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Rosa Isabel Garza Sánchez - Academia.edu
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data-work-id="43052297"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43052297/Estructura_interna_de_una_escala_de_indefensi%C3%B3n_para_j%C3%B3venes_del_norte_de_M%C3%A9xico"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Estructura interna de una escala de indefensión para jóvenes del norte de México" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63312256/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43052297/Estructura_interna_de_una_escala_de_indefensi%C3%B3n_para_j%C3%B3venes_del_norte_de_M%C3%A9xico">Estructura interna de una escala de indefensión para jóvenes del norte de México</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucr.academia.edu/ActualidadesEnPsicolog%C3%ADa">Actualidades en Psicología</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RosaIsabelGarzaS%C3%A1nchez">Rosa Isabel Garza Sánchez</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Actualidades en Psicología</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Objetivo. Analizar la estructura interna de la propuesta de una Escala de Indefensión para Jóvene...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Objetivo. Analizar la estructura interna de la propuesta de una Escala de Indefensión para Jóvenes (EIJ) en una muestra de la ciudad de Saltillo, Coahuila, México. Método. Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa de diseño instrumental. Se eligió una muestra incidental de 750 casos, 50.3% hombres y 49.7% mujeres. La edad promedio fue de 21.85. Se utilizó la EIJ, que constó de 47 ítems que miden: afectividad, motivación, cognición y conducta. La confiabilidad fue de .898. Resultados. Se realizó el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Confirmatorio. Los índices de ajuste cumplieron con el criterio de buen ajuste. 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$(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="10385875" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="43052297"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/43052297/Estructura_interna_de_una_escala_de_indefensi%C3%B3n_para_j%C3%B3venes_del_norte_de_M%C3%A9xico"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Estructura interna de una escala de indefensión para jóvenes del norte de México" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/63312256/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/43052297/Estructura_interna_de_una_escala_de_indefensi%C3%B3n_para_j%C3%B3venes_del_norte_de_M%C3%A9xico">Estructura interna de una escala de indefensión para jóvenes del norte de México</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--coauthors"><span>by </span><span><a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://ucr.academia.edu/ActualidadesEnPsicolog%C3%ADa">Actualidades en Psicología</a> and <a class="" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-authors" href="https://independent.academia.edu/RosaIsabelGarzaS%C3%A1nchez">Rosa Isabel Garza Sánchez</a></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Actualidades en Psicología</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Objetivo. Analizar la estructura interna de la propuesta de una Escala de Indefensión para Jóvene...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Objetivo. Analizar la estructura interna de la propuesta de una Escala de Indefensión para Jóvenes (EIJ) en una muestra de la ciudad de Saltillo, Coahuila, México. Método. Se utilizó una metodología cuantitativa de diseño instrumental. Se eligió una muestra incidental de 750 casos, 50.3% hombres y 49.7% mujeres. La edad promedio fue de 21.85. Se utilizó la EIJ, que constó de 47 ítems que miden: afectividad, motivación, cognición y conducta. La confiabilidad fue de .898. Resultados. Se realizó el Análisis Factorial Exploratorio y Confirmatorio. Los índices de ajuste cumplieron con el criterio de buen ajuste. 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