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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Later life and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Written_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Written_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Written works </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Written_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Written works subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Written_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_work,_1939–1958" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_work,_1939–1958"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early work, 1939–1958 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_work,_1939–1958-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1959–1960" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1959–1960"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 1959–1960 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1959–1960-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_period_work,_1961–1973" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_period_work,_1961–1973"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Middle period work, 1961–1973 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_period_work,_1961–1973-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_work,_1980–1987" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_work,_1980–1987"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Later work, 1980–1987 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_work,_1980–1987-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Posthumous publications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Movies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Influences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Views </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Views-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Views subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Race </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Individualism_and_self-determination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Individualism_and_self-determination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Individualism and self-determination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Individualism_and_self-determination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Competent_Man" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Competent_Man"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 The Competent Man </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Competent_Man-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sexual_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sexual_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Sexual issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sexual_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pay_it_forward" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pay_it_forward"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Pay it forward </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pay_it_forward-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Influence and legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Influence and legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Honorifics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honorifics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Honorifics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honorifics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Writing style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Rules_of_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rules_of_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Rules of writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rules_of_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_among_writers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_among_writers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Influence among writers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_among_writers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_and_phrases_coined" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_and_phrases_coined"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Words and phrases coined </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_and_phrases_coined-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inspiring_culture_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inspiring_culture_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Inspiring culture and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inspiring_culture_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heinlein_Society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heinlein_Society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Heinlein Society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heinlein_Society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Honors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Critical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Critical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Critical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Critical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biographical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biographical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Biographical </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biographical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 External links </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle External links subsection </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biography_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biography_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Biography and criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biography_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography_and_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography_and_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Bibliography and works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography_and_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Robert A. Heinlein</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="روبرت أنسون