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<li id="toc-Analog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Analog</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Digital</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technical details</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technical details subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Common_high-definition_video_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Common_high-definition_video_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Common high-definition video modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Common_high-definition_video_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultra_high-definition_video_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultra_high-definition_video_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Ultra high-definition video modes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultra_high-definition_video_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HD_content" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HD_content"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>HD content</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-HD_content-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle HD content subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-HD_content-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_recorded_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_recorded_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Types of recorded media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_recorded_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HD_in_filmmaking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HD_in_filmmaking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>HD in filmmaking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HD_in_filmmaking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HD_on_the_World_Wide_Web/HD_streaming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HD_on_the_World_Wide_Web/HD_streaming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>HD on the World Wide Web/HD streaming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HD_on_the_World_Wide_Web/HD_streaming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Wide_Web_HD_resolutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Wide_Web_HD_resolutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>World Wide Web HD resolutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Wide_Web_HD_resolutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li 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contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">High-definition video</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B6%D9%88%D8%AD" title="فيديو عالي الوضوح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيديو عالي الوضوح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_kajalasan_tinggi" title="Video kajalasan tinggi – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Video kajalasan tinggi" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_definici%C3%B3" title="Alta definició – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Alta definició" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="High-definition video" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alta_definici%C3%B3n" title="Alta definición – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alta definición" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AF%D8%A6%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="ویدئوی اچ‌دی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویدئوی اچ‌دی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vid%C3%A9o_haute_d%C3%A9finition" title="Vidéo haute définition – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vidéo haute définition" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EC%84%A0%EB%AA%85_%EB%B9%84%EB%94%94%EC%98%A4" title="고선명 비디오 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고선명 비디오" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_definisi_tinggi" title="Video definisi tinggi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Video definisi tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%92%D7%91%D7%95%D7%94%D7%94" title="הפרדה גבוהה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרדה גבוהה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_definisi_tinggi" title="Video definisi tinggi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Video definisi tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="High-definition video" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%B2%BE%E7%B4%B0%E5%BA%A6%E3%83%93%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA" title="高精細度ビデオ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高精細度ビデオ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADdeo_de_alta_defini%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Vídeo de alta definição – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vídeo de alta definição" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_me_definicion_t%C3%AB_lart%C3%AB" title="Video me definicion të lartë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Video me definicion të lartë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="High-definition video" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_s_vysok%C3%BDm_rozl%C3%AD%C5%A1en%C3%ADm_(v%C5%A1eobecne)" title="Video s vysokým rozlíšením (všeobecne) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Video s vysokým rozlíšením (všeobecne)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For high-definition video in broadcasting, see <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High-definition television</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/High_definition_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="High definition (disambiguation)">High definition (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/HD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="HD (disambiguation)">HD (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>High-definition video</b> (<b>HD video</b>) is <a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">video</a> of higher <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">resolution</a> and quality than <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">standard-definition</a>. While there is no standardized meaning for <i>high-definition</i>, generally any video image with considerably more than 480 vertical <a href="/wiki/Scan_line" title="Scan line">scan lines</a> (North America) or 576 vertical lines (Europe) is considered high-definition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> 480 scan lines is generally the minimum even though the majority of systems greatly exceed that. Images of standard resolution captured at rates faster than normal (60 frames/second North America, 50 fps Europe), by a <a href="/wiki/High-speed_camera" title="High-speed camera">high-speed camera</a> may be considered high-definition in some contexts. Some television series shot on high-definition video are made to look as if they have been shot on <a href="/wiki/Movie_camera" title="Movie camera">film</a>, a technique which is often known as <a href="/wiki/Film_look" title="Film look">filmizing</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first electronic scanning format, <a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405 lines</a>, was the first <i>high definition</i> television system, since the mechanical systems it replaced had far fewer. From 1939, Europe and the US tried 605 and <a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441 lines</a> until, in 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a> mandated 525 for the US. In wartime France, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="René Barthélemy">René Barthélemy</a> tested higher resolutions, up to 1,042. In late 1949, official French transmissions finally began with <a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system#French_819-line_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">819</a>. In 1984, however, this standard was abandoned for 625-line color on the <a href="/wiki/TF1" title="TF1">TF1</a> network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog">Analog</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Analog"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog high-definition television system</a></div> <p>Modern HD specifications date to the early 1980s, when Japanese engineers developed the HighVision 1,125-line interlaced TV standard (also called <a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE</a>) that ran at 60 frames per second. The <a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a> system was presented at an international meeting of television engineers in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, April 1981 and Japan's <a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a> presented its analog <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition television</a> (HDTV) system at a Swiss conference in 1983. </p><p>The NHK system was standardized in the United States as <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers</a> (SMPTE) standard #240M in the early 1990s, but abandoned later on when it was replaced by a DVB analog standard. HighVision video is still usable for HDTV video interchange, but there is almost no modern equipment available to perform this function. Attempts at implementing HighVision as a 6 MHz broadcast channel were mostly unsuccessful. All attempts at using this format for terrestrial TV transmission were abandoned by the mid-1990s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Europe developed <a href="/wiki/HD-MAC" title="HD-MAC">HD-MAC</a> (1,250 lines, 50 Hz), a member of the <a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">MAC</a> family of hybrid analogue/digital video standards; however, it never took off as a terrestrial video transmission format. HD-MAC was never designated for video interchange except by the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital">Digital</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Digital"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High-definition <a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">digital video</a> was not possible with <a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">uncompressed video</a> due to impractically high <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> requirements, with a <a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">bit rate</a> exceeding <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7009100000000000000♠"></span>1 <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_per_second" class="mw-redirect" title="Gigabit per second">Gbit/s</a></span> for <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a> video.