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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Origin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_internet_and_mobile_devices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_internet_and_mobile_devices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Transition to internet and mobile devices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_internet_and_mobile_devices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Additional history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Major categories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_categories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major categories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_cost_and_quality_of_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_cost_and_quality_of_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>By cost and quality of service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_cost_and_quality_of_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_concerns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_concerns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Security concerns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_concerns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adoption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adoption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Adoption</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adoption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Components_and_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Components_and_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Components and types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Components_and_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Videoconferencing_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Videoconferencing_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Videoconferencing modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Videoconferencing_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Echo_cancellation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Echo_cancellation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Echo cancellation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Echo_cancellation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bandwidth_requirements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bandwidth_requirements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Bandwidth requirements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bandwidth_requirements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Call_setup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Call_setup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Call setup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Call_setup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conferencing_layers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conferencing_layers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Conferencing layers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conferencing_layers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multipoint_control" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multipoint_control"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Multipoint control</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multipoint_control-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cloud_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cloud_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Cloud storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cloud_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Government_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Government and law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Government_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medicine_and_health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medicine_and_health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Medicine and health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medicine_and_health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Business" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Business"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Business</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Business-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sign_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sign_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>Sign language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sign_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-21st-century_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.1</span> <span>21st-century improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_Sign_Language_communication_tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_Sign_Language_communication_tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6.2</span> <span>Comparison of Sign Language communication tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_Sign_Language_communication_tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Descriptive_names_and_terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Descriptive_names_and_terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Descriptive names and terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Descriptive_names_and_terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unsorted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsorted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Unsorted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsorted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.2</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_benefits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_benefits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.3</span> <span>Environmental benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_and_technical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_and_technical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.4</span> <span>Historical and technical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_and_technical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Videotelephony</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="تهاتف مرئي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تهاتف مرئي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelefoniya" title="Videotelefoniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Videotelefoniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF" title="ভিডিওটেলিফোনি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভিডিওটেলিফোনি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videochat" title="Videochat – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Videochat" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelefonio" title="Videotelefonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Videotelefonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bideotxat" title="Bideotxat – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bideotxat" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="خدمات تلفن تصویری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خدمات تلفن تصویری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videochat" title="Videochat – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Videochat" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%83%81%ED%86%B5%ED%99%94" title="화상통화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화상통화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%A6%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81" title="Տեսազրույց – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տեսազրույց" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelefoni" title="Videotelefoni – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Videotelefoni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelefonia" title="Videotelefonia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Videotelefonia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%97%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%99%D7%93%D7%90%D7%95" title="שיחת וידאו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיחת וידאו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Видеотелефония – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Видеотелефония" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelefoni" title="Videotelefoni – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Videotelefoni" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%93%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1" title="テレビ電話 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テレビ電話" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wideotelefonia" title="Wideotelefonia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wideotelefonia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelefonia" title="Videotelefonia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Videotelefonia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Видеотелефония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Видеотелефония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_chat" title="Video chat – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Video chat" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%86_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="ڤیدیۆ کۆنفراس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیدیۆ کۆنفراس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelefonija" title="Videotelefonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Videotelefonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videopuhelu" title="Videopuhelu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Videopuhelu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videosamtal" title="Videosamtal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Videosamtal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="காணொளிக் கருத்தரங்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="காணொளிக் கருத்தரங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E" title="การโทรศัพท์ภาพ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การโทรศัพท์ภาพ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelefon" title="Videotelefon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Videotelefon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Відеочат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Відеочат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_call" title="Video call – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Video call" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A6%96%E5%83%8F%E5%B0%8D%E8%A9%B1" title="視像對話 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="視像對話" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%86%E9%A2%91%E5%AF%B9%E8%AF%9D" title="视频对话 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="视频对话" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q854954#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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conferencing</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Real-time video communication</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Videophone" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Videophone_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Videophone (disambiguation)">Videophone (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">November 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG/220px-Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG/330px-Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG/440px-Teliris_VL_Modular.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4144" data-file-height="2665" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">telepresence</a> system in 2007</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Videotelephony</b> (also known as <b>videoconferencing</b> or <b>video calling</b>) is the use of <a href="/wiki/Audio_signal" title="Audio signal">audio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> for simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Two-way_communication" title="Two-way communication">two-way communication</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgraw_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgraw-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, videotelephony is widespread. There are many terms to refer to videotelephony. <i>Videophones</i> are standalone devices for video calling (compare <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">Telephone</a>). In the present day, devices like <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a> and computers are capable of video calling, reducing the demand for separate videophones. <i>Videoconferencing</i> implies group communication.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulbach-1995c_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulbach-1995c-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Videoconferencing is used in <a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">telepresence</a>, whose goal is to create the illusion that remote participants are in the same room. </p><p>The concept of videotelephony was conceived in the late 19th century, and versions were available to the public starting in the 1930s. Early demonstrations were installed at booths in post offices and shown at various world expositions. In 1970, <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> launched the first commercial personal videotelephone system. In addition to videophones, there existed <i>image phones</i> which exchanged still images between units every few seconds over <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">conventional telephone lines</a>. The development of advanced <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">video codecs</a>, more powerful <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPUs</a>, and high-bandwidth <a href="/wiki/Internet_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet service">Internet service</a> in the late 1990s allowed digital videophones to provide high-quality low-cost color service between users almost any place in the world. </p><p>Applications of videotelephony include <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> transmission for <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech-impaired" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech-impaired">speech-impaired</a> people, <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">telemedicine</a>, and overcoming <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">mobility issues</a>. <a href="/wiki/News_media" title="News media">News media</a> organizations have used videotelephony for broadcasting.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">History of videotelephony</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg/220px-France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg/330px-France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg/440px-France_in_XXI_Century._Correspondance_cinema.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Videotelephony predicted to be in use by 2000, as envisioned in 1910 (artist's conception)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bell_telephone_magazine_(1922)_(14756466975).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814756466975%29.jpg/220px-Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814756466975%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814756466975%29.jpg/330px-Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814756466975%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814756466975%29.jpg/440px-Bell_telephone_magazine_%281922%29_%2814756466975%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1906" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>Videotelephone booth, 1922</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin">Origin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Origin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The concept of videotelephony was first conceived in the late 1870s, both in the United States and in Europe, although the basic sciences to permit its very earliest trials would take nearly a half century to be discovered.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The prerequisite knowledge arose from intensive research and experimentation in several telecommunication fields, notably <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical telegraphy">electrical telegraphy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_systems">Early systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Simple analog videophone communication could be established as early as the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>. Such an antecedent usually consisted of two <a href="/wiki/Closed-circuit_television" title="Closed-circuit television">closed-circuit television</a> systems connected via <a href="/wiki/Coax_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Coax cable">coax cable</a> or <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>. An example of that was the German Reich Postzentralamt (post office) videotelephone network serving Berlin and several German cities via coaxial cables between 1936 and 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The development of videotelephony as a subscription service started in the latter half of the 1920s in the United Kingdom and the United States, spurred notably by <a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">AT&T's Bell Labs</a>. This occurred in part, at least with AT&T, to serve as an adjunct supplementing the use of the telephone. A number of organizations believed that videotelephony would be superior to plain voice communications. Attempts at using normal <a href="/wiki/Telephony" title="Telephony">telephony</a> networks to transmit slow-scan video, such as the first systems developed by <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Corporation" title="AT&T Corporation">AT&T Corporation</a>, first researched in the 1950s, failed mostly due to the poor picture quality and the lack of efficient <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> techniques. </p><p>During the first crewed <a href="/wiki/Space_flight" class="mw-redirect" title="Space flight">space flights</a>, <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> used two radio-frequency (<a href="/wiki/UHF" class="mw-redirect" title="UHF">UHF</a> or <a href="/wiki/VHF" class="mw-redirect" title="VHF">VHF</a>) video links, one in each direction. <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TV</a> channels routinely use this type of videotelephony when reporting from distant locations. The news media were to become regular users of mobile links to <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellites</a> using specially equipped trucks, and much later via special satellite videophones in a briefcase. This technique was very expensive, though, and was not adopted for applications such as <a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">telemedicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">distance education</a>, and business meetings. </p><p>Decades of research and development culminated in the 1970 commercial launch of AT&T's <a href="/wiki/Picturephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Picturephone">Picturephone</a> service, available in select cities. However, the system was a commercial failure, chiefly due to consumer apathy, high subscription costs, and lack of <a href="/wiki/Network_effect" title="Network effect">network effect</a>—with only a few hundred Picturephones in the world, users had extremely few contacts they could actually call, and <a href="/wiki/Interoperability" title="Interoperability">interoperability</a> with other videophone systems would not exist for decades. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_Line_System_Videoconferencing_FJCC_1968.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/On_Line_System_Videoconferencing_FJCC_1968.jpg/220px-On_Line_System_Videoconferencing_FJCC_1968.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/64/On_Line_System_Videoconferencing_FJCC_1968.jpg/330px-On_Line_System_Videoconferencing_FJCC_1968.