هاينلاين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روبرت أنسون هاينلاين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Haynlayn" title="Robert Haynlayn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Robert Haynlayn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رابرت آنسون هاین‌لاین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="رابرت آنسون هاین‌لاین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%8F._%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="রবার্ট এ. হাইনলাইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রবার্ট এ. হাইনলাইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Роберт Хайнлайн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Роберт Хайнлайн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Робърт Хайнлайн – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Робърт Хайнлайн" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Heinlein" title="Robert Heinlein – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Robert Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anson_Heinlein" title="Robert Anson Heinlein – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Robert Anson Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CF%84_%CE%A7%CE%AC%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BD" title="Ρόμπερτ Χάινλαϊν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρόμπερτ Χάινλαϊν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رابرت آنسون هاین‌لاین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رابرت آنسون هاین‌لاین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Anson_Heinlein" title="Robert Anson Heinlein – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Robert Anson Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EB%B2%84%ED%8A%B8_A._%ED%95%98%EC%9D%B8%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B8" title="로버트 A. 하인라인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로버트 A. 하인라인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%BF_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Ռոբերտ Հայնլայն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոբերտ Հայնլայն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%98_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="רוברט היינליין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוברט היינליין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ ჰაინლაინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რობერტ ჰაინლაინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robertus_A._Heinlein" title="Robertus A. Heinlein – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Robertus A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roberts_Hainlains" title="Roberts Hainlains – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Roberts Hainlains" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%8E._%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="റോബർട്ട് എ. ഹൈൻലൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="റോബർട്ട് എ. ഹൈൻലൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="რობერტ ჰაინლაინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="რობერტ ჰაინლაინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="روبرت انسون هاينلاين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="روبرت انسون هاينلاين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Heinlein" title="Robert Heinlein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Robert Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%BBA%E3%83%BB%E3%83%8F%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="ロバート・A・ハインライン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ロバート・A・ハインライン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%BC_%D8%A7%DB%90._%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="رابرټ اې. هاینلاین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="رابرټ اې. هاینلاین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82" title="Хайнлайн, Роберт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хайнлайн, Роберт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Hajnlajn" title="Robert A. Hajnlajn – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Robert A. Hajnlajn" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%8F._%E0%AE%90%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ராபர்ட் ஏ. ஐன்லைன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ராபர்ட் ஏ. ஐன்லைன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD._%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C" title="โรเบิร์ต เอ. ไฮน์ไลน์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โรเบิร์ต เอ. ไฮน์ไลน์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Роберт Гайнлайн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Роберт Гайнлайн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Robert A. Heinlein" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E8%8E%B1%E5%9B%A0" title="罗伯特·海因莱因 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="罗伯特·海因莱因" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E6%8B%94%E6%B5%B7%E8%90%8A%E5%9B%A0" title="羅拔海萊因 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="羅拔海萊因" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E8%90%8A%E5%9B%A0" title="羅伯特·海萊因 – Chinese" lang="zh" 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</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American author and aeronautical engineer (1907–1988)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Robert A. Heinlein</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinlein-face.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Heinlein in 1976"><img alt="Heinlein in 1976" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Heinlein-face.jpg/220px-Heinlein-face.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bf/Heinlein-face.