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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China_(Mainland)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China_(Mainland)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>China (Mainland)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China_(Mainland)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mauritius" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mauritius"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Mauritius</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mauritius-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.16</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.17</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.18</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.19</span> <span>Taiwan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Oxbridge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxbridge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.20.1</span> <span>Oxbridge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxbridge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Programs_for_foreign_legal_graduates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programs_for_foreign_legal_graduates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21.1</span> <span>Programs for foreign legal graduates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programs_for_foreign_legal_graduates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_law_and_other_LL.M._programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_law_and_other_LL.M._programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.21.2</span> <span>International law and other LL.M. programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_law_and_other_LL.M._programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">29 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86" title="ماجستير القانون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ماجستير القانون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE" title="এল এল এম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এল এল এম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Master of Laws" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Master of Laws" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Master of Laws" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%80%CF%84%CF%85%CF%87%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Μεταπτυχιακό της Νομικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μεταπτυχιακό της Νομικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1ster_en_Derecho" title="Máster en Derecho – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Máster en Derecho" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuzenbidean_Masterra" title="Zuzenbidean Masterra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zuzenbidean Masterra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%AF_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%88%D9%82" title="کارشناسی ارشد حقوق – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارشناسی ارشد حقوق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Master of Laws" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4" title="विधि निष्णात – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विधि निष्णात" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meester_in_de_Rechten" title="Meester in de Rechten – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Meester in de Rechten" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Master of Laws" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meester_in_de_Rechten" title="Meester in de Rechten – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Meester in de Rechten" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teis%C4%97s_magistras" title="Teisės magistras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Teisės magistras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLM" title="LLM – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="LLM" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Master of Laws" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%AE%E5%A3%AB%EF%BC%88%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89" title="修士（法学） – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="修士（法学）" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Master of Laws" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maestria_den_Derecho" title="Maestria den Derecho – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Maestria den Derecho" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLM" title="LLM – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="LLM" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mestrado_em_Direito" title="Mestrado em Direito – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mestrado em Direito" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_%C3%AEn_drept" title="Master în drept – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Master în drept" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Магистр права – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Магистр права" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Master of Laws" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Laws" title="Master of Laws – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Master of Laws" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/LLM" title="LLM – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="LLM" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"LL.M." redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/LLM_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="LLM (disambiguation)">LLM (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>A <b>Master of Laws</b> (<b>M.L.</b> or <b>LL.M.</b>; <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>: <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Magister Legum</i></span></i> or <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Legum Magister</i></span></i>) is an advanced postgraduate academic degree, pursued by those either holding an undergraduate academic law degree, a professional law degree, or an undergraduate degree in a related subject. In most jurisdictions, the LL.M. is the advanced professional degree for those usually already admitted into legal practice. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To become a <a href="/wiki/Lawyer" title="Lawyer">lawyer</a> and practice law in most states and countries, a person must first obtain a law degree. In most <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> countries, a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> (LL.B.) is required. In the United States, the <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> (J.D.) is generally a requirement to practice law.