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/64/On_Line_System_Videoconferencing_FJCC_1968.jpg 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption>Multiple user videoconferencing first being demonstrated with <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Research_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Research Institute">Stanford Research Institute</a>'s <a href="/wiki/NLS_(computer_system)" title="NLS (computer system)">NLS computer technology</a> (1968)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1969_AT%26T_Picturephone_Model_2_at_the_Early_Television_Museum_June_2022.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1969_AT%26T_Picturephone_Model_2_at_the_Early_Television_Museum_June_2022.jpg/220px-1969_AT%26T_Picturephone_Model_2_at_the_Early_Television_Museum_June_2022.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1969_AT%26T_Picturephone_Model_2_at_the_Early_Television_Museum_June_2022.jpg/330px-1969_AT%26T_Picturephone_Model_2_at_the_Early_Television_Museum_June_2022.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/1969_AT%26T_Picturephone_Model_2_at_the_Early_Television_Museum_June_2022.jpg/440px-1969_AT%26T_Picturephone_Model_2_at_the_Early_Television_Museum_June_2022.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>An AT&T Picturephone Model 2 from 1969</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital">Digital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Digital_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital telephony">digital telephony</a> transmission networks became possible, such as with <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a> networks. During this time, there was also research into other forms of digital video and audio communication. Many of these technologies, such as the <a href="/wiki/Media_space" title="Media space">Media space</a>, are not as widely used today as videoconferencing but were still an important area of research.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first dedicated systems started to appear as ISDN networks were expanding throughout the world. One of the first commercial videoconferencing systems sold to companies came from <a href="/wiki/PictureTel_Corp." class="mw-redirect" title="PictureTel Corp.">PictureTel Corp.</a>, which had an <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">initial public offering</a> in November, 1984. </p><p>In 1984, Concept Communication in the United States created a <a href="/wiki/Circuit_board" class="mw-redirect" title="Circuit board">circuit board</a> for standard personal computers that doubled the video <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> of typical digital videotelephone systems from 15 to 30 frames per second, and reduced the cost from $100,000 to $12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-williamjtobin_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamjtobin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The company also secured a patent for a <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a> for full-motion videoconferencing, first demonstrated at <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Labs" class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Bell Labs">AT&T Bell Labs</a> in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-williamjtobin_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamjtobin-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-rtir_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rtir-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CUcollaboration.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/CUcollaboration.gif/220px-CUcollaboration.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/CUcollaboration.gif/330px-CUcollaboration.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/CUcollaboration.gif 2x" data-file-width="436" data-file-height="242" /></a><figcaption>Global Schoolhouse students communicating via <a href="/wiki/CU-SeeMe" title="CU-SeeMe">CU-SeeMe</a>, shown here with a video <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> between 0.9 and 3 frames per second (1993)</figcaption></figure> <p>Very expensive videoconferencing systems continued to rapidly evolve throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Proprietary equipment, software, and network requirements gave way to standards-based technologies that were available for anyone to purchase at a reasonable cost. </p><p>While videoconferencing technology was initially used primarily within internal corporate communication networks, one of the first community service uses of the technology started in 1992 through a unique partnership with PictureTel and IBM, which at the time were promoting a jointly developed desktop based videoconferencing product known as the PCS/1. Over the next 15 years, <a href="/wiki/Project_DIANE" title="Project DIANE">Project DIANE</a> (Diversified Information and Assistance Network) grew to use a variety of videoconferencing platforms to create a multi-state cooperative public service and distance education network consisting of several hundred schools, libraries, science museums, zoos and parks, and many other community-oriented organizations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_internet_and_mobile_devices">Transition to internet and mobile devices</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Transition to internet and mobile devices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Advances in <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a> allowed <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> streams to be transmitted over the Internet, which was previously difficult due to the impractically high bandwidth requirements of <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a>. The DCT algorithm was the basis for the first practical <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standard">video coding standard</a> that was useful for online videoconferencing, <a href="/wiki/H.261" title="H.261">H.261</a>, standardised by the <a href="/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> in 1988, and subsequent <a href="/wiki/H.26x" class="mw-redirect" title="H.26x">H.26x</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Video coding standard">video coding standards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Huang_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huang-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992 <a href="/wiki/CU-SeeMe" title="CU-SeeMe">CU-SeeMe</a> was developed at Cornell by Tim Dorcey et al. In 1995 the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communication_Landmarks#Telecommunication_landmarks" class="mw-redirect" title="South African Communication Landmarks">first public videoconference between North America and Africa</a> took place, linking a technofair in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> with a techno-rave and cyberdeli in <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>. At the <a href="/wiki/1998_Winter_Olympics" title="1998 Winter Olympics">1998 Winter Olympics</a> opening ceremony in <a href="/wiki/Nagano,_Nagano" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagano, Nagano">Nagano</a>, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Seiji_Ozawa" title="Seiji Ozawa">Seiji Ozawa</a> conducted the <a href="/wiki/Ode_to_Joy" title="Ode to Joy">Ode to Joy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Beethoven%27s_Ninth_Symphony" class="mw-redirect" title="Beethoven's Ninth Symphony">Beethoven's Ninth Symphony</a> simultaneously across five continents in near-real-time. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg/170px-Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg/255px-Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg/340px-Kyocera_VP-210_CP%2B_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="2234" /></a><figcaption> The <a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a> VP-210 Visual Phone was the first commercial mobile videophone (1999).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kyocera" title="Kyocera">Kyocera</a> conducted a two-year development campaign from 1997 to 1999 that resulted in the release of the VP-210 Visual Phone, the first mobile colour videophone that also doubled as a <a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">camera phone</a> for still photos.<sup id="cite_ref-S&S_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-S&S-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CNN-1999.05.18_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-1999.05.18-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The camera phone was the same size as similar contemporary <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, but sported a large camera lens and a 5 cm (2 inch) colour <a href="/wiki/TFT_display" class="mw-redirect" title="TFT display">TFT display</a> capable of displaying 65,000 colors, and was able to process two video frames per second.<sup id="cite_ref-CNN-1999.05.18_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CNN-1999.05.18-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Computerworld-2012.05.11_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Computerworld-2012.05.11-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Videotelephony was popularized in the 2000s via free Internet services such as <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> and <a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a>, web plugins supporting <a href="/wiki/H.26x" class="mw-redirect" title="H.26x">H.26x</a> video standards, and online telecommunication programs that promoted low cost, albeit lower quality, videoconferencing to virtually every location with an Internet connection. </p><p>Videotelephony became even more widespread through the deployment of video-enabled <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> such as 2010s <a href="/wiki/IPhone_4" title="IPhone 4">iPhone 4</a>, plus videoconferencing and <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">computer webcams</a> which use <a href="/wiki/Internet_telephony" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet telephony">Internet telephony</a>. In the upper echelons of government, business, and commerce, <a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">telepresence technology</a>, an advanced form of videoconferencing, has helped reduce the need to travel.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_history">Additional history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Additional history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2005, the first <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high definition</a> videoconferencing systems, produced by <a href="/wiki/Lifesize" title="Lifesize">Lifesize</a>, were displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Interop" title="Interop">Interop</a> trade show in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>, able to provide video at 30 frames per second with a 1280 by 720 <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Polycom" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycom">Polycom</a> introduced its first high definition videoconferencing system to the market in 2006. As of the 2010s, high-definition resolution for videoconferencing became a popular feature, with most major suppliers in the videoconferencing market offering it. </p><p>Technological developments by videoconferencing developers in the 2010s have extended the capabilities of videoconferencing systems beyond the boardroom for use with <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">hand-held mobile devices</a> that combine the use of video, audio and on-screen drawing capabilities broadcasting in real time over secure networks, independent of location. <a href="/wiki/Mobile_collaboration" title="Mobile collaboration">Mobile collaboration</a> systems now allow people in previously unreachable locations, such as workers on an offshore oil rig, the ability to view and discuss issues with colleagues thousands of miles away. Traditional videoconferencing system manufacturers have begun providing mobile applications as well, such as those that allow for live and still image streaming.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The highest ever video call (other than those from aircraft and spacecraft) took place on May 19, 2013, when British adventurer Daniel Hughes used a <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Global_Area_Network" title="Broadband Global Area Network">BGAN satellite modem</a> to make a videocall to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> from the summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Everest" title="Mount Everest">Mount Everest</a>, at 8,848 metres (29,029 ft) above sea level.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> resulted in a significant increase in the use of videoconferencing. Berstein Research found that <a href="/wiki/Zoom_(software)" title="Zoom (software)">Zoom</a> added more subscribers during the first two months of 2020 alone than in the entire year 2019. <a href="/wiki/GoToMeeting" class="mw-redirect" title="GoToMeeting">GoToMeeting</a> had a 20 percent increase in usage, according to <a href="/wiki/LogMeIn" class="mw-redirect" title="LogMeIn">LogMeIn</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UK based <a href="/wiki/StarLeaf" title="StarLeaf">StarLeaf</a> reported a 600 percent increase in national call volumes.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Videoconferencing became so widespread during the pandemic that the term <a href="/wiki/Zoom_fatigue" title="Zoom fatigue">Zoom fatigue</a> came to prominence, referring to the taxing nature of spending long periods of time on videocalls.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fatigue refers to the psychological and physiological effects participants involved in videoconferencing.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One experimental study from 2021 revealed a link between camera use in videoconferencing and a prediction of fatigue occurrence an individual.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, a 2022 article in the journal "<a href="/wiki/Computers_in_Human_Behavior" title="Computers in Human Behavior">Computers in Human Behaviour</a>" highlighted a study linking negative attitudes with the use of "self-view" when videoconferencing.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 21 September 2021, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> launched two new versions of its Portal video-calling devices, the Portal Go and Portal Plus. The new video calling devices include the first portable variety of the hardware and number of updates.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_categories">Major categories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Major categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Videotelephony" title="Special:EditPage/Videotelephony">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Videotelephony%22">"Videotelephony"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Videotelephony%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Videotelephony%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Videotelephony%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Videotelephony%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Videotelephony%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IP_Video_Phone_1535-DSCN1202-2.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/IP_Video_Phone_1535-DSCN1202-2.JPG/220px-IP_Video_Phone_1535-DSCN1202-2.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/IP_Video_Phone_1535-DSCN1202-2.JPG/330px-IP_Video_Phone_1535-DSCN1202-2.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/IP_Video_Phone_1535-DSCN1202-2.JPG/440px-IP_Video_Phone_1535-DSCN1202-2.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1798" data-file-height="1763" /></a><figcaption>A modern <a href="/wiki/Avaya" title="Avaya">Avaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a> 1535 IP model broadband videophone (2008), using <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USB_webcam_for_PC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/USB_webcam_for_PC.jpg/220px-USB_webcam_for_PC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/USB_webcam_for_PC.jpg/330px-USB_webcam_for_PC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/USB_webcam_for_PC.jpg/440px-USB_webcam_for_PC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>USB webcam for PC</figcaption></figure> <p>Videotelephony can be categorized by its functionality and intended purpose, and also by its method of transmission. </p><p><b>Videophones</b> were the earliest form of videotelephony, dating back to initial tests in 1927 by AT&T. During the late 1930s, the post offices of several European governments established public videophone services for person-to-person communications using dual cable circuit telephone transmission technology. In the present day, standalone videophones and <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> video-enabled <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> are usually used on a person-to-person basis. </p><p><b>Videoconferencing</b> saw its earliest use with AT&T's Picturephone service in the early 1970s. Transmissions were analog over short distances, but converted to digital forms for longer calls, again using telephone transmission technology. Popular corporate video-conferencing systems in the present day have migrated almost exclusively to digital <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> transmission modes due to the need to convey the very large amounts of data generated by their cameras and microphones. These systems are often intended for use in conference mode, that is by many people in several different locations, all of whom can be viewed by every participant at each location. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">Telepresence</a> systems are a newer, more advanced subset of videoconferencing systems, meant to allow higher degrees of video and audio fidelity. Such high-end systems are typically deployed in corporate settings. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mobile_collaboration" title="Mobile collaboration">Mobile collaboration</a> systems are another recent development, combining the use of video, audio, and on-screen drawing capabilities using newest generation <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">hand-held electronic devices</a> broadcasting over secure networks, enabling multi-party conferencing in real time, independent of location. <a href="/wiki/Proximity_chat" title="Proximity chat">Proximity chat</a> is another alternative mode, focused on the flexibility of small group conversations. </p><p>A more recent technology encompassing these functions is TV cams. TV cams enable people to make video calls using video calling services, like Skype on their TV, without using a PC connection. TV cams are specially designed video cameras that feed images in real time to another TV camera or other compatible computing devices like smartphones, tablets and computers. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcams</a></i> are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live video and audio streams via <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, and can be used with many <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands#Software_Client_brands" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">software clients</a> for both video calls and videoconferencing.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the systems has its own advantages and disadvantages, including <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video quality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_cost" title="Capital cost">capital cost</a>, degrees of sophistication, <a href="/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission (telecommunications)">transmission</a> capacity requirements, and <a href="/wiki/Indirect_costs" title="Indirect costs">cost of use</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_cost_and_quality_of_service">By cost and quality of service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: By cost and quality of service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the least to the most expensive systems: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_camera" class="mw-redirect" title="Web camera">Web camera</a> videophone and videoconferencing systems, either stand-alone or built-in, that serve as complements to personal computers, connected to other participants by <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer</a> and <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> networks—lowest direct cost, assuming the users already possess computers at their respective locations. Quality of service can range from low to very high, including <a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">high definition</a> video available on the latest model webcams. A related and similar device is a TV camera which is usually small, sits on top of a TV, and can connect to it via its <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> port, similar to how a webcam attaches to a computer via a USB port.