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class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Last years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Books </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Books-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Books subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Methodus_ad_facilem_historiarum_cognitionem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodus_ad_facilem_historiarum_cognitionem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodus_ad_facilem_historiarum_cognitionem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_thought:_the_Reply_to_Malestroit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_thought:_the_Reply_to_Malestroit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Economic thought: the Reply to Malestroit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_thought:_the_Reply_to_Malestroit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Theatrum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Theatrum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 The Theatrum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Theatrum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Les_Six_livres_de_la_République" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Les_Six_livres_de_la_République"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Les Six livres de la République </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Les_Six_livres_de_la_République-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-De_la_démonomanie_des_sorciers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#De_la_démonomanie_des_sorciers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 De la démonomanie des sorciers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-De_la_démonomanie_des_sorciers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Law and politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-On_change_and_progress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#On_change_and_progress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 On change and progress </div> </a> <ul id="toc-On_change_and_progress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_tolerance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_tolerance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Religious tolerance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_tolerance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_position" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_position"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 Public position </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_position-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Private_position_in_the_Colloquium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Private_position_in_the_Colloquium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 Private position in the Colloquium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Private_position_in_the_Colloquium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_religious_convictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_religious_convictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.3 Personal religious convictions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_religious_convictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_universal_history_and_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_universal_history_and_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Cultural and universal history and geography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_universal_history_and_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Reception </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 In France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 In Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 In England </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 In Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Papacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Papacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 The Papacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Papacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 In Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Jean Bodin</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" > 52 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جان بودان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جان بودان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Boden" title="Jan Boden – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Jan Boden" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Жан Бадэн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Жан Бадэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8D%D0%BD" title="Жан Бадэн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Жан Бадэн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Жан Боден – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Жан Боден" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%96%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AD%CE%BD" title="Ζαν Μποντέν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ζαν Μποντέν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86" title="ژان بودن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ژان بودن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5_%EB%B3%B4%EB%8C%95" title="장 보댕 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장 보댕" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BA%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D4%B2%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Ժան Բոդեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ժան Բոդեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%96%27%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%93%D7%9F" title="ז'אן בודן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ז'אן בודן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჟან ბოდენი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჟან ბოდენი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Жан Боден – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жан Боден" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Боден Жан – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Боден Жан" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ioannes_Bodinus" title="Ioannes Bodinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ioannes Bodinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جان بودان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جان بودان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9C%E3%83%80%E3%83%B3" title="ジャン・ボダン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジャン・ボダン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD,_%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Боден, Жан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Боден, Жан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Жан Боден – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Жан Боден" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jean Bodin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Bodin" title="Jean Bodin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jean Bodin" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French jurist and political philosopher (c. 1530–1596)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Jean Bodin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean_Bodin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Jean_Bodin.jpg/220px-Jean_Bodin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Jean_Bodin.jpg/330px-Jean_Bodin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Jean_Bodin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="437" data-file-height="550" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1530 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maine-et-Loire" title="Maine-et-Loire">Maine-et-Loire</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">1596 <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aisne" title="Aisne">Aisne</a>, France</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Era</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_philosophy" title="Renaissance philosophy">Renaissance philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_of_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of schools of philosophy">School</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">Mercantilism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Main interests</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Legal_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal philosophy">Legal philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Notable ideas</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolute_sovereignty" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute sovereignty">absolute sovereignty</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Anti-monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption" title="Anti-corruption">Anti-corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">Civil society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_virtue" title="Civic virtue">Civic virtue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty#Republican_liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty as non-domination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_government" title="Mixed government">Mixed government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_representation" title="Political representation">Political representation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">Popular sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_participation_(decision_making)" title="Public participation (decision making)">Public participation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica" title="Res publica">Res publica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">Self-governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">Social equality</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_republicanism" title="Modern republicanism">Modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republicanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal republicanism">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemalism" title="Kemalism">Kemalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khomeinism" title="Khomeinism">Khomeinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasserism" title="Nasserism">Nasserism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism#Neo-republicanism" title="Republicanism">Neo-republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venizelism" title="Venizelism">Venizelism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalist_republic" title="Capitalist republic">Capitalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_republic" title="Christian republic">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">Democratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_parliamentary_republic" title="Federal parliamentary republic">Federal parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_empire" title="Republican empire">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">Parliamentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_republic" title="People's republic">People's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_republic" title="Revolutionary republic">Revolutionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secular republic">Secular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">Sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_republic" title="Soviet republic">Soviet</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Baggini" title="Julian Baggini">Baggini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Bello" title="Andrés Bello">Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cattaneo" title="Carlo Cattaneo">Cattaneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_Grace_Chappell" title="Sophie Grace Chappell">Chappell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Crick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Harrington_(author)" title="James Harrington (author)">Harrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Honderich" title="Ted Honderich">Honderich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pettit" title="Philip Pettit">Pettit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Sandel" title="Michael Sandel">Sandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Sidney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cass_Sunstein" title="Cass Sunstein">Sunstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Warburton" title="Nigel Warburton">Warburton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Adams (Gerry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Atatürk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Bartley" title="Jonathan Bartley">Bartley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Benn" title="Tony Benn">Benn (Tony)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natalie_Bennett" title="Natalie Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhairi_Black" title="Mhairi Black">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3n_Bol%C3%ADvar" title="Simón Bolívar">Bolívar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Burgon" title="Richard Burgon">Burgon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronnie_Campbell" title="Ronnie Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Chapman" title="Maggie Chapman">Chapman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katy_Clark" title="Katy Clark">Clark (Katy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Clarke_(Irish_republican)" title="Tom Clarke (Irish republican)">Clarke (Tom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Connolly" title="James Connolly">Connolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Cromwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Davidson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Ian Davidson (Scottish politician)">Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Drakeford" title="Mark Drakeford">Drakeford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Etherington" title="Bill Etherington">Etherington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Fabiani" title="Linda Fabiani">Fabiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Ferguson_(politician)" title="Mark Ferguson (politician)">Ferguson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Flynn_(politician)" title="Paul Flynn (politician)">Flynn (Paul)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Flynn" title="Stephen Flynn">Flynn (Stephen)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Galloway" title="George Galloway">Galloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Gambetta" title="Léon Gambetta">Gambetta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Greer" title="Ross Greer">Greer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Gr%C3%A9vy" title="Jules Grévy">Grévy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nia_Griffith" title="Nia Griffith">Griffith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Griffiths_(Welsh_politician)" title="John Griffiths (Welsh politician)">Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Harvie" title="Patrick Harvie">Harvie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Hatton" title="Derek Hatton">Hatton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelvin_Hopkins" title="Kelvin Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huppert" title="Julian Huppert">Huppert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhun_ap_Iorwerth" title="Rhun ap Iorwerth">Iorwerth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Jackson" title="Glenda Jackson">Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elin_Jones" title="Elin Jones">Jones (Elin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynne_Jones" title="Lynne Jones">Jones (Lynne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Ju%C3%A1rez" title="Benito Juárez">Juárez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosie_Kane" title="Rosie Kane">Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugo_La_Malfa" title="Ugo La Malfa">La Malfa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clive_Lewis_(politician)" title="Clive Lewis (politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Lucas" title="Caroline Lucas">Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Mackay" title="Gillian Mackay">Mackay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie" title="William Lyon Mackenzie">Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magid_Magid" title="Magid Magid">Magid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_McKechin" title="Ann McKechin">McKechin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chris_Mullin_(politician)" title="Chris Mullin (politician)">Mullin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_Naysmith" title="Doug Naysmith">Naysmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Mannin" title="Ethel Mannin">Mannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McDonnell" title="John McDonnell">McDonnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisa_Nandy" title="Lisa Nandy">Nandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Pound" title="Stephen Pound">Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Prescott" title="John Prescott">Prescott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Ritchie" title="Ken Ritchie">Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethan_Sayed" title="Bethan Sayed">Sayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Skates" title="Ken Skates">Skates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Skinner" title="Dennis Skinner">Skinner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorna_Slater" title="Lorna Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Slaughter" title="Andy Slaughter">Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Smith" title="Cat Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Spadolini" title="Giovanni Spadolini">Spadolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Taverne" title="Dick Taverne">Taverne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Venizelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Wilson_(Scottish_politician)" title="Bill Wilson (Scottish politician)">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanne_Wood" title="Leanne Wood">Wood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Theoretical works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (54–51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_on_Livy" title="Discourses on Livy">Discourses on Livy</a> (1531)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tenure_of_Kings_and_Magistrates" title="The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates">The Tenure of Kings and Magistrates</a> (1649)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Commonwealth_of_Oceana" title="The Commonwealth of Oceana">The Commonwealth of Oceana</a> (1656)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourses_Concerning_Government" title="Discourses Concerning Government">Discourses Concerning Government</a> (1698)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_on_Inequality" title="Discourse on Inequality">Discourse on Inequality</a> (1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1787–1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Peace:_A_Philosophical_Sketch" title="Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch">Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Sketch</a> (1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Revolution" title="On Revolution">On Revolution</a> (1963)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%E1%B9%87asa%E1%B9%85gha" title="Gaṇasaṅgha">Gaṇasaṅgha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Classical Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> 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.navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republicanism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jean Bodin (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒɑ̃ bɔdɛ̃]</a>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1530 – 1596) was a <a href="/wiki/French_people" title="French people">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy" title="Political philosophy">political philosopher</a>, member of the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and professor of law in <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>. Bodin lived during the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> and wrote against the background of <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">religious conflict in France</a>. He seemed to be a nominal <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> throughout his life but was critical of <a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_the_Bishop_of_Rome" class="mw-redirect" title="Primacy of the Bishop of Rome">papal authority</a> over governments and there was evidence he may have converted to Protestantism during his time in Geneva.