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href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-California" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#California"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.1</span> <span>California</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-California-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4.2</span> <span>Historical development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Indies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Indies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 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</li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%AF%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D9%8A" title="درجة دبلوم جامعي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="درجة دبلوم جامعي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subbakalavr" title="Subbakalavr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Subbakalavr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grau_d%27associat" title="Grau d'associat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grau d'associat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diplomovan%C3%BD_specialista" title="Diplomovaný specialista – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Diplomovaný specialista" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_Degree" title="Associate Degree – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Associate Degree" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grado_de_asociado" title="Grado de asociado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grado de asociado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کاردانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کاردانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Associate degree" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EB%AC%B8%ED%95%99%EC%82%AC" title="전문학사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전문학사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahli_Madya" title="Ahli Madya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahli Madya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94" title="לימודי תעודה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לימודי תעודה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="دیپلوم‌سری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="دیپلوم‌سری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Associate degree" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E6%9C%9F%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%A3%AB" title="短期大学士 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="短期大学士" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Associate degree" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="کارزانی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارزانی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B6gskoleexamen" title="Högskoleexamen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Högskoleexamen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%B2" title="อนุปริญญา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="อนุปริญญา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%96nlisans_derecesi" title="Önlisans derecesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Önlisans derecesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB" title="副學士 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="副學士" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E5%AD%B8%E5%A3%AB" title="副學士 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="副學士" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Associate_degree" title="Special:EditPage/Associate degree">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Associate+degree%22">"Associate degree"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Associate+degree%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Associate+degree%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Associate+degree%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Associate+degree%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Associate+degree%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Undergraduate degree</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p>An <b>associate degree</b> or <b>associate's degree</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">undergraduate degree</a> awarded after a course of <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">post-secondary study</a> lasting two to three years. It is a level of academic qualification above a <a href="/wiki/High_school_diploma" title="High school diploma">high school diploma</a> and below a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a>. </p><p>The first associate degrees were awarded in the UK (where they are no longer awarded) in 1873 before spreading to the US in 1898. In the United States, the associate degree may allow transfer into the third year of a bachelor's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Associate degrees have since been introduced in a small number of other countries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Americas">Americas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Americas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Argentina">Argentina</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Argentina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Argentina, tertiary colleges ("institutos terciarios") offer associate degrees in a variety of areas, including elementary and high school teacher, and technical fields, upon completion of three or four years of study. Some of these degrees may be articulated with university programs, to obtain a bachelor degree after, usually, two additional years. Associate degrees are also offered by some universities, as a final degree or as an intermediate stage before a bachelor degree. </p><p>In Hispanic America, an associate degree is called a <i>carrera técnica</i>, <i>tecnicatura</i> or <i>Técnico Superior Universitario</i> (TSU), while a bachelor's degree would be known as a <i>licenciatura</i> or <i>ingeniería</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Brazil#Degrees" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education in Brazil">Higher education in Brazil § Degrees</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, undergraduate degrees are known as <span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">graduação</i></span> ('graduate') while graduate degrees are known as <span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">pós-graduação</i></span> ('postgraduate'). Brazil