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">Videophones</a>—low to midrange cost. The earliest standalone models operated over either <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">plain old telephone service</a> (POTS) lines on the <a href="/wiki/PSTN" class="mw-redirect" title="PSTN">PSTN</a> telephone networks or more expensive <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a> lines, while newer models have largely migrated to <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> line service for higher image resolutions and sound quality. Quality of service for standalone videophones can vary from low to high;</li> <li>Huddle room or all-in-one systems —low to midrange cost, newer endpoint category based on standard videoconferencing systems, but defined by the camera, microphone(s), speakers, and codec contained in a single piece of hardware. Typically used in small to medium spaces where <a href="/wiki/Beamforming" title="Beamforming">beamforming</a> <a href="/wiki/Microphone_array" title="Microphone array">microphone arrays</a> located in the system are sufficient, in lieu of table or ceiling microphones in closer proximity to the in-room participants. Quality of service is comparable to standard videoconferencing systems, varying from moderate to high. Some manufacturers' huddle room systems do not include the codec within the soundbar-shaped unit, rather only camera, microphone, and speakers. These systems are usually still classified as huddle room systems, but, like webcams, rely on a USB connection to an external device, usually a PC, to process the video codec responsibilities. Despite its name, video conferencing systems for Huddle Rooms prevent participants from huddling close together to be seen in the camera. All-in-one systems for these types of rooms range from wide angles such as 110° Horizontal field of view (FOV) to as much as 360° FOV that allow a full view of the room.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing systems</a>—midrange cost, usually using <a href="/wiki/Multipoint_control_unit" title="Multipoint control unit">multipoint control units</a> or other bridging services to allow multiple parties on videoconference calls. Quality of service can vary from moderate to high.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">Telepresence systems</a>—highest capabilities and highest cost. Full <i>high-end</i> systems can involve specially built teleconference rooms to allow expansive views with very high levels of audio and video fidelity, to permit an 'immersive' videoconference. When the proper type and capacity transmission lines are provided between facilities, the quality of service reaches state-of-the-art levels.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_concerns">Security concerns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Security concerns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Computer security</a> experts have shown that poorly configured or inadequately supervised videoconferencing systems can permit an easy <i>virtual</i> entry by <a href="/wiki/Computer_hackers" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer hackers">computer hackers</a> and criminals into company premises and corporate boardrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-NewYorkTimes-2012.01.22_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewYorkTimes-2012.01.22-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adoption">Adoption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Adoption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For over a century, <a href="/wiki/Futurist" title="Futurist">futurists</a> have envisioned a future where telephone conversations will take place as actual face-to-face encounters with video as well as audio. Sometimes it is simply not possible or practical to have face-to-face meetings with two or more people. Sometimes a telephone conversation or conference call is adequate. Other times, <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a> exchanges are adequate. However, videoconferencing adds another option and can be considered when: </p> <ul><li>A live conversation is needed</li> <li>Non-verbal (visual) information is an important component of the conversation</li> <li>The parties of the conversation cannot physically come to the same location</li> <li>The expense or time of travel is a consideration</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> said in 2001 that he used videoconferencing "three or four times a year", because digital scheduling was difficult and "if the overhead is super high, then you might as well just have a face-to-face meeting".<sup id="cite_ref-millergates20010904_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-millergates20010904-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some observers argue that three outstanding issues have prevented videoconferencing from becoming a widely adopted form of communication, despite the ubiquity of videoconferencing-capable systems.<sup id="cite_ref-VanMeggelen_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanMeggelen-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>Eye contact:</b> <a href="/wiki/Eye_contact" title="Eye contact">Eye contact</a> plays a large role in conversational <a href="/wiki/Turn-taking" title="Turn-taking">turn-taking</a>, perceived attention and intent, and other aspects of group communication.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While traditional telephone conversations give no eye contact cues, many videoconferencing systems are arguably worse in that they provide an incorrect impression that the remote interlocutor is avoiding eye contact. Some telepresence systems have cameras located in the screens that reduce the amount of <a href="/wiki/Parallax" title="Parallax">parallax</a> observed by the users. This issue is also being addressed through research that generates a synthetic image with eye contact using stereo reconstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Telcordia_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="Telcordia Technologies">Telcordia Technologies</a>, formerly Bell Communications Research, owns a patent for eye-to-eye videoconferencing using rear projection screens with the video camera behind it, evolved from a 1960s U.S. military system that provided videoconferencing services between the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> and various other government and military facilities. This technique eliminates the need for special cameras or image processing.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Appearance consciousness:</b> A second psychological problem with videoconferencing is being on camera, with the video stream possibly even being recorded. The burden of presenting an acceptable on-screen appearance is not present in audio-only communication. Early studies by Alphonse Chapanis found that the addition of video actually impaired communication, possibly because of the consciousness of being on camera.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Signal latency</b>: The information transport of digital signals in many steps need time. In a telecommunicated conversation, an increased <a href="/wiki/Latency_(engineering)" title="Latency (engineering)">latency</a> (time lag) larger than about 150–300 ms becomes noticeable and is soon observed as unnatural and distracting. Therefore, next to a stable large bandwidth, a small <a href="/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">total round-trip time</a> is another major technical requirement for the communication channel for interactive videoconferencing.<sup id="cite_ref-Percy_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Percy-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Bandwidth and quality of service</b>: In some countries, it is difficult or expensive to get a high-quality connection that is fast enough for good-quality videoconferencing. Technologies such as <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> are usually provided as two separate lines (for uplink/downlink) because each has limited upload speeds and cannot upload and download simultaneously at full speed. As Internet speeds increase, higher quality and high-definition videoconferencing will become more readily available.</li> <li><b>Complexity of systems</b>: Most users are not technically experienced and want a simple interface. In hardware systems, an unplugged cord or an unresponsive remote control is seen as a failure, contributing to a perceived unreliability. Successful systems are backed by support teams who can provide fast assistance when required.</li> <li><b>Perceived lack of interoperability</b>: Not all systems can readily interconnect; for example, ISDN and IP systems require a gateway. Popular software solutions cannot easily connect to hardware systems. Some systems use different standards, features, and qualities which can require additional configuration when connecting to dissimilar systems. Free software systems circumvent this limitation by making it relatively easy for a single user to communicate over multiple incompatible platforms.</li> <li><b>Expense of commercial systems</b>: Well-designed <a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">telepresence</a> systems require specially designed rooms which can cost hundreds of thousands of dollars to fit out their rooms with codecs, integration equipment (such as <a href="/wiki/Multipoint_Control_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipoint Control Unit">Multipoint Control Units</a>), high fidelity sound systems, and furniture. Monthly charges may also be required for bridging services and high-capacity broadband service.</li></ul> <p>These are some of the reasons many organizations only use the systems internally, where there is less risk of loss of customers. An alternative for those lacking dedicated facilities is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands#Public_videoconferencing_facilities" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">rental of videoconferencing-equipped meeting rooms</a> in cities around the world. Clients can book rooms and turn up for the meeting, with all technical aspects being prearranged and support being readily available if needed. The issue of eye contact may be solved with advancing technology, including smartphones which have the screen and camera in essentially the same place. In developed countries, the near-ubiquity of <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>, and computers with built-in audio and webcams removes the need for expensive dedicated hardware. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Videotelephony" title="Special:EditPage/Videotelephony">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Components_and_types">Components and types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Components and types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polycom_VSX_7000_with_2_video_conferencing_screens.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Polycom_VSX_7000_with_2_video_conferencing_screens.JPG/220px-Polycom_VSX_7000_with_2_video_conferencing_screens.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Polycom_VSX_7000_with_2_video_conferencing_screens.JPG/330px-Polycom_VSX_7000_with_2_video_conferencing_screens.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Polycom_VSX_7000_with_2_video_conferencing_screens.JPG/440px-Polycom_VSX_7000_with_2_video_conferencing_screens.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><b>Dual display</b>: A mid-2000s <a href="/wiki/Polycom_VSX_7000" title="Polycom VSX 7000">Polycom VSX 7000</a> system and camera used for videoconferencing, with two displays for simultaneous broadcast from separate locations</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoogleHangoutsMeeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GoogleHangoutsMeeting.jpg/220px-GoogleHangoutsMeeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GoogleHangoutsMeeting.jpg/330px-GoogleHangoutsMeeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GoogleHangoutsMeeting.jpg/440px-GoogleHangoutsMeeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A videoconference meeting facilitated by <a href="/wiki/Google_Hangouts" title="Google Hangouts">Google Hangouts</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The core technology used in a videotelephony system is digital compression of audio and video streams in real time. The hardware or <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> that performs compression is called a <a href="/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a> (coder/decoder). Compression rates of up to 1:500 can be achieved. The resulting digital stream of 1s and 0s is subdivided into labeled <a href="/wiki/Packet_(information_technology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet (information technology)">packets</a>, which are then transmitted through a <a href="/wiki/Digital_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital network">digital network</a> of some kind (usually <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a> or <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a>). </p><p>The other components required for a videoconferencing system include: </p> <ul><li><b>Video input</b>: (<a href="/wiki/Pan%E2%80%93tilt%E2%80%93zoom_camera" title="Pan–tilt–zoom camera">PTZ</a> / <a href="/wiki/360-degree_video" title="360-degree video">360°</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fisheye_lens" title="Fisheye lens">Fisheye</a>) <a href="/wiki/Video_camera" title="Video camera">video camera</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a></li> <li><b>Video output</b>: <a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">computer monitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">projector</a></li> <li><b>Audio input</b>: <a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">microphones</a>, CD/DVD player, cassette player, or any other source of PreAmp audio outlet.</li> <li><b>Audio output</b>: usually <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeakers</a> associated with the display device or telephone</li> <li><b>Data transfer</b>: analog or digital telephone network, <a href="/wiki/LAN" class="mw-redirect" title="LAN">LAN</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><b>Computer</b>: a data processing unit that ties together the other components, does the compressing and decompressing, and initiates and maintains the data linkage via the network.</li></ul> <p>There are basically three kinds of videoconferencing and videophone systems: </p> <ol><li><b>Dedicated systems</b> have all required components packaged into a single piece of equipment, usually a console with a high quality <a href="/wiki/Remote_control" title="Remote control">remote controlled</a> video camera. These cameras can be controlled at a distance to pan left and right, tilt up and down, and zoom. They became known as PTZ cameras. The console contains all electrical interfaces, the control computer, and the software or hardware-based codec. Omnidirectional microphones are connected to the console, as well as a TV monitor with loudspeakers and/or a <a href="/wiki/Video_projector" title="Video projector">video projector</a>. There are several types of dedicated videoconferencing devices: <ol><li>Large group videoconferencing are built-in, large, expensive devices used for large rooms such as conference rooms and auditoriums.</li> <li>Small group videoconferencing are either non-portable or portable, smaller, less expensive devices used for small meeting rooms.</li> <li>Individual videoconferencing are usually portable devices, meant for single users, and have fixed cameras, microphones, and loudspeakers integrated into the console.</li></ol></li> <li><b>Desktop systems</b> are add-ons (hardware boards or software codec) to normal PCs and laptops, transforming them into videoconferencing devices. A range of different cameras and microphones can be used with the codec, which contains the necessary codec and transmission interfaces.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/WebRTC" title="WebRTC">WebRTC</a> platforms</b> use a web browser instead of dedicated <a href="/wiki/Native_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Native application">native application</a> software. Solutions such as <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Connect" title="Adobe Connect">Adobe Connect</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cisco_WebEx" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco WebEx">Cisco WebEx</a> can be accessed using a URL sent by the meeting organizer, and various degrees of security can be attached to the virtual room. Often the user must download and install a <a href="/wiki/Browser_extension" title="Browser extension">browser extension</a> to enable access to the local camera and microphone and establish a connection to the meeting. But WebRTC does not require any special software, instead a WebRTC-compliant internet browser itself provides the facilities for 1-to-1 and 1-to-many videoconferencing calls. Several enhancements to WebRTC are provided by independent vendors.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Videoconferencing_modes">Videoconferencing modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Videoconferencing modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Videoconferencing systems use several methods to determine which video feed or feeds to display.<sup id="cite_ref-V&VCF_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V&VCF-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11–16">: 11–16 </span></sup> </p><p><i>Continuous Presence</i> simply displays all participants at the same time, usually with the exception that the viewer either does not see their own feed, or sees their own feed in miniature. </p><p><i>Voice-Activated Switch</i> selectively chooses a feed to display at each endpoint, with the goal of showing the person who is currently speaking. This is done by choosing the feed (other than the viewer) which has the loudest audio input (perhaps with some filtering to avoid switching for very short-lived volume spikes). Often, if no remote parties are currently speaking, the feed with the last speaker remains on the screen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Echo_cancellation">Echo cancellation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Echo cancellation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_echo_cancellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic echo cancellation">Acoustic echo cancellation</a> (AEC) is a processing <a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">algorithm</a> that uses the knowledge of audio output to monitor audio input and filter from it noises that echo back after some time delay. If unattended, these echoes can be re-amplified several times, leading to problems including: </p> <ul><li>The remote party hearing their own voice coming back at them (usually significantly delayed)</li> <li>Strong <a href="/wiki/Reverberation" title="Reverberation">reverberation</a>, which makes the voice channel useless</li> <li>Howling created by feedback</li></ul> <p>Echo cancellation is a processor-intensive task that usually works over a narrow range of sound delays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bandwidth_requirements">Bandwidth requirements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bandwidth requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bildtelefon_T-View_100.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bildtelefon_T-View_100.JPG/220px-Bildtelefon_T-View_100.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bildtelefon_T-View_100.JPG/330px-Bildtelefon_T-View_100.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bildtelefon_T-View_100.JPG/440px-Bildtelefon_T-View_100.