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Digital <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HDTV</a> was enabled by the development of <a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">discrete cosine transform</a> (DCT) <a href="/wiki/Video_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Video compression">video compression</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Shishikui_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shishikui-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The DCT is a <a href="/wiki/Lossy_compression" title="Lossy compression">lossy compression</a> technique that was first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a> in 1972,<sup id="cite_ref-Ahmed_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ahmed-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was later adapted into a <a href="/wiki/Motion_compensation" title="Motion compensation">motion-compensated</a> DCT algorithm for <a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video coding formats</a> such as the H.26x formats from the <a href="/wiki/Video_Coding_Experts_Group" title="Video Coding Experts Group">Video Coding Experts Group</a> from 1988 onwards and the <a href="/wiki/Moving_Picture_Experts_Group" title="Moving Picture Experts Group">MPEG</a> formats from 1993 onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Ghanbari_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ghanbari-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Li_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Li-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motion-compensated DCT compression significantly reduced the amount of memory and bandwidth required for digital video, capable of achieving a <a href="/wiki/Data_compression_ratio" title="Data compression ratio">data compression ratio</a> of around 100:1 compared to uncompressed video.<sup id="cite_ref-Lea_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lea-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1990s, DCT video compression had been widely adopted as the video coding standard for HDTV.<sup id="cite_ref-Shishikui_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shishikui-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The current high-definition video standards in North America were developed during the course of the advanced television process initiated by the Federal Communications Commission in 1987 at the request of American broadcasters. In essence, the end of the 1980s was a death knell for most analog high definition technologies that had developed up to that time. </p><p>The FCC process, led by the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Television_Systems_Committee" title="Advanced Television Systems Committee">Advanced Television Systems Committee</a> (ATSC) adopted a <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">range of standards</a> from interlaced 1,080-line video (a technical descendant of the original analog NHK 1125/30 Hz system) with a maximum frame rate of 30 Hz, (60 fields per second) and 720-line video, progressively scanned, with a maximum frame rate of 60 Hz. </p><p>In the end, however, the <a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">DVB</a> standard of resolutions (1080, 720, 480) and respective frame rates (24, 25, 30) were adopted in conjunction with the Europeans that were also involved in the same standardization process. The FCC officially adopted the ATSC transmission standard in 1996 (which included both <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SD video</a> standards). </p><p>In the early 2000s, it looked as if DVB would be the video standard far into the future. However, both Brazil and China have adopted alternative standards for high-definition video<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that preclude the interoperability that was hoped for after decades of largely non-interoperable analog TV broadcasting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Technical details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vector_Video_Standards2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vector_Video_Standards2.svg/220px-Vector_Video_Standards2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vector_Video_Standards2.svg/330px-Vector_Video_Standards2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Vector_Video_Standards2.svg/440px-Vector_Video_Standards2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2562" data-file-height="2050" /></a><figcaption>This chart shows the most <a href="/wiki/List_of_common_display_resolutions" title="List of common display resolutions">common display resolutions</a>, with the color of each resolution type indicating the display ratio (e.g., red indicates a 4:3 ratio). </figcaption></figure> <p>High definition video (prerecorded and broadcast) is defined threefold, by: </p> <ul><li><i>The number of lines in the vertical <a href="/wiki/Display_resolution" title="Display resolution">display resolution</a></i>. High-definition television (HDTV) resolution is 1,080 or 720 lines. In contrast, regular <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> (DTV) is 480 lines (upon which NTSC is based, 480 visible scanlines out of 525) or 576 lines (upon which PAL/SECAM are based, 576 visible scanlines out of 625). However, since HD is broadcast digitally, its introduction sometimes coincides with the introduction of DTV. Additionally, current DVD quality is not high-definition, although the high-definition disc systems <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> Disc and the <a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> are.</li> <li><i>The scanning system: <a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">progressive scanning</a> (p) or <a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">interlaced scanning</a> (i)</i>. <i>Progressive scanning (p)</i> redraws an image frame (all of its lines) when refreshing each image, for example 720p/1080p. <i>Interlaced scanning (i)</i> draws the image field every other line or <i>odd-numbered</i> lines during the first image refresh operation, and then draws the remaining <i>even numbered</i> lines during a second refreshing, for example 1080i. Interlaced scanning yields image resolution if subject is not moving, but loses up to half of the resolution and suffers <i>combing</i> artifacts when subject is moving.</li> <li><i>The number of frames or fields per second (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>). In Europe more common (50 Hz) television broadcasting system and in USA (60 Hz)</i>. The 720p60 format is 1,280 × 720 <a href="/wiki/Pixel" title="Pixel">pixels</a>, progressive encoding with 60 frames per second (60 Hz). The 1080i50/1080i60 format is 1920 × 1080 pixels, interlaced encoding with 50/60 fields, (50/60 Hz) per second. Two interlaced fields formulate a single frame, because the two fields of one frame are temporally shifted. Frame <a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">pulldown</a> and segmented frames are special techniques that allow transmitting full frames by means of interlaced video stream.</li></ul> <p>Often, the rate is inferred from the context, usually assumed to be either 50 Hz (Europe) or 60 Hz (USA), except for <a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p</a>, which denotes 1080p24, 1080p25, and 1080p30, but also 1080p50 and 1080p60. </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame</a> or field rate can also be specified without a resolution. For example, 24p means 24 progressive scan frames per second and 50i means 25 progressive frames per second, consisting of 50 interlaced fields per second. Most HDTV systems support some standard resolutions and frame or field rates. The most common are noted below. High-definition signals require a high-definition television or computer monitor in order to be viewed. High-definition video has an aspect ratio of 16:9 (1.78:1). The aspect ratio of regular widescreen film shot today is typically 1.85:1 or 2.39:1 (sometimes traditionally quoted at 2.35:1). Standard-definition television (SDTV) has a 4:3 (1.33:1) aspect ratio, although in recent years many broadcasters have transmitted programs <i>squeezed</i> horizontally in 16:9 <a href="/wiki/Anamorphic_widescreen" title="Anamorphic widescreen">anamorphic format</a>, in hopes that the viewer has a 16:9 set which stretches the image out to normal-looking proportions, or a set which <i>squishes</i> the image vertically to present a <i>letterbox</i> view of the image, again with correct proportions. </p><p>The EU defines HD resolution as 1920 x 1080 pixels or 2 073 600 pixels and UHD resolution as 3840 x 2160 pixels or 8 294 400 pixels.