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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Solar hot water storage tank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solar_hot_water_storage_tank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_tank_leakage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_tank_leakage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Water tank leakage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_tank_leakage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hot_water_storage_tank_with_closed_water_circuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hot_water_storage_tank_with_closed_water_circuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Hot water storage tank with closed water circuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hot_water_storage_tank_with_closed_water_circuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stratified_hot_water_storage_tank_with_closed_water_circuit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stratified_hot_water_storage_tank_with_closed_water_circuit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Stratified hot water storage tank with closed water circuit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stratified_hot_water_storage_tank_with_closed_water_circuit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dual_element_electric" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dual_element_electric"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dual element electric</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dual_element_electric-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tank used for storing hot water for heating or domestic use</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heatingsystem_for_wood.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Heatingsystem_for_wood.jpg/220px-Heatingsystem_for_wood.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Heatingsystem_for_wood.jpg/330px-Heatingsystem_for_wood.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Heatingsystem_for_wood.jpg/440px-Heatingsystem_for_wood.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Two red paralleled hot water storage tanks connected to a wood-fuelled <a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">furnace</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:InstalacjaSlonecznaCWU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/InstalacjaSlonecznaCWU.svg/220px-InstalacjaSlonecznaCWU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/InstalacjaSlonecznaCWU.svg/330px-InstalacjaSlonecznaCWU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/InstalacjaSlonecznaCWU.svg/440px-InstalacjaSlonecznaCWU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="524" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>A hot water storage tank where one of the heat sources is <a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">solar heating</a> A, that is sent into the hot water storage tank via a smaller pump B (circle with triangle) and the <a href="/wiki/Heat_exchanger" title="Heat exchanger">heat exchanger</a> spiral in the hot water storage tank. The other spiral C can be used for a e.g. oil-fired boiler or a wood burner. At D the hot water gets out and domestic cold water is sent back at the bottom at E.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_RKraft.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_RKraft.svg/220px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_RKraft.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_RKraft.svg/330px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_RKraft.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_RKraft.svg/440px-%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_RKraft.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></a><figcaption>A hot water storage tank where one of the heat sources is <a href="/wiki/Solar_heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating">solar heating</a>. Almost the same example as above, but in a domestic habitat.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>hot water storage tank</b> (also called a <b>hot water tank</b>, <b>thermal storage tank</b>, <b>hot water thermal storage unit</b>, <b>heat storage tank</b>, <b>hot water cylinder</b>, and <b>geyser</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">water tank</a> used for storing hot water for space heating or domestic use. </p><p>Water is a convenient heat storage medium because it has a high <a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">specific heat capacity</a>. This means, compared to other substances, it can store more heat per unit of weight. Water is non-toxic and low cost. </p><p>An efficiently insulated tank can retain stored heat for days, reducing fuel costs.<sup id="cite_ref-sysdhw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sysdhw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hot water tanks may have a built-in gas or oil burner system, electric <a href="/wiki/Immersion_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Immersion heater">immersion heaters</a>. Some types use an external heat exchanger such as a <a href="/wiki/Central_heating" title="Central heating">central heating system</a>, or heated water from another energy source. The most typical, in the domestic context, is a fossil-fuel burner, electric immersion elements, or a <a href="/wiki/District_heating" title="District heating">district heating</a> scheme.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Water heaters for washing, bathing, or laundry have thermostat controls to regulate the temperature, in the range of 40 to 60 °C (104 to 140 °F), and are connected to the domestic cold water supply. </p><p>Where the local water supply has a <a href="/wiki/Hard_water" title="Hard water">high content of dissolved minerals</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, heating the water causes the minerals to precipitate in the tank (scaling). A tank may develop leaks due to corrosion after only a few years, a problem exacerbated by dissolved <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> in the water which accelerates <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a> of both tank and fittings. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Insulation">Insulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_water_storage_tank&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Insulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typically hot water storage tanks are wrapped in <a href="/wiki/Heat_insulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat insulation">heat insulation</a> to reduce energy consumption, speed up the heating process, and maintain the desired operating temperature. Thicker <a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">thermal insulation</a> reduces <a href="/wiki/Standing_loss" title="Standing loss">standby heat loss</a>. Water heaters are available with various insulation ratings but it is possible to add layers of extra insulation on the outside of a water heater to reduce heat loss. In extreme conditions, the heater itself might be wholly enclosed in a specially constructed insulated space. </p><p>The most commonly available type of water heater insulation is <a href="/wiki/Fiberglass" title="Fiberglass">fiberglass</a>, fixed in place with tape or straps or the outer jacket of the water heater. Insulation must not block air flow or combustion gas outflow, where a burner is used. </p><p>Another common insulation material used for water storage tanks is <a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">polyurethane</a> foam (PUF) insulation. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Where access to the inner tank is a priority (in cases of particularly aggressive minerals or oxygen levels in the local water supply) the PUF can be applied in encapsulated form, allowing the removal of insulation layer for regular integrity checks and if required, repairs to the water tank. </p><p>Very recently sensible storage systems has been commercialized using innovative supported vacuum insulation. This technology is now making it possible to store thermal energy is small to medium-sized systems for weeks without any significant heat losses. Where possible it has the potential to use affordable sensible thermal storage for medium-term energy storage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solar_hot_water_storage_tank">Solar hot water storage tank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_water_storage_tank&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Solar hot water storage tank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a <a href="/wiki/Solar_water_heating" title="Solar water heating">solar water heating</a> system, a solar hot water storage tank stores heat from <a href="/wiki/Solar_thermal_collector" title="Solar thermal collector">solar thermal collectors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tank has a built-in <a href="/wiki/Heat-exchanger" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat-exchanger">heat-exchanger</a> to heat domestic cold water. In relatively mild climates, such as the Mediterranean, the (heavily insulated but metal-wrapped) storage tanks are often roof-mounted. All such tanks share the same problems as artificially-heated tanks including limestone deposit and corrosion, and suffer similar reductions in overall efficiency unless scrupulously maintained. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Water_tank_leakage">Water tank leakage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_water_storage_tank&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Water tank leakage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Water heater tanks may be made of <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">vitreous enamel</a>-lined <a href="/wiki/Carbon_steel" title="Carbon steel">carbon steel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stainless_steel" title="Stainless steel">stainless steel</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>. </p><p>While copper and stainless steel domestic hot water tanks are more commonplace in Europe, carbon steel tanks are more common in the United States, where typically the periodic check is neglected, the tank develops a leak whereupon the entire appliance is replaced.<sup id="cite_ref-WHRKills_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHRKills-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even when neglected, carbon steel tanks tend to last for a few years more than their manufacturer's warranty, which is typically 3 to 12 years in the US.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Vitreous-lined tanks are much lower in initial cost, and often include one or more <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_anode" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacrificial anode">sacrificial anode</a> rods designed to protect the tank from perforation caused by <a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">corrosion</a><sup id="cite_ref-WHRAnode_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHRAnode-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> made necessary since <a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">chlorinated</a> water is very corrosive to carbon steel. As it is very nearly impossible to apply any protective coating perfectly (without microscopic cracks or pinhole defects in the protective layer)<sup id="cite_ref-WHRChoose_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WHRChoose-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> manufacturers may recommend a periodic check of any sacrificial anode, replacing it when necessary. </p><p>Some manufacturers offer an extended warranty kit that includes a replacement anode rod. Because conventional hot water storage tanks can be expected to leak every 5 to 15 years, high-quality installations will include, and most US building/plumbing codes now require, a shallow metal or plastic pan to collect the seepage when it occurs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hot_water_storage_tank_with_closed_water_circuit">Hot water storage tank with closed water circuit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_water_storage_tank&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Hot water storage tank with closed water circuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This method stores heat in a tank by using external heat-exchangers (coils) that can be directly tapped or used to power other (external) heat-exchangers. </p><p>The chief benefit is that by avoiding drawing-off domestic hot water directly, the tank is not continually fed with cold water, which in 'hard' water areas reduces the deposit of limescale to whatever is dissolved in the original charge of water plus relatively trivial amounts added to replace losses due to seepage. </p><p>An added benefit is reduced oxygen levels in such a closed system, which allows for some relaxation in the requirements for materials used in the hot