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><b><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a> T-View 100</b> <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a>-type videophone meant for home offices and small businesses, with a lens cover which can be rotated upward for privacy</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Internet access">Broadband Internet access</a></div> <p>Videophones have historically employed a variety of transmission and reception bandwidths, which can be understood as data transmission speeds. The lower the transmission/reception bandwidth, the lower the data transfer rate, resulting in a progressively limited and poorer image quality (i.e. lower resolution and/or frame rate). Data transfer rates and live video image quality are related but are also subject to other factors such as <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">data compression techniques</a>. Some early videophones employed very low data transmission rates with a resulting poor video quality. </p><p><i>Broadband bandwidth</i> is often called <i>high-speed</i>, because it usually has a high rate of data transmission. In general, any connection of 256 kbit/s (0.256 Mbit/s) or greater is more concisely considered broadband Internet. The <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union_Telecommunication_Standardization_Sector" class="mw-redirect" title="International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector">International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standardization Sector</a> (ITU-T) recommendation <a href="/w/index.php?title=I.113&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="I.113 (page does not exist)">I.113</a> has defined broadband as a transmission capacity at 1.5 to 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s. The <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (United States) definition of broadband is 25 Mbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, adequate video for some purposes becomes possible at data rates lower than the ITU-T broadband definition, with rates of 768 kbit/s and 384 kbit/s used for some videoconferencing applications, and rates as low as 100 kbit/s used for videophones using <a href="/wiki/H.264/MPEG-4_AVC" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264/MPEG-4 AVC">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a> compression protocols. The newer <a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video</a> and <a href="/wiki/Audio_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio data compression">audio compression</a> format can deliver high-quality video at 2<span class="nowrap"> </span>Mbit/s, which is at the low end of <a href="/wiki/Cable_modem" title="Cable modem">cable modem</a> and <a href="/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL">ADSL</a> broadband performance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards">Standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TANDBERG_E20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/TANDBERG_E20.jpg/220px-TANDBERG_E20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/TANDBERG_E20.jpg/330px-TANDBERG_E20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/TANDBERG_E20.jpg/440px-TANDBERG_E20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="3730" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tandberg_E20" title="Tandberg E20">Tandberg E20</a> is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a>-only device. Such devices need to route calls through a Video Communication Server to be able to reach <a href="/wiki/H.323" title="H.323">H.323</a> systems, a process known as "interworking" (2009).</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> (ITU) has three umbrellas of standards for videoconferencing: </p> <ul><li>ITU <a href="/wiki/H.320" title="H.320">H.320</a> is known as the standard for <a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone networks</a> (PSTN) or videoconferencing over integrated services digital networks. While still prevalent in Europe, <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a> was never widely adopted in the United States and Canada.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>ITU <a href="/wiki/H.264" class="mw-redirect" title="H.264">H.264</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Scalable_Video_Coding&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scalable Video Coding (page does not exist)">Scalable Video Coding</a> (SVC) is a compression standard that enables videoconferencing systems to achieve highly error resilient <a href="/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">Internet Protocol</a> (IP) video transmissions over the public Internet without quality-of-service enhanced lines.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This standard has enabled wide scale deployment of high definition desktop videoconferencing and made possible new architectures,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which reduces latency between the transmitting sources and receivers, resulting in more fluid communication without pauses. In addition, an attractive factor for IP videoconferencing is that it is easier to set up for use along with <a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">web conferencing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_collaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Data collaboration">data collaboration</a>. These combined technologies enable users to have a richer <a href="/wiki/Multimedia" title="Multimedia">multimedia</a> environment for live meetings, collaboration and presentations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITU-T_V.80" class="mw-redirect" title="ITU-T V.80">ITU-T V.80</a>: videoconferencing is generally compatibilized with <a href="/wiki/H.324" title="H.324">H.324</a> standard point-to-point videotelephony over regular (POTS) phone lines.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Unified_Communications_Interoperability_Forum" title="Unified Communications Interoperability Forum">Unified Communications Interoperability Forum</a> (UCIF), a non-profit alliance between communications vendors, launched in May 2010. The organization's vision is to maximize the interoperability of UC based on existing standards. Founding members of UCIF include <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">HP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polycom" class="mw-redirect" title="Polycom">Polycom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Logitech" title="Logitech">Logitech</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lifesize" title="Lifesize">Lifesize</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Juniper_Networks" title="Juniper Networks">Juniper Networks</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Call_setup">Call setup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Call setup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Videoconferencing in the late 20th century was limited to the <a href="/wiki/H.323" title="H.323">H.323</a> protocol (notably Cisco's <a href="/wiki/Skinny_Client_Control_Protocol" title="Skinny Client Control Protocol">SCCP</a> implementation was an exception), but newer videophones often use <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a>, which is often easier to set up in home networking environments.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a text-based protocol, incorporating many elements of the <a href="/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">Hypertext Transfer Protocol</a> (HTTP) and the <a href="/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">Simple Mail Transfer Protocol</a> (SMTP).<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> H.323 is still used, but more commonly for business videoconferencing, while SIP is more commonly used in personal consumer videophones. A number of call-setup methods based on <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> also now provide video. </p><p>Another protocol used by videophones is <a href="/wiki/H.324" title="H.324">H.324</a>, which mixes call setup and video compression. Videophones that work on regular phone lines typically use H.324, but the bandwidth is limited by the modem to around 33 kbit/s, limiting the video quality and frame rate. A slightly modified version of H.324 called <a href="/wiki/3G-324M" title="3G-324M">3G-324M</a> defined by <a href="/wiki/3GPP" title="3GPP">3GPP</a> is also used by some cellphones that allow video calls, typically for use only in <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> networks.<sup id="cite_ref-IMTC_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMTC-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is also <a href="/wiki/H.320" title="H.320">H.320</a> standard, which specified technical requirements for narrow-band visual telephone systems and terminal equipment, typically for videoconferencing and videophone services. It applied mostly to dedicated circuit-based switched network (point-to-point) connections of moderate or high bandwidth, such as through the medium-bandwidth <a href="/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN">ISDN</a> digital phone protocol or a fractionated high bandwidth T1 lines. Modern products based on H.320 standard usually support also H.323 standard.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/IAX2" class="mw-redirect" title="IAX2">IAX2</a> protocol also supports videophone calls natively, using the protocol's own capabilities to transport alternate media streams. A few hobbyists obtained the Nortel 1535 Color SIP Videophone cheaply in 2010 as surplus after <a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a>'s bankruptcy and deployed the sets on the <a href="/wiki/Asterisk_(PBX)" title="Asterisk (PBX)">Asterisk (PBX)</a> platform. While additional software is required to patch together multiple video feeds for conference calls or convert between dissimilar video standards, SIP calls between two identical handsets within the same PBX were relatively straightforward.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">Video codec</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conferencing_layers">Conferencing layers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Conferencing layers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The components within a videoconferencing system can be divided up into several different layers: User Interface, Conference Control, Control or Signaling Plane, and Media Plane. </p><p>Videoconferencing User Interfaces (VUI) can be either graphical or voice-responsive. Many in the industry have encountered both types of interface, and normally a graphical interface is encountered on a computer. User interfaces for conferencing have a number of different uses; they can be used for scheduling, setup, and making a video call. Through the user interface, the administrator is able to control the other three layers of the system. </p><p>Conference Control performs resource allocation, management, and routing. This layer along with the User Interface creates meetings (scheduled or unscheduled) or adds and removes participants from a conference. </p><p>Control (Signaling) Plane contains the stacks that signal different endpoints to create a call and/or a conference. Signals can be, but are not limited to, <a href="/wiki/H.323" title="H.323">H.323</a> and <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">Session Initiation Protocol</a> (SIP) Protocols. These signals control incoming and outgoing connections as well as session parameters. </p><p>The Media Plane controls the audio and video mixing and streaming. This layer manages Real-Time Transport Protocols, User Datagram Packets (UDP) and <a href="/wiki/RTP_Control_Protocol" title="RTP Control Protocol">Real-Time Transport Control Protocol</a> (RTCP). The RTP and UDP normally carry information such the payload type which is the type of codec, frame rate, video size, and many others. RTCP on the other hand acts as a quality control Protocol for detecting errors during streaming.<sup id="cite_ref-V&VCF_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V&VCF-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multipoint_control">Multipoint control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Multipoint control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Multipoint_Control_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipoint Control Unit">Multipoint Control Unit</a></div> <p>Simultaneous videoconferencing among three or more remote points is possible in a hardware-based system by means of a <a href="/wiki/Multipoint_Control_Unit" class="mw-redirect" title="Multipoint Control Unit">Multipoint Control Unit</a> (MCU). This is a bridge that interconnects calls from several sources (in a similar way to the audio conference call). All parties call the MCU, or the MCU can also call the parties which are going to participate, in sequence. There are MCU bridges for IP and ISDN-based videoconferencing. There are MCUs which are pure software and others that are a combination of hardware and software. An MCU is characterized according to the number of simultaneous calls it can handle, its ability to conduct transposing of data rates and protocols, and features such as Continuous Presence, in which multiple parties can be seen on-screen at once. MCUs can be stand-alone hardware devices, or they can be embedded into dedicated videoconferencing units. </p><p>The MCU consists of two logical components: </p> <ol><li>A single multipoint controller (MC), and</li> <li>Multipoint Processors (MP), sometimes referred to as the mixer.</li></ol> <p>The MC controls the conferencing while it is active on the signaling plane, which is simply where the system manages conferencing creation, endpoint signaling and in-conferencing controls. This component negotiates parameters with every endpoint in the network and controls conferencing resources. While the MC controls resources and signaling negotiations, the MP operates on the media plane and receives media from each endpoint. The MP generates output streams from each endpoint and redirects the information to other endpoints in the conference. </p><p>Some systems are capable of multipoint conferencing with no MCU, stand-alone, embedded or otherwise. These use a standards-based H.323 technique known as <i>decentralized multipoint</i>, where each station in a multipoint call exchanges video and audio directly with the other stations with no central <i>manager</i> or other bottleneck. The advantages of this technique are that the video and audio will generally be of higher quality because they do not have to be relayed through a central point. Also, users can make ad hoc multipoint calls without any concern for the availability or control of an MCU. This added convenience and quality comes at the expense of some increased network bandwidth, because every station must transmit to every other station directly.<sup id="cite_ref-V&VCF_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-V&VCF-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cloud_storage">Cloud storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cloud storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cloud-based videoconferencing can be used without the hardware generally required by other videoconferencing systems, and can be designed for use by <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium enterprises">SMEs</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or larger international or multinational corporations like <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stair_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stair-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloud-based systems can handle either 2D or 3D video broadcasting.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cloud-based systems can also implement mobile calls, VOIP, and other forms of video calling. They can also come with a video recording function to archive past meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Ambox_current_red.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2015</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Video_Call.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Video_Call.jpg/220px-Video_Call.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Video_Call.jpg/330px-Video_Call.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Video_Call.jpg/440px-Video_Call.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A mobile video call between <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> made on a <a href="/wiki/Sony_Ericsson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sony Ericsson">Sony Ericsson</a> <a href="/wiki/K800" class="mw-redirect" title="K800">K800</a> (2007)</figcaption></figure> <p>High speed Internet connectivity has become more widely available and affordable, as has good-quality video capture and display hardware. Consequently, personal videoconferencing systems based on webcams, personal computer systems, software compression, and the Internet have become progressively more affordable by the general public. The availability of freeware (often as part of <a href="/wiki/Chat_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Chat program">chat programs</a>) has made software based videoconferencing accessible to many. </p><p>The widest deployment of videotelephony now occurs in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>. Nearly all mobile phones supporting <a href="/wiki/UMTS" title="UMTS">UMTS</a> networks can work as videophones using their internal cameras and are able to make video calls wirelessly to other UMTS users anywhere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As of the second quarter of 2007, there are over 131 million UMTS users (and hence potential videophone users), on 134 networks in 59 countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Mobile phones can also use broadband wireless Internet, whether through the cell phone network or over a local <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> connection, along with software-based videophone apps to make calls to any video-capable Internet user, whether mobile or fixed. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hearing_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing impairment">Deaf, hard-of-hearing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mutism" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutism">mute</a> individuals have a particular role in the development of affordable high-quality videotelephony as a means of communicating with each other in <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>. Unlike <a href="/wiki/Video_Relay_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Relay Service">Video Relay Service</a>, which is intended to support communication between a caller using sign language and another party using spoken language, videoconferencing can be used directly between two deaf signers. </p><p>Videophones are increasingly used in the provision of <a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">telemedicine</a> to the elderly, disabled, and to those in remote locations, where the ease and convenience of quickly obtaining diagnostic and consultative medical services are readily apparent.<sup id="cite_ref-Aberdeen_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aberdeen-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one single instance quoted in 2006: "A nurse-led clinic at Letham has received positive feedback on a trial of a video-link which allowed 60 <a href="/wiki/Pensioner" title="Pensioner">pensioners</a> to be assessed by medics without traveling to a doctor's office or medical clinic."<sup id="cite_ref-Aberdeen_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aberdeen-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further improvement in telemedical services has been the development of new technology incorporated into special videophones to permit remote diagnostic services, such as <a href="/wiki/Blood_sugar" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood sugar">blood sugar</a> level, <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vital_signs" title="Vital signs">vital signs</a> monitoring. Such units are capable of relaying both regular audio-video plus medical data over either standard (POTS) telephone or newer <a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">broadband</a> lines.<sup id="cite_ref-BusinessWire-2004.05.03_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BusinessWire-2004.05.03-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tandberg_Image_Gallery_-_telepresence-t3-side-view-hires.