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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tribute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%A5%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ستفان فريدرش إندليشر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستفان فريدرش إندليشر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="اشتفان اندلیشر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اشتفان اندلیشر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Endlicher" title="Stephan Endlicher – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Stephan Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Endlicher" title="Stephan Endlicher – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Stephan Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%BD_%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%82_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%87%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Στέφαν Λάντισλαους Έντλιχερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στέφαν Λάντισλαους Έντλιχερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="اشتفان اندلیشر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اشتفان اندلیشر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Endlicher" title="Stephan Endlicher – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Stephan Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Endlicher" title="Stephan Endlicher – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Stephan Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="ستفان فريدرش اندليشر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستفان فريدرش اندليشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Endlicher" title="Stephan Endlicher – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stephan Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A5%E3%83%86%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AA%E3%83%92%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="シュテファン・エンドリヒャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シュテファン・エンドリヒャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81" title="Эндлихер, Штефан Ладислаус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Эндлихер, Штефан Ладислаус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tefan_Ladislav_Endlicher" title="Štefan Ladislav Endlicher – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Štefan Ladislav Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%95%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Штефан Ладіслаус Ендліхер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Штефан Ладіслаус Ендліхер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%87%A1%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%AD%87" title="斯特凡·恩德利歇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斯特凡·恩德利歇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q78605#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Endl.&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Endl.">Endl.</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Austrian botanist and linguist</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Endl." redirects here. For the computer code, see <a href="/wiki/Newline" title="Newline">Newline</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Endlicher.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Endlicher.jpg/220px-Endlicher.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Endlicher.jpg/330px-Endlicher.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Endlicher.jpg/440px-Endlicher.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">24 June 1804<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1804-06-24</span>)</span><br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Pressburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pressburg">Bratislava</a> (Pozsony), <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">28 March 1849<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtend dday deathdate">1849-03-29</span>)</span> (aged 44)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Austrian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Endlicher István László</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Genera Plantarum</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">Author abbrev. (botany)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><b>Endl.</b></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Stephan Friedrich Ladislaus Endlicher</b>, also known as <b>Endlicher István László</b> (24 June 1804 – 28 March 1849), was an <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Botanist" class="mw-redirect" title="Botanist">botanist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Numismatist" title="Numismatist">numismatist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sinologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinologist">Sinologist</a>. He was a director of the Botanical Garden of Vienna. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endlicher studied theology and received minor orders. In 1828 he was appointed to the <a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterreichische_Nationalbibliothek" class="mw-redirect" title="Österreichische Nationalbibliothek">Austrian National Library</a> to reorganize its manuscript collection. Concurrently he studied <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>, in particular botany, and East-Asian languages. </p><p>In 1836, Endlicher was appointed keeper of the court cabinet of natural history,<sup id="cite_ref-amcyc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amcyc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1840 he became professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Vienna" title="University of Vienna">University of Vienna</a> and director of its <a href="/wiki/Botanical_Garden_of_the_University_of_Vienna" title="Botanical Garden of the University of Vienna">Botanical Garden</a>. He wrote a comprehensive description of the plant kingdom according to a natural system, at the time its most comprehensive description. As proposed by Endlicher, it contained images with text. It was published together with the reissue of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Unger" title="Franz Unger">Franz Unger</a>'s <i>Grundzüge der Botanik</i> (Fundamentals of Botany). </p><p>Endlicher was fundamental in establishing the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Austrian Academy of Sciences">Imperial Academy of Science</a> (German: <i lang="de">Akademie der Wissenschaften</i>), but when contrary to his expectations the Baron <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hammer_von_Purgstall" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Hammer von Purgstall">Joseph Hammer von Purgstall</a> was elected its president in his stead, he resigned. He presented his library and herbaria to the state, and passed several hours every week for 10 years in the society of the <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Austria" title="Ferdinand I of Austria">Emperor Ferdinand</a>, but he received no other reward than the title of councillor (German: <i lang="de">Regierungsrath</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-amcyc_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amcyc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1842, he was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a known liberal, Endlicher was asked to act as mediator during the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1848" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1848">revolution of 1848</a>, but eventually was forced to leave Vienna for a time. In 1848 he also became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt Parliament">Frankfurt Parliament</a> and the assembly at <a href="/wiki/Krom%C4%9B%C5%99%C3%AD%C5%BE" title="Kroměříž">Kremsier (Kroměříž)</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endlicher made valuable contributions to the science of old German and classic literature, and pointed out new sources of Hungarian history, publishing <i>Fragmenta Theotisca Versionis antiquissimae Evangelii Matthaei</i> (edited with <a href="/wiki/Hoffmann_von_Fallersleben" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoffmann von Fallersleben">Hoffmann von Fallersleben</a>, 1834), an edition of two poems of <a href="/wiki/Priscian" title="Priscian">Priscian</a> (1828), and <i>Anonymi Belæ Regis Notarii de Gestis Hungarorum Liber</i> (1827). His linguistic publications comprise <i>Analecta Grammatica</i> (with Eichenfeld, 1836), and <i>Anfangsgründe der chinesischen Grammatik</i> (Foundations of Chinese grammar; 1845).<sup id="cite_ref-amcyc_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amcyc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His <i>Verzeichniss der japanesischen und chinesischen Münzen des kaiserlichen Münz- und Antikencabinets</i> (Catalog of Japanese and Chinese coins in the imperial coin and antique collections; 1837) and <i>Atlas von China nach der Aufnahme der Jesuitenmissionäre</i> (Atlas of China after the arrival of the Jesuit missionaries; 1843) are finely executed, and deserve mention as specimens of his great liberality.<sup id="cite_ref-amcyc_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amcyc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He wrote several works in conjunction with other scholars, and many of his minor writings are scattered among the periodicals of his time, especially in the <i>Annalen des Wiener Museums</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-amcyc_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amcyc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Botany">Botany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Botany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority and the most valuable of his works are on botany. Foremost among them are his: <i>Genera Plantarum</i> (1831–1841), in which he lays down a new system of classification; <i>Grundzüge einer neuen Theorie der Pflanzenerzeugung</i> (Foundations of a new theory of plant breeding; 1838); and <i>Die Medicinalpflanzen der österreichischen Pharmakopöe</i> (Medicinal plants in the Austrian pharmacopoeia; 1842). </p><p>His other principal botanical works are: <i>Ceratotheca</i> (1822), <i>Flora Posoniensis</i> (1830), <i>Diesingia</i> (1832), <i>Atacta Botanica</i> (1833), <i>Iconographia Generum Plantarum</i> (1838), <i>Enchiridion Botanikum</i> (1841) and <i>Synopsis Coniferarum</i> (1847).