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Common_high-definition_video_modes">Common high-definition video modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Common high-definition video modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 80%;"> <tbody><tr align="left"> <th>Video mode </th> <th>Frame size in pixels (W×H) </th> <th>Pixels per image<sup>1</sup> </th> <th>Scanning type </th> <th>Frame rate (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p (also known as HD Ready)</a> </td> <td>1,280×720 </td> <td>921,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a> </td> <td>23.976, 24, 25, 29.97, 30, 50, 59.94, 60, 72 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i (also known as Full HD)</a> </td> <td>1,920×1,080 </td> <td>2,073,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Interlaced_video" title="Interlaced video">Interlaced</a> </td> <td>25 (50 fields/s), 29.97 (59.94 fields/s), 30 (60 fields/s) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p (also known as Full HD)</a> </td> <td>1,920×1,080 </td> <td>2,073,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a> </td> <td>24 (23.976), 25, 30 (29.97), 50, 60 (59.94) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">1440p (also known as Quad HD)</a> </td> <td>2,560×1,440 </td> <td>3,686,400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a> </td> <td>24 (23.976), 25, 30 (29.97), 50, 60 (59.94) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ultra_high-definition_video_modes">Ultra high-definition video modes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Ultra high-definition video modes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 80%;"> <tbody><tr align="left"> <th>Video mode </th> <th>Frame size in pixels (W×H) </th> <th>Pixels per image<sup>1</sup> </th> <th>Scanning type </th> <th>Frame rate (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a>) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Digital_cinema" title="Digital cinema">2000</a> </td> <td>2,048×1,536 </td> <td>3,145,728 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a> </td> <td>24, 30, 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">2160p (also known as 4K UHD)</a> </td> <td>3,840×2,160 </td> <td>8,294,400 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a> </td> <td>60, 120 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Red_Digital_Cinema" title="Red Digital Cinema">2540p</a> </td> <td>4,520×2,540 </td> <td>11,480,800 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a> </td> <td>24, 30, 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4000p</a> </td> <td>4,096×3,072 </td> <td>12,582,912 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a> </td> <td>24, 30, 60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">4320p (also known as 8K UHD)</a> </td> <td>7,680×4,320 </td> <td>33,177,600 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Progressive_scan" title="Progressive scan">Progressive</a> </td> <td>60, 120 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Note: <sup>1</sup> Image is either a frame or, in case of interlaced scanning, two fields (EVEN and ODD). </p><p>Also, there are less common but still popular <a href="/wiki/Ultrawide_formats" title="Ultrawide formats">UltraWide</a> resolutions, such as 2560×1080p (1080p UltraWide). </p><p>There is also a WQHD+ option for some of these. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HD_content">HD content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: HD content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be <b>updated</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>High-definition image sources include terrestrial broadcast, direct broadcast satellite, digital cable, high definition disc (<a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD</a>), digital cameras, Internet downloads, and video game consoles. </p> <ul><li>Most computers are capable of HD or higher resolutions over <a href="/wiki/Video_Graphics_Array" title="Video Graphics Array">VGA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a>.</li> <li>The optical disc standard <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Blu-ray Disc">Blu-ray Disc</a> can provide enough digital storage to store hours of HD video content. Digital Versatile Discs or DVDs (that hold 4.7 <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">GB</a> for a Single layer or 8.5 GB for a double layer), are not always up to the challenge of today's high-definition (HD) sets. Storing and playing HD movies requires a disc that holds more information, like a Blu-ray Disc (which hold 25 GB in single layer form and 50 GB for double layer) or the now-defunct High Definition Digital Versatile Discs (HD DVDs) which held 15 GB or 30 GB in, respectively, single and double layer variations.</li></ul> <p>Blu-ray Discs were jointly developed by 9 initial partners including Sony and Phillips (which jointly developed CDs for audio), and Pioneer (which developed its own Laser-disc previously with some success) among others. HD DVD discs were primarily developed by Toshiba and NEC with some backing from Microsoft, Warner Bros., Hewlett Packard, and others. On February 19, 2008, Toshiba announced it was abandoning the format and would discontinue development, marketing and manufacturing of HD DVD players and drives. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_recorded_media">Types of recorded media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types of recorded media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The high resolution <a href="/wiki/Photographic_film" title="Photographic film">photographic film</a> used for cinema projection is exposed at the rate of 24 frames per second but usually projected at 48, each frame getting projected twice helping to minimise flicker. One exception to this was the 1986 <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> short film <i><a href="/wiki/Momentum_(1992_film)" title="Momentum (1992 film)">Momentum</a></i>, which briefly experimented with both filming and projecting at 48 frame/s, in a process known as <a href="/wiki/IMAX#HD" title="IMAX">IMAX HD</a>. </p><p> Depending upon available bandwidth and the amount of detail and movement in the image, the optimum format for video transfer is either 720p24 or 1080p24. When shown on television in PAL system countries, film must be projected at the rate of 25 frames per second by accelerating it by 4.1 percent. In NTSC standard countries, the projection rate is 30 frames per second, using a technique called 3:2 pull-down. One film frame is held for three video fields (1/20 of a second), and the next is held for two video fields (1/30 of a second) and then the process is repeated, thus achieving the correct film projection rate with two film frames shown in one twelfth of a second. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Telecine" title="Telecine">Telecine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deinterlacing" title="Deinterlacing">Deinterlacing</a></div> <p>Older (pre-HDTV) recordings on video tape such as <a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a> SP are often either in the form 480i60 or 576i50. These may be upconverted to a higher resolution format, but removing the interlace to match the common <a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p</a> format may distort the picture or require filtering which actually reduces the resolution of the final output. </p><p>Non-cinematic HDTV video recordings are recorded in either the 720p or the <a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i</a> format. The format used is set by the broadcaster (if for television broadcast). In general, 720p is more accurate with fast action, because it progressively scans frames, instead of the 1080i, which uses interlaced fields and thus might degrade the resolution of fast images. </p><p>720p is used more for Internet distribution of high-definition video, because computer monitors progressively scan; 720p video has lower storage-decoding requirements than either the 1080i or the 1080p. This is also the medium for high-definition broadcasts around the world and 1080p is used for <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> movies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HD_in_filmmaking">HD in filmmaking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: HD in filmmaking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Film as a medium has inherent limitations, such as difficulty of viewing footage while recording, and suffers other problems, caused by poor film development/processing, or poor monitoring systems. Given that there is increasing use of computer-generated or computer-altered imagery in movies, and that editing picture sequences is often done digitally, some directors have shot their movies using the HD format via high-end digital video cameras. While the quality of HD video is very high compared to SD video, and offers improved signal/noise ratios against comparable sensitivity film, film remains able to resolve more image detail than current HD video formats. In addition some films have a wider dynamic range (ability to resolve extremes of dark and light areas in a scene) than even the best HD cameras. Thus the most persuasive arguments for the use of HD are currently cost savings on film stock and the ease of transfer to editing systems for special effects. </p><p>Depending on the year and format in which a movie was filmed, the exposed image can vary greatly in size. Sizes range from as big as 24 mm × 36 mm for <a href="/wiki/VistaVision" title="VistaVision">VistaVision</a>/<a href="/wiki/Technirama" title="Technirama">Technirama</a> 8 perforation cameras (same as 35 mm still photo film) going down through 18 mm × 24 mm for Silent Films or Full Frame 4 perforations cameras to as small as 9 mm × 21 mm in Academy Sound Aperture cameras modified for the Techniscope 2 perforation format. Movies are also produced using other <a href="/wiki/Film_gauge" title="Film gauge">film gauges</a>, including <a href="/wiki/70_mm_film" title="70 mm film">70 mm films</a> (22 mm × 48 mm) or the rarely used 55 mm and <a href="/wiki/Cinerama" title="Cinerama">CINERAMA</a>. </p><p>The four major <a href="/wiki/List_of_motion_picture_film_formats" title="List of motion picture film formats">film formats</a> provide pixel resolutions (calculated from pixels per millimeter) roughly as follows: </p> <ul><li>Academy Sound (Sound movies before 1955): 15 mm × 21 mm (1.375) = 2,160 × 2,970</li> <li>Academy camera US Widescreen: 11 mm × 21 mm (1.85) = 1,605 × 2,970</li> <li>Current Anamorphic Panavision ("Scope"): 17.5 mm × 21 mm (2.39) = 2,485 × 2,970</li> <li>Super-35 for Anamorphic prints: 10 mm × 24 mm (2.39) = 1,420 × 3,390</li></ul> <p>In the process of making prints for exhibition, this negative is copied onto other film (negative → interpositive → internegative → print) causing the resolution to be reduced with each emulsion copying step and when the image passes through a lens (for example, on a projector). In many cases, the resolution can be reduced down to 1/6 of the original negative's resolution (or worse).