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="243" data-file-height="333" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Heinlein in 1976</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Robert Anson Heinlein (1907-07-07)July 7, 1907 <a href="/wiki/Butler,_Missouri" title="Butler, Missouri">Butler, Missouri</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">May 8, 1988(1988-05-08) (aged 80) <a href="/wiki/Carmel-by-the-Sea,_California" title="Carmel-by-the-Sea, California">Carmel-by-the-Sea, California</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Pen name</th><td class="infobox-data nickname" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Anson MacDonald</li> <li>Lyle Monroe</li> <li>John Riverside</li> <li>Caleb Saunders</li> <li>Simon York</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Author</li> <li>aeronautical engineer</li> <li>lieutenant USN<a href="#cite_note-virginia-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (incomplete)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Period</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1939–1988</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress" title="The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Elinor Curry</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1929; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1930)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Leslyn MacDonald</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1932; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1947)</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"></li></ul> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Heinlein" title="Virginia Heinlein">Virginia Gerstenfeld</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1948)</div> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_A_Heinlein_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Robert_A_Heinlein_signature.svg/150px-Robert_A_Heinlein_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Robert_A_Heinlein_signature.svg/225px-Robert_A_Heinlein_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Robert_A_Heinlein_signature.svg/300px-Robert_A_Heinlein_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="128" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Robert Anson Heinlein (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈhaɪnlaɪn/</a>;<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-hine-line_soc-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-hine-line-4">[4]</a> July 7, 1907 – May 8, 1988) was an American <a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">science fiction</a> author, <a href="/wiki/Aeronautical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeronautical engineer">aeronautical engineer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">naval officer</a>. Sometimes called the "dean of science fiction writers",<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> he was among the first to emphasize scientific accuracy in his fiction, and was thus a pioneer of the subgenre of <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a>. His published works, both fiction and non-fiction, express admiration for competence and emphasize the value of <a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">critical thinking</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> His plots often posed provocative situations which challenged conventional <a href="/wiki/Social_mores" class="mw-redirect" title="Social mores">social mores</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> His work continues to have an influence on the science-fiction genre, and on modern culture more generally. Heinlein became one of the first American science-fiction writers to break into mainstream magazines such as <a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post">The Saturday Evening Post</a> in the late 1940s. He was one of the best-selling science-fiction novelists for many decades, and he, <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> are often considered the "Big Three" of <a href="/wiki/English-language" class="mw-redirect" title="English-language">English-language</a> science fiction authors.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Notable Heinlein works include <a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a> (which helped mold the <a href="/wiki/Space_marine" title="Space marine">space marine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">mecha</a> archetypes) and <a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress" title="The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mises1-12">[12]</a> His work sometimes had controversial aspects, such as plural marriage in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, <a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">militarism</a> in Starship Troopers and technologically competent women characters who were formidable,<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> yet often stereotypically feminine—such as <a href="/wiki/Friday_(novel)" title="Friday (novel)">Friday</a>. Heinlein used his science fiction as a way to explore provocative social and political ideas and to speculate how progress in science and engineering might shape the future of politics, race, religion, and sex. Within the framework of his science-fiction stories, Heinlein repeatedly addressed certain social themes: the importance of individual <a href="/wiki/Liberty" title="Liberty">liberty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">self-reliance</a>, the nature of sexual relationships, the obligation individuals owe to their societies, the influence of <a href="/wiki/Organized_religion" title="Organized religion">organized religion</a> on culture and government, and the tendency of society to repress <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">nonconformist</a> thought. He also speculated on the influence of space travel on human cultural practices. Heinlein was heavily influenced by the visionary writers and philosophers of his day. William H. Patterson Jr, writing in Robert A. Heinlein: In Dialogue with his Century, states that by 1930, Heinlein was a progressive liberal who had spent some time in the open sexuality climate of <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York’s</a> <a href="/wiki/Jazz_Age" title="Jazz Age">Jazz Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Village" title="Greenwich Village">Greenwich Village</a>. Heinlein believed that some level of socialism was inevitable and was already occurring in America. He was absorbing the social concepts of writers such as <a href="/wiki/H.G._Wells" class="mw-redirect" title="H.G. Wells">H.G. Wells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>. He adopted many of the progressive social beliefs of his day and projected them forward.