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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Space opera</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="أوبرا الفضاء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوبرا الفضاء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmik_opera" title="Kosmik opera – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kosmik opera" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A0i-khong-ke%CC%8Dk" title="Thài-khong-ke̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Thài-khong-ke̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Космическа опера – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Космическа опера" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_Opera" title="Space Opera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Space Opera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmoseooper" title="Kosmoseooper – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kosmoseooper" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosma_opero" title="Kosma opero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kosma opero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%81%D8%B6%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="اپرای فضایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اپرای فضایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceoldr%C3%A1ma_sp%C3%A1is" title="Ceoldráma spáis – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceoldráma spáis" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8E%98%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%98%A4%ED%8E%98%EB%9D%BC" title="스페이스 오페라 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스페이스 오페라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%AB%D5%A5%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D6%85%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Տիեզերական օպերա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տիեզերական օպերա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7_%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="अंतरिक्ष ओपेरा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अंतरिक्ष ओपेरा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_antariksa" title="Opera antariksa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Opera antariksa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%AA_%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%9C" title="אופרת חלל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אופרת חלל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="კოსმოსური ოპერა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კოსმოსური ოპერა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosmin%C4%97_opera" title="Kosminė opera – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kosminė opera" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%B0ropera" title="Űropera – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Űropera" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_angkasa_lepas" title="Opera angkasa lepas – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Opera angkasa lepas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%9A%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%A9" title="スペースオペラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スペースオペラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opera_kosmiczna" title="Opera kosmiczna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Opera kosmiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper%C4%83_spa%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Operă spațială – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Operă spațială" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Космическая опера – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Космическая опера" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Space opera" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avaruusooppera" title="Avaruusooppera – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Avaruusooppera" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rymdopera" title="Rymdopera – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rymdopera" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8" title="บันเทิงคดีแนวอวกาศ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="บันเทิงคดีแนวอวกาศ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uzay_operas%C4%B1" title="Uzay operası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Uzay operası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Космічна опера – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Космічна опера" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87" title="太空歌劇 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="太空歌劇" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E7%A9%BA%E6%AD%8C%E5%8A%87" title="太空歌劇 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="太空歌劇" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q468478#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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.hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Space_Opera_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Space Opera (disambiguation)">Space Opera (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Imagination_195606.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Imagination_195606.jpg/225px-Imagination_195606.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Imagination_195606.jpg/338px-Imagination_195606.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9d/Imagination_195606.jpg 2x" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="546" /></a><figcaption>Cover of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">sci-fi magazine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Imagination_(magazine)" title="Imagination (magazine)">Imagination</a></i>, June 1956</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks"><caption class="sidebar-outer-title">Space opera examples</caption><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Written fiction</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Skylark_(series)" title="Skylark (series)">Skylark series</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Lensman_series" title="Lensman series">Lensman series</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/E._E._Smith" title="E. E. Smith">E. E. "Doc" Smith</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(novel_series)" title="Grand Tour (novel series)">Grand Tour</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ben_Bova" title="Ben Bova">Ben Bova</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Dune_(franchise)" title="Dune (franchise)">Dune</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a>, and sequels/prequels by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Herbert" title="Brian Herbert">Brian Herbert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kevin_J._Anderson" title="Kevin J. Anderson">Kevin J. Anderson</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Alliance-Union_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alliance-Union universe">Alliance-Union universe</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Foreigner_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreigner universe">Foreigner universe</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/C._J._Cherryh" title="C. J. Cherryh">C. J. Cherryh</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Legend_of_the_Galactic_Heroes" title="Legend of the Galactic Heroes">Legend of the Galactic Heroes</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Yoshiki_Tanaka" title="Yoshiki Tanaka">Yoshiki Tanaka</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Vorkosigan_Saga" title="Vorkosigan Saga">Vorkosigan Saga</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Empire_(Isaac_Asimov)" class="mw-redirect" title="Galactic Empire (Isaac Asimov)">Galactic Empire</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Culture_series" title="Culture series">Culture series</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Iain_M._Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Iain M. Banks">Iain M. Banks</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_Cantos" title="Hyperion Cantos">Hyperion Cantos</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Ilium/Olympus" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilium/Olympus">Ilium/Olympus</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Simmons" title="Dan Simmons">Dan Simmons</a></dd> <dd>• <i>Cadicle Universe</i> by A.K. DuBoff</dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Known_Space" title="Known Space">Known Space</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/The_Gap_Cycle" title="The Gap Cycle">The Gap Cycle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Stephen_R._Donaldson" title="Stephen R. Donaldson">Stephen R. Donaldson</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Ender%27s_Game_(novel_series)" title="Ender's Game (novel series)">Ender's Game series</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Homecoming_Saga" title="Homecoming Saga">Homecoming Saga</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center_Saga" title="Galactic Center Saga">Galactic Center Saga</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Benford" title="Gregory Benford">Gregory Benford</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Deathstalker_(series)" title="Deathstalker (series)">Deathstalker</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Simon_R._Green" title="Simon R. Green">Simon R. Green</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sten_Chronicles" title="The Sten Chronicles">The Sten Chronicles</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Allan_Cole" title="Allan Cole">Allan Cole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chris_Bunch" title="Chris Bunch">Chris Bunch</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Uplift_Universe" title="Uplift Universe">Uplift Universe</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Heechee" class="mw-redirect" title="Heechee">Heechee</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Saga_of_the_Skolian_Empire" title="Saga of the Skolian Empire">Saga of the Skolian Empire</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Asaro" title="Catherine Asaro">Catherine Asaro</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Revelation_Space_universe" class="mw-redirect" title="Revelation Space universe">Revelation Space universe</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Reynolds" title="Alastair Reynolds">Alastair