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-aaude2008_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aaude2008-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nsf2006_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsf2006-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sdcba1969_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sdcba1969-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-gfme2008_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gfme2008-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-usdoe2008_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usdoe2008-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cbb1999_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cbb1999-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some jurisdictions, such as Canada and Australia, require either an LL.B. or J.D.<sup id="cite_ref-unimelb2008_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unimelb2008-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Individuals with law degrees must typically pass an additional set of examinations to qualify as a lawyer.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The LL.M. program is a postgraduate program, typically for individuals who either possess a law degree or have qualified as a lawyer. The word <i>legum</i> is the genitive plural form of the Latin word <i>lex</i> and means "of the laws". When used in the plural, it signifies a specific body of laws, as opposed to the general collective concept embodied in the word <i>jus</i>, from which the words "juris" and "justice" derive. </p><p>An LL.M. is also typically a requirement for entry into the research doctoral programs in law, such as the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Juridical_Science" title="Doctor of Juridical Science">Doctor of Juridical Science</a> (S.J.D or J.S.D.), the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D. or DPhil) or <a href="/wiki/Doctorate#France" title="Doctorate">doctorat en droit</a> (in France), <a href="/wiki/Doctorate#Germany" title="Doctorate">Doktor der Rechtswissenschaften (Dr. iur.)</a> (in Germany), the Doctor of Civil Law (D.C.L.), and the <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Doctor of Laws">Doctor of Laws</a> (LL.D.). </p><p>Historically, the LL.M. degree is an element particular to the education system of English speaking countries, which is based on a distinction between <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's</a> degrees. Over the past years, however, specialized LL.M. programs have been introduced in many European countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_LL.M._degrees">Types of LL.M. degrees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of LL.M. degrees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A wide range of LL.M. programs are available worldwide, allowing students to focus on almost any area of the law. Most universities offer only a small number of LL.M. programs. One of the most popular LL.M. degrees in the United States is in <a href="/wiki/Tax_law" title="Tax law">tax law</a>, sometimes referred to as an MLT (Master of Laws in Taxation). </p><p>In Europe, LL.M. programs in <a href="/wiki/European_law" class="mw-redirect" title="European law">European law</a> are popular, often referred to as LL.M. Eur (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_European_Law" title="Master of European Law">Master of European Law</a>). </p><p>In the Netherlands and its former colonies, the title used was <a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meester_in_de_Rechten" class="extiw" title="nl:Meester in de Rechten">Meester in de Rechten</a> (mr.). This title is still widely used in the Netherlands and Flanders (Belgium), especially by those who studied Dutch or Belgian law respectively. </p><p>Some LL.M. programs, particularly in the United States, and also in China, focus on teaching foreign lawyers the basic legal principles of the host country. </p><p>The length of time to study an LL.M. program depends on the mode of study. Most full-time on-campus courses take one academic year to complete. Other students may complete their LL.M. program on a part-time basis over two years, and courses are increasingly available online. Part-time online courses can take between two and five years to complete. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Requirements">Requirements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Requirements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LL.M. programs are usually only open to those students who have first obtained a <a href="/wiki/Law_school" title="Law school">degree in law</a>, typically an LL.B. or J.D. Some programs are exceptions to this, requiring only an undergraduate degree or extensive experience in a related field. Full-time LL.M. programs usually last one year and vary in their graduation requirements. Most programs require or allow students to write a <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a>. Some programs are research oriented with little classroom time, while others require students to take a set number of classes. </p><p>LL.M. degrees are often earned by students wishing to develop more concentrated expertise in a particular area of law. Pursuing an LL.M. degree may also allow law students to build a professional network. Some associations provide LL.M. degree holders with structures designed to strengthen their connections among peers and to access a competitive business environment, much like an <a href="/wiki/MBA_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="MBA degree">MBA degree</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="LL.M._programs_by_country">LL.M. programs by country</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: LL.M. programs by country"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the LL.M. is generally only open to law graduates. However, some universities permit non-law graduates to undertake variants of the degree. There are nearly 100 LLM courses in Australia across 25 institutions taught in English.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unique variants of the LL.M. exist, such as the Master of Legal Practice (M.L.P.) available at the <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>, where students who have completed the Graduate Diploma of Legal Practice (which law graduates must obtain before being able to be admitted as a solicitor/barrister), will be granted some credit towards the Master qualification. Other variants of the LL.M. are more similar to the LL.M. available in the wider Commonwealth but under a different title, for example Master of Commercial Law, Master of International Law or Master of Human Rights Law. These courses are usually more specialised than a standard LL.M. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Canada, the LL.M. is generally open to law graduates holding an LL.B., LL.L., B.C.L., or a J.D. as a first degree. Students can choose to take research-based LL.M. degrees or course-based LL.M. degrees. Research-based LL.M. degrees are one- or two-year programs that require students to write a thesis that makes a significant contribution to their field of research. Course-based LL.M. degrees do not require a significant research paper. An LL.M. can be studied part-time, and at some schools, through distance learning. LL.M. degrees can be general, or students can choose to pursue a specialized area of research. </p><p>Foreign trained lawyers who wish to practice in Canada will first need to have their education and experience assessed by the Federation of Law Societies of Canada's National Committee on Accreditation. Upon having received a certificate of accreditation from the National Committee on Accreditation, foreign law graduates would then have to obtain articles with a law firm, take the professional legal training course, and pass the professional exams to be called to the bar in a province. The University of British Columbia's LLM in Common Law is an example of one of a few LLM courses that help to prepare students for the professional exams. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="China_(Mainland)"><span id="China_.28Mainland.29"></span>China (Mainland)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: China (Mainland)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LL.M. is available at China University of Political Science and Law, and the entrance requirements are: native English competency, or near native English, with any bachelor's degree. The program is flexible and allows students to study Mandarin and assists with organizing work experience in Beijing and other cities in China. It normally takes two years, but can be completed in one and a half years if students take the required credits in time.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The flagship of the <a href="/wiki/China-EU_School_of_Law" title="China-EU School of Law">China-EU School of Law</a> (CESL) in Beijing is a Double Master Programme including a Master of Chinese Law and a Master of European and International Law. The Master of European and International Law is taught in English, open for international students and can be studied as a single master programme.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CESL also offers an International Master of Chinese Law (IMCL) which is an LL.M. in Chinese law taught entirely in English.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Foreign_Studies_University" title="Beijing Foreign Studies University">Beijing Foreign Studies University</a> has launched an online LLM for international professionals. The course is taken over two years, with the first covering online lessons through video and assignments, the second year is for the dissertation and an online defense is required at the end. Students are required to attend Beijing for an introductory week in September to enroll and meet students and staff. Students also have the opportunity to take work experience at a top five law firm in China.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>LL.M degree programs are available at many other universities in Mainland China, such as at Peking University, Tsinghua University, Shanghai Jiaotong University, and Shanghai International Studies University. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Finland, an LL.M. is the standard graduate degree required to practice law.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No other qualifications are required.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-sorbonne-assas-ils.org_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorbonne-assas-ils.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the LL.M. is in English. The LL.M. in International Business Law is available at <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon-Assas University">Panthéon-Assas University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>), the oldest school of law in France. </p><p>The entrance requirements are: </p> <ul><li>Very good English level, with master's degree in law (or equivalent); or</li> <li>Alternative diploma and four years' professional experience.</li></ul> <p>The course is flexible and allows students to study <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>. </p><p>A further 11 institutions in France offer almost 20 other LLM programs taught in English, with specialisms including European Law.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, the LL.M. is seen as an advanced legal qualification of supplementary character. Some graduates choose to undertake their LL.M. directly following their "Erstes Juristisches <a href="/wiki/Staatsexamen" title="Staatsexamen">Staatsexamen</a>" (the "first state examination", which constitutes the first stage of the official German legal training), an alternative postgraduate course, or their "Zweites Juristisches Staatsexamen" (that is, the second and final stage of the official German legal training). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>LL.M. degree programmes are offered by the law faculties of <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Hong Kong">The University of Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Chinese_University_of_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chinese University of Hong Kong">The Chinese University of Hong Kong</a> and the <a href="/wiki/City_University_of_Hong_Kong" title="City University of Hong Kong">City University of Hong Kong</a>. An LL.B. degree is usually required for admission, but for some specialised programmes, such as the LL.M. in Human Rights programme offered by HKU, require an undergraduate degree in laws or any related discipline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Similar to the United Kingdom, a master's degree in law in India is basically opted to specialize in particular areas of law. Traditionally the most popular areas of specialization in these master's degrees in law in India have been <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_law" title="Constitutional law">constitutional law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taxation_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxation law">taxation law</a>. </p><p>With the establishment of the specialized <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_law_schools_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous law schools in India">autonomous law schools in India</a> in 1987 (the first was the <a href="/wiki/National_Law_School_of_India_University" title="National Law School of India University">National Law School of India University</a>) much emphasis is being given at the master's level of legal education in India. With the establishment of these universities, focus in specialization has been shifted to newer areas such as <a href="/wiki/Corporate_law" title="Corporate law">corporate law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Intellectual property law">intellectual property law</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_trade_law" title="International trade law">international trade law</a> etc. LL.M programs in India were previously two years in duration but presently typically last one year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of universities and colleges in Ireland offer LL.M. programs, such as <a href="/wiki/Dublin_City_University" title="Dublin City University">Dublin City University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_College_Cork" title="University College Cork">University College Cork</a>, National University of Ireland, Galway (<a href="/wiki/NUIG" class="mw-redirect" title="NUIG">NUIG</a>), National University of Ireland, Maynooth (<a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Ireland,_Maynooth" class="mw-redirect" title="National University of Ireland, Maynooth">NUIM</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_Ireland" title="Law Society of Ireland">Law Society of Ireland</a> in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Griffith_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Griffith College">Griffith College</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/University_College_Dublin" title="University College Dublin">University College Dublin</a> also offers the Masters in Common Law (MCL/ <i>Magisterii in Jure Communi, M.Jur.Com)</i>, an advanced two-year programme for non-law graduates.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The degree is a qualifying law degree for admittance to the entrance exams of the Honorable Society of King's Inns.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> offers both master programs in Italian and in English, depending on the school. They are often called "laurea specialistica", that is, the second step of the Bologna plan (European curriculum), and in this case they last two years. For example, the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llmsd.unimi.it/">University of Milan</a> offers a 2 years LLM on Sustainable Development. In South Tyrol programmes are also taught in German, as in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402132520/https://www.unibz.it/it/economics/progs/master/economics_publicsector/default.html/">Bolzano</a>. </p><p>In Italy the term "master" often refers to a vocational master, 6 or 12 months long, on specific areas, such as "law and internet security", or "law of administrative management", is often taught part-time to allow professionals already working in the field to improve their skills. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mauritius">Mauritius</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mauritius"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The LLM in International Business Law from <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon-Assas University">Panthéon-Assas University</a> is also available in Mauritius<sup id="cite_ref-sorbonne-assas-ils.org_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorbonne-assas-ils.org-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Medine Village campus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To be allowed to practice law in the Netherlands, one needs an LL.M. degree with a specific set of courses in litigation law. The Dutch Order of Lawyers (NOVA) require these courses for every potential candidate lawyer who wants to be conditionally written in the district court for three years. After receiving all the diplomas prescribed by NOVA and under supervision of a "<a href="/wiki/Patron" class="mw-redirect" title="Patron">patron</a>", a lawyer is eligible to have his own practice and is unconditionally written in a court for life. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Norwegian legal degrees master i rettsvitenskap (English for master in jurisprudence) are officially translated to English as Master of Laws (LL.M.), as these degrees are more comprehensive than the basic graduate law degree in common law countries (e.g., J.D. and LL.B). The last year in the five-year professional Norwegian law degree program is thus considered to correspond to a LL.M specialization. In addition, the universities with legal faculties at the masters level offers several LL.M programmes. For example, Universitetet i Oslo offers tuition-free LL.M courses in Public International Law, Maritime Law, Information and Communication Technology (ICT Law), as well as distinct specializations in human rights. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Pakistan, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Punjab" title="University of the Punjab">University of the Punjab</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Karachi" title="University of Karachi">University of Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaheed_Zulfiqar_Ali_Bhutto_University_of_Law" title="Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto University of Law">Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto University of Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University,_Islamabad" class="mw-redirect" title="International Islamic University, Islamabad">International Islamic University, Islamabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_College_University_(Faisalabad)" class="mw-redirect" title="Government College University (Faisalabad)">Government College University, Faisalabad</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Sargodha" title="University of Sargodha">University of Sargodha</a> are LL.M. degree awarding institutions. Completing a LL.M. qualification in Pakistan consists of studying eight subjects in four semesters. This spans over a period of two years and also requires the student to write a thesis on a proposed topic. A student has to pass in each of the subject in order to qualify for LL.M. degree, and the passing mark is set at 60%. The program is taught in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>. </p><p>Universities in Pakistan teach comparative constitutional law, comparative human rights law and comparative jurisprudence as mandatory subjects. The programs also include research methodology and four elective subjects, which may include company law, taxation law, intellectual property law and banking law. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portugal">Portugal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Master of Laws programmes offered in Portugal are extremely varied but do not, for the most part, use the designation LL.M., being more commonly called <i>Mestrado em Direito</i> (Master's Degree in Law), like the ones at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uc.pt/en/fduc/courses">Coimbra University's Faculty of Law</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://por.ulusiada.pt/cursos/2ciclo/2ciclo.php?v=en&cp=M11">Lusíada University of Porto</a>. Although the classical <i>Mestrado em Direito</i> takes two years to finish and involves a dissertation, there are some shorter variants. A few <i>Mestrados</i> with an international theme have specifically adopted the LL.M designation: the LL.M in European and Transglobal Business Law at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113054659/http://www.direito.uminho.pt/Default.aspx?tabid=8&pageid=132&lang=pt-PT">School of Law of the University of Minho</a> and the LL.M. Law in a European and Global Context and the Advanced LL.M. in International Business Law, both at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catolicalaw.fd.lisboa.ucp.pt/en/programmes">Católica Global School of Law</a>, in Lisbon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, the LL.M. is in English. The LL.M. in International Business Law from <a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on-Assas_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Panthéon-Assas University">Panthéon-Assas University</a> is also available in Singapore in Insead campus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal education in South Africa">Legal education in South Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_in_South_Africa" title="List of law schools in South Africa">List of law schools in South Africa</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FortHareUniversityLawFaculty.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FortHareUniversityLawFaculty.JPG/220px-FortHareUniversityLawFaculty.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FortHareUniversityLawFaculty.JPG/330px-FortHareUniversityLawFaculty.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/FortHareUniversityLawFaculty.JPG/440px-FortHareUniversityLawFaculty.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Fort_Hare" title="University of Fort Hare">University of Fort Hare</a> Faculty of Law</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, the LL.M. is a <a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_degree" class="mw-redirect" title="Postgraduate degree">postgraduate degree</a> offered both as a course-based and research-based <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's</a> degree. In the former case, the degree comprises advanced coursework in a specific area of law as well as limited related research, usually in the form of a short dissertation, while in the latter, the degree is entirely <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">thesis</a> based. The first type, typically, comprises "practice-oriented" topics (e.g. in <a href="/wiki/Tax" title="Tax">tax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_law" title="Mining law">mining law</a>), while the second type is theory-oriented, often preparing students for admission to <a href="/wiki/LL.D." class="mw-redirect" title="LL.D.">LL.D.</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ph.D." class="mw-redirect" title="Ph.D.">Ph.D.</a> programmes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Admission is generally limited to <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws#South_Africa" title="Bachelor of Laws">LL.B.</a> graduates, although holders of other law degrees, such as the BProc, may be able to apply if <a href="/wiki/Attorneys_in_South_Africa" title="Attorneys in South Africa">admitted as attorneys</a> and/or by completing supplementary LL.B. coursework.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Masters degree (LL.M) is the standard graduate degree among law practitioners in Sweden. The masters programme takes four and half years to complete. At most universities, the last one and a half years are specialization at advanced level (advanced level courses and thesis). It is possible to get a bachelor's degree after three years, but the vast majority of legal practitioners in Sweden have a LL.M. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwan">Taiwan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Taiwan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Taiwan, law can be studied as a postgraduate degree resulting in an LL.M. Some LL.M. programs in Taiwan are offered to students with or without a legal background. However, the graduation requirements for students with a legal background are lower than for those students who do not have a legal background (to account for fundamental legal subjects that were taken during undergraduate studies). Students studying in an LL.M. program normally take three years to earn the necessary credits and finish a master's thesis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, an LL.M. programme is open to those holding a recognised legal qualification, generally an undergraduate degree in Laws or equivalent. They do not have to be or intend to be legal practitioners. An LL.M. is not required, nor is it a sufficient qualification in itself to practise as a <a href="/wiki/Solicitor" title="Solicitor">solicitor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Barrister" title="Barrister">barrister</a>, since this requires completion of the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Practice_Course" title="Legal Practice Course">Legal Practice Course</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bar_Professional_Training_Course" title="Bar Professional Training Course">Bar Professional Training Course</a>, or, if in Scotland, the <a href="/wiki/Diploma_in_Legal_Practice" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploma in Legal Practice">Diploma in Legal Practice</a>. As with other degrees, an LL.M. can be studied on a part-time basis at many institutions and in some circumstances by <a href="/wiki/Distance_learning" class="mw-redirect" title="Distance learning">distance learning</a>. Some providers of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Professional_Training_Course" title="Bar Professional Training Course">Bar Professional Training Course</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legal_Practice_Course" title="Legal Practice Course">Legal Practice Course</a> also allow the student to gain an LL.M. qualification on top of these professional courses by writing a <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a>. </p><p>The UK offers over 1000 different LL.Ms.