<sup id="cite_ref-amcyc_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-amcyc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Endlicher established the botanical journal <i>Annalen des Wiener Museums der Naturgeschichte</i> (1835 and on). He began the work <i><a href="/wiki/Flora_Brasiliensis" title="Flora Brasiliensis">Flora Brasiliensis</a></i> with <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Philipp_von_Martius" title="Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius">Carl Friedrich Philipp von Martius</a>. He also published early works on the flora of Australia, including the plants collected by <a href="/wiki/Carl_von_Hugel" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl von Hugel">Carl von Hugel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Bauer" title="Ferdinand Bauer">Ferdinand Bauer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ANGB_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ANGB-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Endlicher described many new plant <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_(genus)" title="Sequoia (genus)">genus <i>Sequoia</i></a>, and also its only extant species <a href="/wiki/Sequoia_sempervirens" title="Sequoia sempervirens"><i>Sequoia sempervirens</i> (California coast redwood)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Endlicher never offered an explanation for the name, later writers speculated that he must have been inspired by the achievements of the American <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherokee people">Cherokee</a> Indian linguist <a href="/wiki/Sequoyah" title="Sequoyah">Sequoyah</a>. John Davis credited Endlicher with naming the new species of Sierra redwood <i>Sequoyah gigantea</i> in 1847, the present day <a href="/wiki/Sequoiadendron_giganteum" title="Sequoiadendron giganteum"><i>Sequoiadendron giganteum</i> (California giant redwood)</a>, to honor Sequoyah's invention of the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee syllabary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Davis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recent scholarship supports this hypothesis; Endlicher appears to have combined the Latin <i>sequi</i> (meaning <i>to follow</i>) with his admiration of Sequoyah and coined "Sequoia" because the number of seeds per cone in the newly classified genus fell in mathematical sequence with the other four genera in the suborder. .<sup id="cite_ref-Lowe_2012_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lowe_2012-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Endlicher_System">Endlicher System</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Endlicher System"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Endlicher's system for plant classification is laid out as follows in his <i>Genera Plantarum</i>, with a hierarchy of <i>Regio</i>, <i>Sectio</i>, <i>Cohors</i>, <i>Classis</i>, <i>Ordo</i>, with further subdivisions (and finally <i>Genus</i>), using a sequential numbering system, as shown for some taxa; </p> <dl><dt>Outline</dt></dl> <ul><li>Thallophyta <ul><li>Protophyta</li> <li>Hysterophyta</li></ul></li> <li>Cormophyta <ul><li>Acrobrya</li> <li>Amphibrya</li> <li>Acramphibrya</li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt>Conspectus</dt></dl> <ul><li>Regio I. THALLOPHYTA <ul><li>Sectio I. Protophyta <ul><li>Classis I. Algae <ul><li>Ordo I. Diatomaceae <ul><li>I. Diatomeae <ul><li>a. Frustulieae (Gen. 1–12)</li> <li>b. Hydrolineae (Gen. 13–18)</li></ul></li> <li>II. Dermidieae <ul><li>a. Micrasterieae (Gen. 19–21)</li> <li>b. Echinelleae (Gen. 22–24)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ordo II. Nostochinae</li> <li>Ordo III. Confervaceae</li> <li>Ordo IV. Characeae</li> <li>Ordo V. Ulvaceae</li> <li>Ordo VI. Floridae</li> <li>Ordo VII. Fucaceae</li></ul></li> <li>Classis II. Lichenes</li></ul></li> <li>Sectio II. Hysterophyta <ul><li>Classis III. Fungi</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Regio II. CORMOPHYTA <ul><li>Sectio III. Acrobrya <ul><li>Cohors I. Anophyta <ul><li>Classis IV. Hepitacea</li> <li>Classis V. Musci</li></ul></li> <li>Cohors II. Protophyta <ul><li>Classis VI. Equiseta</li> <li>Classis VII. Filices</li> <li>Classis VIII. Hydropterides</li> <li>Classis IX. Selagines</li> <li>Classis X. Zamiae</li></ul></li> <li>Cohors II. Hysterophyta <ul><li>Classis XI. Rhizanthaea</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sectio IV. Amphibrya <ul><li>Classis 12. Glumaceae</li> <li>Classis 13. Enantioblastae</li> <li>Classis 14. Helobiae</li> <li>Classis 15. Coronariae <ul><li>Ordo 51. Juncaceae</li> <li>Ordo 52. Philydreae</li> <li>Ordo 53. Melanthaceae</li> <li>Ordo 54. Pontederaceae</li> <li>Ordo 55. Liliaceae</li> <li>Ordo 56. Smilaceae</li> <li>Ordo 57. Dioscoreae</li> <li>Ordo 58. Taccaceae</li></ul></li> <li>Classis 16. Artorhizae</li> <li>Classis 17. Ensatae</li> <li>Classis 18. Gynandrae</li> <li>Classis 19. Scitamineae</li> <li>Classis 20. Fluviales</li> <li>Classis 21. Spadiciflorae</li> <li>Classis 22. Principes.