follows the major traits of the continental European system; free public schools are available from kindergarten up to postgraduate degrees, both as a right established in Article 6, caput of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Constitution">Brazilian Constitution</a> and as a duty of the State in Article 208, Items I, IV, and V, of the Brazilian Constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-BrasilConstituicao_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrasilConstituicao-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001, Brazil added <span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">tecnólogo</i></span> ('technologist') as a form of undergraduate degree (<span title="Brazilian Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt-BR">graduação</i></span>). A technologist's degree varies between two and three years of full time studies to complete. This degree takes a shorter time period to obtain than a bachelor or teaching degree (some of which may take between four and six years to complete), and it aims to provide highly specialized knowledge (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Agribusiness" title="Agribusiness">agribusiness</a> technical degree, <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_management_studies" title="Hospitality management studies">tourism management</a> degree, <a href="/wiki/Web_development" title="Web development">web development</a> technical degree, etc.).<sup id="cite_ref-CatalogoCursosSupBrasil_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CatalogoCursosSupBrasil-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education in Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universities_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities in Canada">Universities in Canada</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education in Canada</a> is a provincial power: each <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">province and territory</a> regulates tertiary education and degree system in their jurisdictions, with pan-Canadian co-ordination in a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cmec.ca/158/Postsecondary_Education.html">Council of Ministers of Education, Canada</a>. <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the only Canadian province offering American-style associate degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar to the U.S., these consist of a two-year program and allow for articulation onto the third year of a bachelor's degree program. Other provinces do not offer associate degrees but do offer similar <a href="/wiki/Higher_education" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher education">higher education</a> qualifications below the bachelor's level: These are two-year courses resulting in a diploma in a broad range of technical, professional and academic subjects. Articulation into bachelor's programs are the norm but can differ by subject (with some specialties rarer among bachelor's). <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> also offers three-year <a href="/wiki/Ontario_College_Advanced_Diploma" title="Ontario College Advanced Diploma">advanced diplomas</a> which are not considered as associate degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The territories have fewer but similar diploma programs, some being particularly geared to Arctic environments, and northern Indigenous cultures and languages, with bachelor's programs being a mix of <a href="/wiki/Yukon_University" title="Yukon University">local provision</a>, partnerships with <a href="/wiki/Akitsiraq_Law_School" title="Akitsiraq Law School">institutions</a> based elsewhere in Canada and <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Arctic" title="University of the Arctic">international consortia</a>. Indigenous nations in most provinces have education systems also provide First Nations-focused diplomas programs, with <a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">North American Aboriginal education bodies</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Dipl%C3%B4me_d%27%C3%A9tudes_coll%C3%A9giales" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplôme d'études collégiales">Diplôme d'études collégiales</a></i> (diploma of college studies), taught at post-secondary <i>collèges d'enseignement général et professionnel</i> (colleges of general and professional education; <i>cégeps</i>) can be a two-year pre-university qualification that is a pre-requisite for entry into the bachelor's degree. However, because a bachelor's degree in Quebec takes 3 years to complete instead of 4 years, it can be thought as an articulation onto the second year of a standard North American bachelor's degree program. Quebec also has a three-year Cégep technical programme preparing students for employment.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, associate degrees are awarded after completion of sixty semester or ninety quarter college credits. </p><p>The two most commonly awarded associate degrees are the <b>Associate in/of Arts</b> (<b>AA</b>) and <b>Associate in/of Science</b> (<b>AS</b>) degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-coddegree_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-coddegree-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AA degrees are awarded in the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal arts">liberal arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">humanities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social science</a> fields; AS degrees are awarded in the <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">natural science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_science" title="Applied science">applied science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Formal_science" title="Formal science">formal science</a> fields. </p><p>Generally, one year of study is focused on college level general education in disciplines such as <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communications</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_studies" title="English studies">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_education" title="Mathematics education">Mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_science" title="Natural science">Natural Science</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social Science</a>, and the second year is focused on the area of a student's major. </p><p>Students who complete a vocational program can often earn a <a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">terminal</a> associate