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Known for his theory of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>, he favoured the strong central control of a national <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> as an antidote to factional strife. Towards the end of his life he wrote a dialogue among different religions, including representatives of Judaism, Islam and natural theology in which all agreed to coexist in concord, but was not published. He was also an influential writer on <a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">demonology</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> as his later years were spent during the <a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period#Peak_of_the_trials:_1560–1630" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">peak of the early modern witch trials</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> Jean Bodin was successively a friar, academic, professional lawyer, and political adviser. An excursion as a politician having proved a failure, he lived out his life as a provincial <a href="/wiki/Magistrate" title="Magistrate">magistrate</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Bodin was born near <a href="/wiki/Angers" title="Angers">Angers</a>, possibly the son of a master tailor,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] into a modestly prosperous middle-class background. He received a decent education, apparently in the <a href="/wiki/Carmelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Carmelite">Carmelite</a> monastery of Angers, where he became a <a href="/wiki/Novice" title="Novice">novice</a> friar. Some claims made about his early life remain obscure. There is some evidence of a visit to Geneva in 1547–48 in which he became involved in a <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> trial. The records of this episode, however, are murky and may refer to another person. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paris_and_Toulouse">Paris and Toulouse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Paris and Toulouse">edit</a>]</div> Bodin obtained release from his vows in 1549 and went to Paris. He studied at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">university</a>, but also at the <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a>-oriented Collège des Quatre Langues (now the <a href="/wiki/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_France" title="Collège de France">Collège de France</a>); he was for two years a student under Guillaume Prévost, a little-known magister in philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> His education was not only influenced by an orthodox <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholastic</a> approach but was also apparently in contact with <a href="/wiki/Ramism" title="Ramism">Ramist</a> philosophy (the thought of <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Ramus" title="Petrus Ramus">Petrus Ramus</a>). Later, in the 1550s, he studied <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse" title="University of Toulouse">University of Toulouse</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Arnaud_du_Ferrier" title="Arnaud du Ferrier">Arnaud du Ferrier</a>, and taught there. His special subject at that time seems to have been comparative jurisprudence. Subsequently, he worked on a Latin translation of <a href="/wiki/Oppian_of_Apamea" class="mw-redirect" title="Oppian of Apamea">Oppian of Apamea</a>, under the continuing patronage of <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bouvery" title="Gabriel Bouvery">Gabriel Bouvery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Angers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Angers">Bishop of Angers</a>. Bodin had a plan for a school on humanist principles in Toulouse, but failed to raise local support. He left in 1560.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Wars_of_Religion_and_the_politiques">The Wars of Religion and the politiques</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Wars of Religion and the politiques">edit</a>]</div> From 1561, Bodin was licensed as an attorney of the <a href="/wiki/Parlement" title="Parlement">Parlement</a> of Paris. His religious convictions on the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Wars_of_Religion" title="French Wars of Religion">Wars of Religion</a> in 1562 cannot be determined, but he affirmed formally his Catholic faith, taking an oath that year along with other members of the Parlement.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> He continued to pursue his interests in legal and political theory in Paris, publishing significant works on <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a> and economics. Bodin became a member of the discussion circles around the <a href="/wiki/Francis,_Duke_of_Anjou" title="Francis, Duke of Anjou">Prince François d'Alençon</a> (or d'Anjou from 1576). He was the intelligent and ambitious youngest son of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a>, and was in line for the throne in 1574, with the death of his brother <a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a>. He withdrew his claim, however, in favor of his older brother <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a>, who had recently returned from his abortive effort to reign as the <a href="/wiki/King_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Poland">King of Poland</a>. Alençon was a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Politiques">politiques</a> faction of political pragmatists.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_Henry_III">Under Henry III</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Under Henry III">edit</a>]</div> After the failure of Prince François' hopes to ascend the throne, Bodin transferred his allegiance to the new king <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a>. In practical politics, however, he lost the king's favor in 1576–7, as delegate of the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Third Estate</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Estates_General_(France)" title="Estates General (France)">Estates-General</a> at <a href="/wiki/Blois" title="Blois">Blois</a>, and leader in his Estate of the February 1577 moves to prevent a new war against the Huguenots.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> He attempted to exert a moderating influence on the Catholic party, and also tried restrict the passage of supplemental taxation for the king. Bodin then retired from political life; he had married in February 1576. His wife, Françoise Trouillart, was the widow of Claude Bayard, and sister of Nicolas Trouillart who died in 1587; both were royal attorneys in the <a href="/wiki/Provost_(civil)" title="Provost (civil)">Provost</a> of <a href="/wiki/Laon" title="Laon">Laon</a> and attorneys in the <a href="/wiki/Bailiwick" title="Bailiwick">Bailiwick</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vermandois" title="Vermandois">Vermandois</a>, and Bodin took over the charges.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Jean Bodin was in touch with <a href="/wiki/William_Wade_(English_politician)" title="William Wade (English politician)">William Wade</a> in Paris, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Burghley" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Burghley">Lord Burghley</a>'s contact, at the time (1576) of publication of the Six livres.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> He later accompanied Prince François, by then Duke of Anjou, to England in 1581, in his second attempt to woo <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a>. On this visit, Bodin saw the English Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Purkiss196-14">[14]</a> He brushed off a request to secure better treatment for English Catholics,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> to the dismay of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Persons" title="Robert Persons">Robert Persons</a>, given that <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Campion" title="Edmund Campion">Edmund Campion</a> was in prison at the time.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Bodin saw some of Campion's trial,<a href="#cite_note-Purkiss196-14">[14]</a> he is said also to have witnessed Campion's execution in December 1581,<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> making the hanging the occasion for a public letter against the use of force in matters of religion.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> Bodin became a correspondent of <a href="/wiki/Francis_Walsingham" title="Francis Walsingham">Francis Walsingham</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_Castelnau" title="Michel de Castelnau">Michel de Castelnau</a> passed on to <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Mary, Queen of Scots</a> a prophecy supposed to be Bodin's, on the death of Elizabeth, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Babington_Plot" title="Babington Plot">Babington Plot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Prince François became <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Brabant" title="Duke of Brabant">Duke of Brabant</a> in 1582, however, and embarked on an adventurer's campaign to expand his territory. The disapproving Bodin accompanied him, and was trapped in the Prince's disastrous raid on <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> that ended the attempt, followed shortly by the Prince's death in 1584.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Last_years">Last years</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Last years">edit</a>]</div> In the wars that followed the death of Henry III (1589), the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(French)" title="Catholic League (French)">Catholic League</a> attempted to prevent the succession of the Protestant <a href="/wiki/Henry_of_Navarre" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry of Navarre">Henry of Navarre</a> by placing another king on the throne. Bodin initially gave support to the powerful League; he felt it inevitable that they would score a quick victory. Jean Bodin died, in Laon, during one of the many <a href="/wiki/Bubonic_plague" title="Bubonic plague">plague</a> epidemics of the time.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> Bodin generally wrote in French, with later Latin translations.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Several of the works have been seen as influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ramism" title="Ramism">Ramism</a>, at least in terms of structure. Bodin wrote in turn books on history, economics, politics, demonology, and natural philosophy;<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> and also left a (later notorious) work in manuscript on religion (see under "Religious tolerance"). A modern edition of Bodin's works was begun in 1951 as Oeuvres philosophiques de Jean Bodin by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre_Mesnard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre Mesnard (page does not exist)">Pierre Mesnard</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Mesnard" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre Mesnard">fr</a>], but only one volume appeared. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methodus_ad_facilem_historiarum_cognitionem">Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem">edit</a>]</div> In France, Bodin was noted as a historian for his Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem (1566) (Method for the easy knowledge of history). He wrote, "Of history, that is, the true narration of things, there are three kinds: human, natural and divine". This book was one of the most significant contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Ars_historica" title="Ars historica">ars historica</a> of the period, and distinctively put an emphasis on the role of political knowledge in interpreting historical writings.<a href="#cite_note-Stanford-7">[7]</a> He pointed out that the knowledge of historical legal systems could be useful for contemporary legislation. The Methodus was a successful and influential manual on the writing of technical history.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> It answered by means of detailed historiographical advice the skeptical line on the possibility of historical knowledge advanced by <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Patrizzi" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Patrizzi">Francesco Patrizzi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> It also expanded the view of historical "data" found in earlier <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanists</a>, with the immediacy of its concerns for the social side of human life.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Jean Bodin rejected the biblical <a href="/wiki/Four_Monarchies" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Monarchies">Four Monarchies</a> model, taking an unpopular position at the time,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> as well as the classical theory of a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age" title="Golden Age">Golden Age</a> for its naiveté.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> He also dropped much of the rhetorical apparatus of the humanists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_thought:_the_Reply_to_Malestroit">Economic thought: the Reply to Malestroit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Economic thought: the Reply to Malestroit">edit</a>]</div> The Réponse de J. Bodin aux paradoxes de M. de Malestroit (1568) was a tract, provoked by theories of <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Malestroit" title="Jean de Malestroit">Jean de Malestroit</a>, in which Bodin offered one of the earliest scholarly analyses of the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, unknown prior to the 16th century. The background to discussion in the 1560s was that by 1550 an increase in the <a href="/wiki/Money_supply" title="Money supply">money supply</a> in Western Europe had brought general benefits.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> But there had also been appreciable inflation. Silver arriving via Spain from the South American mine of <a href="/wiki/Potos%C3%AD" title="Potosí">Potosí</a>, together with other sources of silver and gold, from other new sources, was causing monetary change. Bodin was after <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Azpilicueta" class="mw-redirect" title="Martín de Azpilicueta">Martín de Azpilicueta</a>, who had alluded to the issue in 1556 (something noticed also by <a href="/wiki/Francisco_L%C3%B3pez_de_G%C3%B3mara" title="Francisco López de Gómara">Gómara</a> in his unpublished Annals),<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> an early observer that the rise in prices was due in large part to the influx of precious metals.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Analysing the phenomenon, amongst other factors he pointed to the relationship between the amount of goods and the amount of money in circulation. The debates of the time laid the foundation for the "<a href="/wiki/Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">quantity theory of money</a>".<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Bodin mentioned other factors: population increase, trade, the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Economic_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic migration">economic migration</a>, and consumption that he saw as profligate.