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_and_South_Brother_Islands_(New_York_City)" title="North and South Brother Islands (New York City)">North and South Brother</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Randalls and Wards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikers_Island" title="Rikers Island">Rikers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_Thant_Island" title="U Thant Island">U Thant (Belmont)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_River_(Hudson_River)" title="North River (Hudson River)">North River (Hudson River)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Gansevoort" title="Fort Gansevoort">North Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibbetts_Brook#Course" title="Tibbetts Brook">Paparinemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Island_at_Pier_55" title="Little Island at Pier 55">Little Island Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Former_island" title="Former island">Former islands</a> shown in italics</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Protected_areas_of_New_York_City635" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#88C65A;;background:#88C65A;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Protected_areas_of_New_York_City" title="Template:Protected areas of New York City"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Protected_areas_of_New_York_City" title="Template talk:Protected areas of New York City"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Protected_areas_of_New_York_City" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Protected areas of New York City"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Protected_areas_of_New_York_City635" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_the_United_States" title="Protected areas of the United States">Protected areas</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#88C65A;"><div id="Federal635" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">Federal</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Historic Sites (United States)">National Historic Sites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side_Tenement_Museum" title="Lower East Side Tenement Museum">Lower East Side Tenement Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Birthplace_National_Historic_Site" title="Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace National Historic Site">Theodore Roosevelt Birthplace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_monument_(United_States)" title="National monument (United States)">National monuments and memorials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Burial_Ground_National_Monument" title="African Burial Ground National Monument">African Burial Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Grant_National_Memorial" class="mw-redirect" title="General Grant National Memorial">General Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_Island_National_Monument" title="Governors Island National Monument">Governors Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Grange_National_Memorial" title="Hamilton Grange National Memorial">Hamilton Grange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty_National_Monument" title="Statue of Liberty National Monument">Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_National_Monument" title="Stonewall National Monument">Stonewall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/National_recreation_area" title="National recreation area">National recreation areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_National_Recreation_Area#Jamaica_Bay_Unit" title="Gateway National Recreation Area">Gateway National Recreation Area - Jamaica Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Bennett_Field" title="Floyd Bennett Field">Floyd Bennett Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Tilden" title="Fort Tilden">Fort Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Bay_Wildlife_Refuge" title="Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge">Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Riis_Park" title="Jacob Riis Park">Jacob Riis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_National_Recreation_Area#Staten_Island_Unit" title="Gateway National Recreation Area">Gateway National Recreation Area - Staten Island</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Wadsworth" title="Fort Wadsworth">Fort Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Kills_Park" title="Great Kills Park">Great Kills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoffman_Island" title="Hoffman Island">Hoffman Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miller_Field_(Staten_Island)" title="Miller Field (Staten Island)">Miller Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinburne_Island" title="Swinburne Island">Swinburne Island</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#88C65A;"><div id="State635" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">State</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Office_of_Parks,_Recreation_and_Historic_Preservation" title="New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation">State Parks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayswater_Point_State_Park" title="Bayswater Point State Park">Bayswater Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay_Pit_Ponds_State_Park_Preserve" title="Clay Pit Ponds State Park Preserve">Clay Pit Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt_Four_Freedoms_Park" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms Park">Franklin D. Roosevelt Four Freedoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gantry_Plaza_State_Park" title="Gantry Plaza State Park">Gantry Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsha_P._Johnson_State_Park" title="Marsha P. Johnson State Park">Marsha P. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverbank_State_Park" title="Riverbank State Park">Riverbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Clemente_State_Park" title="Roberto Clemente State Park">Roberto Clemente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm_State_Park" title="Shirley Chisholm State Park">Shirley Chisholm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Department_of_Environmental_Conservation" title="New York State Department of Environmental Conservation">State recreation lands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Loretto_Unique_Area" title="Mount Loretto Unique Area">Mount Loretto Unique Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udalls_Cove" title="Udalls Cove">Udalls Cove</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#88C65A;"><div id="City_parks_and_preserves635" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_parks" class="mw-redirect" title="List of New York City parks">City parks and preserves</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/79th_Street_Boat_Basin" title="79th Street Boat Basin">79th Street Boat Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abe_Lebewohl_Park" title="Abe Lebewohl Park">Abe Lebewohl Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abingdon_Square_Park" title="Abingdon Square Park">Abingdon Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Capsouto_Park" title="Albert Capsouto Park">Albert Capsouto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Asphalt_Plant" title="Municipal Asphalt Plant">Asphalt Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asser_Levy_Recreation_Center" title="Asser Levy Recreation Center">Asser Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Battery_(Manhattan)" title="The Battery (Manhattan)">Battery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Boulevard" title="Hudson Boulevard">Bella Abzug (Hudson)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue_South_Park" title="Bellevue South Park">Bellevue South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennett_Park_(New_York_City)" title="Bennett Park (New York City)">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_September_11th_Garden" title="Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden">British Garden at Hanover Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowling_Green_(New_York_City)" title="Bowling Green (New York City)">Bowling Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryant_Park" title="Bryant Park">Bryant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Patrick_J._Brown_Walk" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk">Captain Patrick J. Brown Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schurz_Park" title="Carl Schurz Park">Carl Schurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park" title="Central Park">Central</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Ross_Playground" title="Diana Ross Playground">Diana Ross Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lawn_and_Turtle_Pond" title="Great Lawn and Turtle Pond">Great Lawn Rec Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heckscher_Playground" title="Heckscher Playground">Heckscher Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Woods_and_North_Meadow" title="North Woods and North Meadow">North Meadow Rec Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarr_Family_Playground" title="Tarr Family Playground">Tarr Family Playground</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chelsea_Park" title="Chelsea Park">Chelsea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Hall_Park" title="City Hall Park">City Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleman_Playground" title="Coleman Playground">Coleman Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collect_Pond" title="Collect Pond">Collect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Columbus Park (Manhattan)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corlears_Hook" class="mw-redirect" title="Corlears