</li></ul></li> <li>Sectio IV. Acramphibrya <ul><li>Cohors I. Gymnosperma <ul><li>Classis 23. Coniferae</li></ul></li> <li>Cohors II. Apetalae <ul><li>Classis 24. Piperitae</li> <li>Aquaticae</li> <li>Juliflorae</li> <li>Oleraceae</li> <li>Thymeleae</li> <li>Classis 29. Serpentariae</li></ul></li> <li>Cohors III. Gamopetala <ul><li>Plumbagines</li> <li>Classis 32. Campanulinae</li> <li>Contortae</li> <li>Tubiflorae</li> <li>Classis 31. Aggregatae</li> <li>Caprifolia</li> <li>Kuculiferae</li> <li>Personatae</li> <li>Petalantheae</li> <li>Classis 39. Bicornes</li></ul></li> <li>Cohors IV. Dialypetala <ul><li>Classis 40. Discanthae</li> <li>Classis 41. Corniculatae</li> <li>Polycarpicae</li> <li>Rhoeades</li> <li>Nelumbea</li> <li>Parietales</li> <li>Peponiferae</li> <li>Opuntiae</li> <li>Caryophyllinae</li> <li>Classis 49. Columniferae</li> <li>Guttiferae</li> <li>Hesperides</li> <li>Acera</li> <li>Classis 54. Polygalinae</li> <li>Frangulaceae</li> <li>Tricoccae</li> <li>Terebinthinae</li> <li>Gruinales</li> <li>Classis 59. Calycifiorae</li> <li>Myrtiflorae</li> <li>Rosiflorae</li> <li>Classis 62. Leguminosae</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Taxonomy">Taxonomy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Taxonomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standard_author_abbreviation">Standard author abbreviation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standard author abbreviation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1213917922">.mw-parser-output .botanist-bordered{border:0 solid #ddd;border-width:2px 0;padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .botanist .nickname{font-weight:bold}</style><span class="botanist">The standard <a href="/wiki/List_of_botanists_by_author_abbreviation_(A)" title="List of botanists by author abbreviation (A)">author abbreviation</a> <span class="vcard"><span class="fn n"><span class="nickname">Endl.</span></span></span> is used to indicate this person as the author when <a href="/wiki/Author_citation_(botany)" title="Author citation (botany)">citing</a> a <a href="/wiki/Botanical_name" title="Botanical name">botanical name</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_works">Important works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Important works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Flora Brasiliensis</i></li> <li><i>Genera Plantarum Secundum Ordines Naturales Disposita</i> (1836–50)<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Synopsis Coniferarum</i> (1847);<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> often shortened as "Syn. Conif."</li> <li><i>Die Medicinal-Pflanzen der österreichischen Pharmakopöe: ein Handbuch für Ärzte und Apotheker</i>. Gerold, Wien 1842<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enumeratio_plantarum_quas_in_Novae_Hollandiae_ora_austro-occidentali_ad_fluvium_Cygnorum_et_in_sinu_Regis_Georgii_collegit_Carolus_Liber_Baro_de_H%C3%BCgel" title="Enumeratio plantarum quas in Novae Hollandiae ora austro-occidentali ad fluvium Cygnorum et in sinu Regis Georgii collegit Carolus Liber Baro de Hügel">Enumeratio plantarum quas in Novae Hollandiae ora austro-occidentali ad fluvium Cygnorum et in sinu Regis Georgii collegit Carolus Liber Baro de Hügel</a></i></li> <li><i>Prodromus Florae Norfolkicae</i> <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Flora of <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a>), available online at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/41255">Project Gutenberg ebooks</a></li> <li><i>Stirplum Australisicum</i> <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribute">Tribute</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tribute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genus <i><a href="/wiki/Endlicheria" title="Endlicheria">Endlicheria</a></i> of the family <a href="/wiki/Lauraceae" title="Lauraceae">Lauraceae</a> and the genus <i>Endlichera</i> of the family <a href="/wiki/Rubiaceae" title="Rubiaceae">Rubiaceae</a> (now synonym of <i><a href="/wiki/Emmeorhiza" title="Emmeorhiza">Emmeorhiza</a></i>) were named in his honour. Both plant genera occur in Tropical America. </p><p>The African fish <i><a href="/wiki/Polypterus_endlicherii" title="Polypterus endlicherii">Polypterus endlicherii</a></i> <small><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Heckel" title="Johann Jakob Heckel">Heckel</a>, 1847</small> was named in honor of Endlicher, who apparently discovered the species in the fish collection at the Naturhistorisches Museum (Vienna).<sup id="cite_ref-ETYFish_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ETYFish-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxa_named_by_Stephan_Endlicher" title="Category:Taxa named by Stephan Endlicher">Category:Taxa named by Stephan Endlicher</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-amcyc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-amcyc_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amcyc_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amcyc_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amcyc_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amcyc_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-amcyc_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRipleyDana1879" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Ripley, George; Dana, Charles A., eds. (1879). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The American Cyclopædia (1879)/Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_(1879)/Endlicher,_Stephan_Ladislaus">"Endlicher, Stephan Ladislaus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Cyclop%C3%A6dia" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Cyclopædia">The American Cyclopædia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Endlicher%2C+Stephan+Ladislaus&rft.btitle=The+American+Cyclop%C3%A6dia&rft.date=1879&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephan+Endlicher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1842&year-max=1842&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3D%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D1842%26year-max%3D1842%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephan+Endlicher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academie-sciences.fr/fr/Liste-des-membres-depuis-la-creation-de-l-Academie-des-sciences/les-membres-du-passe-dont-le-nom-commence-par-r.html">"Les membres du passé dont le nom commence par R | Liste des membres depuis la création de l'Académie des sciences | Membres | Nous connaître"</a>. <i>www.academie-sciences.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(1804–1849)"</a>. <i>Collectors & Illustrators</i>. Australian National Herbarium. 13 November 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Collectors+%26+Illustrators&rft.atitle=Endlicher%2C+Stephan+L.+%281804%E2%80%931849%29&rft.date=2007-11-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anbg.gov.au%2Fbiography%2Fendlicher-stephan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephan+Endlicher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7531">Calflora Database: <i>Sequoia sempervirens</i> (Coast redwood)</a>; (D. Don) Endl.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, John B. <i>Chronicles of Oklahoma</i>. Vol. 8, Number 2. "The Life and Work of Sequoyah." June 1930. Retrieved 4 April 2013.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://digital.library.okstate.edu/chronicles/v008/v008p149.html">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.calflora.org/cgi-bin/species_query.cgi?where-calrecnum=7532">Calflora Database: <i>Sequoiadendron giganteum</i> (Giant redwood)</a>; (Lindley) J.Buchholz.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lowe_2012-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lowe_2012_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowe2012" class="citation journal cs1">Lowe, Gary D. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnps.org/cnps/publications/fremontia/FremontiaV40.1_40.2.pdf">"Endlicher's sequence: the naming of the genus <i>Sequoia</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fremontia</i>. <b>40</b> (1 & 2): 25–35<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fremontia&rft.atitle=Endlicher%27s+sequence%3A+the+naming+of+the+genus+Sequoia&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1+%26+2&rft.pages=25-35&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Lowe&rft.aufirst=Gary+D.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnps.org%2Fcnps%2Fpublications%2Ffremontia%2FFremontiaV40.1_40.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephan+Endlicher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Plant_Names_Index" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Plant_Names_Index" title="International Plant Names Index">International Plant Names Index</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Endl."><i> Endl</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=+Endl.&rft.au=International+Plant+Names+Index&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.org%2Fipni%2FadvAuthorSearch.do%3Ffind_abbreviation%3DEndl.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephan+Endlicher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndlicher,_Stephanus1836" class="citation cs2">Endlicher, Stephanus (1836), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/728#/summary"><i>Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/Vindobonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Vindobonae">Vindobonae</a>: Apud Fr.Beck</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genera+plantarum+secundum+ordines+naturales+disposita&rft.place=Vindobonae&rft.pub=Apud+Fr.Beck&rft.date=1836&rft.au=Endlicher%2C+Stephanus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F728%23%2Fsummary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephan+Endlicher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndlicher,_Stephano1847" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Endlicher, Stephano (1847), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/15336"><i>Synopsis Coniferarum</i></a> (in Latin), Sangalli: Apud Scheitlin & Zollikofer</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Synopsis+Coniferarum&rft.place=Sangalli&rft.pub=Apud+Scheitlin+%26+Zollikofer&rft.date=1847&rft.au=Endlicher%2C+Stephano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fbibliography%2F15336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephan+Endlicher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:hbz:061:2-8105">Digital edition</a> by the <a href="/wiki/University_and_State_Library_D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="University and State Library Düsseldorf">University and State Library Düsseldorf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndlicher,_Stephanus1833" class="citation cs2">Endlicher, Stephanus (1833), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/12446421"><i>Prodromus florae norfolkicae, sive catalogus stirpium quae in Insula Norfolk annis 1804 et 1805 a Ferdinando Bauer collectae et depictae</i></a>, Universitats verlag (Friderich