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Theatrum">The Theatrum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The Theatrum">edit</a>]</div> The Theatrum Universae Naturae is Bodin's statement of natural philosophy. It contains many particular and even idiosyncratic personal views, for instance that <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipses</a> are related to political events.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> It argued against the certainty of the astronomical theory of <a href="/wiki/Stellar_parallax" title="Stellar parallax">stellar parallax</a>, and the terrestrial origin of the "comet of 1573" (i.e., the supernova <a href="/wiki/SN_1572" title="SN 1572">SN 1572</a>).<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> This work shows major <a href="/wiki/Ramism" title="Ramism">Ramist</a> influences. Consideration of the orderly majesty of God leads to encyclopedism about the <a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">universe</a> and an analogue of a <a href="/wiki/Memory_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory system">memory system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> Problems of Bodin became attached to some Renaissance editions of Aristotelian <a href="/wiki/Problemata" class="mw-redirect" title="Problemata">problemata</a> in natural philosophy. Further, Damian Siffert compiled a Problemata Bodini, which was based on the Theatrum.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Les_Six_livres_de_la_République">Les Six livres de la République </h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Les Six livres de la République">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics" title="Category:Politics">Politics series</a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-top:1px #fafafa solid; border-bottom:1px #fafafa solid; background:#efefef; background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000); padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Heraldic_Royal_Crown_(Common).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heraldic royal crown"><img alt="Heraldic royal crown" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/100px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/150px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg/200px-Heraldic_Royal_Crown_%28Common%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="389" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Central concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Types</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication_system" title="Abdication system">Abdication system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Chinese Legalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_monarchy" title="Composite monarchy">Composite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crowned_republic" title="Crowned republic">Crowned republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_monarchy" title="Dual monarchy">Dual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy" title="Duchy">Duchy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_duchy" title="Grand duchy">Grand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynastic_union" title="Dynastic union">Dynastic union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate" title="Emirate">Emirate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnarch" title="Ethnarch">Ethnarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate" title="Khanate">Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentarchy" title="Pentarchy">Pentarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">Popular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_union" title="Real union">Real union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coregency" title="Coregency">Coregency</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signoria" title="Signoria">Signoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrarchy" title="Tetrarchy">Tetrarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Triarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_monarchy" title="Universal monarchy">Universal</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Philosophy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> Philosophers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Bellarmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novalis" title="Novalis">Novalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac">Balzac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cr%C3%A9tineau-Joly" title="Jacques Crétineau-Joly">Crétineau-Joly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Gogol" title="Nikolai Gogol">Gogol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B8ren_Kierkegaard" title="Søren Kierkegaard">Kierkegaard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Dostoevsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Youwei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bainville" title="Jacques Bainville">Bainville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Mu%C3%B1oz_Seca" title="Pedro Muñoz Seca">Seca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Bogdanor" title="Vernon Bogdanor">Bogdanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Yarvin" title="Curtis Yarvin">Yarvin</a></li></ul> Works <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De Regno</a> (1265-1266)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Six_livres_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Six livres de la République">Les Six livres de la République</a> (1576)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a> (1680)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Considerations_on_France" title="Considerations on France">Considerations on France</a> (1796)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy:_The_God_That_Failed" title="Democracy: The God That Failed">Democracy: The God That Failed</a> (2001)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Mazarin" title="Cardinal Mazarin">Mazarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_VI" title="Pope Pius VI">Pius VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fabrizio_Ruffo" title="Fabrizio Ruffo">Ruffo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ercole_Consalvi" title="Ercole Consalvi">Consalvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand-Emmanuel_de_Vignerot_du_Plessis,_duc_de_Richelieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Armand-Emmanuel de Vignerot du Plessis, duc de Richelieu">Plessis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klemens_von_Metternich" title="Klemens von Metternich">Metternich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Villèle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Polignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie,_duc_Decazes" title="Élie, duc Decazes">Decazes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Disraeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_C%C3%A1novas_del_Castillo" title="Antonio Cánovas del Castillo">Castillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_von_Bismarck" title="Otto von Bismarck">Bismarck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_V%C3%A1zquez_de_Mella" title="Juan Vázquez de Mella">Mella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannis_Metaxas" title="Ioannis Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertand_Renouvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertand Renouvin">Renouvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Zhirinovsky" title="Vladimir Zhirinovsky">Zhirinovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83lin_Popescu-T%C4%83riceanu" title="Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu">Popescu-Tăriceanu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_Zourabichvili" title="Salome Zourabichvili">Zourabichvili</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus#Octavian_becomes_Augustus" title="Augustus">Birth of the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Foundation of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsarist_autocracy" title="Tsarist autocracy">Tsarist autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Birth of the Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triumvirate_of_1813" title="Triumvirate of 1813">Establishment of the Dutch monarchy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trienio_Liberal" title="Trienio Liberal">Trienio Liberal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">Liberal Wars</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Second French Empire</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification of Italy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Compromise_of_1867" title="Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867">Austro-Hungarian Compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">German unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5_October_1910_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="5 October 1910 Revolution">5 October 1910 Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic in Brazil</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Chinese Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamese_revolution_of_1932" title="Siamese revolution of 1932">Siamese revolution of 1932</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Birth of the Italian Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_transition_to_democracy" title="Spanish transition to democracy">Spanish transition to democracy</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Cambodia" title="Modern Cambodia">Modern Cambodia</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Civil_War" title="Nepalese Civil War">Nepalese Civil War</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Polity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Administration</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">Court</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Court_appointment" title="Court appointment">Appointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Officers_of_State" title="Great Officers of State">Great Officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_household" title="Royal household">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retinue" title="Retinue">Retinue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camarilla" title="Camarilla">Camarilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courtier" title="Courtier">Courtier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favourite" title="Favourite">Favourite</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_guard" title="Royal guard">Royal guard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_council" title="Privy council">Privy council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Council_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Crown Council (disambiguation)">Crown Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riksr%C3%A5d" title="Riksråd">Riksråd</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">Royal assent</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfonsism" title="Alfonsism">Alfonsism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despotism" title="Despotism">Despotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightened_absolutism" title="Enlightened absolutism">Enlightened absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelist" title="Miguelist">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Dutch_Republic)" title="Orangism (Dutch Republic)">Orangism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Belgium)" title="Orangism (Belgium)">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangism_(Luxembourg)" title="Orangism (Luxembourg)">Luxembourg</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist" title="Royalist">Royalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-royalist" title="Ultra-royalist">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Toryism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Tory" title="High Tory">High</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;text-align:center;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#efefef; border-top:1px solid;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_dynasties" title="Lists of dynasties">Lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_family" title="Royal family">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_descent" title="Royal descent">Descent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_family_trees" title="List of family trees">Family trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_bastard" title="Royal bastard">Illegitimate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">Emperor system of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead" title="Figurehead">Figurehead</a></li> <li>Heir <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">apparent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heir_presumptive" title="Heir presumptive">presumptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingmaker" title="Kingmaker">Kingmaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchies" title="List of current monarchies">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_monarchies" title="List of former monarchies">Former</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">Non-sovereign</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">Nobility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peerage" title="Peerage">Peerage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_of_the_realm" title="Peer of the realm">Realm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosopher_king" title="Philosopher king">Philosopher king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Pretender</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_former_ruling_families" title="List of heads of former ruling families">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Rank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm" title="Realm">Realm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reich" title="Reich">Reich</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regicide" title="Regicide">Regicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_list" title="Regnal list">Regnal list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_number" title="Regnal number">Regnal number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">Sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_styles" title="Royal and noble styles">Style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Succession</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-king" title="Anti-king">Anti-king</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_crisis" title="Succession crisis">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interregnum" title="Interregnum">Interregnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princely_rebellion" title="Princely rebellion">Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_succession" title="War of succession">War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usurper" title="Usurper">Usurper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_usurpers" title="List of usurpers">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#efefef;background: var(--background-color-interactive, #efefef); color: var(--color-base, #000);"> <a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchism" title="Template:Monarchism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchism" title="Template talk:Monarchism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jean Bodin's best-known work was "The Six Books of the Republic" (Les Six livres de la République), written in 1576.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> The discussion regarding the best form of government which took place in those years around the <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Day_massacre" title="St. Bartholomew's Day massacre">St. Bartholomew's Day massacre</a> (1572) gave the inspiration. Bodin's, classical, definition of sovereignty is: "la puissance absolue et perpetuelle d'une République" (the absolute and perpetual power of a Republic). His main ideas about sovereignty are found in chapter VIII and X of Book I, including his statement "The sovereign Prince is accountable only to God". The Six livres were an immediate success and were frequently reprinted. A revised and expanded Latin translation by the author appeared in 1586. With this work, Bodin became one of the founders of the pragmatic inter-confessional group known as the <a href="/wiki/Politique" title="Politique">politiques</a>, who ultimately succeeded in ending the Wars of Religion under King <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Nantes" title="Edict of Nantes">Edict of Nantes</a> (1598). Against the <a href="/wiki/Monarchomach" class="mw-redirect" title="Monarchomach">monarchomachs</a> who were assailing kingship in his time, such as <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Beza" title="Theodore Beza">Theodore Beza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hotman" title="François Hotman">François Hotman</a>, Bodin succeeded in writing a fundamental and influential treatise of social and political theory. In its reasoning against all types of <a href="/wiki/Mixed_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed constitution">mixed constitution</a> and <a href="/wiki/Resistance_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistance theory">resistance theory</a>, it was an effective counter-attack against the monarchomach position invoking "popular sovereignty".<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The structure of the earlier books has been described as Ramist in structure. Book VI contains astrological and numerological reasoning.<a href="#cite_note-Rose,_p._277-40">[40]</a> Bodin invoked <a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a> in discussing <a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">justice</a> and in Book IV used ideas related to the <a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a> of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">Thomas More</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The use of language derived from or replacing <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>'s città (Latin civitas) as political unit (French cité or ville) is thoughtful; Bodin introduced republic (French république, Latin respublica) as a term for matters of <a href="/wiki/Public_law" title="Public law">public law</a> (the contemporary English rendering was commonweal(th)).