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large law faculties such as <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_University_of_London" title="Queen Mary University of London">Queen Mary University of London</a> offer multiple different programs, whilst other such as <a href="/wiki/Aston_University" title="Aston University">Aston University</a> simply offer one program. Some institutions allow those without a first degree in law onto their LL.M. programme. Examples of such programmes include the Master of Studies in Legal Research at Oxford, the LL.M. degrees at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">University of Edinburgh</a> and LL.M.s at the University of Leicester<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> offers an LL.M. suite, accessible to legal and social science graduates, leading to specialisms in sustainable development, corporate governance, devolution or human rights.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Northumbria_University" title="Northumbria University">Northumbria University</a> offers an approach to the LL.M. qualification by starting the master's programme as undergraduates. Students completing this four-year programme graduate with a combined LL.M. and <a href="/wiki/Legal_Practice_Course" title="Legal Practice Course">Legal Practice Course</a> professional qualification or BPTC.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxbridge">Oxbridge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Oxbridge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> has a taught postgraduate law course, which formerly conferred an LL.B. on successful candidates (undergraduates studying law at Cambridge received a B.A.). In 1982 the LL.B. for postgraduate students was replaced with a more conventional LL.M. to avoid confusion with undergraduate degrees in other universities.<sup id="cite_ref-Cantab_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantab-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally in 2012 the University of Cambridge introduced the M.C.L. (Masters of Corporate Law) aimed at postgraduate students with interests in corporate law.<sup id="cite_ref-Cantab_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cantab-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> unconventionally names its taught masters of laws B.C.L. (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Civil_Law" title="Bachelor of Civil Law">Bachelor of Civil Law</a>) and M.Jur. (<a href="/wiki/Magister_Juris" title="Magister Juris">Magister Juris</a>), and its research masters either MPhil (Master of Philosophy) or MSt (Master of Studies).<sup id="cite_ref-Oxon_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxon-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxford continues to name its principal postgraduate law degree the B.C.L. for largely historic reasons, as the B.C.L. is one of the oldest and most senior degrees, having been conferred since the sixteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxon2_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxon2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The M.Jur. was introduced in 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxon2_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxon2-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At present there is no LL.M. degree conferred by the university.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxon_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxon-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Oxford claims that the B.C.L. is "the most highly regarded taught masters-level qualification in the common law world".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, the University of Oxford introduced the MSc in Law and Finance (MLF) and the MSc in Taxation in 2010 and 2016, respectively. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Legal education in the United States">Legal education in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Law_School_Oral_Arguments.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Law_School_Oral_Arguments.jpg/200px-Law_School_Oral_Arguments.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Law_School_Oral_Arguments.jpg/300px-Law_School_Oral_Arguments.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Law_School_Oral_Arguments.jpg/400px-Law_School_Oral_Arguments.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Stages</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-law" title="Pre-law">Pre-law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_school_in_the_United_States" title="Law school in the United States">Law school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_clinic" title="Legal clinic">Legal clinic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Master of Laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Juridical_Science" title="Doctor of Juridical Science">Doctor of Juridical Science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Exams and licensure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_School_Admission_Test" title="Law School Admission Test">LSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar_in_the_United_States" title="Admission to the bar in the United States">Admission to the bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuing_legal_education" title="Continuing legal education">Continuing legal education</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organizations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_School_Admission_Council" title="Law School Admission Council">Law School Admission Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_American_Law_Schools" title="Association of American Law Schools">Association of American Law Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Practising_Law_Institute" title="Practising Law Institute">Practising Law Institute</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Template:Legal education in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Legal education in the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legal_education_in_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legal education in the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the United States, the acquisition of an LL.M. degree is often a way to specialize in an area of law such as tax law, business law, international business law, health law, trial advocacy, environmental law or intellectual property. A number of schools have combined J.D.