Beck)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prodromus+florae+norfolkicae%2C+sive+catalogus+stirpium+quae+in+Insula+Norfolk+annis+1804+et+1805+a+Ferdinando+Bauer+collectae+et+depictae&rft.pub=Universitats+verlag+%28Friderich+Beck%29&rft.date=1833&rft.au=Endlicher%2C+Stephanus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F12446421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephan+Endlicher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEndlicher,_Stephanus1833" class="citation cs2">Endlicher, Stephanus (1833), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/work/12446421"><i>Prodromus florae norfolkicae, sive catalogus stirpium quae in Insula Norfolk annis 1804 et 1805 a Ferdinando Bauer collectae et depictae</i></a>, Universitats verlag (Friderich Beck)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2019</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prodromus+florae+norfolkicae%2C+sive+catalogus+stirpium+quae+in+Insula+Norfolk+annis+1804+et+1805+a+Ferdinando+Bauer+collectae+et+depictae&rft.pub=Universitats+verlag+%28Friderich+Beck%29&rft.date=1833&rft.au=Endlicher%2C+Stephanus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftrove.nla.gov.au%2Fwork%2F12446421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephan+Endlicher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ETYFish-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ETYFish_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_ScharpfKenneth_J._Lazara2018" class="citation web cs1">Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara (22 September 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211011080608/https://etyfish.org/polypteriformes/">"Order POLYPTERIFORMES (Bichirs)"</a>. <i>The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database</i>. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etyfish.org/polypteriformes/">the original</a> on 11 October 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+ETYFish+Project+Fish+Name+Etymology+Database&rft.atitle=Order+POLYPTERIFORMES+%28Bichirs%29&rft.date=2018-09-22&rft.au=Christopher+Scharpf&rft.au=Kenneth+J.+Lazara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etyfish.org%2Fpolypteriformes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephan+Endlicher" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stephan_Endlicher&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher">Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRompel1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rompel, Joseph (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Stephan_Ladislaus_Endlicher">"Stephan Ladislaus Endlicher" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Stephan+Ladislaus+Endlicher&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Rompel&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AStephan+Endlicher" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.botanicus.org/creator/835">View digitized titles by Endlicher in <i>Botanicus.org</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcatlibraries.org/search?q=Stephan+Endlicher&qt=results_page">Comprehensive bibliography on WorldCat</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/41074">Works by Stephan Endlicher</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%22Endlicher%22%29">Works by or about Stephan Endlicher</a> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110270838">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/54303131">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1947786/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJr7YmhyJKYyKMgwct69Xd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/100122434">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/nr00026966">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135172884">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb135172884">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36363638">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002145264&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070332037">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/14021325">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000097372&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=231665">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hkmk5p58c4krs">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810650565805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/144216">Vatican</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/193793">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007286719505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514511506706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13958215">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01918115?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Endl.">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/stephan-ladislaus-endlicher/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uni-stuttgart.de/hi/gnt/dsi2/index.php?table_name=dsi&function=details&where_field=id&where_value=3476">Scientific illustrators</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1251294">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd100122434.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/100122434">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/035628359">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6870640">SNAC</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/49898">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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