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Heinlein was named the first <a href="/wiki/SFWA_Grand_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="SFWA Grand Master">Science Fiction Writers Grand Master</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-SFWA-15">[15]</a> Four of his novels won <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Awards" class="mw-redirect" title="Hugo Awards">Hugo Awards</a>. In addition, fifty years after publication, seven of his works were awarded "<a href="/wiki/Retro_Hugos" class="mw-redirect" title="Retro Hugos">Retro Hugos</a>"—awards given retrospectively for works that were published before the Hugo Awards came into existence.<a href="#cite_note-SFAwards-16">[16]</a> In his fiction, Heinlein coined terms that have become part of the English language, including <a href="/wiki/Grok" title="Grok">grok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_manipulator" title="Remote manipulator">waldo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">speculative fiction</a>, as well as popularizing existing terms like "<a href="/wiki/There_ain%27t_no_such_thing_as_a_free_lunch" class="mw-redirect" title="There ain't no such thing as a free lunch">TANSTAAFL</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Pay_it_forward" title="Pay it forward">pay it forward</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Space_marine" title="Space marine">space marine</a>". He also anticipated mechanical <a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_design" title="Computer-aided design">computer-aided design</a> with "Drafting Dan" in his novel <a href="/wiki/The_Door_into_Summer" title="The Door into Summer">The Door into Summer</a> and described a modern version of a <a href="/wiki/Waterbed" title="Waterbed">waterbed</a> in his novel Stranger in a Strange Land. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAH_1929_Yearbook.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/RAH_1929_Yearbook.png/170px-RAH_1929_Yearbook.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/60/RAH_1929_Yearbook.png 1.5x" data-file-width="227" data-file-height="325" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">Midshipman</a> Heinlein, from the 1929 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">U.S. Naval Academy</a> <a href="/wiki/Yearbook" title="Yearbook">yearbook</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Birth,_childhood,_and_early_education">Birth, childhood, and early education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Birth, childhood, and early education">edit</a>]</div> Heinlein, born on July 7, 1907, to Rex Ivar Heinlein (an accountant) and Bam Lyle Heinlein, in <a href="/wiki/Butler,_Missouri" title="Butler, Missouri">Butler, Missouri</a>, was the third of seven children. He was a sixth-generation <a href="/wiki/German-American" class="mw-redirect" title="German-American">German-American</a>; a family tradition had it that Heinleins fought in every American war, starting with the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">War of Independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> He spent his childhood in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aolbio-18">[18]</a> The outlook and values of this time and place (in his own words, "The <a href="/wiki/Bible_Belt" title="Bible Belt">Bible Belt</a>") had an influence on his fiction, especially in his later works, as he drew heavily upon his childhood in establishing the setting and cultural atmosphere in works like <a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a> and <a href="/wiki/To_Sail_Beyond_the_Sunset" title="To Sail Beyond the Sunset">To Sail Beyond the Sunset</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The 1910 appearance of <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> inspired the young child's life-long interest in astronomy.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> In January 1924, the sixteen year old Heinlein lied about his age to enlist in Company C, <a href="/wiki/110th_Maneuver_Enhancement_Brigade" title="110th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade">110th Engineer Regiment</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_National_Guard" title="Missouri National Guard">Missouri National Guard</a>, in Kansas City. His family could not afford to send Heinlein to college, so he sought an appointment to a military academy.<a href="#cite_note-suplee19840905-20">[20]</a> When Heinlein graduated from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_Central_High_School&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kansas City Central High School (page does not exist)">Kansas City Central High School</a> in 1924, he was initially prevented from attending the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">United States Naval Academy</a> at Annapolis because his older brother Rex was a student there, and at the time, regulations discouraged multiple family members from attending the academy simultaneously.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] He instead matriculated at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kansas_City_Community_College&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kansas City Community College (page does not exist)">Kansas City Community College</a> and began vigorously petitioning Missouri Senator <a href="/wiki/James_A._Reed_(politician)" title="James A. Reed (politician)">James A. Reed</a> for an appointment to the Naval Academy. In part due to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Pendergast_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendergast machine">Pendergast machine</a>, the Naval Academy admitted him in June 1925.<a href="#cite_note-mises1-12">[12]</a> Heinlein received his discharge from the Missouri National Guard as a staff sergeant. Reed later told Heinlein that he had received 100 letters of recommendation for nomination to the Naval Academy, 50 for other candidates and 50 for Heinlein.<a href="#cite_note-suplee19840905-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navy">Navy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Navy">edit</a>]</div> Heinlein's experience in the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Navy">U.S. Navy</a> exerted a strong influence on his character and writing. In 1929, he graduated from the Naval Academy with the equivalent of a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Bachelor of arts">bachelor of arts</a> in engineering.