Reynolds</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saga_of_Seven_Suns" title="The Saga of Seven Suns">The Saga of Seven Suns</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saga_of_Shadows" title="The Saga of Shadows">The Saga of Shadows</a></i> by Kevin J. Anderson</dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expanse_(novel_series)" title="The Expanse (novel series)">The Expanse</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/James_S._A._Corey" title="James S. A. Corey">James S. A. Corey</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Saga" title="Commonwealth Saga">Commonwealth Saga</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Void_Trilogy" title="Void Trilogy">Void Trilogy</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Chronicle_of_the_Fallers" title="The Chronicle of the Fallers">The Chronicle of the Fallers</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Night%27s_Dawn_Trilogy" title="The Night's Dawn Trilogy">The Night's Dawn Trilogy</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Hamilton" title="Peter F. Hamilton">Peter F. Hamilton</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Radch" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Radch">Imperial Radch</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ann_Leckie" title="Ann Leckie">Ann Leckie</a></dd> <dd>• <i>Familias Regnant universe</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Vatta%27s_War" title="Vatta's War">Vatta's War</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Moon" title="Elizabeth Moon">Elizabeth Moon</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge#Zones_of_Thought_series" title="Vernor Vinge">Zones of Thought series</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Remembrance_of_Earth%27s_Past" title="Remembrance of Earth's Past">Remembrance of Earth's Past</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Liu_Cixin" title="Liu Cixin">Liu Cixin</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Seafort_Saga" title="Seafort Saga">Seafort Saga</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Feintuch" title="David Feintuch">David Feintuch</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Television and film</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <dl><dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon" title="Flash Gordon">Flash Gordon</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Raymond" title="Alex Raymond">Alex Raymond</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Farscape" title="Farscape">Farscape</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Rockne_S._O%27Bannon" title="Rockne S. O'Bannon">Rockne S. O'Bannon</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Battleship_Yamato" title="Space Battleship Yamato">Space Battleship Yamato</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Leiji_Matsumoto" title="Leiji Matsumoto">Leiji Matsumoto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yoshinobu_Nishizaki" title="Yoshinobu Nishizaki">Yoshinobu Nishizaki</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> franchise created by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry">Gene Roddenberry</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> franchise created by <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Lexx" title="Lexx">Lexx</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Lex_Gigeroff" title="Lex Gigeroff">Lex Gigeroff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hirschfield" title="Jeffrey Hirschfield">Jeffrey Hirschfield</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Blake%27s_7" title="Blake's 7">Blake's 7</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Nation" title="Terry Nation">Terry Nation</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica" title="Battlestar Galactica">Battlestar Galactica</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Glen_A._Larson" title="Glen A. Larson">Glen A. Larson</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ronald_D._Moore" title="Ronald D. Moore">Ronald D. Moore</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Macross" title="Macross">Macross</a></i> franchise created by <a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dji_Kawamori" title="Shōji Kawamori">Shōji Kawamori</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Stargate" title="Stargate">Stargate</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Roland_Emmerich" title="Roland Emmerich">Roland Emmerich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dean_Devlin" title="Dean Devlin">Dean Devlin</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Straczynski" title="J. Michael Straczynski">J. Michael Straczynski</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Dark_Matter_(2015_TV_series)" title="Dark Matter (2015 TV series)">Dark Matter</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Mallozzi" title="Joseph Mallozzi">Joseph Mallozzi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Mullie" title="Paul Mullie">Paul Mullie</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Lavender_Castle" title="Lavender Castle">Lavender Castle</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Anderson" title="Gerry Anderson">Gerry Anderson</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/Final_Space" title="Final Space">Final Space</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Olan_Rogers" title="Olan Rogers">Olan Rogers</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Element" title="The Fifth Element">The Fifth Element</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Luc_Besson" title="Luc Besson">Luc Besson</a></dd> <dd>• <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expanse_(TV_series)" title="The Expanse (TV series)">The Expanse</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Fergus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Fergus">Mark Fergus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hawk_Ostby" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawk Ostby">Hawk Ostby</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Games</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="text-align:left;"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mass_Effect_(series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass Effect (series)">Mass Effect</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/BioWare" title="BioWare">BioWare</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars:_Knights_of_the_Old_Republic" title="Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic">Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/BioWare" title="BioWare">BioWare</a> and <a href="/wiki/Obsidian_Entertainment" title="Obsidian Entertainment">Obsidian Entertainment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Homeworld" title="Homeworld">Homeworld</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Relic_Entertainment" title="Relic Entertainment">Relic Entertainment</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eve_Online" title="Eve Online">Eve Online</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/CCP_Games" title="CCP Games">CCP Games</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halo_(franchise)" title="Halo (franchise)">Halo</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Bungie" title="Bungie">Bungie</a> and <a href="/wiki/343_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="343 Industries">343 Industries</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Opera_(role-playing_game)" title="Space Opera (role-playing game)">Space Opera</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Simbalist" title="Edward E. Simbalist">Edward E. Simbalist</a>, <a href="/wiki/A._Mark_Ratner" title="A. Mark Ratner">A. Mark Ratner</a> and Phil McGregor</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid black;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_space_opera_media" title="List of space opera media">List of space opera media</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Space opera</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Subgenre" class="mw-redirect" title="Subgenre">subgenre</a> of <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that emphasizes <a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">space warfare</a>, with use of <a href="/wiki/Melodrama" title="Melodrama">melodramatic</a>, risk-taking space adventures, relationships, and <a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">chivalric romance</a>. Set mainly or entirely in <a href="/wiki/Outer_space" title="Outer space">outer space</a>, it features technological and social advancements (or lack thereof) in <a href="/wiki/Faster-than-light_travel" class="mw-redirect" title="Faster-than-light travel">faster-than-light travel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">futuristic weapons</a>, and sophisticated technology, on a backdrop of <a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">galactic empires</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_war" title="Interstellar war">interstellar wars</a> with <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">fictional aliens</a>, often in fictional galaxies. The term does not refer to <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera music</a>, but instead originally referred to the melodrama, scope, and formulaic stories of operas, much as used in "<a href="/wiki/Horse_opera" title="Horse opera">horse opera</a>", a 1930s phrase for a clichéd and formulaic <a href="/wiki/Western_film" title="Western film">Western film</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a>", a melodramatic domestic drama. Space operas emerged in the 1930s and continue to be produced in literature, film, comics, television, video games and board games. </p><p>An early film which was based on space-opera comic strips was <a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(serial)" title="Flash Gordon (serial)"><i>Flash Gordon</i> (1936)</a>, created by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Raymond" title="Alex Raymond">Alex Raymond</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nelson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nelson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Perry_Rhodan" title="Perry Rhodan">Perry Rhodan</a></i> (1961–) is the most successful space opera book series ever written.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> TV series (1966–) by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry">Gene Roddenberry</a> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i> films (1977–) by <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a> brought a great deal of attention to the sub-genre.