Hook">Corlears Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld_Plaza" title="Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza">Dag Hammarskjöld Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damrosch_Park" title="Damrosch Park">Damrosch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Park" title="Dante Park">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeSalvio_Playground" title="DeSalvio Playground">DeSalvio Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_Park" title="DeWitt Clinton Park">DeWitt Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumgoole_Plaza" title="Drumgoole Plaza">Drumgoole Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duane_Park" title="Duane Park">Duane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_River_Greenway" title="East River Greenway">East River Greenway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_River_Esplanade" class="mw-redirect" title="East River Esplanade">East River Esplanade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_River_Park" title="East River Park">East River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_42_(East_River)" title="Pier 42 (East River)">Pier 42</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Cove_Park" title="Stuyvesant Cove Park">Stuyvesant Cove</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_H._Berger_Plaza" title="Elizabeth H. Berger Plaza">Elizabeth H. Berger Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Demo_Square" title="Father Demo Square">Father Demo Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Finn_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Finn Square (page does not exist)">Finn Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foley_Square" title="Foley Square">Foley Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Tryon_Park" title="Fort Tryon Park">Fort Tryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Washington_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Fort Washington Park (Manhattan)">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_Park" title="Gorman Park">Gorman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governors_Island" title="Governors Island">Governors Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gramercy_Park" title="Gramercy Park">Gramercy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenacre_Park" title="Greenacre Park">Greenacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_Park" title="Hamilton Fish Park">Hamilton Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_Square_(Manhattan)" title="Hanover Square (Manhattan)">Hanover Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlem_River_Park" title="Harlem River Park">Harlem River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hell%27s_Kitchen_Park" title="Hell's Kitchen Park">Hell's Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herald_Square" title="Herald Square">Herald Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Line" title="High Line">High Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highbridge_Park" title="Highbridge Park">Highbridge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_George_Amusement_Park" title="Fort George Amusement Park">Fort George Seating Area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holcombe_Rucker_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holcombe Rucker Park (page does not exist)">Holcombe Rucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_Park" title="Hudson River Park">Hudson River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilka_Tanya_Pay%C3%A1n_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilka Tanya Payán Park">Ilka Tanya Payán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination_Playground" title="Imagination Playground">Imagination Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park" title="Inwood Hill Park">Inwood Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isham_Park" title="Isham Park">Isham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Hood_Wright_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Jay Hood Wright Park">J. Hood Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson_Park" title="Jackie Robinson Park">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Square_Park" title="Jackson Square Park">Jackson Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay_Park" title="John Jay Park">John Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Park" title="Liberty Park">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Island_at_Pier_55" title="Little Island at Pier 55">Little Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Cuvillier_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Cuvillier Park">Louis Cuvillier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Madison Square">Madison Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Waterfront_Greenway" title="Manhattan Waterfront Greenway">Manhattan Waterfront Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacArthur_Playground" title="MacArthur Playground">MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Garvey_Park" title="Marcus Garvey Park">Marcus Garvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McKenna_Square" title="McKenna Square">McKenna Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Millennium Park (Manhattan)">Millennium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Rock" title="Mill Rock">Mill Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Square_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitchell Square Park">Mitchell Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montefiore_Square" title="Montefiore Square">Montefiore Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morningside_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Morningside Park (Manhattan)">Morningside</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Murphy%27s_Brother%27s_Playground&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Murphy's Brother's Playground (page does not exist)">Murphy's Brother's Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscota_Marsh" title="Muscota Marsh">Muscota Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Road_Park" title="Open Road Park">Open Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paley_Park" title="Paley Park">Paley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peretz_Square" title="Peretz Square">Peretz Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Cooper_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Cooper Park (page does not exist)">Peter Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Detmold_Park" title="Peter Detmold Park">Peter Detmold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plaza_Lafayette" title="Plaza Lafayette">Plaza Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_September_11th_Garden" title="Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden">Queen Elizabeth II September 11th Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche_Park" title="Ralph Bunche Park">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Randalls Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Tucker_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Tucker Square (page does not exist)">Richard Tucker Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Riverside Park (Manhattan)">Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Moses_Playground" title="Robert Moses Playground">Robert Moses Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roosevelt_Triangle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roosevelt Triangle (page does not exist)">Roosevelt Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rucker_Park" title="Rucker Park">Rucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakura_Park" title="Sakura Park">Sakura</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_N._Bennerson_2nd_Playground&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground (page does not exist)">Samuel N. Bennerson 2nd Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sara_Delano_Roosevelt_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Sara Delano Roosevelt Park">Sara Delano Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septuagesimo_Uno" title="Septuagesimo Uno">Septuagesimo Uno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seward_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Seward Park (Manhattan)">Seward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheridan_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheridan Square">Sheridan Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Square" title="Sherman Square">Sherman Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Street_Park" title="Spring Street Park">Spring Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John%27s_Park" title="St. John's Park">St. John's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Nicholas_Park" title="St. Nicholas Park">St. Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vartan_Park" title="St. Vartan Park">St. Vartan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straus_Park" title="Straus Park">Straus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_Square" title="Stuyvesant Square">Stuyvesant Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Swindler_Cove_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Swindler Cove Park (page does not exist)">Swindler Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teardrop_Park" title="Teardrop Park">Teardrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt_Park,_Manhattan" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Roosevelt Park, Manhattan">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Park" title="Thomas Jefferson Park">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Paine Park">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompkins_Square_Park" title="Tompkins Square Park">Tompkins Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tribeca_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tribeca Park (page does not exist)">Tribeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trygve_Lie_Plaza" title="Trygve Lie Plaza">Trygve Lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_Square,_Manhattan" title="Union Square, Manhattan">Union Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verdi_Square" title="Verdi Square">Verdi Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesuvio_Playground" title="Vesuvio Playground">Vesuvio Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Veterans_Plaza" title="Vietnam Veterans Plaza">Vietnam Veterans Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_F._Albano_Jr._Playground" title="Vincent F. Albano Jr. Playground">Vincent F. Albano Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wagner_Park" title="Wagner Park">Wagner</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wards Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Market_Park" title="Washington Market Park">Washington Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Side_Community_Garden" title="West Side Community Garden">West Side Community Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Harris_Garden" title="William A. Harris Garden">William A. Harris Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill_Square" title="Winston Churchill Square">Winston Churchill Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuccotti_Park" title="Zuccotti Park">Zuccotti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">The Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/East_Bronx" title="East Bronx">East Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bicentennial_Veterans_Memorial_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bicentennial Veterans Memorial Park (page does not exist)">Bicentennial Veterans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castle_Hill_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castle Hill Park (page does not exist)">Castle Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_Island_Wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City Island Wetlands (page does not exist)">City Island Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferry_Point_Park" title="Ferry Point Park">Ferry Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Givans_Creek_Woods" title="Givans Creek Woods">Givans Creek Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haffen_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haffen Park (page does not exist)">Haffen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harding_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harding Park (page does not exist)">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hart_Island" title="Hart Island">Hart Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magenta_Playground" title="Magenta Playground">Magenta Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Bay_Park" title="Pelham Bay Park">Pelham Bay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunter_Island_(Bronx)" title="Hunter Island (Bronx)">Hunter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard_Beach_(Bronx)" title="Orchard Beach (Bronx)">Orchard Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodman%27s_Neck" title="Rodman's Neck">Rodman's Neck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelham_Parkway" title="Pelham Parkway">Pelham Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pugsley_Creek_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Pugsley Creek Park">Pugsley Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richman_(Echo)_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richman (Echo) Park (page does not exist)">Richman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seton_Falls_Park" title="Seton Falls Park">Seton Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seton_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seton Park (page does not exist)">Seton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soundview_Park" title="Soundview Park">Soundview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starlight_Park" title="Starlight Park">Starlight</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/West_Bronx" title="West Bronx">West Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_Walk" title="Aqueduct Walk">Aqueduct Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_Park_(Bronx)" title="Bridge Park (Bronx)">Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Park" title="Bronx Park">Bronx</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Skate_Park" title="Bronx Skate Park">Bronx Skate Park</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Devoe_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Devoe Park (page does not exist)">Devoe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ewen_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ewen Park (page does not exist)">Ewen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harris_Park_(Bronx)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harris Park (Bronx) (page does not exist)">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson_Park" title="Henry Hudson Park">Henry Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Park" title="Jerome Park">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosholu_Parkway" title="Mosholu Parkway">Mosholu Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poe_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poe Park (page does not exist)">Poe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raoul_Wallenberg_Forest" title="Raoul Wallenberg Forest">Raoul Wallenberg Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverdale_Park_(Bronx)" title="Riverdale Park (Bronx)">Riverdale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spuyten_Duyvil_Shorefront_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront Park (page does not exist)">Spuyten Duyvil Shorefront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._James_Park_(Bronx)" title="St. James Park (Bronx)">St. James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_Woods" title="University Woods">University Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vidalia_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vidalia Park (page does not exist)">Vidalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinmont_Veteran_Park" title="Vinmont Veteran Park">Vinmont Veteran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington%27s_Walk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington's Walk (page does not exist)">Washington's Walk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williamsbridge_Oval" title="Williamsbridge Oval">Williamsbridge Oval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/South_Bronx" title="South Bronx">South Bronx</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barretto_Point_Park" title="Barretto Point Park">Baretto Point</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bill_Rainey_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bill Rainey Park (page does not exist)">Bill Rainey</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_J._Lozada_Playground&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos J. Lozada Playground (page does not exist)">Carlos J. Lozada Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Park" title="Claremont Park">Claremont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concrete_Plant_Park" title="Concrete Plant Park">Concrete Plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotona_Park" title="Crotona Park">Crotona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estella_Diggs_Park" title="Estella Diggs Park">Estella Diggs</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grant_Park_(Bronx)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grant Park (Bronx) (page does not exist)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunts_Point_Riverside_Park" title="Hunts Point Riverside Park">Hunts Point Riverside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rodman_Drake_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Rodman Drake Park">Joseph Rodman Drake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyce_Kilmer_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Joyce Kilmer Park">Joyce Kilmer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_Richman_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius Richman Park (page does not exist)">Julius Richman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macombs_Dam_Park" title="Macombs Dam Park">Macombs Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mill_Pond_Park" title="Mill Pond Park">Mill Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullaly_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Mullaly Park">Mullaly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_and_South_Brother_Islands,_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="North and South Brother Islands, New York City">North and South Brother Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground_52" title="Playground 52">Playground 52</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer%27s_Park" title="Printer's Park">Printer's</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richman_(Echo)_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richman (Echo) Park (page does not exist)">Richman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Park_(Bronx)" title="St. Mary's Park (Bronx)">St. Mary's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa_Community_Farm" title="Taqwa Community Farm">Taqwa Community Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremont_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Tremont