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tandberg_Image_Gallery_-_telepresence-t3-side-view-hires.jpg/220px-Tandberg_Image_Gallery_-_telepresence-t3-side-view-hires.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tandberg_Image_Gallery_-_telepresence-t3-side-view-hires.jpg/330px-Tandberg_Image_Gallery_-_telepresence-t3-side-view-hires.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Tandberg_Image_Gallery_-_telepresence-t3-side-view-hires.jpg/440px-Tandberg_Image_Gallery_-_telepresence-t3-side-view-hires.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3696" data-file-height="2360" /></a><figcaption>A Tandberg T3 high-resolution telepresence room in use (2008)</figcaption></figure> <p>Videotelephony has also been deployed in corporate <a href="/wiki/Teleconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleconferencing">teleconferencing</a>, also available through the use of public access videoconferencing rooms. A higher level of videoconferencing that employs advanced telecommunication technologies and high-resolution displays is called <i><a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">telepresence</a></i>. </p><p>Today the principles, if not the precise mechanisms, of a videophone are employed by many users worldwide in the form of <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a> videocalls using personal computers, with inexpensive webcams, microphones, and free video calling <a href="/wiki/Web_client" class="mw-redirect" title="Web client">Web client</a> programs. Thus an activity that was disappointing as a separate service has found a niche as a minor feature in software products intended for other purposes. </p><p>According to Juniper Research, smartphone videophone users will reach 29 million by 2015 globally.<sup id="cite_ref-JuniperResearch_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JuniperResearch-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study conducted by Pew Research in 2010, revealed that 7% of Americans have made a mobile video call.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Government_and_law">Government and law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Government and law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, videoconferencing has allowed testimony to be used for an individual who is unable or prefers not to attend the physical legal settings or would be subjected to severe psychological stress in doing so, however, there is a controversy on the use of testimony by foreign or unavailable witnesses via video transmission, regarding the violation of the <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment</a> of the U.S. Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a military investigation in <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghan</a> witnesses have testified via videoconferencing. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hall_County,_Georgia" title="Hall County, Georgia">Hall County, Georgia</a>, videoconferencing systems are used for initial court appearances. The systems link jails with courtrooms, reducing the expenses and security risks of transporting prisoners to the courtroom.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Administration" title="Social Security Administration">U.S. Social Security Administration</a> (SSA), which oversees the world's largest administrative judicial system under its <a href="/wiki/Social_Security_(United_States)#Office_of_Hearings_Operations_(OHO,_formerly_ODAR_or_OHA)" title="Social Security (United States)">Office of Disability Adjudication and Review</a> (ODAR),<sup id="cite_ref-USSSA_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSSA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has made extensive use of videoconferencing to conduct hearings at remote locations.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Fiscal Year (FY) 2009, the U.S. Social Security Administration (SSA) conducted 86,320 videoconferenced hearings, a 55% increase over FY 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2010, the SSA opened its fifth and largest videoconferencing-only National Hearing Center (NHC), in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. This continues the SSA's effort to use video hearings as a means to clear its substantial hearing backlog. Since 2007, the SSA has also established NHCs in <a href="/wiki/Albuquerque" class="mw-redirect" title="Albuquerque">Albuquerque</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falls_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Falls Church">Falls Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USSSA_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSSA-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American,_Indonesian_Students_Link_Hands_Via_Distance_Learning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/American%2C_Indonesian_Students_Link_Hands_Via_Distance_Learning.jpg/220px-American%2C_Indonesian_Students_Link_Hands_Via_Distance_Learning.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/American%2C_Indonesian_Students_Link_Hands_Via_Distance_Learning.jpg/330px-American%2C_Indonesian_Students_Link_Hands_Via_Distance_Learning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/American%2C_Indonesian_Students_Link_Hands_Via_Distance_Learning.jpg/440px-American%2C_Indonesian_Students_Link_Hands_Via_Distance_Learning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4672" data-file-height="3432" /></a><figcaption>Indonesian and U.S. students participate in an educational videoconference (2010)</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Distance_education" title="Distance education">Distance education</a></div> <p>Videoconferencing provides students with the chance to learn by participating in two-way communication forums. Because it is live, videotelephony allows teachers to access remote or otherwise isolated learners. Students from diverse communities and backgrounds can come together to learn about one another through practices known as <a href="/wiki/Telecollaboration" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecollaboration">telecollaboration</a><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in foreign language education) and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_exchange" title="Virtual exchange">virtual exchange</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Language_barrier" title="Language barrier">language barriers</a> will continue to be present. Such students are able to explore, communicate, analyze, and share information and ideas with one another. </p><p>Through videoconferencing, students can visit other parts of the world, including museums and other cultural and educational sites. Such <a href="/wiki/History_of_virtual_learning_environments" title="History of virtual learning environments">virtual field trips</a> can provide enriched learning opportunities to students, especially those who are geographically isolated or economically disadvantaged. Small schools can use these technologies to pool resources and provide courses, such as in foreign languages, which could not otherwise be offered. </p><p>Some benefits that videoconferencing can provide to education include: </p> <ul><li>faculty members keeping in touch with classes while attending conferences;</li> <li>faculty members attending conferences 'virtually'<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>guest lecturers brought in classes from other institutions;<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>researchers collaborating with colleagues at other institutions on a regular basis without loss of time due to travel;</li> <li>schools with multiple campuses collaborating and sharing professors;<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>schools from two separate nations engaging in <a href="/wiki/Virtual_exchange" title="Virtual exchange">cross-cultural exchanges</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>faculty members participating in thesis defenses at other institutions;</li> <li>administrators on tight schedules collaborating on budget preparation from different parts of campus;</li> <li>faculty committee auditioning scholarship candidates;</li> <li>researchers answering questions about grant proposals from agencies or review committees;</li> <li>alternative enrollment structures to purely in-person attendance;</li> <li>student interviews with employers in other cities, and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleseminar" class="mw-redirect" title="Teleseminar">teleseminars</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine_and_health">Medicine and health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Medicine and health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">Telemedicine</a></div> <p>Videoconferencing is a highly useful technology for real time <a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">telemedicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telenursing" title="Telenursing">telenursing</a> applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Remote_diagnostics" title="Remote diagnostics">diagnosis</a>, consulting, prevention, treatment, and transmission of <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical images</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With videoconferencing, patients may contact <a href="/wiki/Nurse" class="mw-redirect" title="Nurse">nurses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Medical_emergency" title="Medical emergency">emergency</a> or routine situations; physicians and other <a href="/wiki/Paramedical" class="mw-redirect" title="Paramedical">paramedical</a> professionals can discuss cases across large distances. Rural areas can use this technology for diagnostic purposes, thus saving lives and making more efficient use of health care money. For example, a rural medical center in <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> used videoconferencing to successfully cut the number of transfers of sick infants to a <a href="/wiki/Hospital" title="Hospital">hospital</a> 70 miles (110 km) away. This had previously cost nearly $10,000 per transfer.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Special peripherals such as <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscopes</a> fitted with <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Endoscopy" title="Endoscopy">videoendoscopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medical_ultrasound" title="Medical ultrasound">medical ultrasound</a> imaging devices, <a href="/wiki/Otoscope" title="Otoscope">otoscopes</a>, etc., can be used in conjunction with videoconferencing equipment to transmit data about a patient. Recent developments in <a href="/wiki/Mobile_collaboration" title="Mobile collaboration">mobile collaboration</a> on hand-held mobile devices have also extended video-conferencing capabilities to locations previously unreachable, such as a remote community, long-term care facility, or a patient's home.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business">Business</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Business"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Videoconferencing can enable individuals in distant locations to participate in meetings on short notice, with time and money savings. Technology such as <a href="/wiki/VoIP" class="mw-redirect" title="VoIP">VoIP</a> can be used in conjunction with desktop videoconferencing to enable low-cost face-to-face business meetings without leaving the desk, especially for businesses with widespread offices. The technology is also used for <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote work</a>. One research report based on a sampling of 1,800 corporate employees showed that, as of June 2010, 54% of the respondents with access to videoconferencing used it "all of the time" or "frequently".<sup id="cite_ref-InformationWeek-2010.09.30_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InformationWeek-2010.09.30-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Plantronics_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Plantronics-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intel Corporation have used videoconferencing to reduce both costs and environmental impacts of its business operations.<sup id="cite_ref-MISQuarterly-2012.V11.No2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MISQuarterly-2012.V11.No2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Videoconferencing is also currently being introduced on online networking websites, in order to help businesses form profitable relationships quickly and efficiently without leaving their place of work. This has been leveraged by banks to connect busy banking professionals with customers in various locations using <a href="/wiki/Video_banking" title="Video banking">video banking</a> technology. </p><p>Videoconferencing on hand-held mobile devices (<a href="/wiki/Mobile_collaboration" title="Mobile collaboration">mobile collaboration</a> technology) is being used in industries such as manufacturing, energy, healthcare, insurance, government, and public safety. Live, visual interaction removes traditional restrictions of distance and time, often in locations previously unreachable, such as a manufacturing plant floor thousands of miles away.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the increasingly <a href="/wiki/Globalized" class="mw-redirect" title="Globalized">globalized</a> <a href="/wiki/Film_industry" title="Film industry">film industry</a>, videoconferencing has become useful as a method by which creative talent in many different locations can collaborate closely on the complex details of film production. For example, for the 2013 award-winning animated film <i><a href="/wiki/Frozen_(2013_film)" title="Frozen (2013 film)">Frozen</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Burbank,_California" title="Burbank, California">Burbank</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney_Animation_Studios" title="Walt Disney Animation Studios">Walt Disney Animation Studios</a> hired the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>-based husband-and-wife songwriting team of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lopez" title="Robert Lopez">Robert Lopez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Anderson-Lopez" title="Kristen Anderson-Lopez">Kristen Anderson-Lopez</a> to write the songs, which required two-hour-long transcontinental videoconferences nearly every weekday for about 14 months.<sup id="cite_ref-Hogg_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hogg-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Truax_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Truax-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the development of lower-cost endpoints, the integration of video cameras into personal computers and mobile devices, and software applications such as <a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a>, Skype, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Teams" title="Microsoft Teams">Teams</a>, <a href="/wiki/BlueJeans" title="BlueJeans">BlueJeans</a> and Zoom, videoconferencing has changed from just a business-to-business offering to include business-to-consumer (and consumer-to-consumer) use. </p><p>Although videoconferencing has frequently proven its value, research has shown that some non-managerial employees prefer not to use it due to several factors, including anxiety.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some such anxieties can often be avoided if managers use the technology as part of the normal course of business. Remote workers can also adopt certain behaviors and best practices to stay connected with their co-workers and company.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (May 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Researchers also find that attendees of business and medical videoconferences must work harder to interpret information delivered during a conference than they would if they attended face-to-face.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They recommend that those coordinating videoconferences make adjustments to their conferencing procedures and equipment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press">Press</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Press_videoconferencing" title="Press videoconferencing">Press videoconferencing</a></div> <p>The concept of <a href="/wiki/Press_videoconferencing" title="Press videoconferencing">press videoconferencing</a> was developed in October 2007 by the PanAfrican Press Association (APPA), a Paris France-based <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">non-governmental organization</a>, to allow African journalists to participate in international <a href="/wiki/Press_conferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Press conferences">press conferences</a> on developmental and <a href="/wiki/Good_governance" title="Good governance">good governance</a> issues. </p><p>Press videoconferencing permits international press conferences via videoconferencing over the Internet. Journalists can participate on an international press conference from any location, without leaving their offices or countries. They need only be seated by a computer connected to the Internet in order to ask their questions. </p><p>In 2004, the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> introduced the Online Media Briefing Center, a password-protected site available only to professional journalists. The site enables the IMF to present press briefings globally and facilitates direct questions to briefers from the press. The site has been copied by other international organizations since its inception. More than 4,000 journalists worldwide are currently registered with the IMF. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sign_language">Sign language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Sign language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Video_interpreter.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Video_interpreter.svg/160px-Video_interpreter.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Video_interpreter.svg/240px-Video_interpreter.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Video_interpreter.svg/320px-Video_interpreter.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="583" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Video Interpreter sign used at VRS/VRI service locations</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Video_Relay_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Relay Service">Video Relay Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_Remote_Interpreting" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Remote Interpreting">Video Remote Interpreting</a></div> <p>One of the first demonstrations of the ability for <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication">telecommunications</a> to help sign language users communicate with each other occurred when <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Videophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">videophone</a> (trademarked as the <i>Picturephone</i>) was introduced to the public at the <a href="/wiki/1964_New_York_World%27s_Fair" title="1964 New York World's Fair">1964 New York World's Fair</a>—two deaf users were able to communicate freely with each other between the fair and another city.<sup id="cite_ref-BellLabs_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BellLabs-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various universities and other organizations, including <a href="/wiki/BT_Research#History" title="BT Research">British Telecom's Martlesham</a> facility, have also conducted extensive research on <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">signing</a> via video telephony.