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the convention-breaking "new wave", followed by the enormous success of the franchises, space opera became once again a critically acceptable sub-genre. From 1982 to 2002, the <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Hugo Award for Best Novel">Hugo Award for Best Novel</a> was often given to a space opera nominee.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_opera&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GalaxyOct50rearcover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/GalaxyOct50rearcover.jpg/220px-GalaxyOct50rearcover.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/GalaxyOct50rearcover.jpg/330px-GalaxyOct50rearcover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/GalaxyOct50rearcover.jpg/440px-GalaxyOct50rearcover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1518" /></a><figcaption>Back cover of the premier issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction" title="Galaxy Science Fiction">Galaxy Magazine</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Galaxy1950-10-back_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galaxy1950-10-back-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Space opera has been defined as "a television or radio drama or motion picture that is a science-fiction adventure story".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some critics distinguish between space opera and <a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">planetary romance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both feature adventures in exotic settings, but space opera emphasizes space travel, while planetary romances focus on alien worlds. In this view, the Martian, Venusian, and lunar-setting stories of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a> would be <i>planetary romances</i> (and among the earliest), as would be <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a>'s Burroughs-influenced <i><a href="/wiki/Eric_John_Stark" title="Eric John Stark">Eric John Stark</a></i> stories. </p><p>The term "space opera" was coined in 1941 by <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">fan writer</a> and author <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Tucker_(writer)" title="Wilson Tucker (writer)">Wilson Tucker</a> as a pejorative term in an article in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Zombie" title="Le Zombie">Le Zombie</a></i> (a science fiction <a href="/wiki/Fanzine" title="Fanzine">fanzine</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Stokes-1941_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-1941-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, serial radio dramas in the United States had become popularly known as <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap operas</a> because many were sponsored by soap manufacturers.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "<a href="/wiki/Horse_opera" title="Horse opera">horse opera</a>" had also come into use to describe formulaic <a href="/wiki/Western_(genre)" title="Western (genre)">Western films</a>. Tucker defined space opera as the science fiction equivalent: A "hacky, grinding, stinking, outworn, spaceship yarn".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stokes-1941_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stokes-1941-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fans and critics have noted that the plots of space operas have sometimes been taken from horse operas and simply translated into an outer space environment, as famously parodied on the back cover of the first issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction" title="Galaxy Science Fiction">Galaxy Science Fiction</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Galaxy1950-10-back_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Galaxy1950-10-back-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 1920s and early 1930s, when the stories were printed in science-fiction magazines, they were often referred to as "super-science epics".<sup id="cite_ref-Pringle_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pringle-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in the 1960s, and widely accepted by the 1970s, the space opera was redefined, following <a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a>' definition in <i><a href="/wiki/Space_Opera_(1974_anthology)" title="Space Opera (1974 anthology)">Space Opera (1974)</a></i> as – paraphrased by Hartwell and Cramer – "the good old stuff".<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–18">: 10–18 </span></sup> Yet soon after his redefinition, it began to be challenged, for example, by the editorial practice and marketing of <a href="/wiki/Judy-Lynn_del_Rey" title="Judy-Lynn del Rey">Judy-Lynn del Rey</a> and in the reviews of her husband and colleague <a href="/wiki/Lester_del_Rey" title="Lester del Rey">Lester del Rey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–18">: 10–18 </span></sup> In particular, they disputed the claims that space operas were obsolete, and Del Rey Books labeled reissues of earlier work of <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a> as space opera.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–18">: 10–18 </span></sup> By the early 1980s, space operas were again redefined, and the label was attached to major <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> works such as <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–18">: 10–18 </span></sup> Only in the early 1990s did the term space opera begin to be recognized as a legitimate genre of science fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–18">: 10–18 </span></sup> </p><p> Hartwell and Cramer define space opera as:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... colorful, dramatic, large-scale science fiction adventure, competently and sometimes beautifully written, usually focused on a sympathetic, heroic central character and plot action, and usually set in the relatively distant future, and in space or on other worlds, characteristically optimistic in tone. It often deals with war, piracy, military virtues, and very large-scale action, large stakes.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–18">: 10–18 </span></sup></p></blockquote><p> Author A.K. DuBoff defines space opera as:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>True space opera is epic in scale and personal with characters. It is about people taking on something bigger than themselves and their struggles to prevail. Though a setting beyond Earth is central, being on a spaceship or visiting another planet isn't the only qualifier. There must also be drama and sufficiently large scope to elevate a tale from being simply space-based to being real space opera.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Space opera can be contrasted in outline with "<a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a>", in which the emphasis is on the effects of technological progress and inventions, and where the settings are carefully worked out to obey the laws of physics, cosmology, mathematics, and biology. Examples are seen in the works of <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Reynolds" title="Alastair Reynolds">Alastair Reynolds</a> or the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Starfighter" title="The Last Starfighter">The Last Starfighter</a></i>. At other times, space opera can concur with hard science fiction and differ from <a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">soft science fiction</a> by instead focusing on scientific accuracy such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Risen_Empire" title="The Risen Empire">The Risen Empire</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Scott_Westerfeld" title="Scott Westerfeld">Scott Westerfeld</a>. Other space opera works may be defined as a balance between both or simultaneously hard and soft science fiction such as the <i>Dune</i> prequel series by <a href="/wiki/Kevin_J._Anderson" title="Kevin J. Anderson">Kevin J. Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brian_Herbert" title="Brian Herbert">Brian Herbert</a> or the <i>Star Wars</i> series created by <a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_opera&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early works which preceded the subgenre contained many elements of what would become space opera. They are today referred to as proto-space opera.<sup id="cite_ref-Dozois_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dozois-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early proto-space opera was written by several 19th century French authors, for example, <i>Les Posthumes</i> (1802) by <a href="/wiki/Nicolas-Edme_R%C3%A9tif" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas-Edme Rétif">Nicolas-Edme Rétif</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Star ou Psi de Cassiopée: Histoire Merveilleuse de l'un des Mondes de l'Espace</i> (1854) by <a href="/wiki/C._I._Defontenay" title="C. I. Defontenay">C. I. Defontenay</a> and <i>Lumen</i> (1872) by <a href="/wiki/Camille_Flammarion" title="Camille Flammarion">Camille Flammarion</a>. </p><p>Not widely popular, proto-space operas were nevertheless occasionally written during the late <a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_era#Literature" title="Edwardian era">Edwardian</a> science-fiction era. Examples may be found in the works of <a href="/wiki/Percy_Greg" title="Percy Greg">Percy Greg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garrett_P._Serviss" title="Garrett P. Serviss">Garrett P. Serviss</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Griffith" title="George Griffith">George Griffith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cromie" title="Robert Cromie">Robert Cromie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bleiler-1990_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleiler-1990-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction scholar">Science fiction scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/E._F._Bleiler" title="E. F. Bleiler">E. F. Bleiler</a> cites <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Cole" title="Robert William Cole">Robert William Cole</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Struggle_for_Empire:_A_Story_of_the_Year_2236" title="The Struggle for Empire: A Story of the Year 2236">The Struggle for Empire: A Story of the Year 2236</a></i> as the first space opera in his 1990 <a href="/wiki/Reference_work" title="Reference work">reference work</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Science-Fiction:_The_Early_Years" title="Science-Fiction: The Early Years">Science-Fiction: The Early Years</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bleiler-1990_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleiler-1990-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel depicts an interstellar conflict between solar men of Earth and a fierce humanoid race headquartered on <a href="/wiki/Sirius" title="Sirius">Sirius</a>. However, the idea for the novel arises out of a nationalistic genre of fiction popular from 1880 to 1914 called future-war fiction.