Park">Tremont</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alben_Square" title="Alben Square">Alben Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Veterans_Memorial_Pier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Veterans Memorial Pier (page does not exist)">American Veterans Memorial Pier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amersfort_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amersfort Park (page does not exist)">Amersfort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Catanzaro_Square" title="Anthony Catanzaro Square">Anthony Catanzaro Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asser_Levy_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asser Levy Park (page does not exist)">Asser Levy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascenzi_Square" title="Ascenzi Square">Ascenzi Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bath_Beach_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bath Beach Park (page does not exist)">Bath Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betsy_Head_Park" title="Betsy Head Park">Betsy Head</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bensonhurst_Park" title="Bensonhurst Park">Bensonhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bocchino-Dente_Memorial_Plaza" title="Bocchino-Dente Memorial Plaza">Bocchino-Dente Memorial Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breukelen_Ballfields_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breukelen Ballfields Park (page does not exist)">Breukelen Ballfields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Bridge_Park" title="Brooklyn Bridge Park">Brooklyn Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Heights_Promenade" title="Brooklyn Heights Promenade">Brooklyn Heights Promenade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Queens_Greenway" title="Brooklyn–Queens Greenway">Brooklyn–Queens Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooklyn_Waterfront_Greenway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway (page does not exist)">Brooklyn Waterfront Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brower_Park" title="Brower Park">Brower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bushwick_Inlet_Park" title="Bushwick Inlet Park">Bushwick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Byrne_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Byrne Park (page does not exist)">Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cadman_Plaza" title="Cadman Plaza">Cadman Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Canarsie_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Canarsie Park (page does not exist)">Canarsie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carroll_Park_(Brooklyn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carroll Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvert_Vaux_Park" title="Calvert Vaux Park">Calvert Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Charles_A._Joshua_Plaza" title="Chief Charles A. Joshua Plaza">Chief Charles A. Joshua Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=City_Line_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="City Line Park (page does not exist)">City Line</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coffey_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coffey Park (page does not exist)">Coffey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbus_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Columbus Park (Brooklyn)">Columbus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodore_Barry_Park" title="Commodore Barry Park">Commodore Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riegelmann_Boardwalk" title="Riegelmann Boardwalk">Coney Island Beach & Boardwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Creek_Park" title="Coney Island Creek Park">Coney Island Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coney_Island_Cyclone" title="Coney Island Cyclone">Coney Island Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Continental_Army_Plaza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Continental Army Plaza (page does not exist)">Continental Army Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooper_Park" title="Cooper Park">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_Park" title="Domino Park">Domino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyker_Beach_Park_and_Golf_Course" title="Dyker Beach Park and Golf Course">Dyker Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Parkway" title="Eastern Parkway">Eastern Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene_Park" title="Fort Greene Park">Fort Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Four_Sparrow_Marsh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Four Sparrow Marsh (page does not exist)">Four Sparrow Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_M._Charles_Memorial_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank M. Charles Memorial Park (page does not exist)">Frank M. Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fresh_Creek_Nature_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fresh Creek Nature Preserve (page does not exist)">Fresh Creek Nature Preserve</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friends_Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friends Field (page does not exist)">Friends Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Fulton Park (Brooklyn)">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golconda_Skate_Park" title="Golconda Skate Park">Golconda Skate Park</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gravesend_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gravesend Park (page does not exist)">Gravesend</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_Central_Knoll&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green Central Knoll (page does not exist)">Green Central Knoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Von_King_Park" title="Herbert Von King Park">Herbert Von King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Highland Park (Brooklyn)">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Irving_Square_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Irving Square Park (page does not exist)">Irving Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Stone_House_(Brooklyn)" title="Old Stone House (Brooklyn)">JJ Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Bay" title="Jamaica Bay">Jamaica Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Carty_Park" title="John J. Carty Park">John J. Carty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones_Park" title="John Paul Jones Park">John Paul Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Park" title="Kaiser Park">Kaiser</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelly_Park_(Brooklyn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelly Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leif_Ericson_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Leif Ericson Park">Leif Ericson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_S._Kaiser_Playground" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon S. Kaiser Playground">Leon S. Kaiser Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Joseph_Petrosino_Park" title="Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino Park">Lieutenant Joseph Petrosino</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lincoln_Terrace_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lincoln Terrace Park (page does not exist)">Lincoln Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linden_Park_(Brooklyn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linden Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lindower_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lindower Park (page does not exist)">Lindower</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linton_Park_(Brooklyn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linton Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Linton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macri_Triangle" title="Macri Triangle">Macri Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manhattan_Beach_Park_(Brooklyn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manhattan Beach Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Manhattan Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Hernandez_Park" title="Maria Hernandez Park">Maria Hernandez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Park_(Brooklyn_park)" title="Marine Park (Brooklyn park)">Marine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarren_Park" title="McCarren Park">McCarren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McGolrick_Park" title="McGolrick Park">McGolrick</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=McKinley_Park_(Brooklyn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="McKinley Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Prospect_Park" title="Mount Prospect Park">Mt. Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adventurer%27s_Park" title="Adventurer's Park">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_Parkway_(Brooklyn)" title="Ocean Parkway (Brooklyn)">Ocean Parkway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owl%27s_Head_Park" title="Owl's Head Park">Owl's Head</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paerdegat_Basin_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paerdegat Basin Park (page does not exist)">Paerdegat Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paerdegat_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paerdegat Park (page does not exist)">Paerdegat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hook_Park" title="Red Hook Park">Red Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_E._Venable_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert E. Venable Park (page does not exist)">Robert E. Venable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_D._Ramsey_Triangle" title="Russell D. Ramsey Triangle">Russell D. Ramsey Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Park" title="Saratoga Park">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarangella_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scarangella Park (page does not exist)">Scarangella</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaside_Park_(Brooklyn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seaside Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Seaside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Low_Playground" title="Seth Low Playground">Seth Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shore_Boulevard_Mall" title="Shore Boulevard Mall">Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Creek_Park" title="Spring Creek Park">Spring Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steeplechase_Park" title="Steeplechase Park">Steeplechase</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sternberg_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sternberg Park (page does not exist)">Sternberg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Johns_Park_(Brooklyn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Johns Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">St. Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunset_Park_(Brooklyn_park)" title="Sunset Park (Brooklyn park)">Sunset</a></li> <li>Tompkins</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Park_(Brooklyn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinity Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_Voorhees_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van Voorhees Park (page does not exist)">Van Voorhees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Walt Whitman Park (Brooklyn)">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wingate_Park_(Brooklyn)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wingate Park (Brooklyn) (page does not exist)">Wingate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WNYC_Transmitter_Park" title="WNYC Transmitter Park">WNYC Transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zion_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Zion Triangle">Zion Triangle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Admiral_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Admiral Park (page does not exist)">Admiral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alley_Pond_Park" title="Alley Pond Park">Alley Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrews_Grove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrews Grove (page does not exist)">Andrews Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astoria_Park" title="Astoria Park">Astoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baisley_Pond_Park" title="Baisley Pond Park">Baisley Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayside_Fields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayside Fields (page does not exist)">Bayside Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayswater_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayswater Park (page does not exist)">Bayswater</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beach_Channel_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beach Channel Park (page does not exist)">Beach Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Big_Bush_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Big Bush Park (page does not exist)">Big Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowne_Park" title="Bowne Park">Bowne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brant_Point_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Brant Point Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breininger_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breininger Park (page does not exist)">Breininger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broad_Channel_American_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broad Channel American Park (page does not exist)">Broad Channel American</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broad_Channel_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broad Channel Park (page does not exist)">Broad Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Broad_Channel_Wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broad Channel Wetlands (page does not exist)">Broad Channel Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn%E2%80%93Queens_Greenway" title="Brooklyn–Queens Greenway">Brooklyn–Queens Greenway</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brookville_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brookville Park (page does not exist)">Brookville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulova_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulova Park (page does not exist)">Bulova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Tilly_Park" title="Captain Tilly Park">Captain Tilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_War_Veterans_Triangle" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic War Veterans Triangle">Catholic War Veterans Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Postiglione_Triangle" title="Chris Postiglione Triangle">Chris Postiglione Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Point_Fields" title="College Point Fields">College Point Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crocheron_Park" title="Crocheron Park">Crocheron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunningham_Park" title="Cunningham Park">Cunningham</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_Keith_L_Williams_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detective Keith L Williams Park (page does not exist)">Det. Keith L. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Detective_William_T._Gunn_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Detective William T. Gunn Park (page does not exist)">Det. William T. Gunn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dr._Charles_R._Drew_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dr. Charles R. Drew Park (page does not exist)">Dr. Charles R. Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dubos_Point_Wildlife_Sanctuary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary (page does not exist)">Dubos Point Wildlife Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doughboy_Park" title="Doughboy Park">Doughboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglaston_Park" title="Douglaston Park">Douglaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmhurst_Park" title="Elmhurst Park">Elmhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evergreen_Park_(Queens)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evergreen Park (Queens) (page does not exist)">Evergreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Rockaway_Skate_Park" title="Far Rockaway Skate Park">Far Rockaway Skate Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feehan_Triangle" title="Feehan Triangle">Feehan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_Fields" title="Flushing Fields">Flushing Fields</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_Meadows%E2%80%93Corona_Park" title="Flushing Meadows–Corona Park">Flushing Meadows-Corona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foch_Sitting_Area" title="Foch Sitting Area">Foch Sitting Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(Queens)" title="Forest Park (Queens)">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Tilden" title="Fort Tilden">Fort Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Totten_(Queens)" title="Fort Totten (Queens)">Fort Totten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francis_Lewis_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francis Lewis Park (page does not exist)">Francis Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Golden_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Golden Park (page does not exist)">Frank Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Frank_Principe_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frank Principe Park (page does not exist)">Frank Principe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haggerty_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haggerty Park (page does not exist)">Haggerty</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harvey_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harvey Park (page does not exist)">Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highland_Park_(Queens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland Park (Queens)">Highland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillcrest_Veterans_Square" title="Hillcrest Veterans Square">Hillcrest Veterans Square</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hinton_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hinton Park (page does not exist)">Hinton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hoffman_Park_(Queens)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hoffman Park (Queens) (page does not exist)">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hook_Creek_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hook Creek Park (page does not exist)">Hook Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hunter%27s_Point_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hunter's Point Park (page does not exist)">Hunter's Point</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idlewild_Park_(Queens)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idlewild Park (Queens) (page does not exist)">Idlewild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Bay_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamaica Bay Park">Jamaica Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Sabba_Park" title="Joe Sabba Park">Joe Sabba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Golden_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Golden Park (page does not exist)">John Golden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judge_Moses_Weinstein_Playground" title="Judge Moses Weinstein Playground">Judge Moses Weinstein Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juniper_Valley_Park" title="Juniper Valley Park">Juniper Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissena_Park" title="Kissena Park">Kissena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlreiter_Square" title="Kohlreiter Square">Kohlreiter Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopytko_Triangle" title="Kopytko Triangle">Kopytko Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libra_Triangle" title="Libra Triangle">Libra Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linden_Park_(Queens)" title="Linden Park (Queens)">Linden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Linnaeus_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linnaeus Park (page does not exist)">Linnaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Little_Bay_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Little Bay Park (page does not exist)">Little Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LoCicero_Triangle" title="LoCicero Triangle">LoCicero Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Pasteur_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Pasteur Park (page does not exist)">Louis Pasteur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynch_Triangle" title="Lynch Triangle">Lynch Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafera_Park" title="Mafera Park">Mafera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Macneil_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Macneil Park (page does not exist)">Macneil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marconi_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marconi Park (page does not exist)">Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Curie_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Curie Park (page does not exist)">Marie Curie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Montbellier_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Montbellier Park (page does not exist)">Montbellier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Donohue_Park" title="O'Donohue Park">O'Donohue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Room_Schoolhouse_Park" title="One Room Schoolhouse Park">One Room Schoolhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overlook_Park_(Queens)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Overlook Park (Queens) (page does not exist)">Overlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Park_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Park of the Americas">Park of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phil_%22Scooter%22_Rizzuto_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phil "Scooter" Rizzuto Park (page does not exist)">Phil "Scooter" Rizzuto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playground_Seventy_Five" title="Playground Seventy Five">Playground Seventy Five</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Police_Officer_Edward_Byrne_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Police Officer Edward Byrne Park (page does not exist)">Ofc. Edward Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Powell%27s_Cove_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Powell's Cove Park (page does not exist)">Powell's Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proctor-Hopson_Circle" title="Proctor-Hopson Circle">Proctor-Hopson Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_County_Farm_Museum" title="Queens County Farm Museum">Queens County Farm Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensbridge_Park" title="Queensbridge Park">Queensbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson_Playground" title="Rachel Carson Playground">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Railroad_Park_(Queens)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Railroad Park (Queens) (page does not exist)">Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ralph_Demarco_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ralph Demarco Park (page does not exist)">Ralph Demarco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remsen_Cemetery" title="Remsen Cemetery">Remsen Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rochdale_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rochdale Park (page does not exist)">Rochdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockaway_Beach_and_Boardwalk" title="Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk">Rockaway Beach and Boardwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockaway_Community_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockaway Community Park">Rockaway Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins_Park" title="Roy Wilkins Park">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rufus_King_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufus King Park">Rufus King</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seagirt_Avenue_Wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seagirt Avenue Wetlands (page does not exist)">Seagirt Avenue Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_Sculpture_Park" title="Socrates Sculpture Park">Socrates Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Creek_Park" title="Spring Creek Park">Spring Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_Park_(Queens)" title="Springfield Park (Queens)">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._Albans_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. Albans Park (page does not exist)">St. Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travers_Park" title="Travers Park">Travers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Triangle" title="Travis Triangle">Travis Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangle_54" title="Triangle 54">Triangle 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribute_Park" title="Tribute Park">Tribute</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tudor_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tudor Park (page does not exist)">Tudor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Playground_(Queens)" title="Turtle Playground (Queens)">Turtle Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underbridge_Dog_Run" title="Underbridge Dog Run">Underbridge Dog Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vleigh_Playground" title="Vleigh Playground">Vleigh Playground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Wetzel_Triangle" title="Walter J. Wetzel Triangle">Walter J. Wetzel Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wayanda_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wayanda Park (page does not exist)">Wayanda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/North_Shore,_Staten_Island" title="North Shore, Staten Island">North Shore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Community_Board_1" title="Staten Island Community Board 1">Community District 1</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Allison_Pond_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allison Pond Park (page does not exist)">Allison Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Austen_House" title="Alice Austen House">Austen House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buono_Beach" title="Buono Beach">Buono Beach</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barrett_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barrett Park (page does not exist)">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clove_Lakes_Park" title="Clove Lakes Park">Clove Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clove%27s_Tail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clove's Tail (page does not exist)">Clove's Tail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corporal_Thompson_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corporal Thompson Park (page does not exist)">Corporal Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eibs_Pond_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eibs Pond Park (page does not exist)">Eibs Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Faber_Pool_and_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Faber Pool and Park (page does not exist)">Faber</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Forest_Grove_(Staten_Island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forest Grove (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Forest Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hill_Park" title="Fort Hill Park">Fort Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaeta_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaeta Park (page does not exist)">Gaeta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graniteville_Quarry_Park" title="Graniteville Quarry Park">Graniteville Quarry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Graniteville_Swamp_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Graniteville Swamp Park (page does not exist)">Graniteville Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hero_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hero Park (page does not exist)">Hero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingram_Woods" title="Ingram Woods">Ingram Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jones_Woods_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jones Woods Park (page does not