<sup id="cite_ref-NS-1989.08.19_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-1989.08.19-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sperling_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sperling-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BritishTelecomLaboratories_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritishTelecomLaboratories-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of sign language via videotelephony was hampered for many years due to the difficulty of its use over slow <a href="/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">analog copper phone lines</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sperling_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sperling-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> coupled with the high cost of better quality <a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN (data) phone lines</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NS-1989.08.19_85-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NS-1989.08.19-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those factors largely disappeared with the introduction of more efficient and powerful <a href="/wiki/Video_codec" title="Video codec">video codecs</a> and the advent of lower-cost high-speed ISDN data and IP (Internet) services in the 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="21st-century_improvements">21st-century improvements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 21st-century improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Significant improvements in video call quality of service for the deaf occurred in the United States in 2003 when <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sorenson_Media_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sorenson Media Inc. (page does not exist)">Sorenson Media Inc.</a> (formerly Sorenson Vision Inc.), a video compression software coding company, developed its VP-100 model stand-alone <a href="/wiki/Videophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Videophone">videophone</a> specifically for the deaf community. It was designed to output its video to the user's television in order to lower the cost of acquisition and to offer remote control and a powerful <a href="/wiki/Sorenson_codec" class="mw-redirect" title="Sorenson codec">video compression codec</a> for unequaled video quality and ease of use with video relay services. Favorable reviews quickly led to its popular usage at educational facilities for the deaf, and from there to the greater deaf community.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Coupled with similar high-quality videophones introduced by other electronics manufacturers, the <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Internet access">availability of high-speed Internet</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Video_Relay_Service#U.S._VRS_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Relay Service">sponsored video relay services</a> authorized by the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> in 2002, VRS services for the deaf underwent rapid growth in that country.<sup id="cite_ref-Fitzgerald_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fitzgerald-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deaf_or_HoH_person_at_his_workplace_using_a_Video_Relay_Service_to_communicate_with_a_hearing_person_via_a_Video_Interpreter_and_sign_language_SVCC_2007_Brigitte_SLI_%2B_Mark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Deaf_or_HoH_person_at_his_workplace_using_a_Video_Relay_Service_to_communicate_with_a_hearing_person_via_a_Video_Interpreter_and_sign_language_SVCC_2007_Brigitte_SLI_%2B_Mark.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Deaf_or_HoH_person_at_his_workplace_using_a_Video_Relay_Service_to_communicate_with_a_hearing_person_via_a_Video_Interpreter_and_sign_language_SVCC_2007_Brigitte_SLI_%2B_Mark.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Deaf_or_HoH_person_at_his_workplace_using_a_Video_Relay_Service_to_communicate_with_a_hearing_person_via_a_Video_Interpreter_and_sign_language_SVCC_2007_Brigitte_SLI_%2B_Mark.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1125" /></a><figcaption>A deaf or hard-of-hearing person uses a Video Relay Service at his workplace to communicate with a hearing person in London (2007).</figcaption></figure> <p>Using such video equipment in the present day, the deaf, hard-of-hearing, and speech-impaired can communicate between themselves and with hearing individuals using <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a>. The United States and several other countries compensate companies to provide video relay services (VRS). Telecommunication equipment can be used to talk to others via a sign language interpreter, who uses a conventional telephone at the same time to communicate with the deaf person's party. Video equipment is also used to do on-site sign language translation via <a href="/wiki/Video_Remote_Interpreting" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Remote Interpreting">Video Remote Interpreting</a> (VRI). The relatively low cost and widespread availability of <a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> technology with video calling capabilities have given deaf and speech-impaired users a greater ability to communicate with the same ease as others. Some wireless operators have even started free sign language gateways. </p><p>Sign language interpretation services via VRS or by VRI are useful in the present day where one of the parties is <a href="/wiki/Deaf" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf">deaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hard-of-hearing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard-of-hearing">hard-of-hearing</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Speech_disorder" title="Speech disorder">speech-impaired (mute)</a>. In such cases the interpretation flow is normally within the same principal language, such as <a href="/wiki/French_Sign_Language" title="French Sign Language">French Sign Language</a> (LSF) to spoken French, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Sign_Language" title="Spanish Sign Language">Spanish Sign Language</a> (LSE) to spoken Spanish, <a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a> (BSL) to spoken English, and <a href="/wiki/American_Sign_Language" title="American Sign Language">American Sign Language</a> (ASL) also to spoken English (since BSL and ASL are completely distinct from each other), <a href="/wiki/German_Sign_Language" title="German Sign Language">German Sign Language</a> (DGS) to spoken German, and so on. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">Multilingual</a> <a href="/wiki/Interpreters#Sign_language_interpreting" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreters">sign language interpreters</a>, who can also translate as well across principal languages (such as a multilingual interpreter interpreting a call from a deaf person using ASL to reserve a hotel room at a hotel in the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> whose staff speaks Spanish only, therefore the interpreter has to use ASL, spoken Spanish, and spoken English to facilitate the call for the deaf person), are also available, albeit less frequently. Such activities involve considerable mental processing efforts on the part of the translator, since sign languages are distinct <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">natural languages</a> with their own <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">construction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a>, different from the aural version of the same principal language. </p><p>With video interpreting, <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> interpreters work remotely with live <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> and audio feeds, so that the interpreter can see the deaf or mute party, and converse with the hearing party, and vice versa. Much like <a href="/wiki/Telephone_interpreting" title="Telephone interpreting">telephone interpreting</a>, video interpreting can be used for situations in which no on-site <a href="/wiki/Interpreters#Sign_language_interpreting" class="mw-redirect" title="Interpreters">interpreters</a> are available. However, video interpreting cannot be used for situations in which all parties are speaking via telephone alone. VRS and VRI interpretation requires all parties to have the <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">necessary equipment</a>. Some advanced equipment enables interpreters to control the video camera remotely, in order to <a href="/wiki/Zoom_lens" title="Zoom lens">zoom</a> in and out or to point the camera toward the party that is signing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison_of_Sign_Language_communication_tools">Comparison of Sign Language communication tools</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Comparison of Sign Language communication tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Videotelephony" title="Special:EditPage/Videotelephony">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center; font-size: 85%; width: auto; table-layout: fixed;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Tool </th> <th>Owner </th> <th>Free? </th> <th>Pure web based?<sup id="cite_ref-fn1_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fn1-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Works on desktops? </th> <th>Mobile support? </th> <th>Uses email? </th> <th>Required hardware </th> <th>Installation </th> <th>Limitations </th> <th>Specialities </th> <th>Technologies </th> <th>Deaf made? </th> <th>Licensing </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Any mobile </td> <td>App must be installed, does not require a Facebook account </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>? </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>100% proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Apple hardware only (<a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> or mobile) </td> <td>App must be installed, requires an Apple ID account </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>? </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>100% proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glide_(software)" title="Glide (software)">Glide (software)</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.glide.me">Glide</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Any mobiles </td> <td>App must be installed </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>? </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>100% proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Google_Hangouts" title="Google Hangouts">Google Hangouts</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Any <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> or mobiles </td> <td>App must be installed, requires a Google account </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>? </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>100% proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>Any <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> or mobile </td> <td>App must be installed, requires a Microsoft account </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>? </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td>100% proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vmail.tikatoy.com/">Tikatoy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108090154/https://vmail.tikatoy.com/">Archived</a> 2019-01-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vmail.tikatoy.com/">Tikatoy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190108090154/https://vmail.tikatoy.com/">Archived</a> 2019-01-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> only </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> </td> <td>Requires a web browser with <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> </td> <td>Apple blocks <a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Adobe Flash</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>100% proprietary </td></tr> <tr> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://videomail.io">videomail.io</a> </td> <td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://binarykitchen.com">Binary Kitchen</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> only </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> or <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> only for viewing </td> <td>Web browser </td> <td>Recording max 3 minutes, does not work on old browsers </td> <td>Reusable: can be plugged directly into other websites or as a WordPress plugin <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ninjaforms.com/extensions/videomail/">ninja-forms-videomail</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180119183410/https://ninjaforms.com/extensions/videomail/">Archived</a> 2018-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> </td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>Mixed. Proprietary server and client is open source<sup id="cite_ref-videomail-client_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-videomail-client-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-fn1-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fn1_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pure web based means, it is using standardized web technologies only such as <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS" title="CSS">CSS</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Descriptive_names_and_terminology">Descriptive names and terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Descriptive names and terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">List of video telecommunication services and product brands</a></div> <p>The name <i>videophone</i> never became as standardized as its earlier counterpart <i>telephone</i>, resulting in a variety of names and terms being used worldwide, and even within the same region or country. Videophones are also known as <i>video phones</i>, <i>videotelephones</i> (or <i>video telephones</i>) and often by an early trademarked name <i>Picturephone</i>, which was the world's first commercial videophone produced in volume. The compound name <i>videophone</i> slowly entered into general use after 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-MW_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MW-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although <i>video telephone</i> likely entered the lexicon earlier after <i>video</i> was coined in 1935.<sup id="cite_ref-ED_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ED-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Videophone calls</i> (also: <i>videocalls</i>, <i>video chat</i>)<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype"><i>Skype</i> and <i>Skyping</i></a> in verb form<sup id="cite_ref-Toronto_Star-2014-10-01_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Toronto_Star-2014-10-01-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> differ from videoconferencing in that they expect to serve individuals, not groups.<sup id="cite_ref-Mulbach-1995c_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mulbach-1995c-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However that distinction has become increasingly blurred with technology improvements such as <a href="/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadband Internet access">increased bandwidth</a> and sophisticated <a href="/wiki/Software_client" class="mw-redirect" title="Software client">software clients</a> that can allow for multiple parties on a call. In general everyday usage the term <i>videoconferencing</i> is now frequently used instead of <i>videocall</i> for point-to-point calls between two units. Both videophone calls and videoconferencing are also now commonly referred to as a <i>video link</i>. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcams</a></i> are popular, relatively low-cost devices that can provide live video and audio streams via personal computers, and can be used with many <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands#Software_Client_brands" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">software clients</a> for both video calls and videoconferencing.<sup id="cite_ref-books.google.com_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands#Videoconferencing_systems_meant_for_multiple_participants" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">videoconference system</a></i> is generally higher cost than a videophone and deploys greater capabilities. A <i>videoconference</i> (also known as a <i>videoteleconference</i>) allows two or more locations to communicate via live, simultaneous two-way video and audio transmissions. This is often accomplished by the use of a <a href="/wiki/Multipoint_control_unit" title="Multipoint control unit">multipoint control unit</a> (a centralized distribution and call management system) or by a similar non-centralized multipoint capability embedded in each videoconferencing unit. Again, technology improvements have circumvented traditional definitions by allowing multiple-party videoconferencing via web-based applications.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <i><a href="/wiki/Telepresence" title="Telepresence">telepresence system</a></i> is a high-end videoconferencing system and service usually employed by <a href="/wiki/Company" title="Company">enterprise-level</a> corporate offices. Telepresence conference rooms use state-of-the-art room designs, video cameras, displays, sound systems and processors, coupled with high-to-very-high capacity bandwidth transmissions. </p><p>Typical uses of the various technologies described above include calling one-to-one or conferencing one-to-many or many-to-many for personal, business, educational, <a href="/wiki/Video_Relay_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Video Relay Service">deaf Video Relay Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telemedicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Telemedicine">tele-medical, diagnostic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telerehabilitation" title="Telerehabilitation">rehabilitative</a> purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-USAToday-2010.03.31_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USAToday-2010.03.31-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> personal videocalls to <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">inmates incarcerated in penitentiaries</a>, and videoconferencing to resolve <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_maintenance_checks" title="Aircraft maintenance checks">airline engineering issues</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">maintenance facilities</a>, are being created or evolving on an ongoing basis. </p><p>Other names for <i>videophone</i> that have been used in English are: <i>Viewphone</i> (the <a href="/wiki/British_Telecom" class="mw-redirect" title="British Telecom">British Telecom</a> equivalent to <a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony#AT&T_Picturephone_Mod_I:_1964–1970" title="History of videotelephony">AT&T's Picturephone</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-New_Scientist-1966.11.24_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_Scientist-1966.11.24-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i>visiophone</i>, a common French translation that has also crept into limited English usage, as well as over twenty less common names and expressions. Latin-based translations of <i>videophone</i> in other languages include <i>vidéophone</i> (French), <i>Bildtelefon</i> (German), <i>videotelefono</i> (Italian), both <i>videófono</i> and <i>videoteléfono</i> (Spanish), both <i>beeldtelefoon</i> and <i>videofoon</i> (Dutch), and <i>videofonía</i> (Catalan). </p><p>A <i>telepresence robot</i> (also <a href="/wiki/Telerobotics" title="Telerobotics">telerobotics</a>) is a robotically controlled and motorized videoconferencing display to help give a better sense of remote physical presence for communication and collaboration in an office, home, school, etc. when one cannot be there in person. The robotic avatar device can move about and look around at the command of the remote person it represents.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:On_Space_Station_V,_Dr._Heywood_Floyd_places_a_videocall_to_his_daughter_on_Earth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/On_Space_Station_V%2C_Dr._Heywood_Floyd_places_a_videocall_to_his_daughter_on_Earth.jpg/325px-On_Space_Station_V%2C_Dr._Heywood_Floyd_places_a_videocall_to_his_daughter_on_Earth.jpg" decoding="async" width="325" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d5/On_Space_Station_V%2C_Dr._Heywood_Floyd_places_a_videocall_to_his_daughter_on_Earth.jpg/488px-On_Space_Station_V%2C_Dr._Heywood_Floyd_places_a_videocall_to_his_daughter_on_Earth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d5/On_Space_Station_V%2C_Dr._Heywood_Floyd_places_a_videocall_to_his_daughter_on_Earth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Dr. Heywood Floyd in the 1968 film <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)"><i>2001: A Space Odyssey</i></a> calls his daughter on Earth.