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite this seemingly early beginning, it was not until the late 1920s that the space opera proper began to appear regularly in <a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp magazines</a> such as <i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–18">: 10–18 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dozois_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dozois-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In film, the genre probably began with the 1918 Danish film, <i><a href="/wiki/Himmelskibet_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Himmelskibet (film)">Himmelskibet</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike earlier stories of space adventure, which either related the invasion of Earth by extraterrestrials, or concentrated on the invention of a space vehicle by a genius inventor, pure space opera simply took space travel for granted (usually by setting the story in the far future), skipped the preliminaries, and launched straight into tales of derring-do among the stars. Early stories of this type include <a href="/wiki/J._Schlossel" class="mw-redirect" title="J. Schlossel">J. Schlossel</a>'s "Invaders from Outside" (<i>Weird Tales</i>, January 1925),<sup id="cite_ref-Bleiler-1990_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bleiler-1990-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Second Swarm</i> (<i>Amazing Stories Quarterly</i>, spring 1928) and <i>The Star Stealers</i> (<i>Weird Tales</i>, February 1929), <a href="/wiki/Ray_Cummings" title="Ray Cummings">Ray Cummings</a>' <i>Tarrano the Conqueror</i> (1925), and Edmond Hamilton's <i>Across Space</i> (1926) and <i>Crashing Suns</i> (<i>Weird Tales</i>, August–September 1928).<sup id="cite_ref-Dozois_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dozois-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar stories by other writers followed through 1929 and 1930. By 1931, the space opera was well established as a major subgenre of science fiction.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>However, the author cited most often as the true father of the genre is <a href="/wiki/E._E._%22Doc%22_Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="E. E. "Doc" Smith">E. E. "Doc" Smith</a>. His first published work, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Skylark_of_Space" title="The Skylark of Space">The Skylark of Space</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a></i>, August–October 1928), written in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Lee_Hawkins_Garby" title="Lee Hawkins Garby">Lee Hawkins Garby</a>, is often called the first great space opera.<sup id="cite_ref-Dozois_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dozois-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It merges the traditional tale of a scientist inventing a space-drive with <a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">planetary romance</a> in the style of <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–18">: 10–18 </span></sup> Smith's later <i><a href="/wiki/Lensman_series" title="Lensman series">Lensman</a></i> series and the works of <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Hamilton" title="Edmond Hamilton">Edmond Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">John W. Campbell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jack_Williamson" title="Jack Williamson">Jack Williamson</a> in the 1930s and 1940s were popular with readers and much imitated by other writers. By the early 1940s, the repetitiousness and extravagance of some of these stories led to objections from some fans and the return of the term in its original and pejorative sense.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Eventually, though, a fondness for the best examples of the genre led to a re-evaluation of the term and a resurrection of the subgenre's traditions. Writers such as <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Dickson" title="Gordon R. Dickson">Gordon R. Dickson</a> had kept the large-scale space adventure form alive through the 1950s, followed by writers like <a href="/wiki/M._John_Harrison" title="M. John Harrison">M. John Harrison</a> and <a href="/wiki/C._J._Cherryh" title="C. J. Cherryh">C. J. Cherryh</a> in the 1970s. By this time, "space opera" was for many readers no longer a term of insult but a simple description of a particular kind of science fiction adventure story.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–18">: 10–18 </span></sup> </p><p>According to author <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._McAuley" title="Paul J. McAuley">Paul J. McAuley</a>, a number of mostly British writers began to reinvent space opera in the 1970s<sup id="cite_ref-Mcauley_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcauley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (although most non-British critics tend to dispute the British claim to dominance in the new space opera arena).<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–18">: 10–18 </span></sup> Significant events in this process include the publication of <a href="/wiki/M._John_Harrison" title="M. John Harrison">M. John Harrison</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Centauri_Device" title="The Centauri Device">The Centauri Device</a></i> in 1975 and a "call to arms" editorial by <a href="/wiki/David_Pringle" title="David Pringle">David Pringle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colin_Greenland" title="Colin Greenland">Colin Greenland</a> in the Summer 1984 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/Interzone_(magazine)" title="Interzone (magazine)">Interzone</a></i>;<sup id="cite_ref-Mcauley_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcauley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the financial success of <i>Star Wars</i>, which follows some traditional space opera conventions.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 10–18">: 10–18 </span></sup> This "new space opera", which evolved around the same time <a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">cyberpunk</a> emerged and was influenced by it, is darker, moves away from the "triumph of mankind" template of older space opera, involves newer technologies, and has stronger characterization than the space opera of old.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcauley_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcauley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While it does retain the interstellar scale and scope of traditional space opera, it can also be scientifically rigorous.<sup id="cite_ref-Mcauley_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcauley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The new space opera was a reaction against the old.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 'New space opera' proponents claim that the genre centers on character development, fine writing, high literary standards, verisimilitude, and a moral exploration of contemporary social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McAuley and Michael Levy identify <a href="/wiki/Iain_M._Banks" class="mw-redirect" title="Iain M. Banks">Iain M. Banks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Baxter_(author)" title="Stephen Baxter (author)">Stephen Baxter</a>, <a href="/wiki/M._John_Harrison" title="M. John Harrison">M. John Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alastair_Reynolds" title="Alastair Reynolds">Alastair Reynolds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_J._McAuley" title="Paul J. McAuley">McAuley</a> himself,<sup id="cite_ref-Mcauley_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcauley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ken_MacLeod" title="Ken MacLeod">Ken MacLeod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_F._Hamilton" title="Peter F. Hamilton">Peter F. Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Leckie" title="Ann Leckie">Ann Leckie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Justina_Robson" title="Justina Robson">Justina Robson</a> as the most-notable practitioners of the new space opera.<sup id="cite_ref-Levy_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Levy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mcauley_21-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mcauley-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the most notable publishers <a href="/wiki/Baen_Books" title="Baen Books">Baen Books</a> specialises in space opera and military science fiction,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> publishing many of the aforementioned authors, who have won Hugo Awards. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions_by_contrast">Definitions by contrast</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_opera&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definitions by contrast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several subsets of space opera overlap with military science fiction, concentrating on large-scale space battles with futuristic weapons in an <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_war" title="Interstellar war">interstellar war</a>. Many series can be considered to belong and fall in two genres or even overlap all like <i><a href="/wiki/Ender%27s_Game_(novel_series)" title="Ender's Game (novel series)">Ender's Game series</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> or the <i><a href="/wiki/Honorverse" title="Honorverse">Honorverse</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/David_Weber" title="David Weber">David Weber</a>. At one extreme, the genre is used to speculate about future wars involving space travel, or the effects of such a war on humans; at the other, it consists of the use of military fiction plots with some superficial science-fiction trappings in <a href="/wiki/Planets_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets in science fiction">fictional planets</a> with fictional civilizations and <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">fictional extraterrestrials</a>. The term "military space opera" is occasionally used to denote this subgenre, as used for example by critic Sylvia Kelso when describing <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a>'s<i> <a href="/wiki/Vorkosigan_Saga" title="Vorkosigan Saga">Vorkosigan Saga</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hartwell_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hartwell-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 251">: 251 </span></sup> Other examples of military space opera include the <i><a href="/wiki/Battlestar_Galactica" title="Battlestar Galactica">Battlestar Galactica</a></i> franchise and <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a>'s 1959 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a></i>. The key distinction of military science fiction from space opera as part of the <a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">space warfare in science fiction</a> is that the principal characters in a space opera are not military personnel, but civilians or <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a>. That which brings them together under a common denominator is that military science fiction like space opera often concerns an <a href="/wiki/Interstellar_war" title="Interstellar war">interstellar war</a>. Military science fiction however does not necessarily always include an outer space or multi-planetary setting like space opera and space Western.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a> also may emphasize space exploration as “the final frontier”. These Western themes may be explicit, such as cowboys in outer space, or they can be a more subtle influence in space opera.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry">Gene Roddenberry</a> described <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_The_Original_Series" title="Star Trek: The Original Series">Star Trek: The Original Series</a></i> as a space Western (or more poetically, as “<i><a href="/wiki/Wagon_Train" title="Wagon Train">Wagon Train</a></i> to the stars”).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Firefly_(TV_series)" title="Firefly (TV series)">Firefly</a></i> and its cinematic follow-up <i><a href="/wiki/Serenity_(2005_film)" title="Serenity (2005 film)">Serenity</a></i> literalized the Western aspects of the genre popularized by <i>Star Trek</i>: it used frontier towns, horses, and the styling of classic <a href="/wiki/John_Ford" title="John Ford">John Ford</a> Westerns.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Worlds that have been terraformed may be depicted as presenting similar challenges as that of a frontier settlement in a classic Western.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six-shooters and horses may be replaced by ray guns and rockets.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parodies">Parodies</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_opera&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parodies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harrison_(writer)" title="Harry Harrison (writer)">Harry Harrison</a>'s novels <i><a href="/wiki/Bill,_the_Galactic_Hero" title="Bill, the Galactic Hero">Bill, the Galactic Hero</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Smashers_of_the_Galaxy_Rangers" title="Star Smashers of the Galaxy Rangers">Star Smashers of the Galaxy Rangers</a></i>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Bill,_the_Galactic_Hero_(film)" title="Bill, the Galactic Hero (film)">film adaptation</a> of the former, the films <i><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Quest" title="Galaxy Quest">Galaxy Quest</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Spaceballs" title="Spaceballs">Spaceballs</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a>'</i>s <i><a href="/wiki/Laugh_It_Up,_Fuzzball:_The_Family_Guy_Trilogy" title="Laugh It Up, Fuzzball: The Family Guy Trilogy">Laugh It Up, Fuzzball</a></i> trilogy parody the conventions of classic space opera.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_opera&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/27px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/41px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/54px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_space_opera_media" title="List of space opera media">List of space opera media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_opera_in_Scientology" title="Space opera in Scientology">Space opera in Scientology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_opera&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agafonova, Karina, et al. "How Do People Read Science Fiction and Why is it Popular: Common Tendencies and Comparative Analysis." CEUR Workshop Proceedings, 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pringle-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pringle_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPringle2000" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, David (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cLbvA_WyBRMC&pg=PA36">"What is this thing called space opera?"</a>. In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). <i>Space and Beyond: The frontier theme in science fiction</i> (1st ed.). Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313308468" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313308468"><bdi>978-0313308468</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(30 December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314104907/http://www.strangehorizons.com/2009/20091130/lilly-a.shtml">"The Emancipation of Bat Durston, or: "I'm from Iowa, I Only Work in Outer Space"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Strange_Horizons" title="Strange Horizons">Strange Horizons</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.strangehorizons.com/2009/20091130/lilly-a.shtml">the original</a> on 14 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Strange+Horizons&rft.atitle=The+Emancipation+of+Bat+Durston%2C+or%3A+%22I%27m+from+Iowa%2C+I+Only+Work+in+Outer+Space%22&rft.date=2009-12-30&rft.aulast=Lilly&rft.aufirst=Nathan+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.strangehorizons.com%2F2009%2F20091130%2Flilly-a.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartwellCramer2003" class="citation web cs1">Hartwell, David G.; Cramer, Kathryn (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfrevu.com/ISSUES/2003/0308/Space%20Opera%20Redefined/Review.htm">"Space opera redefined"</a>. <i>SF Revu</i> (review)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SF+Revu&rft.atitle=Space+opera+redefined&rft.date=2003-08&rft.aulast=Hartwell&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft.au=Cramer%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfrevu.com%2FISSUES%2F2003%2F0308%2FSpace%2520Opera%2520Redefined%2FReview.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+opera" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_opera&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dave_Langford" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Langford">Langford, Dave</a> (1996). "Fun with senseless violence". <i>The Silence of the Langford</i>. NESFA Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-915368-62-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-915368-62-5"><bdi>0-915368-62-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fun+with+senseless+violence&rft.btitle=The+Silence+of+the+Langford&rft.pub=NESFA+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-915368-62-5&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=Dave&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+opera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Sawyer, Andy (2009). "Space Opera". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n-20LVwKfTMC"><i>The Routledge Companion to Science Fiction</i></a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 505–509. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45378-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45378-3"><bdi>978-0-415-45378-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Space+Opera&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=505-509&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45378-3&rft.aulast=Sawyer&rft.aufirst=Andy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn-20LVwKfTMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+opera" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Space_opera" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Space opera">Space opera</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/2003/Issue12/Harrison.html">"Interview with M. John Harrison"</a>. <i>Locus</i>. No. 12. December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Locus&rft.atitle=Interview+with+M.+John+Harrison&rft.issue=12&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2F2003%2FIssue12%2FHarrison.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+opera" class="Z3988"></span> Harrison discusses his view of the nature of space opera in depth.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetsonWolfeMacLeodMcAuley2003" class="citation magazine cs1">Letson, Russell; Wolfe, Gary K.; MacLeod, Ken; McAuley, Paul J.; Jones, Gwyneth; Harrison, M. John; Baxter, Stephen (August 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/2003/Issue08/Toc.html">"Special section on 'The New Space Opera'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Locus</i>. No. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Locus&rft.atitle=Special+section+on+%27The+New+Space+Opera%27&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2003-08&rft.aulast=Letson&rft.aufirst=Russell&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Gary+K.&rft.au=MacLeod%2C+Ken&rft.au=McAuley%2C+Paul+J.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Gwyneth&rft.au=Harrison%2C+M.+John&rft.au=Baxter%2C+Stephen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2F2003%2FIssue08%2FToc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+opera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/2003/Issue08/Reynolds.html">"Interview with Alastair Reynolds"</a>. <i>Locus</i>. No. 8. August 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Locus&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Alastair+Reynolds&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2F2003%2FIssue08%2FReynolds.