degree such as the <b>Associate of Applied Arts</b> (<b>AAA</b>) or the <b>Associate of Applied Science</b> (<b>AAS</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-usnei_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnei-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Transfer_admissions_in_the_United_States" title="Transfer admissions in the United States">Transfer admissions in the United States</a> sometimes allows courses taken and credits earned on an AA or AS to be counted toward a bachelor's degree more commonly through <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(education)" title="Articulation (education)">articulation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Transfer_credit" title="Transfer credit">transfer credit</a> agreements but sometimes through <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_prior_learning" title="Recognition of prior learning">recognition of prior learning</a>, depending on the courses taken, applicable state laws/regulations, and the transfer requirements of the university.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common associate-level degree titles include:<sup id="cite_ref-usnei_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usnei-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Associate of Arts (AA)</li> <li>Associate of Applied Arts (AAA)</li> <li>Associate of Applied Business (AAB)</li> <li>Associate of Applied Science (AAS)</li> <li>Associate of Forestry (AF)</li> <li>Associate of Fine Arts (AFA)</li> <li>Associate of Theology (ThA or ATh)</li> <li>Associate of Science (AS)</li> <li>Associate of Occupational Studies (AOS)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="California">California</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: California"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Student Transfer Achievement Reform Act was signed into legislation on September 29, 2010, which is legislation that grants any <a href="/wiki/California_Community_College" class="mw-redirect" title="California Community College">California Community College</a> student who has earned the Associate in Arts degree for Transfer (AA-T) or the Associate in Science degree for Transfer (AS-T) priority admission to CSU (<a href="/wiki/California_State_University" title="California State University">California State University</a>) into a similar baccalaureate (BA) degree program with a guarantee of junior standing.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Historical_development">Historical development</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Historical development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a> was established in 1891 with four groups of colleges – liberal arts, literature, science, and practical arts (later commerce and administration). These were subdivided into 'junior' (or 'academic') and 'senior' (or 'university') colleges. Bachelor's degrees were awarded by the senior colleges, and certificates were initially awarded by the junior colleges. In 1899 the board of trustees voted to replace these certificates with associate degrees (Associate in Arts, Associate in Literature, and Associate in Science), which were first awarded in 1900. Eells concludes that it is "not unlikely" that people at Chicago knew of the associate degrees being awarded in the <a href="#United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, but there is no direct evidence of this. Chicago discontinued its associate degrees in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The associate degree spread across the US, with California College in Oakland (now the <a href="/wiki/American_Baptist_Seminary_of_the_West" class="mw-redirect" title="American Baptist Seminary of the West">American Baptist Seminary of the West</a>) introducing Associate in Arts and Associate in Letters degrees in 1900, and the Lewis Institute in Chicago (now part of the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Institute_of_Technology" title="Illinois Institute of Technology">Illinois Institute of Technology</a>) introducing Associate in Literature and Associate in Science degrees in 1901 (both replaced by the Associate in Arts in 1904) followed by the Associate in Domestic Economy degree in 1908. Associate degrees were not always two-year sub-bachelor's awards in the early 20th century: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> and associated colleges awarded Associate in Arts degrees to students who had passed university extension courses "equal in number and standard to the courses required of a resident student for the degree of Bachelor of Arts" from 1910 to 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1918, 23% of <a href="/wiki/Junior_college" title="Junior college">junior colleges</a> were awarding Associate in Arts degrees. By 1941–42, 40% of junior colleges awarded some form of associate degree, and by 1960 this had grown to 75%, with 137 different associate degrees in use. Over a third of associate degrees awarded in the US in 1958–59 were granted by Californian junior colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Indies">West Indies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: West Indies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Two year associate degrees are found throughout the West Indies. They are offered by regional organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Examinations_Council" title="Caribbean Examinations Council">Caribbean Examinations Council</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_West_Indies" title="University of the West Indies">University of the West Indies</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at institutions of higher education in particular, within The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, <a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/St._Kitts_and_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Kitts and Nevis">St. Kitts and Nevis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> among others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2004, Australia added "associate degree" to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Qualifications_Framework" title="Australian Qualifications Framework">Australian Qualifications Framework</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This title was given to courses more academically focused than advanced diploma courses, and typically designed to articulate to bachelor's degree courses.