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Bodin, although he referred to <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>, was not writing here in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Classical_republicanism" title="Classical republicanism">classical republicanism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> is analysed as a "seigneurial monarchy".<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a> is not accepted in the terms of <a href="/wiki/Gasparo_Contarini" title="Gasparo Contarini">Gasparo Contarini</a>: it is called an aristocratic constitution, not a mixed one, with a concentric structure, and its apparent stability was not attributable to the form of government.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The ideas in the Six livres on the importance of climate in the shaping of a people's character were also influential, finding a prominent place in the work of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Botero" title="Giovanni Botero">Giovanni Botero</a> (1544–1617) and later in <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Secondat,_baron_de_Montesquieu" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles de Secondat, baron de Montesquieu">Baron de Montesquieu</a>'s (1689–1755) <a href="/wiki/Climatic_determinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Climatic determinism">climatic determinism</a>. Based on the assumption that a country's climate shapes the character of its population, and hence to a large extent the most suitable form of government, Bodin postulated that a <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">hereditary monarchy</a> would be the ideal regime for a temperate nation such as France. This power should be "sovereign", i.e., not be subject to any other branch, though to some extent limited by institutions like the high courts (Parlement) and representative assemblies (États). Above all, the monarch is "responsible only to God", that is, must stand above confessional factions. The work soon became widely known. Gaspar de Anastro made a Spanish translation in 1590.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Knolles" title="Richard Knolles">Richard Knolles</a> put together an English translation (1606); this was based on the 1586 Latin version, but in places follows other versions. It appeared under the title The Six Bookes of a Common-weale.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="De_la_démonomanie_des_sorciers">De la démonomanie des sorciers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: De la démonomanie des sorciers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%A9monomanie_des_sorciers_Bodin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/D%C3%A9monomanie_des_sorciers_Bodin.jpg/200px-D%C3%A9monomanie_des_sorciers_Bodin.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/D%C3%A9monomanie_des_sorciers_Bodin.jpg/300px-D%C3%A9monomanie_des_sorciers_Bodin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/D%C3%A9monomanie_des_sorciers_Bodin.jpg/400px-D%C3%A9monomanie_des_sorciers_Bodin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="1898" /></a><figcaption>Title page of De la démonomanie des sorciers (1580)</figcaption></figure> Bodin's major work on <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">sorcery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> persecutions was "Of the Demon-mania of the Sorcerers" (De la démonomanie des sorciers), first issued in 1580, with ten editions published by 1604.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In it he elaborates the influential concept of "pact witchcraft" based on a <a href="/wiki/Deal_with_the_Devil" title="Deal with the Devil">deal with the Devil</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and the belief that the evil spirit would use a strategy to impose doubt on judges to look upon magicians as madmen and hypochondriacs deserving of compassion rather than chastisement.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The book relates histories of sorcerers,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> but does not mention <a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a> and his pact.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> It gave a report of a 1552 public <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcism</a> in Paris,<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> and of the case of <a href="/wiki/Magdalena_de_la_Cruz" title="Magdalena de la Cruz">Magdalena de la Cruz</a> of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3rdoba,_Spain" title="Córdoba, Spain">Cordova</a>, an abbess who had confessed to sexual relations with the Devil over three decades.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Bodin cited Pierre Marner on <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolf</a> accounts from <a href="/wiki/Savoie" title="Savoie">Savoie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> He denounced the works of <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Agrippa" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornelius Agrippa">Cornelius Agrippa</a>, and the perceived traffic in "sorceries" carried out along the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Road" title="Spanish Road">Spanish Road</a>, running along eastern France for much of its length.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> He wrote in extreme terms about procedures in sorcery trials, opposing the normal safeguards of justice.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> This advocacy of relaxation was aimed directly at the existing standards laid down by the Parlement of Paris (physical or written evidence, confessions not obtained by <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>, unimpeachable witnesses).<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> He asserted that not even one witch could be erroneously condemned if the correct procedures were followed, because rumours concerning sorcerers were almost always true. Bodin's attitude has been called a populationist strategy typical of <a href="/wiki/Mercantilism" title="Mercantilism">mercantilism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] The book was influential in the debate over witchcraft; it was translated into German by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Fischart" title="Johann Fischart">Johann Fischart</a> (1581),<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> and in the same year into Latin by <a href="/wiki/Franciscus_Junius_(the_elder)" title="Franciscus Junius (the elder)">François Du Jon</a> as De magorum dæmonomania libri IV.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> It was quoted by <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_L%C3%A9ry" title="Jean de Léry">Jean de Léry</a>, writing about the <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinamba</a> people of what is now <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> One surviving copy of the text, located in the University of Southern California's Special Collections Library, is a rare presentation copy signed by Bodin himself, and is one of only two known surviving texts that feature such an inscription by the author.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> The USC Démonomanie dedication is to a C.L. Varroni, thought to be a legal colleague of Bodin's. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Views">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_and_politics">Law and politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Law and politics">edit</a>]</div> Jean Bodin became well known for his analysis of sovereignty, which he took to be indivisible, and to involve full legislative powers (though with qualifications and caveats). With <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hotman" title="François Hotman">François Hotman</a> (1524–1590) and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Baudouin" title="François Baudouin">François Baudouin</a> (1520–1573), on the other hand, Bodin also supported the force of <a href="/wiki/Customary_law" title="Customary law">customary law</a>, seeing <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> alone as inadequate.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> He hedged the absolutist nature of his theory of sovereignty, which was an analytical concept; if later his ideas were used in a different, normative fashion, that was not overtly the reason in Bodin.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Sovereignty could be looked at as a "bundle of attributes";<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> in that light the legislative role took centre stage, and other "marks of sovereignty" could be discussed further, as separate issues. He was a politique in theory, which was the moderate position of the period in French politics; but drew the conclusion that only <a href="/wiki/Passive_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Passive resistance">passive resistance</a> to authority was justified.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Bodin's work on political theory saw the introduction of the modern concept of "state" but was in the fact on the cusp of usage (with that of <a href="/wiki/Corasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Corasius">Corasius</a>), with the older meaning of a monarch "maintaining his state" not having dropped away.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Public_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Public office">Public office</a> belonged to the commonwealth, and its holders had a personal responsibility for their actions.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Politics is autonomous, and the sovereign is subject to divine and natural law, but not to any church; the obligation is to secure justice and religious worship in the state.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Bodin studied the balance of liberty and authority.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> He had no doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a> and argued in a traditional way about <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> and its proper, limited sphere. His doctrine was one of balance as harmony, with numerous qualifications; as such it could be used in different manners, and was. The key was that the central point of power should be above faction.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Rose sees Bodin's politics as ultimately <a href="/wiki/Theocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Theocratic">theocratic</a>,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and misunderstood by the absolutists who followed him.<a href="#cite_note-Rose,_p._277-40">[40]</a> Where Aristotle argued for six types of state, Bodin allowed only <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>. He advocated, however, distinguishing the form of state (constitution) from the form of government (administration).<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> Bodin had a low opinion of democracy.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Families were the basic unit and model for the state;<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> on the other hand <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> found in Bodin an ally on the topic of <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Respect for individual liberty and possessions were the hallmark of the orderly state, a view Bodin shared with Hotman and <a href="/wiki/George_Buchanan" title="George Buchanan">George Buchanan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> He argued against <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> In matters of law and politics, Bodin saw religion as a social prop, encouraging respect for law and governance.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="On_change_and_progress">On change and progress</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: On change and progress">edit</a>]</div> Bodin praised printing as outshining any achievement of the ancients.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The idea that the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a> was driven by economic and political forces is attributed to him.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> He is identified as the first person to realize the rapid rate of change of early modern Europe.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In physics, he is credited as the first modern writer to use the concept of <a href="/wiki/Physical_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical law">physical laws</a> to define change,<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> but his idea of nature included the action of spirits. In politics, he adhered to the ideas of his time in considering a political revolution in the nature of an astronomical cycle: a changement (French) or simply a change (as translated 1606) in English;<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> from Polybius Bodin took the idea of anacyclosis, or cyclic change of constitution.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Bodin's theory was that governments had begun as monarchical, had then been democratic, before becoming aristocratic.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_tolerance">Religious tolerance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Religious tolerance">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_position">Public position</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Public position">edit</a>]</div> In 1576, Bodin was engaged in French politics, and then argued against the use of compulsion in matters of religion, if unsuccessfully. Wars, he considered, should be subject to statecraft, and matters of religion did not touch the state. Bodin argued that a state might contain several religions; this was a very unusual position for his time, if shared by <a href="/wiki/Michel_de_l%27H%C3%B4pital" title="Michel de l'Hôpital">Michel de l'Hôpital</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_the_Silent" title="William the Silent">William the Silent</a>. It was attacked by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_de_Rivadeneira" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro de Rivadeneira">Pedro de Rivadeneira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Mariana" title="Juan de Mariana">Juan de Mariana</a>, from the conventional opposing position of a state obligation to root out religious dissent.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> He argued in the Six livres that the <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_the_Knights_Templar" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial of the Knights Templar">Trial of the Knights Templar</a> was an example of unjustified persecution, similar to that of the Jews and medieval fraternities.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Private_position_in_the_Colloquium">Private position in the Colloquium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Private position in the Colloquium">edit</a>]</div> In 1588, Bodin completed in manuscript a Latin work Colloquium heptaplomeres de rerum sublimium arcanis abditis (Colloquium of the Seven about Secrets of the Sublime). It is a conversation about the nature of truth between seven educated men, each with a distinct religious or philosophical orientation - a natural philosopher, a Calvinist, a Muslim, a Roman Catholic, a Lutheran, a Jew, and a skeptic.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> Because of this work, Bodin is often identified as one of the first proponents of <a href="/wiki/Religious_tolerance" title="Religious tolerance">religious tolerance</a> in the western world. Truth, in Bodin's view, commanded universal agreement; and the <a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> agreed on the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> (Tanakh).<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Vera religio (true religion) would command loyalty to the point of death; his conception of it was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> His views on <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> are also bound up with his studies in Jewish philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Some modern scholars have contested his authorship of the text. The "Colloquium of the Seven regarding the hidden secrets of the sublime things" offers a peaceful discussion with seven representatives of various religions and worldviews, who in the end agree on the fundamental underlying similarity of their beliefs. Bodin's theory, as based in considerations of harmony, resembles that of <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Castellio" title="Sebastian Castellio">Sebastian Castellio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> He has been seen as a scriptural relativist, and <a href="/wiki/Deist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deist">deist</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charron" title="Pierre Charron">Pierre Charron</a>;<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> also in the group of learned <a href="/wiki/Christian_Hebraist" title="Christian Hebraist">Christian Hebraists</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_Selden" title="John Selden">John Selden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Giuseppe_Imbonati" title="Carlo Giuseppe Imbonati">Carlo Giuseppe Imbonati</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Vossius" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerhard Vossius">Gerhard Vossius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> By reputation, at least, Bodin was cited as an unbeliever, <a href="/wiki/Deist" class="mw-redirect" title="Deist">deist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atheist" class="mw-redirect" title="Atheist">atheist</a> by Christian writers who associated him with perceived free-thinking and sceptical tradition of Machiavelli and <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Pomponazzi" title="Pietro Pomponazzi">Pietro Pomponazzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucilio_Vanini" title="Lucilio Vanini">Lucilio Vanini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Thomas Hobbes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Baruch Spinoza</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Daniel_Huet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre-Daniel Huet">Pierre-Daniel Huet</a>,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathaniel_Falck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nathaniel Falck (page does not exist)">Nathaniel Falck</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Claude-Fran%C3%A7ois_Houtteville&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claude-François Houtteville (page does not exist)">Claude-François Houtteville</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bayle" title="Pierre Bayle">Pierre Bayle</a> attributed to Bodin a maxim about the intellectual consequences of the non-existence of God (a precursor of <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a>'s, but based on a traditional commonplace of French thinkers).