-LL.M. programs, while others offer the degree through online study. Some LL.M. programs feature a general study of American law. Degree requirements vary by school, and they often differ for LL.M. students who previously earned a J.D. from an American law school and LL.M. students who previously earned a law degree from a non-American law school. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Programs_for_foreign_legal_graduates">Programs for foreign legal graduates</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Programs for foreign legal graduates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An LL.M. degree from an <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">ABA</a>-approved law school also allows a foreign lawyer to become eligible to apply for <a href="/wiki/Admission_to_the_bar" class="mw-redirect" title="Admission to the bar">admission to the bar</a> in certain <a href="/wiki/U.S._state" title="U.S. state">states</a>. Each state has different rules relating to the admittance of foreign-educated lawyers to <a href="/wiki/State_bar_association" title="State bar association">state bar associations</a>. </p><p>An LL.M. degree from an ABA-approved law school qualifies a foreign legal graduate to take the bar exam in <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, as well as in the independent republic of <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition, legal practice in the home jurisdiction plus a certain amount of coursework at an accredited law school qualifies a foreign legal graduate to take the bar exam in <a href="/wiki/Legal_education_in_Alaska" title="Legal education in Alaska">Alaska</a>, the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia">District of Columbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>. However, a number of states, including <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a> only recognize J.D. degrees from accredited law schools as qualification to take the bar.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> allows foreign lawyers from <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> countries to sit for the New York bar exam once they have completed a minimum of 24 <a href="/wiki/Credit_hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit hour">credit hours</a> (usually but not necessarily in an LL.M. program) at an ABA-approved law school involving at least two basic subjects tested on the New York bar exam, including 12 credits in specific areas of law.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawyers from <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common-law</a> countries face more lenient restrictions and may not need to study at an ABA-approved law school. Foreign lawyers from both civil law and common law jurisdictions, however, are required to demonstrate that they have successfully completed a course of law studies of at least three years that would fulfill the educational requirements to bar admission in their home country.<sup id="cite_ref-New_York_Court_of_Appeals_Rules_of_Practice_§_520.6_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-New_York_Court_of_Appeals_Rules_of_Practice_§_520.6-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="International_law_and_other_LL.M._programs">International law and other LL.M. programs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: International law and other LL.M. programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2008, there is one LL.M. degree in International Law offered by <a href="/wiki/The_Fletcher_School_of_Law_and_Diplomacy" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy">The Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tufts_University" title="Tufts University">Tufts University</a>, the oldest school of international affairs in the United States. Given that the degree specializes in international law, the program has not sought ABA accreditation. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Notre_Dame_Law_School" title="Notre Dame Law School">Notre Dame Law School</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Notre_Dame" title="University of Notre Dame">University of Notre Dame</a> offers an LL.M in International Human Rights Law to JD graduates from ABA-accredited US schools or LL.B or equivalent from accredited non-US schools.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_School_of_Law" title="Duke University School of Law">Duke University School of Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cornell_Law_School" title="Cornell Law School">Cornell Law School</a> offer J.D. students the opportunity to simultaneously pursue an LL.M. in International and Comparative Law. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nebraska-Lincoln_College_of_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Law">University of Nebraska-Lincoln College of Law</a> provides an LL.M. in Space, Cyber & Telecommunications Law, the only program providing focused study in these three areas. The program was established using a grant from <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> and a partnership with the U.S. Air Force Strategic Command. </p><p><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_University,_Texas" title="St. Mary's University, Texas">St. Mary's University</a> offers the LL.M. in International and Comparative Law, with students having the option to complete both it and their J.D. simultaneously. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tulsa_College_of_Law" title="University of Tulsa College of Law">University of Tulsa College of Law</a> offers an LL.M. in American Indian and Indigenous Peoples Law to JD graduates from ABA-accredited US schools or LL.B or equivalent from accredited non-US schools.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Washington_School_of_Law" title="University of Washington School of Law">University of Washington School of Law</a> offers an LL.M. in Sustainable International Development, the first program of its kind to focus on international development law.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> LL.M. students in this program are also able to elect for a concentration in Indigenous Rights Law.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, the school offers a separate LL.M. degree in Asian and Comparative Law.