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Note that resolution values for 70 mm film are higher than those listed above. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HD_on_the_World_Wide_Web/HD_streaming"><span id="HD_on_the_World_Wide_Web.2FHD_streaming"></span>HD on the World Wide Web/HD streaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: HD on the World Wide Web/HD streaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many online video streaming, on-demand and digital download services offer HD video. Due to heavy compression, the image detail produced by these formats can be far below that of broadcast HD, and often even inferior to <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a> (3-9 Mbit/s MP2) <a href="/wiki/Video_scaler" title="Video scaler">upscaled</a> to the same image size.<sup id="cite_ref-fake_HD_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fake_HD-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following is a chart of numerous online services and their HD offering: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Wide_Web_HD_resolutions">World Wide Web HD resolutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: World Wide Web HD resolutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="width: 90%;"> <tbody><tr align="left"> <th>Source </th> <th>Codec </th> <th>Highest resolution (W×H) </th> <th>Total bit rate/bandwidth </th> <th>Video bit rate </th> <th>Audio bit rate </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Video</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a><sup id="cite_ref-Amazon.com_-_Codec_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazon.com_-_Codec-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1280×720<sup id="cite_ref-Amazon.com_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amazon.com-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2.5-6 Mbit/s </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/BBC_iPlayer" title="BBC iPlayer">BBC iPlayer</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a><sup id="cite_ref-BBC_iPlayer_-_Misc_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_iPlayer_-_Misc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1280×720<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_iPlayer_-_Resolution_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_iPlayer_-_Resolution-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3.2 Mbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_iPlayer_-_Misc_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_iPlayer_-_Misc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3 Mbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_iPlayer_-_Misc_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_iPlayer_-_Misc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>192 kbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_iPlayer_-_Misc_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC_iPlayer_-_Misc-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV_Store" title="TalkTalk TV Store">blinkbox</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1280×720 </td> <td>2.25 Mbit/s (SD) and 4.5 Mbit/s (HD) </td> <td>2.25 - 4.5 Mbit/s </td> <td>192 kbit/s </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Blockbuster_(retailer)#Online_rentals" title="Blockbuster (retailer)">Blockbuster Online</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1280×720 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>CBS.com/<a href="/wiki/TV.com" title="TV.com">TV.com</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1920×1080<sup id="cite_ref-CBS.com_Video_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS.com_Video-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3.5 Mbit/s and 2.5 Mbits (720p)<sup id="cite_ref-CBS.com_Video_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBS.com_Video-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dacast" title="Dacast">Dacast</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">VP6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dacast_-_Codec_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dacast_-_Codec-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>5 Mbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-Dacast_-_Bandwidth_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dacast_-_Bandwidth-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hulu" title="Hulu">Hulu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VP6" title="VP6">On2 Flash VP6</a><sup id="cite_ref-Hulu_Video_-_Codec_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hulu_Video_-_Codec-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1280×720<sup id="cite_ref-Hulu_Video_-_Resolution_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hulu_Video_-_Resolution-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2.5 Mbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-Hulu_Video_-_Bandwidth_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hulu_Video_-_Bandwidth-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Apple_TV" title="Apple TV">Apple TV</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">QuickTime</a> <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a><sup id="cite_ref-iTunes_-_Resolution_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iTunes_-_Resolution-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1920×1080<sup id="cite_ref-iTunes_-_Resolution_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iTunes_-_Resolution-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/MetaCDN" title="MetaCDN">MetaCDN</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">MPEG-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_Video" title="Flash Video">FLV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">OGG</a>, <a href="/wiki/WebM" title="WebM">WebM</a>, <a href="/wiki/3GP_and_3G2" title="3GP and 3G2">3GP</a><sup id="cite_ref-MetaCDN_Technical_Specs_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetaCDN_Technical_Specs-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>No Limit<sup id="cite_ref-MetaCDN_Resolution_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MetaCDN_Resolution-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a><sup id="cite_ref-Netflix_-_Codec_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netflix_-_Codec-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3840×2160<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>25 Mbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>2.6 Mbit/s and 3.8 Mbit/s (1080p)<sup id="cite_ref-Netflix_-_Video_Bit_Rate_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Netflix_-_Video_Bit_Rate-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_Video" title="PlayStation Video">PlayStation Video</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a><sup id="cite_ref-PSN_Video_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSN_Video-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1920×1080<sup id="cite_ref-PSN_Video_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSN_Video-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>8 Mbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-PSN_Video_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSN_Video-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>256 kbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-PSN_Video_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PSN_Video-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vimeo" title="Vimeo">Vimeo</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vimeo_-_Codec_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vimeo_-_Codec-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1920×1080<sup id="cite_ref-Vimeo_-_Resolution_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vimeo_-_Resolution-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>4 Mbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-Vimeo_-_Video_Bit_Rate_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vimeo_-_Video_Bit_Rate-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>320 kbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-Vimeo_-_Audio_Bit_Rate_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vimeo_-_Audio_Bit_Rate-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vudu" class="mw-redirect" title="Vudu">Vudu</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a><sup id="cite_ref-Vudu_-_Codec_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vudu_-_Codec-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>1920×1080<sup id="cite_ref-Vudu_-_Resolution_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vudu_-_Resolution-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>4.5 Mbit/s<sup id="cite_ref-Vudu_-_Bandwidth_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vudu_-_Bandwidth-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Xbox_Video" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Video">Xbox Video</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td>1920×1080<sup id="cite_ref-Xbox_Video_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xbox_Video-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264/MPEG-4 AVC</a>, <a href="/wiki/VP9" title="VP9">VP9</a>, <a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a> </td> <td>7680×4320 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formerly "Amazon Unbox", which now refers to a video player software, and later "Amazon Video on Demand".