<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Dilthey" title="Wilhelm Dilthey">Wilhelm Dilthey</a> later wrote that the protagonists in the Colloquium anticipate those of <a href="/wiki/Gotthold_Ephraim_Lessing" title="Gotthold Ephraim Lessing">Gotthold Ephraim Lessing</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nathan_der_Weise" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan der Weise">Nathan der Weise</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> The Colloquium was one of the major and most popular manuscripts in clandestine circulation in the early modern period, with more than 100 copies catalogued.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> it had an extensive covert circulation, after coming into intellectual fashion. The 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica states "It is curious that <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Leibniz</a>, who originally regarded the Colloquium as the work of a professed enemy of Christianity, subsequently described it as a most valuable production".<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> Its dissemination increased after 1700, even if its content was by then dated.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> It was interpreted in the 18th century as containing arguments for <a href="/wiki/Natural_theology" title="Natural theology">natural religion</a>, as if the views expressed by Toralba (the proponent of natural religion) were Bodin's; wrongly, according to Rose, whose reconstruction of Bodin's religious views is a long way from belief in a detached deity.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Grotius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grotius">Grotius</a> had a manuscript. <a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Gottfried Leibniz">Gottfried Leibniz</a>, who criticized the Colloquium to <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Thomasius" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacob Thomasius">Jacob Thomasius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Conring" title="Hermann Conring">Hermann Conring</a>, some years later did editorial work on the manuscript. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Oldenburg" title="Henry Oldenburg">Henry Oldenburg</a> wanted to copy it, for transmission to <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> and possibly <a href="/wiki/John_Dury" title="John Dury">John Dury</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> or for some other connection in 1659.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In 1662 Conring was seeking a copy for a princely library.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> It was not to be published in full until 1857, by Ludwig Noack, from manuscripts collected by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinrich_Christian_von_Seckenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinrich Christian von Seckenberg (page does not exist)">Heinrich Christian von Seckenberg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Personal_religious_convictions">Personal religious convictions</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Personal religious convictions">edit</a>]</div> Bodin was influenced by philosophic Judaism to believe in the annihilation of the wicked 'post exacta supplicia'.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> 19th-century author Eliphas Levi esteemed Bodin as a student of Jewish esoterism: "The Kabalist Bodin who has been considered erroneously of a feeble and superstitious mind, had no other motive in writing his Demonomania than that of warning people against dangerous incredulity. Initiated by the study of the Kabalah into the true secrets of Magic, he trembled at the danger to which society was exposed by the abandonment of this power to the wickedness of men."<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_and_universal_history_and_geography">Cultural and universal history and geography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cultural and universal history and geography">edit</a>]</div> Bodin was a <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, concerned with <a href="/wiki/Human_history" title="Human history">universal history</a> which he approached as a jurist. He belonged to an identifiable French school of antiquarian and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural history</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Lancelot_Voisin_de_La_Popelini%C3%A8re" title="Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière">Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Le_Caron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Le Caron (page does not exist)">Louis Le Caron</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Le_Roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis Le Roy (page does not exist)">Louis Le Roy</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Pasquier" title="Étienne Pasquier">Étienne Pasquier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Vignier" title="Nicolas Vignier">Nicolas Vignier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> Bodin's theory of the "Frankish Gauls", proposing a non-German genealogy for France, was still being reviled by <a href="/wiki/Leibniz" class="mw-redirect" title="Leibniz">Leibniz</a> in the 18th century. Bodin argued that frank actually meant "free" in the Gallic language and, based on <a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Caesar</a>, he said the Gauls had crossed the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> to escape the Roman yoke, and so were called Franks, and the country of France derived its name from them (who were originally Gauls). <a href="/wiki/Leon_Poliakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Poliakov">Leon Poliakov</a> discussed this in The Aryan Myth:<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <blockquote>Etymological speculation and childish word games of this kind have been rife in western history ever since the Fathers of the Church, but it was the humanists of the Renaissance who first utilized them in the service of a new born chauvinism. It may be remarked, furthermore, that Bodin's theory attributes to the Frankish Gauls certain virtues which were unknown to the enslaved Gauls.</blockquote> Historical disciples included <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Auguste_de_Thou" title="Jacques Auguste de Thou">Jacques Auguste de Thou</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Camden" title="William Camden">William Camden</a>. The genre thus founded, drawing social conclusions, identified itself as "civil history", and was influenced particularly by <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> The Methodus has been called the first book to advance "a theory of universal history based on a purely secular study of the growth of civilisation".<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Bodin's secular attitude to history therefore goes some way to explain his perceived relationship to Machiavelli. While Bodin's common ground with Machiavelli is not so large, and indeed Bodin opposed the Godless vision of the world in Machiavelli,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> they are often enough paired, for example by <a href="/wiki/A._C._Crombie" class="mw-redirect" title="A. C. Crombie">A. C. Crombie</a> as philosophical historians with contemporary concerns; Crombie also links Bodin with <a href="/wiki/Francis_Bacon" title="Francis Bacon">Francis Bacon</a>, as rational and critical historians.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Both Bodin and Machiavelli treat religion as situated historically.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Bodin drew largely on <a href="/wiki/Johann_Boemus" title="Johann Boemus">Johann Boemus</a>, and also classical authors, as well as accounts from <a href="/wiki/Leo_Africanus" title="Leo Africanus">Leo Africanus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_%C3%81lvares" title="Francisco Álvares">Francisco Álvares</a>. He showed little interest, however, in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In terms of theories of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_diffusion" title="Cultural diffusion">cultural diffusion</a> he influenced <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Carpenter" title="Nathanael Carpenter">Nathanael Carpenter</a>, and many subsequently, with his "south-eastern origin" theory of the transmission from peoples of the Middle East to Greece and Rome (and hence to Northern Europe).<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Another follower was <a href="/wiki/Peter_Heylyn" title="Peter Heylyn">Peter Heylyn</a> in his Microcosmus (1621).<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In anthropology Bodin showed indications of <a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">polygenism</a> as theory of human origins.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In clearer terms, on the other hand, he believed that mankind was unifying, the drivers being trade, and the indications of the respublica mundana (world commonwealth) and international law as developing. This was within a scheme of <a href="/wiki/Vaticinium_Eliae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaticinium Eliae">Vaticinium Eliae</a> or three periods of 2000 years for universal history, to which he had little commitment, though indicating its connection with the three climate regions and their predominance.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> The "south-eastern" theory depended for its explanation on Bodin's climate theory and astrology: it was given in the Methodus, and developed in Book VI of the Six Livres. He made an identification of peoples and geographical sectors with planetary influences, in Book V of the Six Livres.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> His astrological theory is combined with the <a href="/wiki/Hippocratic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocratic">Hippocratic</a> tradition; but not in the conventional way of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>. It has been suggested that he took them from a follower of <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Cardano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auger_Ferrier" title="Auger Ferrier">Auger Ferrier</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> Bodin's conception of <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> was widely adopted in Europe. In a form simplified and adapted by others, such as the French jurists <a href="/wiki/Charles_Loyseau" title="Charles Loyseau">Charles Loyseau</a> (1564–1627) and <a href="/wiki/Cardin_Le_Bret" title="Cardin Le Bret">Cardin Le Bret</a> (1558–1655), it played an important role in the development of <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_France">In France</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In France">edit</a>]</div> Influentially, Bodin defended an orderly <a href="/wiki/Gallicanism" title="Gallicanism">Gallican</a> monarchy against <a href="/wiki/Huguenot" class="mw-redirect" title="Huguenot">Huguenots</a>, and any external interference.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> These general ideas became political orthodoxy, in the reign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV of France</a>, tending to the beginnings of <a href="/wiki/Absolutism_(European_history)" title="Absolutism (European history)">absolutism</a>. Bodin had numerous followers as political theorist, including <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gr%C3%A9goire_(jurist)" title="Pierre Grégoire (jurist)">Pierre Grégoire</a>, in whom with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Grimaudet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Grimaudet (page does not exist)">François Grimaudet</a> legislative authority starts to become closer to the <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Barclay_(jurist)" title="William Barclay (jurist)">William Barclay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charron" title="Pierre Charron">Pierre Charron</a> in La Sagesse of 1601 uses the idea of state from Bodin but with fewer limitations on royal power;<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Charron in this work argued for a secular <a href="/wiki/Neo-stoicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-stoicism">neo-stoicism</a>, putting together ideas of <a href="/wiki/Montaigne" class="mw-redirect" title="Montaigne">Montaigne</a> and Lipsius with those of Bodin.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Charles Loyseau in the years 1608-10 published absolutist works with the emphasis on orderliness in society, going much beyond Bodin's writing of thirty years earlier, a trend that continued into the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> As a demonologist, his work was taken to be authoritative and based on experience as witch-hunting practitioner. As historian, he was prominently cited by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Lenglet_Du_Fresnoy" title="Nicolas Lenglet Du Fresnoy">Nicolas Lenglet Du Fresnoy</a> in his 1713 Methode pour etudier l'Histoire.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a> read Bodin closely; the modern sociology hinted at in Bodin, arising from the relationship between the state apparatus on the one hand, and society on the other, is developed in Montesquieu.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Germany">In Germany</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: In Germany">edit</a>]</div> Jean Bodin's rejection of the Four Monarchies model was unpopular, given the German investment in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Holy Roman Emperor">Holy Roman Emperor</a> as fourth monarch,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> the attitude of <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Sleidanus" title="Johannes Sleidanus">Johannes Sleidanus</a>. The need to accommodate the existing structure of the Empire with Bodin as theorist of sovereignty led to a controversy running over nearly half a century; starting with <a href="/wiki/Henning_Arnisaeus" title="Henning Arnisaeus">Henning Arnisaeus</a>, it continued unresolved to 1626 and the time of <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Besoldus" title="Christopher Besoldus">Christopher Besoldus</a>. He drew a line under it, by adopting the concept of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Composite_polyarchy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Composite polyarchy (page does not exist)">composite polyarchy</a>, which held sway subsequently.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Leibniz rejected Bodin's view of sovereignty, stating that it might amount only to territorial control, and the consequence drawn by writers in Bodin's tradition that <a href="/wiki/Federalism" title="Federalism">federalism</a> was chimeric.<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_England">In England</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: In England">edit</a>]</div> Generally, the English took great interest in the French Wars of Religion; their literature came into commonplace use in English political debate,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Amyas_Paulet" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyas Paulet">Amyas Paulet</a> made immediate efforts to find the Six livres for <a href="/wiki/Edward_Dyer" title="Edward Dyer">Edward Dyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Shortly Bodin's works were known in England: to <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sidney" title="Philip Sidney">Philip Sidney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Ralegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Ralegh">Walter Ralegh</a>, and to <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Harvey" title="Gabriel Harvey">Gabriel Harvey</a> who reported they were fashionable in Oxford. His ideas on inflation were familiar by 1581.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Somerville makes the point that not all those who discussed sovereignty in England at this period necessarily took their views from Bodin: the ideas were in the air at the time, and some such as <a href="/wiki/Hadrian_%C3%A0_Saravia" title="Hadrian à Saravia">Hadrian à Saravia</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christopher_Lever&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christopher Lever (page does not exist)">Christopher Lever</a> had their own reasoning to similar conclusions.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Hooker" title="Richard Hooker">Richard Hooker</a> had access to the works, but doesn't reference them.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Donne" title="John Donne">John Donne</a> cited Bodin in his Biathanatos.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> Bodin's view of parallelism of French and English monarchies was accepted by Ralegh.