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Qualifications on the short cycle of the <a href="/wiki/Bologna_Process" title="Bologna Process">Bologna Process</a>/level 5 on the <a href="/wiki/European_Qualifications_Framework" title="European Qualifications Framework">European Qualifications Framework</a> sit between secondary education and bachelor's degree level and are thus approximately equivalent to an associate degree. Such qualifications include the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">Foundation degree</a> (FdA, FdSc, FdEng), <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Higher_Education" title="Certificate of Higher Education">Certificate of Higher Education</a> (CertHE) and <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">Diploma of Higher Education</a> (DipHE) in the United Kingdom,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Higher_Certificate" title="Higher Certificate">Higher Certificate</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the French <i>Diplôme universitaire de Technologie</i> (DUT) and <i>Brevet de Technicien supérieur</i> (BTS).<sup id="cite_ref-VoilaNY-DUT_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VoilaNY-DUT-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Czech Republic one achieves the title <i>DiS.</i> "Diplomovaný specialista" (Certificated Specialist). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2–2.5 year education on BA-level is called "Erhvervsakademiuddannelse". This is called an AP-Degree (Academy Professional Degree) in English. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France">France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For many decades, a diploma comparable to an associate degree was considered a very adequate degree for those willing to work as qualified technicians. Yet as the general population spends an increasing amount of time studying, they are no longer as attractive to students who wish to distinguish themselves.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2021, the <i>Diplôme Universitaire de Technologie</i> (DUT) was reframed as an intermediate degree part of a three-year curriculum now referred to as BUT.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the reform of 2006, universities awarded a two-year diploma called DEUG, the purpose of which was also to help the student pursue studies in a field that differed from what was initially intended. The degree was considered a 'stepping stone' ahead of the completion of a bachelor's degree. Aside from the <i>Brevet de Technicien Supérieur</i> (BTS) which remains relevant in many fields for which long academic studies are not deemed crucial<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for which young professionals are in demand, degrees comparable to an associate degree are gradually being phased out, although their legitimacy remains in theory (but not always in practice<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) unchanged for those who were awarded one in the past. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>See: <a href="/wiki/IEK" title="IEK">IEK</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the Netherlands, there were four pilots between 2005 and 2011 to assess the added value of the associate degree.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2007 the associate degree was added to the Dutch system of higher education within the Higher Professional Education (<i>HBO</i>) stream taught at universities of applied sciences (<i>hogeschool</i>). Associate degree courses form part of HBO bachelor's degree courses, and advising requirements are the same for the two-year associate degree and the related four-year bachelor's degree. Those gaining the associate degree may proceed to an HBO bachelor's degree in only two years, but it does not articulate to bachelor's degrees in the research-oriented (<i>WO</i>) stream.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A two-year education on BA-level is called <i>Høgskolekandidat</i>, translated "university college graduate".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only a few professions require 120 <a href="/wiki/European_Credit_Transfer_and_Accumulation_System" title="European Credit Transfer and Accumulation System">ECTS</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Piano_tuning" title="Piano tuning">piano tuner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Driving_instructor" title="Driving instructor">driving instructor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A 2–2.5 year education on BA-level is called an AP-Degree (Academy Professional Degree). See also: List of <a href="/wiki/Universities" class="mw-redirect" title="Universities">universities</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colleges" class="mw-redirect" title="Colleges">colleges</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. Business academies offer two-year academy profession programmes; some business academies also offer professional bachelor programmes, further adult education and diploma programmes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The title of <i>Associate in Physical Science</i> (<i>Associate in Science</i> (ASc) from 1879) was introduced in 1865 by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Durham">University of Durham</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Fenwick_Boyd#College_of_Physical_Science" title="Edward Fenwick Boyd">College of Physical Sciences</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_University" title="Newcastle University">Newcastle University</a>) and awarded from 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Eells1963_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eells1963-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It required (in 1884) passes in three of mathematics, physics, chemistry and geology, and allowed students to go on to take the examination for the Bachelor of Science.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a university-level qualification lying below the bachelor's degree, this is considered to be the world's first associate degree in the modern sense, having been first awarded 25 years prior to the introduction of associate degrees into the US by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eells1963_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eells1963-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ASc was withdrawn in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Durham also introduced an <i>Associate in Theology</i> (ATh) in 1901, which was only offered in 1901 and 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yorkshire College (now the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>) offered <i>Associate in Engineering</i> and <i>Associate in Coal Mining</i> degrees from 1877 and there were thirteen different types of associate degrees offered in British universities in 1927.