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">During live events "BBC iPlayer" streams have a resolution of 1024×576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Formerly "Xbox Live Marketplace Video Store", but replaced by "<a href="/wiki/Xbox_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Xbox Music">Xbox Video</a>" in 2012.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HD_in_video_surveillance">HD in video surveillance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: HD in video surveillance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the late 2000s a considerably large number of security camera manufacturers have started to produce HD cameras. The need for high resolution, color fidelity, and <a href="/wiki/Frame_rate" title="Frame rate">frame rate</a> is acute for surveillance purposes to ensure that the quality of the video output is of an acceptable standard that can be used both for preventative surveillance as well as for evidence purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-High_Megapixel_Cameras_–_It's_Not_Just_About_Quality_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-High_Megapixel_Cameras_–_It's_Not_Just_About_Quality-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although, HD cameras can be highly effective indoor, special industries with outdoor environments called for a need to produce much higher resolutions for effective coverage. The ever-evolving <a href="/wiki/Image_sensor" title="Image sensor">image sensor</a> technologies allowed manufacturers to develop cameras with 10-20 MP resolutions, which therefore have become efficient instruments to monitor larger areas. </p><p>In order to further increase the resolution of security cameras, some manufacturers developed multi-sensor cameras. Within these devices several sensor-lens combinations produce the images, which are later merged during <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">image processing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3_Ways_Multi-Sensor_Cameras_Alter_the_Video_Surveillance_Landscape_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3_Ways_Multi-Sensor_Cameras_Alter_the_Video_Surveillance_Landscape-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These security cameras are able to deliver even hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Pixel#Megapixel" title="Pixel">megapixels</a> with motion picture frame rate. </p><p>Such high resolutions, however, requires special recording, storage and also video stream display technologies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HD_in_video_gaming">HD in video gaming</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: HD in video gaming"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Both the <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3" title="PlayStation 3">PlayStation 3</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Xbox_360" title="Xbox 360">Xbox 360</a><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">game consoles</a> can output native 1080p through <a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a> or component cables, but the systems have few games which appear in 1080p; most games only run natively at 720p or less but can be upscaled to 1080p. Visually, native 1080p produces a sharper and clearer picture compared to upscaled 1080p.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Wii" title="Wii">Wii</a> does not support HD.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_generation_of_video_game_consoles" title="Eighth generation of video game consoles">8th generation</a>, Nintendo's <a href="/wiki/Wii_U" title="Wii U">Wii U</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-switch_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-switch-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Xbox_One" title="Xbox One">Xbox One</a>, and Sony's <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4</a> display games 1080p natively.<sup id="cite_ref-verge_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nintendo Switch is an unusual case, due to its hybrid nature as both a home console and a handheld: the built-in screen displays games at 720p maximum, but the console can natively display imagery at 1080p when docked.<sup id="cite_ref-switch_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-switch-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Xbox_One#Xbox_One_X" title="Xbox One">Xbox One X</a> and <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_4#PlayStation_4_Pro" title="PlayStation 4">PlayStation 4 Pro</a> can display some games in 4K.<sup id="cite_ref-verge_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verge-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/PlayStation_5" title="PlayStation 5">PlayStation 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xbox_Series_X_and_Series_S#Xbox_Series_X" title="Xbox Series X and Series S">Xbox Series X</a> can display games in 4K and 8K.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Generally, <a href="/wiki/PC_games" class="mw-redirect" title="PC games">PC games</a> are only limited by the display's resolution and <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a> driver support. Some PC hardware supports <a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a> 2.1 for native 8k resolution at high refresh rates.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ultrawide_formats" title="Ultrawide formats">Ultrawide</a> monitors are supported, which can display more of the game world than a traditional display with a 16:9 <a href="/wiki/Aspect_ratio" title="Aspect ratio">aspect ratio</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Multi-monitor" title="Multi-monitor">multi-monitor</a> setups are possible, such as having a single game span across three monitors for a more immersive experience.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_tuner" title="ATSC tuner">ATSC tuner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVB" title="DVB">Digital Video Broadcasting</a> (DVB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">Digital television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_ready" title="HD ready">HD ready</a></li> <li>HDTV input and colorspace (<a href="/wiki/YPbPr" title="YPbPr">YPbPr</a> / <a href="/wiki/YCbCr" title="YCbCr">YCbCr</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Standard_1037C" title="Federal Standard 1037C">United States Federal Standard 1037C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waveform_monitor" title="Waveform monitor">Waveform monitor</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLee2005" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Jack (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7fuvu52cyNEC&pg=PA25"><i>Scalable Continuous Media Streaming Systems: Architecture, Design, Analysis and Implementation</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470857649" title="Special:BookSources/9780470857649"><bdi>9780470857649</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scalable+Continuous+Media+Streaming+Systems%3A+Architecture%2C+Design%2C+Analysis+and+Implementation&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780470857649&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7fuvu52cyNEC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shishikui-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shishikui_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shishikui_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShishikuiNakanishiImaizumi1993" class="citation journal cs1">Shishikui, Yoshiaki; Nakanishi, Hiroshi; Imaizumi, Hiroyuki (October 26–28, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9XSBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA611">"An HDTV Coding Scheme using Adaptive-Dimension DCT"</a>. <i>Signal Processing of HDTV: Proceedings of the International Workshop on HDTV '93, Ottawa, Canada</i>. <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>: 611–618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FB978-0-444-81844-7.50072-3">10.1016/B978-0-444-81844-7.50072-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781483298511" title="Special:BookSources/9781483298511"><bdi>9781483298511</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signal+Processing+of+HDTV%3A+Proceedings+of+the+International+Workshop+on+HDTV+%2793%2C+Ottawa%2C+Canada&rft.atitle=An+HDTV+Coding+Scheme+using+Adaptive-Dimension+DCT&rft.pages=611-618&rft.date=1993-10-26%2F1993-10-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FB978-0-444-81844-7.50072-3&rft.isbn=9781483298511&rft.aulast=Shishikui&rft.aufirst=Yoshiaki&rft.au=Nakanishi%2C+Hiroshi&rft.au=Imaizumi%2C+Hiroyuki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj9XSBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA611&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ahmed-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ahmed_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/N._Ahmed" class="mw-redirect" 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-11</span></span>. <q>We use h.264 with a bitrate of 3.2 Mbps and 192 kbps audio</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+do+I+need+to+know+about+HD+on+BBC+iPlayer%3F&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiplayerhelp.external.bbc.co.uk%2Fhelp%2Fabout_bbc_iplayer%2Fhd_bbciplayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC_iPlayer_-_Resolution-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_iPlayer_-_Resolution_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222060217/http://iplayerhelp.external.bbc.co.uk/help/about_bbc_iplayer/hd_bbciplayer">"What do I need to know about HD on BBC iPlayer?"