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> (At that time, the Academy did not confer degrees.) He ranked fifth in his class academically but with a class standing of 20th of 243 due to disciplinary demerits. The U.S. Navy commissioned him as an ensign shortly after his graduation. He advanced to lieutenant junior grade in 1931 while serving aboard the new <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-2)" title="USS Lexington (CV-2)">USS Lexington</a>, where he worked in <a href="/wiki/Radio_communications" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio communications">radio communications</a>—a technology then still in its earlier stages. The <a href="/wiki/Captain" title="Captain">captain</a> of this carrier, <a href="/wiki/Ernest_J._King" title="Ernest J. King">Ernest J. King</a>, later served as the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Naval_Operations" title="Chief of Naval Operations">Chief of Naval Operations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commander_in_Chief,_U.S._Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet">Commander-in-Chief, U.S. Fleet</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Military historians frequently[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] interviewed Heinlein during his later years and asked him about Captain King and his service as the commander of the U.S. Navy's first modern aircraft carrier. Heinlein also served as gunnery officer aboard the <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyer</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_Roper" title="USS Roper">USS Roper</a> in 1933 and 1934, reaching the rank of lieutenant.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> His brother, Lawrence Heinlein, served in the U.S. Army, the U.S. Air Force, and the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_National_Guard" title="Missouri National Guard">Missouri National Guard</a>, reaching the rank of <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> in the National Guard.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages">Marriages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Marriages">edit</a>]</div> In 1929, Heinlein married Elinor Curry of Kansas City.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> However, their marriage lasted only about one year.<a href="#cite_note-hine-line_soc-3">[3]</a> His second marriage, to Leslyn MacDonald (1904–1981) in 1932, lasted 15 years. MacDonald was, according to the testimony of Heinlein's Navy friend, <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">Rear Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Cal_Laning" title="Cal Laning">Cal Laning</a>, "astonishingly intelligent, widely read, and extremely liberal, though a registered <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a>",<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> while Isaac Asimov later recalled that Heinlein was, at the time, "a flaming <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>".<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26">[26]</a> (See section: <a href="#Politics">Politics of Robert Heinlein</a>.) <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinleins-house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Heinleins-house.jpg/220px-Heinleins-house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Heinleins-house.jpg/330px-Heinleins-house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Heinleins-house.jpg/440px-Heinleins-house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>Virginia and Robert Heinlein in a 1952 Popular Mechanics article, titled "A House to Make Life Easy". The Heinleins, both engineers, designed the house for themselves with many innovative features.</figcaption></figure> At the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard" title="Philadelphia Naval Shipyard">Philadelphia Naval Shipyard</a>, Heinlein met and befriended a <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineer" title="Chemical engineer">chemical engineer</a> named <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Heinlein" title="Virginia Heinlein">Virginia "Ginny" Gerstenfeld</a>. After the war, her engagement having fallen through, she attended <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> for doctoral studies in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, and while there reconnected with Heinlein. As his second wife's <a href="/wiki/Alcoholism" title="Alcoholism">alcoholism</a> gradually spun out of control,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Heinlein moved out and the couple filed for <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a>. Heinlein's friendship with Virginia turned into a relationship and on October 21, 1948—shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Decree_nisi" title="Decree nisi">decree nisi</a> came through—they married in the town of <a href="/wiki/Raton,_New_Mexico" title="Raton, New Mexico">Raton, New Mexico</a>. Soon thereafter, they set up housekeeping in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Broadmoor_district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broadmoor district (page does not exist)">Broadmoor district</a> of <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs,_Colorado" title="Colorado Springs, Colorado">Colorado Springs, Colorado</a>, in a house that Heinlein and his wife designed. As the area was newly developed, they were allowed to choose their own house number, 1776 Mesa Avenue.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The design of the house was featured in <a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> They remained married until Heinlein's death. In 1965, after various chronic health problems of Virginia's were traced back to <a href="/wiki/Altitude_sickness" title="Altitude sickness">altitude sickness</a>, they moved to <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz,_California" title="Santa Cruz, California">Santa Cruz, California</a>, which is at <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a>. Robert and Virginia designed and built a new residence, circular in shape, in the adjacent village of <a href="/wiki/Bonny_Doon,_California" title="Bonny Doon, California">Bonny Doon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinlein_Tahiti_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Heinlein_Tahiti_2.jpg/220px-Heinlein_Tahiti_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Heinlein_Tahiti_2.jpg/330px-Heinlein_Tahiti_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Heinlein_Tahiti_2.jpg/440px-Heinlein_Tahiti_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>Robert and Virginia Heinlein in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, 1980</figcaption></figure> Ginny undoubtedly served as a model for many of his intelligent, fiercely independent female characters.