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper,_p._100-149">[149]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roger_Twysden" title="Roger Twysden">Roger Twysden</a> dissented: in his view, the English monarchy had never fitted Bodin's definition of sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Beacon" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Beacon">Richard Beacon</a> in Solon His Follie (1594), directed towards English colonisation in Ireland, used text derived from the Six livres, as well as much theory from Machiavelli; he also argued, against Bodin, that France was a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mixed monarchy">mixed monarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> Bodin influenced the controversial definitions of <a href="/wiki/John_Cowell_(jurist)" title="John Cowell (jurist)">John Cowell</a>, in his 1607 book The Interpreter, that caused a furore in Parliament during 1610.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Coke" title="Edward Coke">Edward Coke</a> took from Bodin on sovereignty; and like him opposed the concept of mixed monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper,_p._98-102-153">[153]</a> While Bodin's ideas on authority fitted with the theory of <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">divine right of kings</a>, his main concern was not with the choice of the sovereign. But that meant they could cut both ways, being cited by parliamentarians as well as royalists. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Parker_(writer)" title="Henry Parker (writer)">Henry Parker</a> in 1642 asserted the sovereignty of Parliament by Bodinian reasoning.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Whitelocke" title="James Whitelocke">James Whitelocke</a> used Bodin's thought in discussing the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cooper,_p._98-102-153">[153]</a> The royalist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Robert Filmer</a> borrowed largely from Bodin for the argument of his <a href="/wiki/Patriarcha" title="Patriarcha">Patriarcha</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a> in arguing decades later against Filmer in <a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> didn't go behind his work to attack Bodin; but his ally <a href="/wiki/James_Tyrrell" title="James Tyrrell">James Tyrrell</a> did, as did <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Sidney" title="Algernon Sidney">Algernon Sidney</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> Another royalist user of Bodin was <a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(chaplain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Hudson (chaplain)">Michael Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> used Bodin's theory in defending his anti-democratic plan for a Grand Council, after <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Cromwell" title="Oliver Cromwell">Oliver Cromwell</a>'s death.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Eliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir John Eliot">Sir John Eliot</a> summarized work of Arnisaeus as critic of Bodin,<a href="#cite_note-Cooper,_p._100-149">[149]</a> and wrote in the <a href="/wiki/Tower_of_London" title="Tower of London">Tower of London</a> following Bodin that a lawful king, as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a>, "will not do what he may do", in his De iure majestatis.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bruce_Cotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Bruce Cotton">Robert Bruce Cotton</a> quoted Bodin on the value of money;<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burton_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Burton (scholar)">Robert Burton</a> on politics in the <a href="/wiki/Anatomy_of_Melancholy" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatomy of Melancholy">Anatomy of Melancholy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Richard Knolles in the introduction to his 1606 translation commended the book as written by a man experienced in public affairs.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Loe" title="William Loe">William Loe</a> complained, in preaching to Parliament in 1621, that Bodin with Lipsius and Machiavelli was too much studied, to the neglect of Scripture.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Baxter" title="Richard Baxter">Richard Baxter</a> on the other hand regarded the reading of Bodin, <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Hugo Grotius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Francisco Suárez</a> as a suitable training in politics, for lawyers.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> Bodin's views on witchcraft were taken up in England by the witch-hunter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brian_Darcy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brian Darcy (page does not exist)">Brian Darcy</a> in the early 1580s, who argued for burning rather than hanging as a method of execution, and followed some of Bodin's suggestions in interrogating <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Kemp" title="Ursula Kemp">Ursula Kemp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> They were also radically opposed by <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Reginald Scott">Reginald Scott</a> in his sceptical work <a href="/wiki/Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Discoverie of Witchcraft">Discoverie of Witchcraft</a> (1584).<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hutchinson" title="Francis Hutchinson">Francis Hutchinson</a> was his detractor, criticising his methodology. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Italy">In Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: In Italy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albergati_Discorsi_politici.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Albergati_Discorsi_politici.jpg/220px-Albergati_Discorsi_politici.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Albergati_Discorsi_politici.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Bodin mentioned on the title page of <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Albergati" title="Fabio Albergati">Fabio Albergati</a>'s Discorsi politici, in 1602. Albergati wrote against Bodin from 1595, comparing his political theories unfavourably with those of <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></figcaption></figure> In Italy Bodin was seen as a secular historian like Machiavelli. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Interdict" title="Venetian Interdict">Venetian Interdict</a>, Venetians agreed with the legislative definition of sovereignty. In particular <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Sarpi" title="Paolo Sarpi">Paolo Sarpi</a> argued that Venice's limited size in territorial terms was not the relevant point for the actions it could undertake on its own authority.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> Later <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a> was to take Bodin's cultural history approach noticeably further.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Papacy">The Papacy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The Papacy">edit</a>]</div> Works of Bodin were soon placed on the <a href="/wiki/Index_Librorum_Prohibitorum" title="Index Librorum Prohibitorum">Index Librorum Prohibitorum</a> for various reasons, including discussion of Fortune (against <a href="/wiki/Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Reason_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Reason of state">reason of state</a>. The Methodus went on the Index in 1590;<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bellarmine" title="Robert Bellarmine">Robert Bellarmine</a> as censor found it of some merit in its learning, but the author to be a heretic or atheist, critical of the papacy and much too sympathetic to <a href="/wiki/Charles_Du_Moulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Du Moulin">Charles Du Moulin</a> in particular.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> Other works followed in 1593.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> All his work was placed on the Index in 1628; the prohibition on the Theatrum continued into the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> Venetian theologians were described as followers of Machiavelli and Bodin by Giovanni Amato.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> Bellarmine's Tractatus de potestate summi pontificis in temporalibus reiterated, against Bodin's sovereignty theory, an indirect form of the traditional <a href="/wiki/Papal_deposing_power" title="Papal deposing power">papal deposing power</a> to release subjects from the duty of obedience to tyrants.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Keller" class="mw-redirect" title="Jakob Keller">Jakob Keller</a>, in an apologetical work on behalf of limited justifications for <a href="/wiki/Tyrannicide" title="Tyrannicide">tyrannicide</a>, treated Bodin as a serious opponent on the argument that subjects can only resist a tyrant passively, with views on the Empire that were offensive.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Spain">In Spain</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In Spain">edit</a>]</div> In 1583, Bodin was placed on the Quiroga Index.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Against tyrannicide, Bodin's thought was out of step of conventional thinking in Spain at the time.<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> It was recognized, in an unpublished dialogue imagined between Bodin and a jurist of <a href="/wiki/Castile_(historical_region)" title="Castile (historical region)">Castile</a>, that the government of Spain was harder than that of France, the other major European power, because of the more complex structure of the kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Jean Bodin's view of witchcraft was hardly known in Spain until the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Des_Eschelles_Manseau" title="Des Eschelles Manseau">Des Eschelles Manseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Harvilliers" title="Jeanne Harvilliers">Jeanne Harvilliers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Howell A. Lloyd, Jean Bodin, Oxford University Press, 2017, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fl6GAAAAMAAJ&q=%22conversion%22">Jean Bodin and the Sixteenth-century Revolution in the Methodology of Law and History</a>. Columbia University Press. 1963. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-91664-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-91664-6"><bdi>978-0-231-91664-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jean+Bodin+and+the+Sixteenth-century+Revolution+in+the+Methodology+of+Law+and+History&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-0-231-91664-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFl6GAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522conversion%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y58rDgAAQBAJ&dq=%22jean+bodin%22+%22protestant%22&pg=PA237">The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science</a>. Princeton University Press. 14 March 2017. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781400887507" title="Special:BookSources/9781400887507"><bdi>9781400887507</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Theater+of+Nature%3A+Jean+Bodin+and+Renaissance+Science&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2017-03-14&rft.isbn=9781400887507&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY58rDgAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522jean%2Bbodin%2522%2B%2522protestant%2522%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rJ0NAQAAMAAJ&q=%22geneva%22+%22jean+bodin%22+%22protestant%22">Ways of Lying: Dissimulation, Persecution, and Conformity in Early Modern Europe</a>. Harvard University Press. 1990. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674948341" title="Special:BookSources/9780674948341"><bdi>9780674948341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ways+of+Lying%3A+Dissimulation%2C+Persecution%2C+and+Conformity+in+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780674948341&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrJ0NAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522geneva%2522%2B%2522jean%2Bbodin%2522%2B%2522protestant%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngland)1603" class="citation book cs1">England), James I. (King of (1603). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=gmxjAAAAcAAJ&pg=GBS.PP16">Daemonologie. Edinburgh 1597</a>. A. Hatfield for R. Waldgrave.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daemonologie.+Edinburgh+1597&rft.pub=A.+Hatfield+for+R.+Waldgrave&rft.date=1603&rft.aulast=England%29&rft.aufirst=James+I.+%28King+of&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplay.google.com%2Fbooks%2Freader%3Fid%3DgmxjAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DGBS.PP16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPlesawx63AC&pg=PAPA55">Jacobsen, p. 55</a>, p. PA55, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stanford-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stanford_7-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurchetti2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Turchetti, Mario (2006-12-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/bodin/">"Jean Bodin"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Edward_N._Zalta" title="Edward N. 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Holt, The Duke of Anjou and the Politique Struggle During the Wars of Religion (2005), p. 85; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mt5sraGYbWcC&q=Bodin">Google Books</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPlesawx63AC&pg=PAPA47">Jacobsen, p. 47</a>, p. PA47, at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography,_1885-1900/Waad,_William">"Waad, William" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Dictionary of National Biography</a>. 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Dean, Bodin's "Methodus" in England before 1625, Studies in Philology Vol. 39, No. 2 (Apr., 1942), pp. 160-166; note on p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> Kuntz, pp.xxiii–xxiv; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fpkvrr-qyoMC&pg=PR23">Google Books</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> John Bossy, Under the Molehill: An Elizabethan Spy Story (2001), p. 110 and note. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NPlesawx63AC&pg=PAPA49">Jacobsen, p. 49</a>, p. 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Retrieved February 10, 2018 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+six+liures+de+la+republique+de+I.+Bodin&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Chez+Iacques+du+Puys%2C+libraire+iur%C3%A9%2C+%C3%A0+la+Samaritaine&rft.date=1577&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flessixliuresdela00bodi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Kelley, p. 309. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose,_p._277-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose,_p._277_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose,_p._277_40-1">b</a> Rose, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Mazzotta, p. 177-8. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Bock, Skinner and Viroli eds, Machiavelli and Republicanism, p. 71. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Burke_(historian)" title="Peter Burke (historian)">Peter Burke</a>, European Renaissance p 214. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Edward Muir, Civic Ritual in Renaissance Venice (1986), p. 50; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bM-ky1XgGWcC&pg=PA50">Google Books</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> J. H. Elliott, The Count-Duke of Olivares (1986), p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sixbookesofcommo00bodi">The Six Bookes of a Commonweale Written by I. Bodin, a Famous Lawyer and a man of great Experience in matters of State, Out of French and Latine Coplet done into English by Richard Knolles</a>. London: Impensis G. Bishop. 1606. Retrieved February 10, 2018 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Six+Bookes+of+a+Commonweale+Written+by+I.+Bodin%2C+a+Famous+Lawyer+and+a+man+of+great+Experience+in+matters+of+State%2C+Out+of+French+and+Latine+Coplet+done+into+English+by+Richard+Knolles&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Impensis+G.+Bishop&rft.date=1606&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsixbookesofcommo00bodi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodhead" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Woodhead, Christine. "Knolles, Richard". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15752">10.1093/ref:odnb/15752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Knolles%2C+Richard&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F15752&rft.aulast=Woodhead&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Rose, p. 288 note 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bvh.univ-tours.fr/Consult/index.asp?numfiche=221">1580 ed. of De la Demonomanie des Sorciers</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Purkiss, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalmet1751" class="citation book cs1">Calmet, Augustine (1751). Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants: of Hungary, Moravia, et al. Translated by Rev Henry Christmas & Brett R Warren. 2016 (1 ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-5331-4568-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-5331-4568-7"><bdi>1-5331-4568-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+the+Apparitions+of+Spirits+and+on+Vampires+or+Revenants%3A+of+Hungary%2C+Moravia%2C+et+al.+Translated+by+Rev+Henry+Christmas+%26+Brett+R+Warren.+2016&rft.pages=45&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=1751&rft.isbn=1-5331-4568-7&rft.aulast=Calmet&rft.aufirst=Augustine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="/wiki/E._M._Butler" class="mw-redirect" title="E. M. Butler">E. M. 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Bernier, The Praxis of Church and State in the (Under)Development of Women's Religion from France to the New World (PDF)</a> p. 676–7 of article. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinsohnSteiger,_Otto1999" class="citation journal cs1">Heinsohn, Gunnar; Steiger, Otto (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/history_of_political_economy/v031/31.3heinsohn.html">"Birth Control: The Political-Economic Rationale behind Jean Bodin's Démonomanie"</a>. History of Political Economy. 