<sup id="cite_ref-Eells1963_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eells1963-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The title of <i>Associate in Arts</i>, introduced by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in 1857 and sometimes referred to as the degree of Associate in Arts, predates the Durham degree. However, it was an examination for "those who are not members of the university" and who were under the age of 18; as such it was at the level of a high school qualification rather than a modern associate degree. Examinations were held in English, languages, mathematics, science, drawing and music, with the title being conferred on those students who passed any two (as long as the two were not drawing and music).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British equivalents to associate degrees vary depending on the national system which issued them. Based on assessment by the UK <a href="/wiki/NARIC" class="mw-redirect" title="NARIC">NARIC</a>, American and Canadian associate degrees are considered equivalent to one year higher education courses such as the <a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Certificate" title="Higher National Certificate">Higher National Certificate</a> at level 4 of the British <a href="/wiki/National_qualifications_frameworks_in_the_United_Kingdom#Higher_education_qualifications" title="National qualifications frameworks in the United Kingdom">Framework for Higher Education Qualifications</a>. Australian associate degrees, however, are considered equivalent to two-year higher education courses such as the <a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a> at level 5 on the framework.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hong Kong, associate degrees were first introduced in 2000 with the aim of increasing the number of students with post-secondary qualifications.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As originally introduced, the qualification took two or three years, but this was reformed in 2012 to a two-year course. The associate degree is designed as a general academic education qualification, compared to the more vocational Diploma/Higher/Advanced Diploma (Qualifications Frameworks Level 4), and allows articulation onto the third year of a four-year (US-style) bachelor's degree or the second year of a three-year (British-style) bachelor's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A survey in 2016 showed that most students believe associate degrees will help them to get onto bachelor's degree courses, but not (by themselves) in gaining a career; however only 30% of associate degree graduates gained places for further study, leading to accusations that the degree is "a waste of time and money" and calls for the government to address this by making more bachelor's degree places available.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (October 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This has been criticized, with others saying that education had benefits beyond income, which is only a short-term measure.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Associate degrees are called <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">önlisans derecesi</i></span> in Turkey, while bachelor's degrees are known as <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">lisans derecesi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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Vol. XXXVI. p. 128.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chemical+News+and+Journal+of+Physical+Science&rft.pages=128&rft.date=1877&rft.au=William+Crookes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-YEAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eells1963-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eells1963_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eells1963_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eells1963_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Crosby_Eells1963" class="citation book cs1">Walter Crosby Eells (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015070539849&view=1up&seq=108"><i>Degrees in Higher Education</i></a>. Library of education, a project of the Center for Applied Research in Education. Center for Applied Research in Education. pp. 94–95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Degrees+in+Higher+Education&rft.series=Library+of+education%2C+a+project+of+the+Center+for+Applied+Research+in+Education&rft.pages=94-95&rft.pub=Center+for+Applied+Research+in+Education&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Walter+Crosby+Eells&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015070539849%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniv1884" class="citation book cs1">Univ, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j-INAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA13"><i>The Durham College of Science Calendar: Session 1884–1885</i></a>. pp. 13, 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Durham+College+of+Science+Calendar%3A+Session+1884%E2%80%931885&rft.pages=13%2C+24&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Univ&rft.aufirst=Newcastle-Upon-Tyne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dj-INAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthur_Levine1978" class="citation book cs1">Arthur Levine (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udueAAAAMAAJ&q=%22associate+degree%22+durham+1870s"><i>Handbook on undergraduate curriculum</i></a>. Jossey-Bass Publishers. p. 158. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87589-376-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87589-376-1"><bdi>978-0-87589-376-1</bdi></a>. <q>The world's first associate's degree, the associate in science, was awarded by England's University of Durham in 1873. The University of Chicago awarded the first American associate's degree in 1898. It offered associate in arts, associate in literature, and associate in science degrees.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+on+undergraduate+curriculum&rft.pages=158&rft.pub=Jossey-Bass+Publishers&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-87589-376-1&rft.au=Arthur+Levine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudueAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522associate%2Bdegree%2522%2Bdurham%2B1870s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reed.dur.ac.uk/xtf/view?