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> literature, names commonly associated with videophones include <i>telephonoscope</i>, <i>telephote</i>, <i>viewphone</i>, <i>vidphone</i>, <i>vidfone</i>, and <i>visiphone</i>. The first example was probably the cartoon "Edison's Telephonoscope" by George du Maurier in <i>Punch</i> 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In «In the year 2889», published 1889, the French author Jules Verne predicts that «<i>The transmission of speech is an old story; the transmission of images by means of sensitive mirrors connected by wires is a thing but of yesterday.</i>»<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> <a href="/wiki/Movies" class="mw-redirect" title="Movies">movies</a> and TV programs that are set in the future, videophones were used as a primary method of communication. One of the first movies where a videophone was used was <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lang" title="Fritz Lang">Fritz Lang's</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Metropolis_(1927_film)" title="Metropolis (1927 film)">Metropolis</a></i> (1927).<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable examples of videophones in popular culture include an iconic scene from the 1968 film <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)"><i>2001: A Space Odyssey</i></a> set on <a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_spacecraft_from_the_Space_Odyssey_series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of spacecraft from the Space Odyssey series (page does not exist)">Space Station V</a>. The movie was released shortly before AT&T began its efforts to commercialize its Picturephone Mod II service in several cities and depicts a video call to Earth using an advanced AT&T videophone—which it predicts will cost $1.70 for a two-minute call in 2001 (a fraction of the company's real rates on Earth in 1968). Film director <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a> strove for scientific accuracy, relying on interviews with scientists and engineers at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in the United States. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Rabiner" title="Lawrence Rabiner">Larry Rabiner</a> of Bell Labs, discussing videophone research in the documentary <i>2001: The Making of a Myth</i>, stated that in the mid-to late-1960s videophones "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>captured the imagination of the public and<span class="nowrap"> </span>... of Mr. Kubrick and the people who reported to him". In one <i>2001</i> movie scene a central character, Dr. Heywood Floyd, calls home to contact his family, a social feature noted in the <i>Making of a Myth</i>. Floyd talks with and views his daughter from a <a href="/wiki/Space_station" title="Space station">space station</a> in <a href="/wiki/Geocentric_orbit" title="Geocentric orbit">orbit above the Earth</a>, discussing what type of present he should bring home for her.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag relies on an unreliable source. WP:CITEIMDB (October 2019)">unreliable source</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other earlier examples of videophones in popular culture included a videophone that was featured in the <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> cartoon, <i><a href="/wiki/Plane_Daffy" title="Plane Daffy">Plane Daffy</a></i>, in which the female spy <a href="/wiki/Hatta_Mari" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatta Mari">Hatta Mari</a> used a videophone to communicate with <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1944), as well as a device with the same functionality has been used by the comic strip character <a href="/wiki/Dick_Tracy#Evolution_of_the_strip" title="Dick Tracy"><i>Dick Tracy</i></a>, who often used his "2-way wrist TV" to communicate with police headquarters.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1964–1977). </p><p>By the early 2010s videotelephony and videophones had become commonplace and unremarkable in various forms of media, in part due to their real and ubiquitous presence in common electronic devices and laptop computers. Additionally, TV programming increasingly used videophones to interview subjects of interest and to present live coverage by news correspondents, via the Internet or by satellite links. In the mass market media, the popular U.S. <a href="/wiki/TV_talk_show" class="mw-redirect" title="TV talk show">TV talk show</a> hostess <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a> incorporated videotelephony into her TV program on a regular basis from May 21, 2009, with an initial episode called <i>Where the Skype Are You?</i>, as part of a marketing agreement with the Internet telecommunication company <a href="/wiki/Skype" title="Skype">Skype</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Videophones" class="extiw" title="commons:Videophones"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Videotelephony</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP and 3G2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_web_conferencing_software" title="Comparison of web conferencing software">Comparison of web conferencing software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_video_telecommunication_services_and_product_brands" title="List of video telecommunication services and product brands">List of video telecommunication services and product brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_phone" title="Media phone">Media phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">Mobile VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_DIANE" title="Project DIANE">Project DIANE</a>—a large U.S. business and social services videoconferencing network</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teletraining" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletraining">Teletraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93Soviet_Space_Bridge" title="U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge">U.S.–Soviet Space Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual communication</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mcgraw-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mcgraw_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Videotelephony". <i>McGraw-Hill Concise Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</i> (5 ed.). 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(2022-03-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107110">"The constant mirror: Self-view and attitudes to virtual meetings"</a>. <i>Computers in Human Behavior</i>. <b>128</b>: 107110. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.chb.2021.107110">10.1016/j.chb.2021.107110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0747-5632">0747-5632</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computers+in+Human+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+constant+mirror%3A+Self-view+and+attitudes+to+virtual+meetings&rft.volume=128&rft.pages=107110&rft.date=2022-03-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.chb.2021.107110&rft.issn=0747-5632&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Kristine+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%2Fj.chb.2021.107110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivkinMoserDiestelAlshaikh2024" class="citation journal cs1">Rivkin, Wladislaw; Moser, Karin S.; Diestel, Stefan; Alshaikh, Isaac (2024-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvb.2024.103984">"Getting into flow during virtual meetings: How virtual meetings can benefit employee functioning in the work- and home domain"</a>. <i>Journal of Vocational Behavior</i>. <b>150</b>: 103984. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvb.2024.103984">10.1016/j.jvb.2024.103984</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-8791">0001-8791</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Vocational+Behavior&rft.atitle=Getting+into+flow+during+virtual+meetings%3A+How+virtual+meetings+can+benefit+employee+functioning+in+the+work-+and+home+domain&rft.volume=150&rft.pages=103984&rft.date=2024-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvb.2024.103984&rft.issn=0001-8791&rft.aulast=Rivkin&rft.aufirst=Wladislaw&rft.au=Moser%2C+Karin+S.&rft.au=Diestel%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Alshaikh%2C+Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jvb.2024.103984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2021/09/21/facebook-announces-portable-portal-go-portal-for-business.html">"Facebook announces new Portal video-calling devices, Portal for Business service"</a>. <i>CNBC</i>. 21 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNBC&rft.atitle=Facebook+announces+new+Portal+video-calling+devices%2C+Portal+for+Business+service&rft.date=2021-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnbc.com%2F2021%2F09%2F21%2Ffacebook-announces-portable-portal-go-portal-for-business.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman. Editors: Solomon Negash, Michael E. Whitman, Amy B. Woszczynski, Ken Hoganson, Herbert Mattord. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YC">Handbook of Distance Learning for Real-Time and Asynchronous Information Technology Education</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160508053249/https://books.google.com/books?id=Cz4aIXq5z8YC">Archived</a> 2016-05-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Idea Group Inc (IGI), 2008, p. 17, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59904-964-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-59904-964-3">1-59904-964-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59904-964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59904-964-9">978-1-59904-964-9</a>. Note costing: "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>students had the option to install a webcam on their end (a basic webcam costs about $40.00) to view the class in session."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NewYorkTimes-2012.01.22-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NewYorkTimes-2012.01.22_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perlroth, Nicole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/technology/flaws-in-videoconferencing-systems-put-boardrooms-at-risk.html">Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170827142248/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/technology/flaws-in-videoconferencing-systems-put-boardrooms-at-risk.html">Archived</a> 2017-08-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times"><i>The New York Times</i> online</a>, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-millergates20010904-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-millergates20010904_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2001" class="citation interview cs1">Gates, Bill (2001-09-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20011106162800/http://www.pcmag.com/article/0,2997,s=1754&a=10082,00.asp">"Michael J. Miller and Bill Gates: Uncut"</a>. <i>PC Magazine</i> (Interview). Interviewed by Michael J. Miller. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pcmag.com/article/0,2997,s=1754&a=10082,00.asp">the original</a> on 2001-11-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=Michael+J.+Miller+and+Bill+Gates%3A+Uncut&rft.date=2001-09-04&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcmag.com%2Farticle%2F0%2C2997%2Cs%3D1754%26a%3D10082%2C00.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanMeggelen-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanMeggelen_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Meggelen, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/wlg/6889">The Problem With Video Conferencing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060104215914/http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/wlg/6889">Archived</a> January 4, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vertegaal, "Explaining Effects of Eye Gaze on Mediated Group Conversations: Amount or Synchronization?" ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 2002.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Computer vision approaches to achieving eye contact appeared in the 1990s, such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=260136&coll=portal&dl=ACM&CFID=72199399&CFTOKEN=47661501">Teleconferencing Eye Contact Using a Virtual Camera</a>, ACM CHI 1993. More recently gaze correction systems using only a single camera have been shown, such as. Microsoft's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/barc/mediapresence/GazeMaster.aspx">GazeMaster</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060622134028/http://research.microsoft.com/barc/mediapresence/GazeMaster.aspx">Archived</a> June 22, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> system.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5400069">Google Patent</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChapanisOchsmanParrish1977" class="citation journal cs1">Chapanis, A; Ochsman, R; Parrish, R (1977). 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Indianapolis, Ind.: Cisco Press. p. 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58705-268-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58705-268-2"><bdi>978-1-58705-268-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voice+and+video+conferencing+fundamentals&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+Ind.&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Cisco+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58705-268-2&rft.aulast=Firestone&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoicevideoconfer0000fire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2015/01/29/f-c-c-sharply-increases-definition-of-broadband/">"F.C.C. 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color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritishTelecomLaboratories-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BritishTelecomLaboratories_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Whybray, M.W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zak.co.il/d/deaf-info/old/videophones">Moving Picture Transmission at Low Bitrates for Sign Language Communication</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170702160823/http://www.zak.co.il/d/deaf-info/old/videophones">Archived</a> 2017-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Martlesham, England: British Telecom Laboratories, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fitzgerald-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fitzgerald_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Fitzgerald, Thomas J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech2.nytimes.com/mem/technology/techreview.html?_r=2&res=9906E1DC163FF93BA25751C1A9659C8B63">For the Deaf, Communication Without the Wait</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, December 18, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-videomail-client-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-videomail-client_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/binarykitchen/videomail-client/">"videomail-client source code on GitHub"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/GitHub" title="GitHub">GitHub</a></i>. 23 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GitHub&rft.atitle=videomail-client+source+code+on+GitHub&rft.date=2022-07-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgithub.com%2Fbinarykitchen%2Fvideomail-client%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MW_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/videophone">Videophone definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170204230048/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/videophone">Archived</a> 2017-02-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Merriam-Webster Online. Retrieved April 13, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ED-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ED_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=video&searchmode=none">Video definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170203142715/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=video&searchmode=none">Archived</a> 2017-02-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Online Etymology Dictionary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/PC_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="PC Magazine">PC Magazine</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=video+calling&i=61765,00.asp">Definition: Video Calling</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121012012819/http://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0%2C2542%2Ct%3Dvideo+calling%26i%3D61765%2C00.asp">Archived</a> 2012-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PC Magazine website. 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Retrieved November 2, 2014 from TheStar.com. Quote: "Public esteem and critical estimation of 2001 has grown steadily ever since, even as the title date has come and gone with very few of its far-out advancements having been realized—although<span class="nowrap"> </span>... innovations like iPads and Skyping have finally caught up with Kubrick's view of future living. [2001 actor] Lockwood marvels at how he's now able to Skype his wife and daughter, just as he does his movie parents in the space-to-Earth communication scene in 2001."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Lawson, Stephen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9157818/Vidyo_packages_conferencing_for_campuses">Vidyo Packages Conferencing For Campuses</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704123744/http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9157818/Vidyo_packages_conferencing_for_campuses">Archived</a> 2014-07-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, IDG News Service, February 16, 2010. Retrieved via Computerworld.com's website, February 18, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Jackman, Elizabeth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://peoriatimes.com/articles/2010/02/19/news/news06.txt">New Video Conferencing System Streamlines Firefighter Training</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged December 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Peoria, Arizona: Peoria Times, February 19, 2010. 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Accessed Dec. 8, 2013.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.histv.net/george-dumaurier-1877">"George du Maurier et le soi-disant téléphonoscope d'Edison"</a>. <i>Histoire de la television</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Histoire+de+la+television&rft.atitle=George+du+Maurier+et+le+soi-disant+t%C3%A9l%C3%A9phonoscope+d%27Edison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.histv.net%2Fgeorge-dumaurier-1877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verne, Jules. «In the year 2889»<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/19362/19362-h/19362-h.htm">[2]</a>, Project Gutenberg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">French, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cinefantastiqueonline.com/2010/05/fritz-langs-metropolis-the-best-film-of-this-or-any-other-year/">Director Fritz Lang on the Making of Metropolis</a>, May 15, 2010, retrieved from <i><a href="/wiki/Cinefantastique" title="Cinefantastique">Cinefantastique</a></i> website, April 8, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1014669/">2001: The Making of a Myth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170210151026/http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1014669/">Archived</a> 2017-02-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, (TV Documentary) first released on 13 January 2001 (UK), presented and narrated by <a href="/wiki/James_Cameron" title="James Cameron">James Cameron</a>; directed by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Joyce" title="Paul Joyce">Paul Joyce</a> under <a href="/wiki/Jamie_Doran" title="Jamie Doran">Jamie Doran</a> (video sequence from 0:23:00 to 0:24:20).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgel1970" class="citation book cs1">Agel, Jerome (1970). <i>The Making of Kubrick's 2001</i>. 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Roberts, <i>Dick Tracy and American Culture: Morality and Mythology, Text and Context</i>, McFarland, 2003.