</a>. 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MetaCDN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metacdn.com/technical-specs.jsp">the original</a> on 2014-08-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-08-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MetaCDN+Technical+Specs&rft.pub=MetaCDN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metacdn.com%2Ftechnical-specs.jsp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MetaCDN_Resolution-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MetaCDN_Resolution_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metacdn.com/live-streaming-prices">"Live Streaming Service"</a>. MetaCDN<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-16</span></span>. <q>...but settled on second-generation HD encodes with VC1AP</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Netflix+Blog%3A+Encoding+for+streaming&rft.pub=Netflix&rft.date=2008-11-06&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.netflix.com%2F2008%2F11%2Fencoding-for-streaming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.makeuseof.com/tag/stream-4k-netflix-windows-10/">"You Can Now Stream 4K Netflix on Windows 10"</a>. <i>MakeUseOf</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-16</span></span>. <q>second-generation HD encodes ... at 2600kbps and 3800kbps</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Netflix+Blog%3A+Encoding+for+streaming&rft.pub=Netflix&rft.date=2008-11-06&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=Neil&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.netflix.com%2F2008%2F11%2Fencoding-for-streaming.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PSN_Video-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PSN_Video_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSN_Video_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSN_Video_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PSN_Video_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDipert2008" class="citation web cs1">Dipert, Brian (2008-07-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080907104606/http://www.edn.com/blog/400000040/post/910030091.html">"Online Video Content Distribution: Sony's PlayStation 3 Enters The Ring (Albeit With A Sound-Hampered Hand Tied Behind Its Back)"</a>. EDN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edn.com/blog/400000040/post/910030091.html">the original</a> on 2008-09-07<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Online+Video+Content+Distribution%3A+Sony%27s+PlayStation+3+Enters+The+Ring+%28Albeit+With+A+Sound-Hampered+Hand+Tied+Behind+Its+Back%29&rft.pub=EDN&rft.date=2008-07-17&rft.aulast=Dipert&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edn.com%2Fblog%2F400000040%2Fpost%2F910030091.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vimeo_-_Codec-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vimeo_-_Codec_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://staging.vimeo.com/help/compression">"Vimeo - Compression guidelines on Vimeo"</a>. Vimeo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-16</span></span>. <q>For best results, we recommend using H.264 (sometimes referred to as MP4) for the video codec and AAC (short for Advanced Audio Codec) for the audio codec.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vimeo+-+Compression+guidelines+on+Vimeo&rft.pub=Vimeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaging.vimeo.com%2Fhelp%2Fcompression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vimeo_-_Resolution-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vimeo_-_Resolution_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://staging.vimeo.com/help/compression">"Vimeo - Compression guidelines on Vimeo"</a>. Vimeo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-16</span></span>. <q>640x480 for standard definition 4:3 video, 853x480 for widescreen DV, or 1920x1080 for high definition.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vimeo+-+Compression+guidelines+on+Vimeo&rft.pub=Vimeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaging.vimeo.com%2Fhelp%2Fcompression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vimeo_-_Video_Bit_Rate-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vimeo_-_Video_Bit_Rate_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://staging.vimeo.com/help/compression">"Vimeo - Compression guidelines on Vimeo"</a>. Vimeo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-16</span></span>. <q>Use 2000 kbits/sec for standard definition 4:3 video, 3000 kbits/sec for widescreen DV, or 5000 kbits/sec for high definition footage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vimeo+-+Compression+guidelines+on+Vimeo&rft.pub=Vimeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaging.vimeo.com%2Fhelp%2Fcompression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vimeo_-_Audio_Bit_Rate-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vimeo_-_Audio_Bit_Rate_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://staging.vimeo.com/help/compression">"Vimeo - Compression guidelines on Vimeo"</a>. Vimeo<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-10-16</span></span>. <q>You'll want to set the bit rate to 320 kbps and the sample rate to 44.100 kHz.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vimeo+-+Compression+guidelines+on+Vimeo&rft.pub=Vimeo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstaging.vimeo.com%2Fhelp%2Fcompression&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vudu_-_Codec-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vudu_-_Codec_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgeon2008" class="citation web cs1">Sturgeon, Shane (2008-02-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512073251/http://hdtvmagazine.com/columns/2008/02/showdown_apple_tv_vs_vudu.php">"Showdown: Apple TV vs. VUDU"</a>. HDTV Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hdtvmagazine.com/columns/2008/02/showdown_apple_tv_vs_vudu.php">the original</a> on 2008-05-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-11-05</span></span>. <q>...all HD content is ... encoded with H.264 High Profile</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Showdown%3A+Apple+TV+vs.+VUDU&rft.pub=HDTV+Magazine&rft.date=2008-02-21&rft.aulast=Sturgeon&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hdtvmagazine.com%2Fcolumns%2F2008%2F02%2Fshowdown_apple_tv_vs_vudu.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vudu_-_Resolution-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vudu_-_Resolution_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100129025409/http://speedtest.vudu.com/cdn1/">"Streaming Requirements"</a>. Vudu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speedtest.vudu.com/cdn1/">the original</a> on 2010-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-09</span></span>. <q>HDX (1080p)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Streaming+Requirements&rft.pub=Vudu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspeedtest.vudu.com%2Fcdn1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vudu_-_Bandwidth-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vudu_-_Bandwidth_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100129025409/http://speedtest.vudu.com/cdn1/">"Streaming Requirements"</a>. Vudu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://speedtest.vudu.com/cdn1/">the original</a> on 2010-01-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-09</span></span>. <q>HDX (1080p) requires 4500 kbps</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Streaming+Requirements&rft.pub=Vudu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspeedtest.vudu.com%2Fcdn1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Xbox_Video-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Xbox_Video_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027001642/http://xbox.com/video">"XBox Video"</a>. Microsoft. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=XBox+Video&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fxbox.com%2Fvideo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-High_Megapixel_Cameras_–_It's_Not_Just_About_Quality-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-High_Megapixel_Cameras_–_It's_Not_Just_About_Quality_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.securitymagazine.com/articles/91615-high-megapixel-cameras-its-not-just-about-quality">"High Megapixel Cameras – It's Not Just About Quality"</a>. SecurityMagazine<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.us.playstation.com/ps3/about/specs">the original</a> on January 13, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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An overview of resolution on the portable console"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TechRadar" title="TechRadar">TechRadar</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TechRadar&rft.atitle=Is+Nintendo+Switch+4K%3F+An+overview+of+resolution+on+the+portable+console&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Rhys&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Fnews%2Fis-nintendo-switch-4k-an-overview-of-resolution-on-the-portable-console&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verge-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-verge_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-verge_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByford2017" class="citation web cs1">Byford, Sam (June 20, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2017/6/20/15836204/xbox-one-x-true-4k-vs-ps4-pro-wrong-target">"4K is the wrong target for Xbox One X and PS4 Pro"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Verge" title="The Verge">The Verge</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PC+World&rft.atitle=Are+ultrawide+monitors+worth+it%3F&rft.date=2021-07-12&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcworld.com%2Farticle%2F394848%2Fare-ultrawide-monitors-worth-it.