exist)">Jones Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Manna_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Manna Park (page does not exist)">Joseph Manna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyons_Pool_Recreation_Center" title="Lyons Pool Recreation Center">Lyons Pool Recreation Center</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maple_Woods_(Staten_Island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maple Woods (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Maple Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northerleigh_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northerleigh Park (page does not exist)">Northerleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richmond_Terrace_Wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richmond Terrace Wetlands (page does not exist)">Richmond Terrace Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailors%27_Snug_Harbor" title="Sailors' Snug Harbor">Sailors' Snug Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shooters_Island" title="Shooters Island">Shooters Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Lake,_Staten_Island" title="Silver Lake, Staten Island">Silver Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sobel_Court_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sobel Court Park (page does not exist)">Sobel Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tappen_Park" title="Tappen Park">Tappen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tompkinsville_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tompkinsville Park (page does not exist)">Tompkinsville</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Von_Briesen_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Von Briesen Park (page does not exist)">Von Briesen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walker_Park_(Staten_Island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walker Park (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westerleigh_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westerleigh Park (page does not exist)">Westerleigh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Mid-Island,_Staten_Island" title="Mid-Island, Staten Island">Mid-Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Community_Board_2" title="Staten Island Community Board 2">Community District 2</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blood_Root_Valley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blood Root Valley (page does not exist)">Blood Root Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bradys_Pond_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bradys Pond Park (page does not exist)">Bradys Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deere_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deere Park (page does not exist)">Deere</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Father_Macris_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Father Macris Park (page does not exist)">Father Macris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Beach%E2%80%93Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt_Boardwalk" title="South Beach–Franklin Delano Roosevelt Boardwalk">FDR Boardwalk</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_Douglas_MacArthur_Park_(Staten_Island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General Douglas MacArthur Park (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Gen. MacArthur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Rock_Park_Preserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Rock Park Preserve (page does not exist)">High Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Chance_Pond_Park" title="Last Chance Pond Park">Last Chance</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Midland_Field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midland Field (page does not exist)">Midland Field</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocean_Breeze_Park_(Staten_Island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocean Breeze Park (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Ocean Breeze</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Place_Creek_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Place Creek Park (page does not exist)">Old Place Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prall%27s_Island" title="Prall's Island">Prall's Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saw_Mill_Creek_Marsh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saw Mill Creek Marsh (page does not exist)">Saw Mill Creek Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schmul_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schmul Park (page does not exist)">Schmul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Beach_Wetlands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="South Beach Wetlands (page does not exist)">South Beach Wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=St._George_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="St. George Park (page does not exist)">St. George</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Staten_Island_Industrial_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Staten Island Industrial Park (page does not exist)">Staten Island Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Westwood_Park_(Staten_Island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Westwood Park (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Westwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willowbrook_Park" title="Willowbrook Park">Willowbrook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Mid-Island & South Shore (Community Districts <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Community_Board_2" title="Staten Island Community Board 2">2</a> & <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Community_Board_3" title="Staten Island Community Board 3"> 3</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freshkills_Park" title="Freshkills Park">Freshkills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LaTourette_Park_and_Golf_Course&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LaTourette Park and Golf Course (page does not exist)">LaTourette</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meredith_Woods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meredith Woods (page does not exist)">Meredith Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_T._Davis_Wildlife_Refuge" title="William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge">William T. Davis Wildlife Refuge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/South_Shore,_Staten_Island" title="South Shore, Staten Island">South Shore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Community_Board_3" title="Staten Island Community Board 3">Community District 3</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aesop_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aesop Park (page does not exist)">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Amundsen Circle">Amundsen Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annadale_Green&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annadale Green (page does not exist)">Annadale</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arbutus_Woods_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arbutus Woods Park (page does not exist)">Arbutus Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arden_Woods&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arden Woods (page does not exist)">Arden Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bayview_Terrace_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bayview Terrace Park (page does not exist)">Bayview Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomingdale_Park" title="Bloomingdale Park">Bloomingdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Heron_Park" title="Blue Heron Park">Blue Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blueberry_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blueberry Park (page does not exist)">Blueberry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bunker_Ponds_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bunker Ponds Park (page does not exist)">Bunker Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlton_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlton Park (page does not exist)">Carlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conference_House_Park" title="Conference House Park">Conference House</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crescent_Beach_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Crescent Beach Park (page does not exist)">Crescent Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fairview_Park_(Staten_Island)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fairview Park (Staten Island) (page does not exist)">Fairview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Kills_Park" title="Great Kills Park">Great Kills</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huguenot_Ponds_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huguenot Ponds Park (page does not exist)">Huguenot Ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hybrid_Oak_Woods_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hybrid Oak Woods Park (page does not exist)">Hybrid Oak Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Meadows" title="Isle of Meadows">Isle of Meadows</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=King_Fisher_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="King Fisher Park (page does not exist)">King Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_Pond_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kingdom Pond Park (page does not exist)">Kingdom Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemon_Creek_(Staten_Island)#Parks" title="Lemon Creek (Staten