water storage tank and the closed water circuits, external heat exchangers, and associated pipework. </p><p>While an external heat exchanger system used for domestic hot water will have mineral deposits, <a href="/wiki/Descaling_agent" title="Descaling agent">descaling agents</a> extend the life of such a system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stratified_hot_water_storage_tank_with_closed_water_circuit">Stratified hot water storage tank with closed water circuit</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_water_storage_tank&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Stratified hot water storage tank with closed water circuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another method to store heat in a hot water storage tank has many names: <b>Stratified hot water storage tank with closed water circuit</b>, <b>stratified thermal storage</b>, <b><a href="/wiki/Thermocline" title="Thermocline">thermocline</a> tank</b> and <b>water stratified tank storage</b> but in all cases the significant difference is that pains are taken to maintain the vertical <a href="/wiki/Stratification_(water)" title="Stratification (water)">stratification</a> of the water column, in other words to keep the hot water at the top of the tank while the water at the bottom is at a distinctly lower temperature. </p><p>This is desirable in places with a wide climatic range where summer cooling is as important as heating in winter, and entails one or more of the following measures: </p> <ul><li>Different heating and cooling loops must send the heated or cooled water in with as low a velocity as possible. (This necessarily entails heating and cooling loops having velocity controlled pumps and tube ports with the maximum feasible diameter.)</li> <li>For cooling applications, cool water is sent out from the bottom and warm (return) water is fed in at the top.</li> <li>Heating applications get hot water out at the top and return cool water to the bottom.</li> <li>"Stratification-enhancing" devices within the hot water storage tank (but if the water inlet velocity is as low as possible this might not be needed).</li> <li>A more advanced <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heat_control_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heat control system (page does not exist)">heat control system</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is required.</li></ul> <p>When a stratified hot water storage tank has closed water circuits, the water temperatures can be up to 90 to 95 °C at the top and 20 to 40 °C at the bottom. Calm, undisturbed water is a relatively poor <a href="/wiki/Heat_conductor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat conductor">heat conductor</a> when compared to <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>. </p><p>(Illustrated by a still lake, where the surface water can be comfortably warm for swimming but deeper layers be so cold as to represent a danger to swimmers, the same effect as gives rise to notices in London's city docks warning 'Danger Cold Deep Water). </p><p>Accordingly, an arbitrary volume of hot water can be stored, as long as the stratification is kept intact. In this case there must not be vertical metal plates or tubes as they would conduct heat through the water layers, defeating the purpose of stratification. When effectively employed this technique can maintain water as high as 95 °C (i.e. just below boiling) yielding a higher <a href="/wiki/Energy_density" title="Energy density">energy density</a>, and this energy can be stored a long time provided the hot water remains undiluted. </p><p>Depending on the purpose of the installations, water exchanges tapping different levels allow water temperatures appropriate to the required use to be selected.<sup id="cite_ref-solvarme_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-solvarme-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In many <a href="/wiki/Solar_heating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating system">solar heating systems</a> the energy parameters can be read as a function of time, from the 'dwell' time necessary to transform daylight into heat, at its peak the maximum hot water temperature near the top of the tank.<sup id="cite_ref-sysdhw_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sysdhw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dual_element_electric">Dual element electric</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_water_storage_tank&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Dual element electric"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When flow starts from the uppermost outlet, cold water enters the tank at the bottom. This drop in temperature causes the thermostat to switch on the electric <a href="/wiki/Heating_element" title="Heating element">heating element</a> at the bottom of the tank. When the water at the top of the tank is drawn off the hot water at the top is displaced by relatively cooler water, the top thermostat turns the top element on. When the flow stops, the elements stay on until their settings are met.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While it is common to have the top and bottom thermostats set differently in order to save energy, the fact that hot water rises means the thermostat controlling the upper element should feed the hottest supply, while the lower element the warmest. </p><p>If the thermostats in such a system are reversed - warm feed from the top, hot from the center - it may not only affect the <a href="/wiki/Energy_efficiency_(physics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy efficiency (physics)">energy efficiency</a> of the system, feeding scalding water to a domestic hot water outlet may be dangerous, or if directed to warm-feed washers damage them beyond repair. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Safety_issues">Safety issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_water_storage_tank&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Safety issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hot water can cause painful, dangerous <a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">scalding</a> injuries, especially in children and the elderly. Water at the outlet should not exceed 49 degrees Celsius. Some jurisdictions set a limit of 49 degrees on tank setpoint temperature. On the other hand, water stored below 60 degrees Celsius can permit the growth of bacteria, such as those that cause <a href="/wiki/Legionnaire%27s_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Legionnaire's disease">Legionnaire's disease</a>, which is a particular danger to those with compromised immune systems. One technical solution would be use of mixing valves at outlets used for sinks, baths or showers, that would automatically mix cold water to maintain a maximum below 49 C. A proposal to add this to the <a href="/wiki/Building_code" title="Building code">building code</a> of Canada was unsuccessful.