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastle2018" class="citation web cs1">Castle, Katharine (March 1, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/how-to-set-up-three-monitors-for-ultrawide-gaming-guide">"How to set up three monitors for super ultrawide gaming"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun" title="Rock Paper Shotgun">Rock Paper Shotgun</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 26,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock+Paper+Shotgun&rft.atitle=How+to+set+up+three+monitors+for+super+ultrawide+gaming&rft.date=2018-03-01&rft.aulast=Castle&rft.aufirst=Katharine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockpapershotgun.com%2Fhow-to-set-up-three-monitors-for-ultrawide-gaming-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_299-ive.pdf">"Images formats for HDTV"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Images+formats+for+HDTV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fdocs%2Ftechreview%2Ftrev_299-ive.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(549 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span>, article from the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">EBU</a> Technical Review.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/techreview/trev_300-wood.pdf">"High Definition for Europe - a progressive approach"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Definition+for+Europe+-+a+progressive+approach&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fdocs%2Ftechreview%2Ftrev_300-wood.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(207 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span>, article from the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">EBU</a> Technical Review.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3299.pdf">"High Definition (HD) Image Formats for Television Production"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Definition+%28HD%29+Image+Formats+for+Television+Production&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fdocs%2Ftech%2Ftech3299.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(117 <a href="/wiki/Kibibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Kibibyte">KiB</a>)</span>, technical report from the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">EBU</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tech.ebu.ch/docs/tech/tech3312.pdf">"Digital Terrestrial HDTV Broadcasting in Europe"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Digital+Terrestrial+HDTV+Broadcasting+in+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftech.ebu.ch%2Fdocs%2Ftech%2Ftech3312.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-definition+video" class="Z3988"></span>, technical report from the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">EBU</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-definition_video&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="High-definition_(HD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:High-definition" title="Template:High-definition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:High-definition" title="Template talk:High-definition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:High-definition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="High-definition_(HD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">High-definition (HD)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">High-definition television</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High-definition video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-high-definition television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resolutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/720p" title="720p">720p (HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080i" title="1080i">1080i (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1080p" title="1080p">1080p (Full HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1440p" title="1440p">1440p (Quad HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">2160p (4K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">4320p (8K Ultra HD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16K_resolution" title="16K resolution">8640p (16K Ultra HD)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">Analog broadcast</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(All defunct)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_high-definition_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog high-definition television system">819 line system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiplexed_Analogue_Components" title="Multiplexed Analogue Components">HD MAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_sub-Nyquist_sampling_encoding" title="Multiple sub-Nyquist sampling encoding">MUSE (Hi-Vision)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital broadcast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Terrestrial_Multimedia_Broadcast" title="Digital Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcast">DMB-T/H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Video_Broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Video Broadcasting">DVB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB" title="ISDB">ISDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISDB-T_International" title="ISDB-T International">SBTVD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surround_sound" title="Surround sound">Surround sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Stream_Digital" title="Direct Stream Digital">DSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_eXtreme_Definition" title="Digital eXtreme Definition">DXD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DTS_(sound_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="DTS (sound system)">DTS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Filming and storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Cinema_Initiatives" title="Digital Cinema Initiatives">DCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_pre-recorded_media_and_compression" title="High-definition pre-recorded media and compression">HD media and<br />compression</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archival_Disc" title="Archival Disc">Archival Disc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AV1" title="AV1">AV1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-Audio" title="DVD-Audio">DVD-Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">H.264</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Efficiency_Video_Coding" title="High Efficiency Video Coding">H.265</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">H.266</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">HD VMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">MPEG-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserdisc#MUSE_LD" class="mw-redirect" title="Laserdisc">MUSE LaserDisc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiview_Video_Coding" title="Multiview Video Coding">MVC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Audio_CD" title="Super Audio CD">Super Audio CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">Ultra HD Blu-ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncompressed_video" title="Uncompressed video">Uncompressed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VC-1" title="VC-1">VC-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Connectors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Component_video" title="Component video">Component</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DisplayPort" title="DisplayPort">DisplayPort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDMI" title="HDMI">HDMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Deployments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_television_deployments_by_country" title="List of digital television deployments by country">List of digital television deployments by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Video_storage_formats" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Video_storage_formats" title="Template talk:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Video_storage_formats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Video storage formats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Video_storage_formats" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Video" title="Video">Video storage formats</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videotape" title="Videotape">Videotape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Video#Analog_video" title="Video">Analog</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_videotape" title="Quadruplex videotape">Quadruplex</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Electronic_Recording_Apparatus" title="Vision Electronic Recording Apparatus">VERA</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Ampex 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex_2_inch_helical_VTR#Joint_efforts_with_Sony_and_then_Toshiba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ampex 2 inch helical VTR">Sony 2 inch helical VTR</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_A_videotape" title="Type A videotape">Type