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is one institution that offers an ABA-approved LL.M, that does not offer a J.D. degree: The U.S. Army <a href="/wiki/Judge_Advocate_General%27s_Legal_Center_and_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School">Judge Advocate General's Legal Center and School</a> offers an officer's resident graduate course, a specialized program beyond the first degree in law, leading to an LL.M. in Military Law.<sup id="cite_ref-ABASchool_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABASchool-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JAGLLM_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JAGLLM-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a></i> (J.D.), a <a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">doctoral</a> law degree</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_Juris" title="Magister Juris">Magister Juris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Studies_in_Law" title="Master of Studies in Law">Master of Studies in Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Master_of_Laws_programs" title="List of Master of Laws programs">List of Master of Laws programs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Laws&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law.utoronto.ca/admissions/youth-outreach/so-you-want-become-lawyer">"So, You Want to Become a Lawyer – University of Toronto Faculty of Law"</a>. <i>law.utoronto.ca</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=law.utoronto.ca&rft.atitle=So%2C+You+Want+to+Become+a+Lawyer+%E2%80%93+University+of+Toronto+Faculty+of+Law&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.utoronto.ca%2Fadmissions%2Fyouth-outreach%2Fso-you-want-become-lawyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aaude2008-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aaude2008_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssociation_of_American_Universities_Data_Exchange" class="citation web cs1">Association of American Universities Data Exchange. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aaude.org/documents/public/reference/glossary-graded.doc">"Glossary of Terms for Graduate Education"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 September</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+Terms+for+Graduate+Education&rft.au=Association+of+American+Universities+Data+Exchange&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faaude.org%2Fdocuments%2Fpublic%2Freference%2Fglossary-graded.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2020">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsf2006-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsf2006_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Science_Foundation2006" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">National Science Foundation (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308130032/http://spellmirelaw.com/">"Time to Degree of U.S. Research Doctorate Recipients"</a>. <i>InfoBrief, Science Resource Statistics</i>. NSF. 06–312: 7. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/infbrief/nsf06312/nsf06312.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 8 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=InfoBrief%2C+Science+Resource+Statistics&rft.atitle=Time+to+Degree+of+U.S.+Research+Doctorate+Recipients&rft.volume=06-312&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2006&rft.au=National+Science+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nsf.gov%2Fstatistics%2Finfbrief%2Fnsf06312%2Fnsf06312.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span> Under "Data notes" this article mentions that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdcba1969-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sdcba1969_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSan_Diego_County_Bar_Association1969" class="citation web cs1">San Diego County Bar Association (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030411105023/http://www.sdcba.org/ethics/ethicsopinion69-5.html">"Ethics Opinion 1969-5"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdcba.org/ethics/ethicsopinion69-5.html">the original</a> on 11 April 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethics+Opinion+1969-5&rft.date=1969&rft.au=San+Diego+County+Bar+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdcba.org%2Fethics%2Fethicsopinion69-5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span>. Under "other references" differences between academic and professional doctorates, and contains a statement that the J.D. is a professional doctorate</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gfme2008-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gfme2008_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerman_Federal_Ministry_of_Education" class="citation web cs1">German Federal Ministry of Education. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080413192035/http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf">"U.S. Higher Education / Evaluation of the Almanac Chronicle of Higher Education"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blk-bonn.de/papers/hochschulsystem_usa.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 13 April 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=U.S.+Higher+Education+%2F+Evaluation+of+the+Almanac+Chronicle+of+Higher+Education&rft.au=German+Federal+Ministry+of+Education&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blk-bonn.de%2Fpapers%2Fhochschulsystem_usa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span> Report by the German Federal Ministry of Education analysing the Chronicle of Higher Education from the U.S. and stating that the J.D. is a professional doctorate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eb2002_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Notre+Dame+LL.M.+in+International+Human+Rights+Law+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhumanrights.nd.edu%2Facademic-programs%2Fllm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utulsa.edu/law/llm">"Master of Laws (LLM)"</a>. University of Tulsa<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sustainable+International+Development+LL.M.&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+School+of+Law&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.uw.edu%2Facademics%2Fllm%2Fsustainable-development&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Laws" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.uw.edu/academics/llm/sustainable-development/indigenous-rights">"Indigenous Rights Law Concentration"</a>. University of Washington School of Law<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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