Island)">Lemon Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Pond_Park" title="Long Pond Park">Long Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olmsted-Beil_House_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olmsted-Beil House Park (page does not exist)">Olmstead-Beil House</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reed%27s_Basket_Willow_Swamp_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reed's Basket Willow Swamp Park (page does not exist)">Reed's Basket Willow Swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seaside_Wildlife_Nature_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seaside Wildlife Nature Park (page does not exist)">Seaside Wildlife Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siedenburg_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siedenburg Park (page does not exist)">Siedenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tottenville_Shore_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tottenville Shore Park (page does not exist)">Tottenville Shore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wegener_Park&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wegener Park (page does not exist)">Wegener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfe%27s_Pond_Park" title="Wolfe's Pond Park">Wolfe's Pond</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#88C65A;"><div id="Other635" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Nature_center" title="Nature center">Nature centers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alley_Pond_Park" title="Alley Pond Park">Alley Pond </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belvedere_Castle" title="Belvedere Castle">Belvedere Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Heron_Park_Preserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Heron Park Preserve">Blue Heron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotona_Park" title="Crotona Park">Crotona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dana_Discovery_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dana Discovery Center (page does not exist)">Dana Discovery Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_Park_(Queens,_New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest Park (Queens, New York)">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Greene_Park" title="Fort Greene Park">Fort Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Totten_(Queens)" title="Fort Totten (Queens)">Fort Totten</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greenbelt_Nature_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greenbelt Nature Center (page does not exist)">Greenbelt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=High_Rock_Nature_Center&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="High Rock Nature Center (page does not exist)">High Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inwood_Hill_Park" title="Inwood Hill Park">Inwood Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard_Beach_(Bronx)" title="Orchard Beach (Bronx)">Orchard Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_(Brooklyn)" title="Prospect Park (Brooklyn)">Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_Park_(Brooklyn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Park (Brooklyn)">Salt Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Park" title="Van Cortlandt Park">Van Cortlandt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronx_Zoo" title="Bronx Zoo">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Park_Zoo" title="Central Park Zoo">Central Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospect_Park_Zoo" title="Prospect Park Zoo">Prospect Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Zoo" title="Queens Zoo">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Zoo" title="Staten Island Zoo">Staten Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Botanic_Garden" title="Brooklyn Botanic Garden">Brooklyn Botanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatory_Garden" title="Conservatory Garden">Conservatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Botanical_Garden" title="New York Botanical Garden">New York Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens_Botanical_Garden" title="Queens Botanical Garden">Queens Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Botanical_Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Staten Island Botanical Garden">Staten Island Botanical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Chinese_Scholar%27s_Garden" title="New York Chinese Scholar's Garden">New York Chinese Scholar's</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_Hill" title="Wave Hill">Wave Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;"><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Island" title="Roosevelt Island">Roosevelt Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Island_Light" title="Blackwell Island Light">Lighthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southpoint_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Southpoint Park">Southpoint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#bbeb85;">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_parks_relating_to_World_War_I" title="List of New York City parks relating to World War I">World War I-related parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_City_parks_relating_to_the_Vietnam_War" title="List of New York City parks relating to the Vietnam War">Vietnam War-related parks</a></li> <li><a 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1,\n [\"CITEREFMoses2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMueller2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNew_York_(State)._Legislature._Senate1868\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNichols2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNordheimer1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNot_For_Tourists2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Connell1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlmeda1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOstadanBrand2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOviatt-Lawrence2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPflaumer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPickett1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollak2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRastorfer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReier2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichmond1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRimer1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosner1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaltonstall2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuldenrein2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchuldenreinAristaGarland2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumach1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeitzMiller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmall2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolis2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpecter1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStack2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStewart1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoddard1899\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStratman2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSullivan1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSundaram2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTatum1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Associated_Press2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTooker1901\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._Coast_and_Geodetic_Survey1918\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUrbanowicz2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVerzoni2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFWilson1902\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYakas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZraick2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Freytas-Tamura2022\"] = 1,\n [\"Fire_academy\"] = 1,\n [\"Scylla_Point\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Hidden Waters NYC\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite enc-nyc\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite fednyc\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite landmarks\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite map\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 125,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 181,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 31,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 6,\n [\"HAER\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 85,\n [\"Inflation\"] = 2,\n [\"Inflation/year\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox islands\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Manhattan\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"New York City Islands\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"ProQuest\"] = 70,\n [\"Protected areas of New York City\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","440","17.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","280","11.0"],["dataWrapper 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Islands","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21042825","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q21042825","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-05-02T11:30:48Z","dateModified":"2025-02-23T14:38:44Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/cd\/Randalls_and_Wards_Islands.JPG","headline":"conjoined islands in Manhattan, New York City, New York, USA"}</script> </body> </html>