A</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CV-2000" title="CV-2000">CV-2000</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_videotape_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Akai videotape format">Akai</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EIAJ-1" title="EIAJ-1">EIAJ-1</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U-matic" title="U-matic">U-matic</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartrivision" title="Cartrivision">Cartrivision</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">Philips VCR</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-Cord" title="V-Cord">V-Cord</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VX_(videocassette_format)" title="VX (videocassette format)">VX</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IVC_videotape_format" title="IVC videotape format">IVC</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape" title="Type B videotape">Type B</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_C_videotape" title="Type C videotape">Type C</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS" title="VHS">VHS</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akai_VK" title="Akai VK">VK</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Cassette_Recording" title="Video Cassette Recording">SVR</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_2000" title="Video 2000">Video 2000</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Video_Cassette" title="Compact Video Cassette">CVC</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">VHS-C</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_(videocassette_format)" title="M (videocassette format)">M</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam" title="Betacam">Betacam</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8_mm_video_format" title="8 mm video format">Video8</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SP" title="Betacam">Betacam SP</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MII_(videocassette_format)" title="MII (videocassette format)">MII</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-VHS" title="S-VHS">S-VHS</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VHS-C" title="VHS-C">S-VHS-C</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi8" class="mw-redirect" title="Hi8">Hi8</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruvi" title="Ruvi">Ruvi</a> (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Digital_video" title="Digital video">Digital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D-1_(Sony)" title="D-1 (Sony)">D1</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-2_(video)" title="D-2 (video)">D2</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-3_(video)" title="D-3 (video)">D3</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCT_(videocassette_format)" title="DCT (videocassette format)">DCT</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Digital_Betacam" title="Betacam">Digital Betacam</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D5_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="D5 HD">D5</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital-S" title="Digital-S">Digital-S (D9)</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#Betacam_SX" title="Betacam">Betacam SX</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital8" title="Digital8">Digital8</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betacam#MPEG_IMX" title="Betacam">MPEG IMX</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroMV" title="MicroMV">MicroMV</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">Sony HDVS</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sony_HDVS" title="Sony HDVS">UniHi</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Type_B_videotape#Special_BCN_units" title="Type B videotape">BCH 1000</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W-VHS" title="W-VHS">W-VHS</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM" title="HDCAM">HDCAM</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D-VHS" title="D-VHS">D-VHS</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D6_HDTV_VTR" title="D6 HDTV VTR">D6 HDTV VTR</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDV" title="HDV">HDV</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDCAM#HDCAM_SR" title="HDCAM">HDCAM SR</a> (2003)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Videodisc" title="Videodisc">Videodisc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Analog</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phonovision" title="Phonovision">Phonovision</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampex#HS-100_.26_HS-200_.22slo-mo.22_disc_recorder" title="Ampex">Ampex-HS</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Electronic_Disc" title="Television Electronic Disc">TeD</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">LaserDisc</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capacitance_Electronic_Disc" title="Capacitance Electronic Disc">CED</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_High_Density" title="Video High Density">VHD</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laserfilm" title="Laserfilm">Laserfilm</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CD_Video" title="CD Video">CD Video</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_Single_Disc" title="Video Single Disc">VSD</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Digital</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Video_CD" title="Video CD">VCD</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MovieCD" title="MovieCD">MovieCD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiniDVD" title="MiniDVD">MiniDVD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1996</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD#CVD" title="Super Video CD">CVD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Video_CD" title="Super Video CD">SVCD</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enhanced_Versatile_Disc" title="Enhanced Versatile Disc">EVD</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VideoNow" title="VideoNow">PVD (Personal Video Disc)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Media_Disc" title="Universal Media Disc">UMD</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_Versatile_Disc" title="Forward Versatile Disc">FVD</a> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">High Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LaserDisc" title="LaserDisc">MUSE Hi-Vision LD</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Disc" title="Professional Disc">Professional Disc (PFD)</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-Definition_Versatile_Disc" title="High-Definition Versatile Disc">HVD (High-Definition Versatile Disc)</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Multilayer_Disc" title="Versatile Multilayer Disc">VMD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_DVD" title="HD DVD">HD DVD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">BD (Blu-ray Disc)</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray#Mini_Blu-ray_Disc" title="Blu-ray">MiniBD</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 2006</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holographic_Versatile_Disc" title="Holographic Versatile Disc">HVD (Holographic Versatile Disc)</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Blue_High-definition_Disc" title="China Blue High-definition Disc">CBHD (China Blue High-definition Disc)</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-definition_television" title="Ultra-high-definition television">Ultra-High Definition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_HD_Blu-ray" title="Ultra HD Blu-ray">UHD-BD (Ultra HD Blu-ray)</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Virtual</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media agnostic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)" title="DV (video format)">DV</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCAM" title="DV (video format)">DVCAM</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO50" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO50</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DV_(video_format)#DVCPRO_HD" title="DV (video format)">DVCPRO HD</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tapeless</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CamCutter" title="CamCutter">CamCutter</a> <a href="/wiki/Editcam" title="Editcam">Editcam</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Boy_Advance_Video" title="Game Boy Advance Video">GBA-TV</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">MOD</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVCHD" title="AVCHD">AVCHD</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVC-Intra" title="AVC-Intra">AVC-Intra</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOD_and_TOD" title="MOD and TOD">TOD</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFrame_(video_format)" title="IFrame (video format)">iFrame</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XAVC" title="XAVC">XAVC</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_electronics" title="Solid-state electronics">Solid state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P2_(storage_media)" title="P2 (storage media)">P2</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XDCAM#SxS" title="XDCAM">SxS</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video recorded to film</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinescope" title="Kinescope">Kinescope</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronicam" title="Electronicam">Electronicam kinescope</a> (1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Video_Recording" title="Electronic Video Recording">Electronic Video Recording</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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