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+opera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/2003/Issue08/Stross.html">"Interview with Charles Stross"</a>. <i>Locus</i>. No. 8. August 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Locus&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Charles+Stross&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2003-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2F2003%2FIssue08%2FStross.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+opera" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestfahl2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Westfahl" title="Gary Westfahl">Westfahl, Gary</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=55wUHXiay-gC&pg=PP1">"Space Opera"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Farah_Mendlesohn" title="Farah Mendlesohn">Mendlesohn, Farah</a>; James, Edward (eds.). <i>The Cambridge Companion to Science Fiction</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521016575" title="Special:BookSources/9780521016575"><bdi>9780521016575</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Space+Opera&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=197&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780521016575&rft.aulast=Westfahl&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D55wUHXiay-gC%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+opera" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_opera&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sf-encyclopedia.com/entry/space_opera">"Space opera"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Science_Fiction" title="The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction">The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Space+opera&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sf-encyclopedia.com%2Fentry%2Fspace_opera&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASpace+opera" 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Space_opera_serials_1930%E2%80%931960" title="Template:Space opera serials 1930–1960"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Space_opera_serials_1930%E2%80%931960" title="Template talk:Space opera serials 1930–1960"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Space_opera_serials_1930%E2%80%931960" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Space opera serials 1930–1960"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Space_opera_serials_(1930–1960)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space opera</a> serials (1930–1960)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">TV series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Atom_Squad" title="Atom Squad">Atom Squad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers#1950–1951_ABC_television_series" title="Buck Rogers">Buck Rogers</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li>(<b><a href="/wiki/Captain_Video_and_His_Video_Rangers" title="Captain Video and His Video Rangers">Captain Video</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Video_and_His_Video_Rangers" title="Captain Video and His Video Rangers">Captain Video and His Video Rangers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Corbett,_Space_Cadet_(TV-series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Corbett, Space Cadet (TV-series)">Tom Corbett, Space Cadet</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Z-Ro" title="Captain Z-Ro">Captain Z-Ro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(1954_TV_series)" title="Flash Gordon (1954 TV series)">Flash Gordon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Jones,_Space_Ranger" title="Rocky Jones, Space Ranger">Rocky Jones, Space Ranger</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rod_Brown_of_the_Rocket_Rangers" title="Rod Brown of the Rocket Rangers">Rod Brown of the Rocket Rangers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Command_(TV_series)" title="Space Command (TV series)"><i>Space Command</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Patrol_(1950_TV_series)" title="Space Patrol (1950 TV series)">Space Patrol</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Movie serials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<b><a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers" title="Buck Rogers">Buck Rogers</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers_(serial)" title="Buck Rogers (serial)">Buck Rogers</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>(<b><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon" title="Flash Gordon">Flash Gordon</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_(serial)" title="Flash Gordon (serial)">Flash Gordon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon%27s_Trip_to_Mars" title="Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars">Flash Gordon's Trip to Mars</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon_Conquers_the_Universe" title="Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe">Flash Gordon Conquers the Universe</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li>(<b><a href="/wiki/Commando_Cody" title="Commando Cody">Commando Cody</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Radar_Men_from_the_Moon" title="Radar Men from the Moon">Radar Men from the Moon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commando_Cody:_Sky_Marshal_of_the_Universe" title="Commando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe">Commando Cody: Sky Marshal of the Universe</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Purple_Monster_Strikes" title="The Purple Monster Strikes">The Purple Monster Strikes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brick_Bradford_(serial)" title="Brick Bradford (serial)">Brick Bradford</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li>(<i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Rocket_Men" title="King of the Rocket Men">King of the Rocket Men</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lost_Planet_Airmen" title="Lost Planet Airmen">Lost Planet Airmen</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Disc_Man_from_Mars" title="Flying Disc Man from Mars">Flying Disc Man from Mars</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li>(<b><a href="/wiki/Captain_Video_and_His_Video_Rangers" title="Captain Video and His Video Rangers">Captain Video</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Captain_Video:_Master_of_the_Stratosphere" title="Captain Video: Master of the Stratosphere">Captain Video: Master of the Stratosphere</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zombies_of_the_Stratosphere" title="Zombies of the Stratosphere">Zombies of the Stratosphere</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Planet_(serial)" title="The Lost Planet (serial)">The Lost Planet</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Radio serials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>(<b><a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers" title="Buck Rogers">Buck Rogers</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Buck_Rogers_in_the_25th_Century_(radio_series)" title="Buck Rogers in the 25th Century (radio series)">Buck Rogers in the 25th Century</a></i></li> <li>(<b><a href="/wiki/Dan_Dare" title="Dan Dare">Dan Dare</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Dan_Dare#Radio_Luxembourg_serial" title="Dan Dare">The New Adventures of Dan Dare, Pilot of the Future</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li>(<b><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon" title="Flash Gordon">Flash Gordon</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon#Radio_serials" title="Flash Gordon">The Amazing Interplanetary Adventures of Flash Gordon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flash_Gordon#Radio_serials" title="Flash Gordon">The Further Interplanetary Adventures of Flash Gordon</a></i>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Journey_into_Space" title="Journey into Space">Journey into Space</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orbiter_X" title="Orbiter X">Orbiter X</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orbit_One_Zero" title="Orbit One Zero">Orbit One Zero</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Space_Patrol_(1950_TV_series)" title="Space Patrol (1950 TV series)">Space Patrol</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li>(<b><a href="/wiki/Captain_Video_and_His_Video_Rangers" title="Captain Video and His Video Rangers">Captain Video</a></b>: <i><a href="/wiki/Tom_Corbett,_Space_Cadet" title="Tom Corbett, Space Cadet">Tom Corbett, Space Cadet</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Science fiction opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Science_fiction" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Science_fiction" title="Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Science_fiction" title="Template talk:Science fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Science_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Science fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Science_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_science_fiction" title="Outline of science fiction">Outline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science-fiction_authors" title="List of science-fiction authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Definitions_of_science_fiction" title="Definitions of science fiction">Definitions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropological_science_fiction" title="Anthropological science fiction">Anthropological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_romance" title="Scientific romance">Scientific romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_science_fiction" title="Soft science fiction">Soft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Science_Fiction" title="Golden Age of Science Fiction">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction" title="History of science fiction">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Wave_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="New Wave science fiction">New Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_fiction" title="Timeline of science fiction">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comedy" title="Science fiction comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_sitcoms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of science fiction sitcoms">Sitcoms</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_space_(science_fiction)" title="Inner space (science fiction)">Inner space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecha_anime_and_manga" title="Mecha anime and manga">Anime and