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_water_storage_tank&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Mechanical_Code" title="Uniform Mechanical Code">Uniform Mechanical Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Solar_Energy_and_Hydronics_Code" title="Uniform Solar Energy and Hydronics Code">Uniform Solar Energy and Hydronics Code</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hot_water_storage_tank&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sysdhw-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sysdhw_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sysdhw_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invest-tools.com/pub/solsys/sys_dhw/graph_day.html">invest-tools.com: Graphs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160817141549/http://www.invest-tools.com/pub/solsys/sys_dhw/">Archived</a> 2016-08-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Main page and description: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invest-tools.com/pub/solsys/sys_dhw/">Overview of the DHW system</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.invest-tools.com/pub/solsys/sys_dhw/tank_details.html">The water tank (heat reservoir)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180104002259/http://www.invest-tools.com/pub/solsys/sys_dhw/tank_details.html">Archived</a> 2018-01-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Quote: "...With the tank there came a 10 cm "soft foam" isolation that fulfills the minimum insulation requirements...So after several months, I added another round of 16 cm aluminum coated glass wool, and now the tank stores enough heat for about 7 or 8 days when it is full loaded (temperature range is 95°C down to 40°C)..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esru.strath.ac.uk/EandE/Web_sites/11-12/District_heating_from_wind/projectoverview.html">"District Heating from Wind: Kirkwall"</a>. University of Strathclyde Engineering<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=District+Heating+from+Wind%3A+Kirkwall&rft.pub=University+of+Strathclyde+Engineering&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esru.strath.ac.uk%2FEandE%2FWeb_sites%2F11-12%2FDistrict_heating_from_wind%2Fprojectoverview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+water+storage+tank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">.Brian Norton (2011) Solar Water Heaters: A Review of Systems Research and Design Innovation, Green. 1, 189–207, ISSN (Online) 1869-8778</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHRKills-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHRKills_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchuyler" class="citation web cs1">Schuyler, Randy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130209085313/http://www.waterheaterrescue.com/pages/WHRpages/English/Longevity/what-kills-water-heaters.html">"The Basics: What kills water heaters"</a>. <i>Water Heater Rescue</i>. waterheaterrescue.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterheaterrescue.com/pages/WHRpages/English/Longevity/what-kills-water-heaters.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Water+Heater+Rescue&rft.atitle=The+Basics%3A+What+kills+water+heaters&rft.aulast=Schuyler&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterheaterrescue.com%2Fpages%2FWHRpages%2FEnglish%2FLongevity%2Fwhat-kills-water-heaters.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+water+storage+tank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHRAnode-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHRAnode_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchuyler" class="citation web cs1">Schuyler, Randy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130209012819/http://www.waterheaterrescue.com/pages/WHRpages/English/Longevity/water-heater-anodes.html">"The Basics: Anodes and Longevity"</a>. <i>Water Heater Rescue</i>. waterheaterrescue.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterheaterrescue.com/pages/WHRpages/English/Longevity/water-heater-anodes.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Water+Heater+Rescue&rft.atitle=The+Basics%3A+Anodes+and+Longevity&rft.aulast=Schuyler&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterheaterrescue.com%2Fpages%2FWHRpages%2FEnglish%2FLongevity%2Fwater-heater-anodes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+water+storage+tank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WHRChoose-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WHRChoose_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchuyler" class="citation web cs1">Schuyler, Randy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130209015429/http://www.waterheaterrescue.com/pages/WHRpages/English/Longevity/the-right-hot-water-heater.html">"The Basics: Choosing a water heater"</a>. <i>Water Heater Rescue</i>. waterheaterrescue.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterheaterrescue.com/pages/WHRpages/English/Longevity/the-right-hot-water-heater.html">the original</a> on February 9, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Water+Heater+Rescue&rft.atitle=The+Basics%3A+Choosing+a+water+heater&rft.aulast=Schuyler&rft.aufirst=Randy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterheaterrescue.com%2Fpages%2FWHRpages%2FEnglish%2FLongevity%2Fthe-right-hot-water-heater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+water+storage+tank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ta.co.at/en/freely-programmable-universal-controller/">Technische Alternative: Freely programmable universal controller UVR1611</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110603054035/http://ta.co.at/en/freely-programmable-universal-controller/">Archived</a> 2011-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Manuals and firmware in English and German: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ta.co.at/en/downloads">downloads</a>, Programing examples: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090213172312/http://solare-ideen.de/Seiten/UVR-Beispielsammlung.html">UVR-Beispielsammlung</a>, Practical examples on <a