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phil Wolff, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skypejournal.com/2009/05/why-oprah-skype-day-was-ineffective.html">Why Oprah's Skype Day Was Ineffective: Tone And Skype</a>, Skype Journal online, May 27, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julianne Pepitone, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://money.cnn.com/2009/05/20/technology/oprah_skype/index.htm">Oprah's Skypefest Draws Backlash</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170331114330/http://money.cnn.com/2009/05/20/technology/oprah_skype/index.htm">Archived</a> 2017-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, CNNMoney.com online, May 21, 2009. Retrieved October 22, 2009.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Santanu Brahma & Axlator Communications <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knowledge.santanu.net/what-is-webrtc-current-scenario-and-why-we-should-follow/"><i>Audio Video Telephony</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210119024729/https://knowledge.santanu.net/what-is-webrtc-current-scenario-and-why-we-should-follow/">Archived</a> 2021-01-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Real time updates and news about WebRTC technology and browser-based audio and videotelephony.</li> <li>Burns, R.W., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gZcwhVyiMqsC">Television: <i>An International History of the Formative Years</i></a> in IEE Publication Series, <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="Institution of Electrical Engineers">Institution of Electrical Engineers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a> (Great Britain), 1998, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85296-914-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85296-914-7">0-85296-914-7</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-914-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-914-4">978-0-85296-914-4</a></li> <li>Daly, Edward A. & Hansell, Kathleen J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unceAQAAIAAJ"><i>Visual Telephony</i></a>, Artech House, Boston, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58053-023-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-58053-023-0">1-58053-023-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58053-023-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58053-023-1">978-1-58053-023-1</a>, CIPD HD9697.T452D35 651.7'3-dc21.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMulbachBockerPrussog1995" class="citation journal cs1">Mulbach, Lothar; Bocker, Martin; Prussog, Angela (1995). "Telepresence in Videocommunications: A Study on Stereoscopy and Individual Eye Contact". <i>Human Factors</i>. <b>37</b> (2): 290–305. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1518%2F001872095779064582">10.1518/001872095779064582</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-7208">0018-7208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7642183">7642183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31369406">31369406</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Factors&rft.atitle=Telepresence+in+Videocommunications%3A+A+Study+on+Stereoscopy+and+Individual+Eye+Contact&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=290-305&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0018-7208&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31369406%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7642183&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1518%2F001872095779064582&rft.aulast=Mulbach&rft.aufirst=Lothar&rft.au=Bocker%2C+Martin&rft.au=Prussog%2C+Angela&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nellist, John G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cTGvE5onkoIC"><i>Understanding Telecommunications And Lightwave Systems: An Entry-Level Guide</i></a>, John Wiley and Sons, IEEE Press, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-15032-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-15032-0">0-471-15032-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-15032-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-15032-9">978-0-471-15032-9</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnaarsWymbs2004" class="citation journal cs1">Schnaars, Steve; Wymbs, Cliff (2004). "On The Persistence Of Lackluster Demand—The History Of The Video Telephone". <i>Technological Forecasting and Social Change</i>. <b>71</b> (3): 197–216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0040-1625%2802%2900410-9">10.1016/S0040-1625(02)00410-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technological+Forecasting+and+Social+Change&rft.atitle=On+The+Persistence+Of+Lackluster+Demand%E2%80%94The+History+Of+The+Video+Telephone&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=197-216&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0040-1625%2802%2900410-9&rft.aulast=Schnaars&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Wymbs%2C+Cliff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideotelephony" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Shepard, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/videoconferencin0000shep">Videoconferencing Demystified: Making Video Services Work</a>, McGraw-Hill Professional, 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-07-140085-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-07-140085-0">0-07-140085-0</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-140085-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-140085-5">978-0-07-140085-5</a></li> <li>Stevenson Bacon, W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mykDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA46">Amazing New Picturephone: A Step Closer to In-Person Visits</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>, June 1968, pp. 46–47.</li> <li>Valinder, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/30558/1/gupea_2077_30558_1.pdf">Like a window in your living room: Video-mediated communication for extended families separated by space</a>, University of Gothenburg: Department of Applied Information Technology, pp. 6–18, October 5, 2012. Web. January 23, 2013 (PDF).</li> <li>Wilcox, James R. & Gibson, David K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AzGIcX7TrgIC"><i>Video Communications: The Whole Picture</i></a>, Focal Press, CMP Books, San Francisco, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57820-316-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-57820-316-3">1-57820-316-3</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57820-316-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57820-316-1">978-1-57820-316-1</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsorted">Unsorted</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Unsorted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Greenberg, Alan D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130121060337/http://www.lhric.org/files/164/2009WainhouseWhitePaper.pdf">Taking the Wraps off Videoconferencing in the US Classroom</a>, Wainhouse Research, April 2009.</li> <li>Kopytoff, Verne G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/06/01/hewlett-packard-sells-its-video-conferencing-business/">Hewlett-Packard Sells Its Video Conferencing Business</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, June 1, 2011.</li> <li>Lawlor, Julia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/08/27/technology/productivity-videoconferencing-from-stage-fright-to-stage-presence.html">Videoconferencing: From Stage Fright to Stage Presence</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, August 27, 1998.</li> <li>Lohr, Steve. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/22/technology/22meet.html">As Travel Costs Rise, More Meetings Go Virtual</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 22, 2008.</li> <li>Miller, Claire Cain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B01E1DB173BF932A25752C1A96F9C8B63">Logitech Buying a Maker Of Videoconference Tools</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, November 11, 2009.</li> <li>Miller, Claire Cain. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/11/11/technology/start-ups/11logitech.html">Logitech Breaks Into Videoconferencing</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, November 10, 2009 on line, and November 11, 2009, in print, p. B3. Discusses the acquisition of LifeSize Communications.</li> <li>Millman, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2001/07/12/technology/the-videoconference-as-a-bicoastal-pas-de-deux.html">The Videoconference as a Bicoastal Pas de Deux</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 12, 2001.</li> <li>O'Brien, Kevin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/04/20/technology/20video.html">Stranded Travelers Turn to Videoconferencing</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, April 19, 2010. Article discusses the increased use of videoconferencing due to the eruption of an Icelandic volcano which severely curtailed air travel for several months.</li> <li>Ramirez, Anthony. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1993/09/15/business/company-news-more-than-just-a-phone-call-video-conferencing-and-photocopies-too.html">More Than Just a Phone Call; Video Conferencing And Photocopies, Too</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, September 15, 1993. Discusses the deployment of videoconferencing rooms in several hundred <a href="/wiki/Kinkos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinkos">Kinkos</a> locations.</li> <li>Shannon, Victoria. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/29/technology/29iht-ptend30.1.7299576.html">Videoconferencing's virtual leap forward</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, August 29, 2007.</li> <li>Sharkey, Joe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/12/business/12road.html">A Meeting in New York? Can't We Videoconference?</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, May 11, 2009 online, and in print on May 12, 2009, p. B6 of the New York edition.</li> <li>Vance, Ashlee. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/02/technology/companies/02cisco.html">Cisco Buys Norwegian Firm for $3 Billion</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, October 1, 2009 online, and October 2, 2009, in print, p. B7. Discusses the acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Tandberg" title="Tandberg">Tandberg</a>.</li> <li>Wang, Ses <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120221043326/http://www.net-security.org/article.php?id=1673">Open source tool detects videoconferencing equipment vulnerabilities</a>, Help Net Security, 17 February 2012.</li> <li>Wayner, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/16/technology/circuits/16basics.html">Jerky Pictures and Sound Are History. Videoconferencing Is All Grown Up.</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, June 16, 2005.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adeshina, Emmanuel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/08/07/us/some-criticize-jails-as-they-move-to-video-visits.html">In-Person Visits Fade as Jails Set Up Video Units for Inmates and Families</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> website, August 7, 2012, pg. A15 of the New York Edition.</li> <li>Bajaj, Vikas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/07/18/business/global/in-india-an-official-puts-a-webcam-in-office.html">Transparent Government, Via Webcams in India</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 18, 2011, pg.B3. Published online: July 17, 2011.</li> <li>Davis, Andrew W.; Weinstein, Ira M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020616194620/http://ess.ntu.ac.uk/miller/videoph.htm">The Business Case for Videoconferencing</a>, Wainhouse Research, March 2005.</li> <li>Fairlie, Rik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gadgetwise.blogs.nytimes.com/2010/07/02/skype-puts-video-calls-on-your-tv/">Skype Puts Video Calls on Your TV</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, July 2, 2010.</li> <li>Hoffman, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/25/fashion/therapists-are-seeing-patients-online.html">When Your Therapist Is Only a Click Away</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, September 25, 2011, pg. ST1. Also published September 23, 2011 online at www.nytimes.com.</li> <li>Miller, Hugh.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020616194620/http://ess.ntu.ac.uk/miller/videoph.htm">"Videophones: The Real Problem"</a>. Archived from the original on 2002-06-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2002-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Videophones%3A+The+Real+Problem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fess.ntu.ac.uk%2Fmiller%2Fvideoph.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVideotelephony" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>)</span>, Department of Social Sciences, <a href="/wiki/Nottingham_Trent_University" title="Nottingham Trent University">Nottingham Trent University</a>, June 16, 2002. Discusses social issues related to videotelephony.</li> <li>Perlroth, Nicole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/23/technology/flaws-in-videoconferencing-systems-put-boardrooms-at-risk.html">Cameras May Open Up the Board Room to Hackers</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times online</a></i>, January 22, 2012. A version of this article appeared in print on January 23, 2012, on page B1 of the New York edition with the headline: "Conferences Via the Net Called Risky".</li> <li>ProAV Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.proavmagazine.com/industry-news.asp?articleID=805312">Being There</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2016">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, <i>ProAV Magazine</i>, November 7, 2008.</li> <li>Saint Louis, Catherine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/11/us/music-lessons-on-webcams-grow-in-popularity.html">With Enough Bandwidth, Many Join The Band</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, January 10, 2012 (online), January 11, 2012 (in print, New York Edition, pg. A1). Retrieved online January 11, 2012. Synopsis: a look at the pros and cons of videotelephony used for private, individual, music lessons.</li> <li>Steinberg, Neil. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/2007/10/13/neil-steinberg-videophone-tech-future07-cx_ns_1015gizmo.html">Dude, Where's My Video Phone?</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Forbes.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Forbes.com">Forbes.com</a></i> website, October 15, 2007</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_benefits">Environmental benefits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Environmental benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Biello, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=can-videoconferencing-replace-travel">Can Videoconferencing Replace Travel?</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></i>, March 18, 2009.</li> <li>Coroama, V.C., et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldresourcesforum.org/files/Article%20Coroama%20Hilty%20Birtel.pdf">Effects of Internet-Based Multiple-Site Conferences on Greenhouse Gas Emissions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603042551/http://www.worldresourcesforum.org/files/Article%20Coroama%20Hilty%20Birtel.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Telematics and Informatics</i>, 2011, doi:10.1016/j.tele.2011.11.006</li> <li>Pachner, Joanna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/small-business/sb-digital/innovation/the-next-best-thing-to-being-there/article1207106/">The Next Best Thing to Being There</a>, Toronto: <i><a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a></i>, October 13, 2009.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_and_technical">Historical and technical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Historical and technical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Ebel, H. "Subjective Assessment of Picture Interference in the Videophone" in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IiURF1cH0YUC">4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony</a>, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 289–298.</li> <li>Fischer, K.; Ebel, H.; "Problems Of How To Position Users In Front Of The Videophone" in: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IiURF1cH0YUC">4th International Symposium on Human Factors in Telephony</a>, Bad Wiessee, Germany, September 23–27, 1968, Information Gatekeepers Inc., pp. 269–282.</li> <li>Hall, A.D. "Experiments with Picturephone Service" in: <i>Bell Laboratories RECORD</i>, 1964, Vol. 42, pp. 114–120.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ives,_Herbert_E." class="mw-redirect" title="Ives, Herbert E.">Ives, Herbert E.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WqkmPh-QtQYC">Two-Way Television and a Pictorial Account of its Background</a> in: <i>Bell Laboratories Record</i>, 1930, Vol. 8, pp. 399–404, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tvhistory.tv/1930-ATT-BELL.htm">viewable online here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205184748/http://www.tvhistory.tv/1930-ATT-BELL.htm">Archived</a> 2020-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ives,_Herbert_E." class="mw-redirect" title="Ives, Herbert E.">Ives, Herbert E.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/belltelephonemag11amerrich">Picture Transmission and Television</a> in: <i>Bell Labs Quarterly</i>, April 1932, Vol. 11, pp. 118–142.</li> <li>Jaur, Francis. "Usage Domestiques du Visiophone", Technologies de l'Information et Société, 2, 1990, pp. 89–102. (French)</li> <li>Schunack, Von Johannes; Maly, Rolf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdvandt.org/Band1Heft4Juli%2739.pdf#page=28">Die Fernseh-Sprechtechnik</a> in: <i>Fernseh A.G.: 10 Jahre</i>, Berlin: Hausmitteilungen Aus Forshunsg Und Betrieb Der Fernseh Aktiengellschaft, July 1939, pp. 138–143. (PDF, German)</li> <li>Schulte, Olaf A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seer.nomos.de/fileadmin/muk/doc/MuK_02_04.pdf#page=77">"The Next Best Thing To Being There"—Ein Überblick Zu 25 Jahren Videokonferenzforschung</a> (An Overview of 25 years of videoconferencing research) in: <i>Medien & Kommunikations-wissenschaft</i>, Baden-Baden: <a href="/wiki/Hans-Bredow-Institut" title="Hans-Bredow-Institut">Hans-Bredow-Institut</a>, April 2002, pp. 551–570 (PDF, German).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Videotelephony&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/videophone" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:videophone">videophone</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Videotelephony" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Videotelephony#Videoconferencing_systems_and_components" class="extiw" title="commons:Videotelephony"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Videoconferencing systems and components</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517040414/http://techchannel.att.com/play-video.cfm/2012/6/29/AT%26T-Archives-Debut-of-the-Picturephone">Debut of the First Picturephone</a>, 1970 video courtesy of AT&T Archives and History Center, Warren, N.J.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/video/videophone/query/telephones">British Pathé news clip: Videophone 1970</a>, a movie reel news clip on the assembly and demonstration of a prototype British General Post Office 'Viewphone' at Taplow, Buckinghamshire; (February 1, 1970; video, 1:16 seconds length)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://forums.whirlpool.net.au/archive/181174">Whirlpool Forums: Movies that feature videophones</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="telephone icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/28px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/42px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg/56px-Telephone_icon_blue_gradient.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="722" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telephones" title="Portal:Telephones">Telephones portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell de Moura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_telecommunication" title="Outline of telecommunication">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunications">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer-mediated_communication" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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