manga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundane_science_fiction" title="Mundane science fiction">Mundane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_warfare_in_science_fiction" title="Space warfare in science fiction">Space warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_science_fiction" title="Military science fiction">Military</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Space opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Western" title="Space Western">Space Western</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sword and planet">Sword and planet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_fiction" title="Climate fiction">Climate fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_science_fiction" title="Libertarian science fiction">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_and_dystopian_fiction" title="Utopian and dystopian fiction">Utopian and dystopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_noir" title="Tech noir">Tech noir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spy-Fi_(subgenre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spy-Fi (subgenre)">Spy-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno-thriller" title="Techno-thriller">Techno-thriller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_underwater_science_fiction_works" title="List of underwater science fiction works">Underwater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk_derivatives" title="Cyberpunk derivatives">Cyberpunk derivatives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberpunk" title="Cyberpunk">Cyberpunk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_cyberpunk" title="Japanese cyberpunk">Japanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biopunk" title="Biopunk">Biopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieselpunk" title="Dieselpunk">Dieselpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanopunk" title="Nanopunk">Nanopunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarpunk" title="Solarpunk">Solarpunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steampunk" title="Steampunk">Steampunk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_convention" title="Science fiction convention">Conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_fandom" title="Science fiction fandom">Fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science-fiction_fanzine" title="Science-fiction fanzine">Fanzines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">ISFDB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_libraries_and_museums" title="Science fiction libraries and museums">Libraries and museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_studies" title="Science fiction studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Women in SF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction" title="Australian science fiction">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_science_fiction" title="Bengali science fiction">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction" title="Canadian science fiction">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_science_fiction" title="Chilean science fiction">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_science_fiction" title="Chinese science fiction">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_science_fiction" title="Croatian science fiction">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech science fiction and fantasy">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_science_fiction" title="Estonian science fiction">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_science_fiction" title="French science fiction">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_science_fiction" title="Hungarian science fiction">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_science_fiction" title="Norwegian science fiction">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_and_fantasy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Science fiction and fantasy in Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_science_fiction" title="Romanian science fiction">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_science_fiction_and_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian science fiction and fantasy">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_science_fiction" title="Serbian science fiction">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_science_fiction" title="Spanish science fiction">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_science_fiction" title="Yugoslav science fiction">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cinematic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Verne_Awards" title="Jules Verne Awards">Jules Verne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literary, art,<br />and audio</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astounding_Award_for_Best_New_Writer" title="Astounding Award for Best New Writer">Astounding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurealis_Award" title="Aurealis Award">Aurealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSFA_Award" title="BSFA Award">BSFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell_Memorial_Award_for_Best_Science_Fiction_Novel" title="John W. Campbell Memorial Award for Best Science Fiction Novel">Campbell Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesley_Awards" title="Chesley Awards">Chesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke_Award" title="Arthur C. Clarke Award">Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compton_Crook_Award" title="Compton Crook Award">Crook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Science_Fiction_Preis" title="Deutscher Science Fiction Preis">Deutscher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick_Award" title="Philip K. Dick Award">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditmar_Award" title="Ditmar Award">Ditmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Award" title="Endeavour Award">Endeavor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FantLab%27s_Book_of_the_Year_Award" title="FantLab's Book of the Year Award">FantLab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Award_(China)" title="Galaxy Award (China)">Galaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Gaughan_Award" title="Jack Gaughan Award">Gaughan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geffen_Award" title="Geffen Award">Geffen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Duck_Award" title="Golden Duck Award">Golden Duck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Grand Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_prix_de_l%27Imaginaire" title="Grand prix de l'Imaginaire">Grand Prix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Harland_Prize" title="Paul Harland Prize">Harland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premio_Ignotus" title="Premio Ignotus">Ignotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitschies" title="Kitschies">Kitschies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Lambda_Literary_Awards_winners_and_nominees_for_science_fiction,_fantasy_and_horror" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Lambda Literary Awards winners and nominees for science fiction, fantasy and horror">Lambda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurd_La%C3%9Fwitz_Award" title="Kurd Laßwitz Award">Laßwitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautilus_Award" title="Nautilus Award">Nautilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nommo_Awards" title="Nommo Awards">Nommo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton_Award" title="Andre Norton Award">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parsec_Awards" title="Parsec Awards">Parsec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Award" title="Prometheus Award">Prometheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhysling_Award" title="Rhysling Award">Rhysling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SFERA_Award" title="SFERA Award">SFERA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidewise_Award_for_Alternate_History" title="Sidewise Award for Alternate History">Sidewise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_E._Smith_Memorial_Award" title="Edward E. Smith Memorial Award">Skylark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon_Award" title="Theodore Sturgeon Award">Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunburst_Award" title="Sunburst Award">Sunburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htivaeltaja_Award" title="Tähtivaeltaja Award">Tähtivaeltaja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TBD_Science_Fiction_Story_Award" title="TBD Science Fiction Story Award">TBD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr._Award" class="mw-redirect" title="James Tiptree Jr. Award">Tiptree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Apollo_Award" title="Prix Apollo Award">Tour-Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_%26_Fantasy_Translation_Awards" title="Science Fiction & Fantasy Translation Awards">Translation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urania_Award" title="Urania Award">Urania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Julius_Vogel_Award" title="Sir Julius Vogel Award">Vogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writers_of_the_Future" class="mw-redirect" title="Writers of the Future">Writers and Illustrators of the Future</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janusz_A._Zajdel_Award" title="Janusz A. Zajdel Award">Zajdel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Multimedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aurora_Awards" title="Aurora Awards">Aurora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandler_Award" title="Chandler Award">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seiun_Award" title="Seiun Award">Seiun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaylactic_Spectrum_Awards" title="Gaylactic Spectrum Awards">Spectrum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_film" title="Science fiction film">Film</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_science_fiction_films" title="History of science fiction films">Film history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_fiction_films" title="Lists of science fiction films">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_films_in_India" title="Science fiction films in India">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_magazine" title="Science fiction magazine">Magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_novels" title="List of science fiction novels">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_short_stories" title="List of science fiction short stories">Short stories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_opera" title="Science fiction opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_theatre" title="Science fiction theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television" title="Science fiction on television">Television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_television_programs" title="List of science fiction television programs">List of TV shows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_science_fiction_television" title="Australian science fiction television">Australasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_television_science_fiction" title="British television science fiction">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_science_fiction_television" title="Canadian science fiction television">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_on_television#Continental_European_science_fiction_series" title="Science fiction on television">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_science_fiction" title="Japanese science fiction">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_anime" title="List of science fiction anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Live-action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.S._television_science_fiction" title="U.S. television science fiction">U.S.