href="/wiki/Solar_heating_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Solar heating system">solar heating systems</a> with hot water storage tanks with current measuring date: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090303121724/http://solare-ideen.de/Seiten/Livedaten-Solarthermie.html">Livedaten</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-solvarme-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-solvarme_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Solar heating system with <i>stratified hot water storage tank with closed water circuit</i> and the possibility of reading many current parameters: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solar.webseiten.cc/Anlagen/Holzhausen/Live_Holzhausen/live_holzhausen.html">solar.webseiten.cc: Live-Daten Holzhausen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070323165154/http://solar.webseiten.cc/Anlagen/Holzhausen/Live_Holzhausen/live_holzhausen.html">Archived</a> 2007-03-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popularmechanics.com/home/improvement/interior/1275141">"How It Works: Water Heater"</a>. <i>Popular Mechanics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=How+It+Works%3A+Water+Heater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popularmechanics.com%2Fhome%2Fimprovement%2Finterior%2F1275141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+water+storage+tank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://canadasafetycouncil.org/home-safety/heated-debate-about-hot-water">"Heated Debate About Hot Water"</a>. 2 February 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heated+Debate+About+Hot+Water&rft.date=2005-02-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcanadasafetycouncil.org%2Fhome-safety%2Fheated-debate-about-hot-water&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHot+water+storage+tank" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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<li><a href="/wiki/Storm_sewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm sewer">Storm sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_tension" title="Surface tension">Surface tension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_water" title="Tap water">Tap water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">Thermal expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_insulation" title="Thermal insulation">Thermal insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosiphon" title="Thermosiphon">Thermosiphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_(plumbing)" title="Trap (plumbing)">Trap (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venturi_effect" title="Venturi effect">Venturi effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_hammer" class="mw-redirect" title="Water hammer">Water hammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_network" title="Water supply network">Water supply network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_table" title="Water table">Water table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazing" title="Brazing">Brazing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">British Standard Pipe</a> (BSP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cast_iron_pipe" title="Cast iron pipe">Cast iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_drain_cleaners" title="Chemical drain cleaners">Chemical drain cleaners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_fitting" title="Compression fitting">Compression fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_tubing" title="Copper tubing">Copper tubing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimp_(joining)" title="Crimp (joining)">Crimp (joining)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain-waste-vent_system" title="Drain-waste-vent system">Drain-waste-vent system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ductile_iron_pipe" title="Ductile iron pipe">Ductile iron pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare_fitting" title="Flare fitting">Flare fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_hose_thread" class="mw-redirect" title="Garden hose thread">Garden Hose Thread</a> (GHT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasket" title="Gasket">Gasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydronics" title="Hydronics">Hydronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Pipe_Thread" class="mw-redirect" title="National Pipe Thread">National Pipe Thread</a> (NPT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_Pipe_Size" title="Nominal Pipe Size">Nominal Pipe Size</a> (NPS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">O-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oakum" title="Oakum">Oakum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_(fluid_conveyance)" title="Pipe (fluid conveyance)">Pipe (fluid conveyance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_dope" title="Pipe dope">Pipe dope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_support" title="Pipe support">Pipe support</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pipework" title="Plastic pipework">Plastic pipework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push-to-pull_compression_fittings" title="Push-to-pull compression fittings">Push-to-pull compression fittings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putty" title="Putty">Putty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sealant" title="Sealant">Sealant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pumping" title="Sewage pumping">Sewage pumping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soldering" title="Soldering">Soldering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_welding" class="mw-redirect" title="Solvent welding">Solvent welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaging" title="Swaging">Swaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thread_seal_tape" title="Thread seal tape">Thread seal tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threaded_pipe" title="Threaded pipe">Threaded pipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_bending" title="Tube bending">Tube bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_vacuum_breaker" title="Atmospheric vacuum breaker">Atmospheric vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_bleeding_valve" title="Automatic bleeding valve">Automatic bleeding valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_faucet" title="Automatic faucet">Automatic