31 (3): 423–448. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1215%2F00182702-31-3-423">10.1215/00182702-31-3-423</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21275210">21275210</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31013297">31013297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=Birth+Control%3A+The+Political-Economic+Rationale+behind+Jean+Bodin%27s+D%C3%A9monomanie&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=423-448&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31013297%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21275210&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1215%2F00182702-31-3-423&rft.aulast=Heinsohn&rft.aufirst=Gunnar&rft.au=Steiger%2C+Otto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Flogin%3Furi%3D%2Fjournals%2Fhistory_of_political_economy%2Fv031%2F31.3heinsohn.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246957308_Inflation_and_witchcraft_The_case_of_Jean_Bodin%7C">https://www.researchgate.net/publication/246957308_Inflation_and_witchcraft_The_case_of_Jean_Bodin%7C</a>"Inflation and Witchcraft - The Case of Jean Bodin," by Gunnar Heinsohn and Otto Steiger </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Burke_(historian)" title="Peter Burke (historian)">Peter Burke</a>, European Renaissance, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> (in German) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitale-sammlungen.de/en/view/bsb10192455">online text</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> (in French) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bvh.univ-tours.fr/Consult/index.asp?numfiche=201">BVH page</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Purkiss, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodinDu_Puys2000" class="citation book cs1">Bodin, Jean; Du Puys, Jacques (2000-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uscp.sirsi.net/uhtbin/cgisirsi/x/0/0/5?searchdata1=4297316%7BCKEY%7D">De La Démonomanie Des Sorciers: a Monseignevr M. Chrestofle de Thou Cheualier Seigneur de Coeli, premier President en la Cour de Parlement, & Conseiller du Roy en son priué Conseil</a>. A Paris: Chez Iacques du Puys Libraire Iuré.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+La+D%C3%A9monomanie+Des+Sorciers%3A+a+Monseignevr+M.+Chrestofle+de+Thou+Cheualier+Seigneur+de+Coeli%2C+premier+President+en+la+Cour+de+Parlement%2C+%26+Conseiller+du+Roy+en+son+priu%C3%A9+Conseil&rft.place=A+Paris&rft.pub=Chez+Iacques+du+Puys+Libraire+Iur%C3%A9&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.aulast=Bodin&rft.aufirst=Jean&rft.au=Du+Puys%2C+Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fuscp.sirsi.net%2Fuhtbin%2Fcgisirsi%2Fx%2F0%2F0%2F5%3Fsearchdata1%3D4297316%257BCKEY%257D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> General Crisis, p. 124 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Elliott, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Glenn Burgess, Ancient Constitution p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Holt, p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Elliott, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Ball etc. Political Innovation, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Wernham, p. 502. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Wernham, p. 490. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Isaiah Berlin</a>, Freedom and Betrayal, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Nicholas Henshall, The Myth of Absolutism (1992), pp. 126-127, p. 204. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Rose, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Wernham, p. 503-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Wolin" title="Sheldon Wolin">Sheldon Wolin</a> (2003), Tocqueville, Between Two Worlds, pp. 59-60. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Kelley, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Hill, Milton and the English Revolution, p. 123. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Wernham, p. 506. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Peter Gay</a>, The Enlightenment 2: The Science of Freedom (1996), p. 408; <a href="/wiki/David_Brion_Davis" title="David Brion Davis">David Brion Davis</a>, The Problem of Slavery in Western Culture (1966), pp. 111-114. </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolmes1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Holmes_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Holmes (academic)">Holmes, Stephen</a> (1988). "Jean Bodin: The Paradox of Sovereignty and the Privatization of Religion". In Pennock, James Roland; Chapman, John W. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qvpyt5ykHmwC">Religion, Morality, and the Law</a>. Nomos Series. Vol. 30. NYU Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814766064" title="Special:BookSources/9780814766064"><bdi>9780814766064</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2015-09-04. <q>In the Republique, at least, religion captures Bodin's attention because of its influence on the sovereign's capacity to keep the peace. A false religion is nevertheless useful because it 'doth yet hold men in fear and awe, both of the laws and of the magistrates [...]' (IV, 7, 539). If fear of hellfire lends credibility to the law, then religion is a welcome ally [...] In other words, Bodin advances a social-prop theory of religion. The utility of religion does not hinge upon its truth.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean+Bodin%3A+The+Paradox+of+Sovereignty+and+the+Privatization+of+Religion&rft.btitle=Religion%2C+Morality%2C+and+the+Law&rft.series=Nomos+Series&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780814766064&rft.aulast=Holmes&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqvpyt5ykHmwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Kelley, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Hill, Economic Problems of the Church, p. ix. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Glacken 446. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Rose, p. 273, citing d'Entrèves. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Perez_Zagorin" title="Perez Zagorin">Perez Zagorin</a>, Court & Country, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Kelley, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Mazzotta, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Davies, p. 134 note and p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Marsha Keith Schuchard, Restoring the Temple of Vision: cabalistic freemasonry and Stuart culture (2002), p. 212; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvBynNte54YC&pg=PA212">Google Books</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Kuntz. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Wernham, p. 486. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Rose, p. 281-2. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Rose, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Rose, p. 270. </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Bedford, p. 244. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Mazzotta, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Israel, p. 454 . </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Israel, p. 632. </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Israel, p. 498. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Jonathan Israel</a>, Enlightenment Contested (2006), p. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gay" title="Peter Gay">Peter Gay</a>, The Enlightenment I: The Rise of Modern Paganism (1973) p. 298. </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Israel, p. 690 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Bodin,_Jean">"Bodin, Jean" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 149–150.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bodin%2C+Jean&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=149-150&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Israel, p. 695. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Rose. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Garber and Ayers I, pp. 415-6 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Lewalski, p. 670 note 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Lewalski, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Kurtz p. lxx. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> D. P. Walker The decline of hell Seventeenth-Century Discussions of Eternal Torment (9780226871066) Page 74 footnoted 1857 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megaloburgiensium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megaloburgiensium (page does not exist)">Megaloburgiensium</a> p341-4. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://Dogme">https://Dogme</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] et Rituel de la Haute Magi Part I: The Doctrine of Transcendental Magic By Eliphas Levi (Alphonse Louis Constant), Translated by A. E. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68939">10.1093/ref:odnb/68939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Darcy%2C+Brian&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F68939&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> Barbara Rosen, Witchcraft in England, 1558-1618 (1969), p. 121–2 note; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Ij_8vgoKPgC&pg=PA121">Google Books</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWootton" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wootton, David. 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New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean+Bodin&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Bouwsma, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Roland Mousnier, The Assassination of Henry IV, (English translation 1973), p. 253. </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Harro Höpfl, Jesuit Political Thought: the Society of Jesus and the state, c. 1540-1630 (2004), p. 332; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HvRzWf1cWDMC&pg=PA332">Google Books</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kamen" title="Henry Kamen">Henry Kamen</a>, Inquisition and Society in Spain, p. 85. </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> Cooper, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> J. H. Elliott, Richelieu and Olivares (1991), p. 118. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Ankarloo and Henningsen (editors), Early Modern European Witchcraft, p. 34. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Blair, Ann. (1997). The Theater of Nature: Jean Bodin and Renaissance Science. Princeton: Princeton University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bouwsma" title="William Bouwsma">Bouwsma, William</a>. (1984). Venice and the Defense of Republican Liberty: Renaissance Values in the Age of the Counter-Reformation, Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li>Burns, J. H. (editor). (1991). The Cambridge History of Political Thought 1450–1700, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>Cooper, J. P., editors <a href="/wiki/G._E._Aylmer" class="mw-redirect" title="G. E. Aylmer">G. E. Aylmer</a> and <a href="/wiki/J._S._Morrill" class="mw-redirect" title="J. S. Morrill">J. S. Morrill</a>. (1983). Land, Men and Beliefs: Studies in Early-Modern History, London: Hambledon Press.</li> <li>Marie-Dominique Couzinet. (1996), Histoire et Méthode à la Renaissance, une lecture de la "Methodus" de Jean Bodin, Paris, Vrin.</li> <li>Davies, R. Trevor. (1954). The Golden Century of Spain: 1501-1621, London: Macmillan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._H._Elliott" title="J. H. Elliott">Elliott, J. H.</a> (2000). Europe Divided: 1559-1598, Oxford: Blackwell.</li> <li>Franklin, Julian H. (1963). Jean Bodin and the 16th Century Revolution in the Methodology of Law and History, New York: Columbia University Press.</li> <li>Franklin, Julian H. (1973). Jean Bodin and the Rise of Absolutist Theory, Cambridge: University Press.</li> <li>Glacken, Clarence. (1967). Traces on the Rhodian Shore: Nature and Culture in Western Thought from Ancient Times to the End of the Eighteenth Century, Berkeley: University of California Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hodgen" title="Margaret Hodgen">Hodgen, Margaret</a>. (1971). Early Anthropology in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.</li> <li>Holt, Mack P. (2002). Renaissance and Reformation France, New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Israel" title="Jonathan Israel">Israel, Jonathan</a>. (2001). Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity 1650-1750, New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Jacobsen, Mogens Chrom. (2000). Jean Bodin et le dilemme de la philosophie politique moderne, Aarhus: Museum Tusculamnum Press.</li> <li>Kelley, Donald R. (1981). The Beginning of Ideology: Consciousness and Society in the French Reformation, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li> <li>King, Preston T. (1974). The Ideology of Order: a Comparative Analysis of Jean Bodin and Thomas Hobbes, London: Allen & Unwin.</li> <li>Kuntz, Marion Leathers, ed. (2008, original pub. 1975). Colloquium of the Seven about Secrets of the Sublime by Jean Bodin, Penn State Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-03435-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-03435-1">0-271-03435-1</a></li> <li>Lange, Ursula (1970) Untersuchungen zu Bodins Demonomanie. Frankfurt am Main: Vittorio Klostermann.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Lewalski" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Lewalski">Lewalski, Barbara</a>. (2003). The Life of John Milton: A Critical Biography, Oxford: Blackwell.</li> <li>Mazzotta, Giuseppe. (1999). The New Map of the World: The Poetic Philosophy of Giambattista Vico, Princeton: Princeton University Press.</li> <li>McCrea, Adriana. (1997). Constant Minds: Political Virtue and the Lipsian Paradigm in England, 1584-1650, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Purkiss" title="Diane Purkiss">Purkiss, Diane</a>. (1996). The Witch in History: Early Modern and Twentieth-Century Representations, New York: Routledge.</li> <li>Rose, P. L. (1987). "Bodin's Universe and Its Paradoxes: Some Problems in the Intellectual Biography of Jean Bodin," pp. 266–288 in E. I. Kouri and Tom Scott (eds.) (1987), Politics and Society in Reformation Europe, London: Macmillan.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Trevor-Roper" title="Hugh Trevor-Roper">Trevor-Roper, Hugh</a>. (1961). Renaissance Essays, Chicago: Chicago University Press.</li> <li>Varacalli, Thomas F.X. "Coronaeus and Relationship between Philosophy and Doctrine in Jean Bodin's Colloquium" Logos: A Journal of Catholic Thought and Culture 20, no. 3 (Summer 2017): 122–146.</li> <li>Wernham, R. B. (ed.), (1971). New Cambridge Modern History vol. III, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Jean_Bodin&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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Bodin</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Everdell" title="William Everdell">Everdell, William R.</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhm.pdp6.org/archives/wre-republics.html">From State to Free-State The Meaning of the Word Republic from Jean Bodin to John Adams</a>"</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/bodin">"Jean Bodin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean+Bodin&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fbodin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://projects.iq.harvard.edu/bodinproject">The Bodin Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.constitution.org/bodin/bodin_.htm">Six Books of the Commonwealth</a> - abridged English translation of Les Six livres de la République</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/7655">Works by Jean Bodin</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Bodin%2C%20Jean%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Jean%20Bodin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bodin%2C%20Jean%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Jean%20Bodin%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Bodin%2C%20J%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Jean%20Bodin%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Bodin%2C%20Jean%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Jean%20Bodin%22%29%20OR%20%28%221530-1596%22%20AND%20Bodin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Jean Bodin</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicum.net/themen/hexenforschung/lexikon/personen/art/Bodin_Jean/html/artikel/1584/ca/3072cb6848/">Lexikon zur Geschichte der Hexenverfolgung (German)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719183652/http://www.historicum.net/themen/hexenforschung/lexikon/personen/art/Bodin_Jean/html/artikel/1584/ca/3072cb6848/">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b07hhvxx">Sovereignty</a> from the BBC series <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)">In Our Time</a>, broadcast 30 June 2016.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Jean Bodin". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bbkl.de/b/bodin_j">Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL)</a> (in German).