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_themes" title="List of science fiction themes">Themes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Space_architecture" title="Space architecture">Architectural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_colonization" title="Space colonization">Colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyson_sphere" title="Dyson sphere">Dyson sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrioshka_brain" title="Matrioshka brain">Matrioshka brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_stations_and_habitats_in_fiction" title="Space stations and habitats in fiction">Space stations and habitats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stellar_engine" title="Stellar engine">Stellar engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terraforming_in_popular_culture" title="Terraforming in popular culture">Terraforming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biology_in_fiction" title="Biology in fiction">Biological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare_in_popular_culture" title="Biological warfare in popular culture">Biological warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_in_fiction" title="Evolution in fiction">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrials_in_fiction" title="Extraterrestrials in fiction">Extraterrestrials</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_extraterrestrials" title="Lists of fictional extraterrestrials">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_in_speculative_fiction" title="Gender in speculative fiction">Gender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_engineering_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic engineering in science fiction">Genetic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisibility_in_fiction" title="Invisibility in fiction">Invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology_in_fiction" title="Nanotechnology in fiction">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation_in_fiction" title="Organ transplantation in fiction">Organ transplantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasites_in_fiction" title="Parasites in fiction">Parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthetics_in_fiction" title="Prosthetics in fiction">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_sexuality_in_speculative_fiction" title="Sex and sexuality in speculative fiction">Sex and sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbiosis_in_fiction" title="Symbiosis in fiction">Symbiosis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ansible" title="Ansible">Ansible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_holes_in_fiction" title="Black holes in fiction">Black holes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrasolar_planets_in_fiction" title="Extrasolar planets in fiction">Extrasolar planets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_field_(technology)" title="Force field (technology)">Force field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperspace" title="Hyperspace">Hyperspace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inertialess_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertialess drive">Inertialess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiverse" title="Multiverse">Multiverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_universes_in_fiction" title="Parallel universes in fiction">Parallel universes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_hole" title="Portable hole">Portable hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_travel_in_science_fiction" title="Space travel in science fiction">Space travel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargate_(device)" title="Stargate (device)">Stargate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_in_fiction" title="Stars in fiction">Stars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleportation_in_fiction" title="Teleportation in fiction">Teleportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_travel_in_fiction" title="Time travel in fiction">Time travel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Time_viewer" title="Time viewer">Viewer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warp_drive" title="Warp drive">Warp drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wormholes_in_fiction" title="Wormholes in fiction">Wormhole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_mind_(science_fiction)" title="Group mind (science fiction)">Group mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind_uploading_in_fiction" title="Mind uploading in fiction">Mind uploading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psionics" title="Psionics">Psionics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_consciousness_in_fiction" title="Simulated consciousness in fiction">Simulated consciousness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africanfuturism" title="Africanfuturism">Africanfuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afrofuturism" title="Afrofuturism">Afrofuturism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_invasion" title="Alien invasion">Alien invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_language" title="Alien language">Alien language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts_in_popular_culture" title="Ancient astronauts in popular culture">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_science_fiction" title="Black science fiction">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_corporation" title="Evil corporation">Evil corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_contact_(science_fiction)" title="First contact (science fiction)">First contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankenstein_complex" title="Frankenstein complex">Frankenstein complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galactic_empire" title="Galactic empire">Galactic empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Message_from_space_(science_fiction)" title="Message from space (science fiction)">Message from space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transhumanism_in_fiction" title="Transhumanism in fiction">Transhumanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uplift_(science_fiction)" title="Uplift (science fiction)">Uplift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenoarchaeology" title="Xenoarchaeology">Xenoarchaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technological</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_in_fiction" title="Artificial intelligence in fiction">Artificial intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AI_takeover_in_popular_culture" title="AI takeover in popular culture">AI takeover</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_engineering" title="Astronomical engineering">Astroengineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holography_in_fiction" title="Holography in fiction">Holography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_robots_and_androids" title="List of fictional robots and androids">Robots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cyborgs_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyborgs in fiction">Cyborgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-replicating_machines_in_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-replicating machines in fiction">Self-replicating machines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulated_reality" title="Simulated reality">Simulated reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_spacecraft" title="List of fictional spacecraft">Spacecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyons_in_fiction" title="Tachyons in fiction">Tachyons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weapons_in_science_fiction" title="Weapons in science fiction">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_science_fiction" title="Christian science fiction">Christian science fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fictional_astronauts" title="Lists of fictional astronauts">Fictional astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional technology">Fictional technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_history" title="Future history">Future history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_Fiction" title="Museum of Science Fiction">Museum of Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_science" title="Rubber science">Rubber science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_studies" title="Science and technology studies">Science and technology studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sense_of_wonder" title="Sense of wonder">Sense of wonder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_and_society" title="Technology and society">Technology and society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Science_fiction" title="Category:Science fiction">Category</a></li><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" 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