faucet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backflow_prevention_device" title="Backflow prevention device">Backflow prevention device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_valve" title="Ball valve">Ball valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_screw" title="Bleed screw">Bleed screw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_valve" title="Butterfly valve">Butterfly valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_valve" title="Check valve">Check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemigation_valve" title="Chemigation valve">Chemigation valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_pump" title="Chopper pump">Chopper pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circulator_pump" title="Circulator pump">Circulator pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closet_flange" title="Closet flange">Closet flange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_reducer" title="Concentric reducer">Concentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensate_pump" title="Condensate pump">Condensate pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_(piping)" title="Coupling (piping)">Coupling (piping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragm_valve" title="Diaphragm valve">Diaphragm valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric union">Dielectric union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_check_valve" title="Double check valve">Double check valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eccentric_reducer" title="Eccentric reducer">Eccentric reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_tank" title="Expansion tank">Expansion tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faucet_aerator" title="Faucet aerator">Faucet aerator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_switch" title="Float switch">Float switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Float_valve" class="mw-redirect" title="Float valve">Float valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floor_drain" title="Floor drain">Floor drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_limiter" title="Flow limiter">Flow limiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushing_trough" title="Flushing trough">Flushing trough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flushometer" title="Flushometer">Flushometer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gate_valve" title="Gate valve">Gate valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globe_valve" title="Globe valve">Globe valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_trap" title="Grease trap">Grease trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinder_pump" title="Grinder pump">Grinder pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hose_coupling" title="Hose coupling">Hose coupling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manifold_(fluid_mechanics)" title="Manifold (fluid mechanics)">Manifold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Needle_valve" title="Needle valve">Needle valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nipple_(plumbing)" title="Nipple (plumbing)">Nipple (plumbing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinch_valve" title="Pinch valve">Pinch valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping_and_plumbing_fitting" title="Piping and plumbing fitting">Piping and plumbing fitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_(sanitation)" title="Plug (sanitation)">Plug (sanitation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_regulator" title="Pressure regulator">Pressure regulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_vacuum_breaker" title="Pressure vacuum breaker">Pressure vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-balanced_valve" title="Pressure-balanced valve">Pressure-balanced valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump" title="Pump">Pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiator_(heating)" title="Radiator (heating)">Radiator (heating)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reduced_pressure_zone_device" title="Reduced pressure zone device">Reduced pressure zone device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reducer" class="mw-redirect" title="Reducer">Reducer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riser_clamp" title="Riser clamp">Riser clamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooftop_water_tower" title="Rooftop water tower">Rooftop water tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_valve" title="Safety valve">Safety valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_pump" class="mw-redirect" title="Sewage pump">Sewage pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_elbow" title="Street elbow">Street elbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersible_pump" title="Submersible pump">Submersible pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_(valve)" title="Tap (valve)">Tap (valve)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermostatic_mixing_valve" title="Thermostatic mixing valve">Thermostatic mixing valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trench_drain" title="Trench drain">Trench drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_breaker" title="Vacuum breaker">Vacuum breaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_ejector" title="Vacuum ejector">Vacuum ejector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valve" title="Valve">Valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_tank" title="Water tank">Water tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zone_valve" title="Zone valve">Zone valve</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_fixture" title="Plumbing fixture">Plumbing fixtures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_bathtub" title="Accessible bathtub">Accessible bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathtub" title="Bathtub">Bathtub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidet" title="Bidet">Bidet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehumidifier" title="Dehumidifier">Dehumidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dishwasher" title="Dishwasher">Dishwasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_fountain" title="Drinking fountain">Drinking fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_water_boiler" title="Electric water boiler">Electric water boiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporative_cooler" title="Evaporative cooler">Evaporative