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jean+Bodin&rft.btitle=Biographisch-Bibliographisches+Kirchenlexikon+%28BBKL%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbkl.de%2Fb%2Fbodin_j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJean+Bodin" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://portal.dnb.de/opac.htm?method=simpleSearch&cqlMode=true&query=idn%3D118512307">Literature by and about Jean Bodin</a> in the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library" title="German National Library">German National Library</a> catalogue</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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Petty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenant" title="Charles Davenant">Charles Davenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinando_Galiani" title="Ferdinando Galiani">Ferdinando Galiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Denham-Steuart" class="mw-redirect" title="James Denham-Steuart">James Denham-Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philipp_von_H%C3%B6rnigk" title="Philipp von Hörnigk">Philipp Wilhelm von Hornick</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_philosophy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">Citizenship‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite" title="Elite">Elite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emancipation" title="Emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom" title="Freedom">Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hegemony" title="Hegemony">Hegemony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice" title="Justice">Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obedience_(human_behavior)" class="mw-redirect" title="Obedience (human behavior)">Obedience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People" title="People">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_philosophy)" title="Pluralism (political philosophy)">Pluralism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progress" title="Progress">Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regime" title="Regime">Regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution" title="Revolution">Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights" title="Rights">Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruling_class" title="Ruling class">Ruling class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopia" title="Utopia">Utopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War" title="War">War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocracy" title="Autocracy">Autocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">Dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerontocracy" title="Gerontocracy">Gerontocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutocracy" title="Plutocracy">Plutocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">Theocracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ideologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrarianism" title="Agrarianism">Agrarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">Colonialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">Libertarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Localism_(politics)" title="Localism (politics)">Localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Populism" title="Populism">Populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">Social democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Way" title="Third Way">Third Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">Balance of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellum_omnium_contra_omnes" title="Bellum omnium contra omnes">Bellum omnium contra omnes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_politic" title="Body politic">Body politic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Civilizations" title="Clash of Civilizations">Clash of civilizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_as_a_model_for_the_state" title="Family as a model for the state">Family as a model for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly_on_violence" title="Monopoly on violence">Monopoly on violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negative_and_positive_rights" title="Negative and positive rights">Negative and positive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night-watchman_state" title="Night-watchman state">Night-watchman state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_lie" title="Noble lie">Noble lie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noblesse_oblige" title="Noblesse oblige">Noblesse oblige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_society" title="Open society">Open society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_position" title="Original position">Original position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overton_window" title="Overton window">Overton window</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">Separation of powers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_contract" title="Social contract">Social contract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_nature" title="State of nature">State of nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statolatry" title="Statolatry">Statolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyranny_of_the_majority" title="Tyranny of the majority">Tyranny of the majority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_philosophers" title="List of political philosophers">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Fei" title="Han Fei">Han Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lactantius" title="Lactantius">Lactantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozi" title="Mozi">Mozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plato%27s_political_philosophy" title="Plato's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Alpharabius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroes" title="Averroes">Averroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Bruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsilius_of_Padua" title="Marsilius of Padua">Marsilius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizam_al-Mulk" title="Nizam al-Mulk">Nizam al-Mulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">Ockham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemistos_Plethon" title="Gemistos Plethon">Plethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Anshi" title="Wang Anshi">Wang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern period</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_de_La_Bo%C3%A9tie" title="Étienne de La Boétie">Boétie</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-B%C3%A9nigne_Bossuet" title="Jacques-Bénigne Bossuet">Bossuet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">Calvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommaso_Campanella" title="Tommaso Campanella">Campanella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Filmer" title="Robert Filmer">Filmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Grotius" title="Hugo Grotius">Grotius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francesco_Guicciardini" title="Francesco Guicciardini">Guicciardini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hobbes" title="Thomas Hobbes">Hobbes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hobbes%27s_moral_and_political_philosophy" title="Hobbes's moral and political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottfried_Wilhelm_Leibniz" title="Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz">Leibniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Machiavelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">Milton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M%C3%BCntzer" title="Thomas Müntzer">Müntzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_von_Pufendorf" title="Samuel von Pufendorf">Pufendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baruch_Spinoza" title="Baruch Spinoza">Spinoza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Su%C3%A1rez" title="Francisco Suárez">Suárez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th and 19th centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Bakunin" title="Mikhail Bakunin">Bakunin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Bastiat" title="Frédéric Bastiat">Bastiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Beccaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Bentham" title="Jeremy Bentham">Bentham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_St_John,_1st_Viscount_Bolingbroke" title="Henry St John, 1st Viscount Bolingbroke">Bolingbroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carlyle" title="Thomas Carlyle">Carlyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Comte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Constant" title="Benjamin Constant">Constant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Donoso_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Juan Donoso Cortés">Cortés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Fichte" title="Johann Gottlieb Fichte">Fichte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fourier" title="Charles Fourier">Fourier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Godwin" title="William Godwin">Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Ludwig_von_Haller" title="Karl Ludwig von Haller">Haller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Hegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hume" title="David Hume">Hume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Iqbal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal%27s_political_philosophy" title="Muhammad Iqbal's political philosophy">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Kant" title="Immanuel Kant">Kant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_philosophy_of_Immanuel_Kant" title="Political philosophy of Immanuel Kant">political philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_Le_Bon" title="Gustave Le Bon">Le Bon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">Le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Maistre" title="Joseph de Maistre">Maistre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Mazzini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Mill" title="John Stuart Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Nietzsche" title="Friedrich Nietzsche">Nietzsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Owen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Renan" title="Ernest Renan">Renan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Saint-Simon" title="Henri de Saint-Simon">Saint-Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith" title="Adam Smith">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer" title="Herbert Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Stirner" title="Max Stirner">Stirner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Taine" title="Hippolyte Taine">Taine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville" title="Alexis de Tocqueville">Tocqueville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Tucker" title="Benjamin Tucker">Tucker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th and 21st centuries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Agamben" title="Giorgio Agamben">Agamben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Arendt" title="Hannah Arendt">Arendt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Aron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Benoist" title="Alain de Benoist">Benoist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Berlin" title="Isaiah Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Bernstein" title="Eduard Bernstein">Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dmowski" title="Roman Dmowski">Dmowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dugin" title="Aleksandr Dugin">Dugin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Dworkin" title="Ronald Dworkin">Dworkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Evola" title="Julius Evola">Evola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Foucault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Fromm" title="Erich Fromm">Fromm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Fukuyama" title="Francis Fukuyama">Fukuyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Gentile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Gu%C3%A9non" title="René Guénon">Guénon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Hayek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Huntington" title="Samuel P. Huntington">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Kautsky" title="Karl Kautsky">Kautsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Laclau" title="Ernesto Laclau">Laclau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Michels" title="Robert Michels">Michels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Mises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaetano_Mosca" title="Gaetano Mosca">Mosca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chantal_Mouffe" title="Chantal Mouffe">Mouffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nozick" title="Robert Nozick">Nozick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Nussbaum" title="Martha Nussbaum">Nussbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Oakeshott" title="Michael Oakeshott">Oakeshott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Ortega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilfredo_Pareto" title="Vilfredo Pareto">Pareto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Popper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Qutb" title="Sayyid Qutb">Qutb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rawls" title="John Rawls">Rawls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6pke" title="Wilhelm Röpke">Röpke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Rothbard" title="Murray Rothbard">Rothbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Schmitt" title="Carl Schmitt">Schmitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Scruton" title="Roger Scruton">Scruton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Shariati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Sorel" title="Georges Sorel">Sorel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othmar_Spann" title="Othmar Spann">Spann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Spengler" title="Oswald Spengler">Spengler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Taylor_(philosopher)" title="Charles Taylor (philosopher)">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Walzer" title="Michael Walzer">Walzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Weber</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_(Plato)" title="Republic (Plato)">Republic</a> (c. 375 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_(Aristotle)" title="Politics (Aristotle)">Politics</a> (c. 350 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_re_publica" title="De re publica">De re publica</a> (51 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a> (c. 1274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchia" title="Monarchia">Monarchia</a> (1313)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince" title="The Prince">The Prince</a> (1532)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leviathan_(Hobbes_book)" title="Leviathan (Hobbes book)">Leviathan</a> (1651)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Treatises_of_Government" title="Two Treatises of Government">Two Treatises of Government</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_of_Law" title="The Spirit of Law">The Spirit of Law</a> (1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Social_Contract" title="The Social Contract">The Social Contract</a> (1762)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_the_Revolution_in_France" title="Reflections on the Revolution in France">Reflections on the Revolution in France</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Man" title="Rights of Man">Rights of Man</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_the_Philosophy_of_Right" title="Elements of the Philosophy of Right">Elements of the Philosophy of Right</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Liberty" title="On Liberty">On Liberty</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Masses" title="The Revolt of the Masses">The Revolt of the Masses</a> (1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Serfdom" title="The Road to Serfdom">The Road to Serfdom</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Open_Society_and_Its_Enemies" title="The Open Society and Its Enemies">The Open Society and Its Enemies</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Origins_of_Totalitarianism" title="The Origins of Totalitarianism">The Origins of Totalitarianism</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Theory_of_Justice" title="A Theory of Justice">A Theory of Justice</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_End_of_History_and_the_Last_Man" title="The End of History and the Last Man">The End of History and the Last Man</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_organization#Collectivism_and_individualism" title="Social organization">Collectivism and individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_theories" title="Conflict theories">Conflict theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contractualism" title="Contractualism">Contractualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">Egalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elite_theory" title="Elite theory">Elite theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_political_thought" title="History of political thought">History of political thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutional_discrimination" title="Institutional discrimination">Institutional discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">Jurisprudence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justification_for_the_state" title="Justification for the state">Justification for the state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machiavellianism_(politics)" title="Machiavellianism (politics)">Machiavellianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_ethics" title="Political ethics">Political ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">Political spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">Centrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">Right-wing politics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_theology" title="Political theology">Political theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_violence" title="Political violence">Political violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separatism" title="Separatism">Separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">Social justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism" title="Statism">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_social_and_political_philosophy_articles" title="Index of social and political philosophy articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_philosophy" title="Category:Political philosophy">Category:Political philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px 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