&docId=bookreader%2FDU_Calendars%2F1919-20%2Fducal1920METS.xml&hit.rank=1#page/555/mode/1up"><i>Durham University Calendar 1919–1920</i></a>. p. 555.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Durham+University+Calendar+1919%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=555&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freed.dur.ac.uk%2Fxtf%2Fview%3F%26docId%3Dbookreader%252FDU_Calendars%252F1919-20%252Fducal1920METS.xml%26hit.rank%3D1%23page%2F555%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC.E._Whiting1932" class="citation book cs1">C.E. Whiting (1932). <i>The University of Durham 1832–1932</i>. Sheldon Press. p. 262.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+University+of+Durham+1832%E2%80%931932&rft.pages=262&rft.pub=Sheldon+Press&rft.date=1932&rft.au=C.E.+Whiting&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Acland1858" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Dyke_Acland,_11th_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 11th Baronet">Thomas Acland</a> (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/someaccountofori00acla"><i>Some Account of the Origin and Objects of the New Oxford Examinations for the Title of Associate in Arts, and Certificates for the Year 1858</i></a>. J. Ridgway.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Account+of+the+Origin+and+Objects+of+the+New+Oxford+Examinations+for+the+Title+of+Associate+in+Arts%2C+and+Certificates+for+the+Year+1858&rft.pub=J.+Ridgway&rft.date=1858&rft.au=Thomas+Acland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsomeaccountofori00acla&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedesignecademy.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/11/NARIC-SummaryGuideToHNCHNDQualifications.pdf">"Summary guide to HNC and HND qualifications"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+guide+to+HNC+and+HND+qualifications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedesignecademy.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2014%2F11%2FNARIC-SummaryGuideToHNCHNDQualifications.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/article/1564261/get-associate-degree-hong-kong">"Get An Associate Degree in Hong Kong"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. August 1, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Get+An+Associate+Degree+in+Hong+Kong&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Farticle%2F1564261%2Fget-associate-degree-hong-kong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipass.gov.hk/edb/index.php/en/home/qa">"Q & A on Sub-degree Programmes"</a>. <i>Information Portal for Accredited Post-secondary Programmes</i>. Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 19,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+Portal+for+Accredited+Post-secondary+Programmes&rft.atitle=Q+%26+A+on+Sub-degree+Programmes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fipass.gov.hk%2Fedb%2Findex.php%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fqa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadailyasia.com/hknews/2016-07/11/content_15461243.html">"Associate degree not career booster: Survey"</a>. <i>China Daily Asia</i>. July 11, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily+Asia&rft.atitle=Associate+degree+not+career+booster%3A+Survey&rft.date=2016-07-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadailyasia.com%2Fhknews%2F2016-07%2F11%2Fcontent_15461243.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictor_Fung_Keung2016" class="citation news cs1">Victor Fung Keung (September 6, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/2015978/dont-see-hong-kongs-associate-degrees-substandard">"Don't see Hong Kong's associate degrees as substandard"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Don%27t+see+Hong+Kong%27s+associate+degrees+as+substandard&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.au=Victor+Fung+Keung&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fcomment%2Finsight-opinion%2Farticle%2F2015978%2Fdont-see-hong-kongs-associate-degrees-substandard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uluslararasi.yok.gov.tr/uluslararasilasma/bologna/bologna-s%C3%BCreci-ana-faaliyet-alanlar%C4%B1/diploma-ve-derecelerin-taninmasi">"YÖK Diploma ve Derecelerin Tanınması"</a>. <i>uluslararasi.yok.gov.tr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 21,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=uluslararasi.yok.gov.tr&rft.atitle=Y%C3%96K+Diploma+ve+Derecelerin+Tan%C4%B1nmas%C4%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuluslararasi.yok.gov.tr%2Fuluslararasilasma%2Fbologna%2Fbologna-s%25C3%25BCreci-ana-faaliyet-alanlar%25C4%25B1%2Fdiploma-ve-derecelerin-taninmasi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllenSeaman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/I._Elaine_Allen" title="I. Elaine Allen">Allen, I. Elaine</a>; Seaman, Jeff (2006). <i>Making the Grade: Online Education in the United States, 2006</i>. The Sloan Consortium.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Making+the+Grade%3A+Online+Education+in+the+United+States%2C+2006&rft.pub=The+Sloan+Consortium&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=I.+Elaine&rft.au=Seaman%2C+Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBragg1982" class="citation book cs1">Bragg, Ann Kieffer (1982). <i>Fall 1979 Transfer Study. Report 3: Second Year Persistence And Achievement</i>. Springfield, Illinois: Illinois Community College Board. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ERIC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERIC (identifier)">ERIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED230228">ED230228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fall+1979+Transfer+Study.+Report+3%3A+Second+Year+Persistence+And+Achievement&rft.place=Springfield%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Illinois+Community+College+Board&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Bragg&rft.aufirst=Ann+Kieffer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoltai1984" class="citation book cs1">Koltai, Leslie (1984). <i>Redefining The Associate Degree</i>. Washington: American Association of Community and Junior Colleges. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87117-131-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87117-131-3"><bdi>978-0-87117-131-3</bdi></a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ERIC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERIC (identifier)">ERIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED242378">ED242378</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redefining+The+Associate+Degree&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=American+Association+of+Community+and+Junior+Colleges&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-87117-131-3&rft.aulast=Koltai&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittstruck1985" class="citation book cs1">Wittstruck, J. R. (1985). <i>Requirements For Certificates, Diplomas And Associate Degrees: A Survey Of The States</i>. Denver, Colorado: State Higher Education Executive Officers Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Requirements+For+Certificates%2C+Diplomas+And+Associate+Degrees%3A+A+Survey+Of+The+States&rft.place=Denver%2C+Colorado&rft.pub=State+Higher+Education+Executive+Officers+Association&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Wittstruck&rft.aufirst=J.+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrosby2002" class="citation magazine cs1">Crosby, Olivia (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bls.gov/careeroutlook/2002/winter/art01.pdf">"Associate Degree: Two Years to a Career or a Jump Start to a Bachelor's Degree"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Occupational Outlook Quarterly</i>. Vol. 46, no. 4. Washington: Bureau of Labor Statistics. pp. 2–12. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0199-4786">0199-4786</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ERIC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ERIC (identifier)">ERIC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ662278">EJ662278</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Occupational+Outlook+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Associate+Degree%3A+Two+Years+to+a+Career+or+a+Jump+Start+to+a+Bachelor%27s+Degree&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=2-12&rft.date=2002&rft.issn=0199-4786&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.aufirst=Olivia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bls.gov%2Fcareeroutlook%2F2002%2Fwinter%2Fart01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAssociate+degree" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academic_degrees" title="Template:Academic degrees"><abbr title="View this 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href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Associate degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_degree" title="Foundation degree">Foundation degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_National_Diploma" title="Higher National Diploma">Higher National Diploma</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">Diploma of Higher Education</a> / <a href="/wiki/Certificate_of_Higher_Education" title="Certificate of Higher Education">Certificate of Higher Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">Honours degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_education" title="Postgraduate education">Postgraduate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 7</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_diploma" title="Postgraduate diploma">Postgraduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Postgraduate_certificate" title="Postgraduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplom" title="Diplom">Diplom degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineer%27s_degree" title="Engineer's degree">Engineer's degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Classification_of_Education" title="International Standard Classification of Education">ISCED</a> level 8</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doctorate" title="Doctorate">Doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candidate_of_Sciences" title="Candidate of Sciences">Candidate of Sciences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Postdoctoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher doctorate">Higher doctorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Sciences" title="Doctor of Sciences">Doctor of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habilitation" title="Habilitation">Habilitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Docent#Northern_Europe" title="Docent">Docent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_tenure" title="Academic tenure">Tenure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">Fellow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">No dominant<br />classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_certificate" title="Academic certificate">Academic certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_diploma" title="Artist diploma">Artist diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_degree" title="External degree">External degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurea" title="Laurea">Laurea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licentiate_(degree)" title="Licentiate (degree)">Licentiate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magister_degree" title="Magister degree">Magister degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdegree" title="Microdegree">Microdegree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_degree" title="Professional degree">Professional degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graduate_diploma" title="Graduate diploma">Graduate diploma</a>/<a href="/wiki/Graduate_certificate" title="Graduate certificate">certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_diploma" title="Higher diploma">Higher diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialist_degree" title="Specialist degree">Specialist degree</a>/<a href="/wiki/Education_in_Russia#Traditional_model" title="Education in Russia">diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_degree" title="Terminal degree">Terminal degree</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unearned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorary_degree" title="Honorary degree">Honorary degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree" title="Ad eundem degree"><i>Ad eundem</i> degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&oldid=1258850675">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Associate_degree&oldid=1258850675</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Associate_degrees" title="Category:Associate degrees">Associate degrees</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academic_degrees_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Academic degrees of the United States">Academic degrees of the 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