cooler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_disposal_unit" title="Garbage disposal unit">Garbage disposal unit</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hot water storage tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidifier" title="Humidifier">Humidifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icemaker" title="Icemaker">Icemaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_hot_water_dispenser" title="Instant hot water dispenser">Instant hot water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laundry_tub" class="mw-redirect" title="Laundry tub">Laundry tub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shower" title="Shower">Shower</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">water recycling shower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sink" title="Sink">Sink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_water_heater" title="Storage water heater">Storage water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sump_pump" title="Sump pump">Sump pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankless_water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Tankless water heater">Tankless water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinal" title="Urinal">Urinal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">Washing machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washlet" title="Washlet">Washlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_dispenser" title="Water dispenser">Water dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_filter" title="Water filter">Water filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heater" class="mw-redirect" title="Water heater">Water heater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_softener" class="mw-redirect" title="Water softener">Water softener</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basin_wrench" title="Basin wrench">Basin wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blowtorch" title="Blowtorch">Blowtorch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borescope" title="Borescope">Borescope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_drill" title="Core drill">Core drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drain_cleaner" title="Drain cleaner">Drain cleaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Driving_cap" title="Driving cap">Driving cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flare-nut_wrench" class="mw-redirect" title="Flare-nut wrench">Flare-nut wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipecutter" title="Pipecutter">Pipecutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_wrench" title="Pipe wrench">Pipe wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber%27s_snake" title="Plumber's snake">Plumber's snake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber_wrench" title="Plumber wrench">Plumber wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunger" title="Plunger">Plunger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strap_wrench" title="Strap wrench">Strap wrench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_die" title="Tap and die">Tap and die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Measurement<br />and control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_valve" title="Control valve">Control valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Flow sensor">Flow sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure_sensor" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressure sensor">Pressure sensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_detector" title="Water detector">Water detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_metering" title="Water metering">Water metering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions,<br />trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hydronic_balancing" title="Hydronic balancing">Hydronic balancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrostatic_testing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrostatic testing">Hydrostatic testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leak_detection" title="Leak detection">Leak detection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical,_electrical,_and_plumbing" title="Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing">Mechanical, electrical, and plumbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipe_marking" title="Pipe marking">Pipe marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipefitter" title="Pipefitter">Pipefitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipelayer" title="Pipelayer">Pipelayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumber" title="Plumber">Plumber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry <br />organizations <br />and standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Plumbing_and_Mechanical_Officials" class="mw-redirect" title="International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials">International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSF_International" title="NSF International">NSF International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_%26_Drainage_Institute" title="Plumbing & Drainage Institute">Plumbing & Drainage Institute (PDI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Plumbing_Code" title="Uniform Plumbing Code">Uniform Plumbing Code (UPC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Plumbing_Council" title="World Plumbing Council">World Plumbing Council (WPC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Health and safety</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plumbing_code" title="Plumbing code">Plumbing code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalding" title="Scalding">Scalding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterborne_disease" title="Waterborne disease">Waterborne disease</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align: middle;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piping" title="Piping">Piping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_health" title="Template:Public health">Template:Public health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Sewerage" title="Template:Sewerage">Template:Sewerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Toilets" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Toilets">Template:Toilets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater">Template:Wastewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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