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> She was a chemist and <a href="/wiki/Rocket_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket engineering">rocket test engineer</a>, and held a higher rank in the Navy than Heinlein himself. She was also <a href="/w/index.php?title=College_varsity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="College varsity (page does not exist)">an accomplished college athlete</a>, earning four letters.<a href="#cite_note-virginia-1">[1]</a> In 1953–1954, the Heinleins voyaged around the world (mostly via <a href="/wiki/Ocean_liner" title="Ocean liner">ocean liners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cargo_liner" title="Cargo liner">cargo liners</a>, as Ginny detested flying), which Heinlein described in <a href="/wiki/Tramp_Royale" title="Tramp Royale">Tramp Royale</a>, and which also provided background material for science fiction novels set aboard spaceships on long voyages, such as <a href="/wiki/Podkayne_of_Mars" title="Podkayne of Mars">Podkayne of Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friday_(novel)" title="Friday (novel)">Friday</a> and <a href="/wiki/Job:_A_Comedy_of_Justice" title="Job: A Comedy of Justice">Job: A Comedy of Justice</a>, the latter initially being set on a cruise much as detailed in Tramp Royale. Ginny acted as the first reader of his <a href="/wiki/Manuscript" title="Manuscript">manuscripts</a>. Isaac Asimov believed that Heinlein made a swing to the <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_politics" title="Right-wing politics">right</a> politically at the same time he married Ginny. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="California">California</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: California">edit</a>]</div> In 1934, Heinlein was discharged from the Navy, owing to <a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_tuberculosis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonary tuberculosis">pulmonary tuberculosis</a>. During a lengthy hospitalization, and inspired by his own experience while bed-ridden, he developed a design for a <a href="/wiki/Waterbed" title="Waterbed">waterbed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Expanded_Universe-34">[34]</a> After his discharge, Heinlein attended a few weeks of graduate classes in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (UCLA), but he soon quit, either because of his ill-health or because of a desire to enter politics.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> Heinlein supported himself at several occupations, including <a href="/wiki/Real_estate_agent" title="Real estate agent">real estate sales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">silver mining</a>, but for some years found money in short supply. Heinlein was active in <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>'s socialist <a href="/wiki/End_Poverty_in_California_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="End Poverty in California movement">End Poverty in California movement</a> (EPIC) in the early 1930s. He was deputy publisher of the EPIC News, which Heinlein noted "recalled a mayor, kicked out a district attorney, replaced the governor with one of our choice."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> When Sinclair gained the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> nomination for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a> in 1934, Heinlein worked actively in the campaign. Heinlein himself ran for the <a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">California State Assembly</a> in 1938, but was unsuccessful. Heinlein was running as a left-wing Democrat in a conservative district, and he never made it past the Democratic primary.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Author">Author</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Author">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinlein-decamp-and-asimov.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Heinlein-decamp-and-asimov.jpg/220px-Heinlein-decamp-and-asimov.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Heinlein-decamp-and-asimov.jpg/330px-Heinlein-decamp-and-asimov.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Heinlein-decamp-and-asimov.jpg/440px-Heinlein-decamp-and-asimov.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="966" /></a><figcaption>Robert A. Heinlein, <a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard" title="Philadelphia Naval Shipyard">Philadelphia Navy Yard</a>, 1944</figcaption></figure> While not destitute after the campaign—he had a small disability pension from the Navy—Heinlein turned to writing to pay off his mortgage. His first published story, "<a href="/wiki/Life-Line" title="Life-Line">Life-Line</a>", was printed in the August 1939 issue of <a href="/wiki/Astounding_Science_Fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Astounding Science Fiction">Astounding Science Fiction</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isfdb_...-38">[38]</a> Originally written for a contest, it sold to Astounding for significantly more than the contest's first-prize payoff. Another <a href="/wiki/Future_History_(Heinlein)" title="Future History (Heinlein)">Future History</a> story, "Misfit", followed in November.<a href="#cite_note-isfdb_...-38">[38]</a> Some saw Heinlein's talent and stardom from his first story,<a href="#cite_note-earlyyears79_82-39">[39]</a> and he was quickly acknowledged as a leader of the new movement toward <a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">"social" science fiction</a>. In California he hosted the <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%B1ana_Literary_Society" title="Mañana Literary Society">Mañana Literary Society</a>, a 1940–41 series of informal gatherings of new authors.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> He was the guest of honor at Denvention, the 1941 <a href="/wiki/Worldcon" title="Worldcon">Worldcon</a>, held in Denver. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Heinlein was employed by the Navy as a civilian aeronautical engineer at the Navy Aircraft Materials Center at the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Naval_Shipyard" title="Philadelphia Naval Shipyard">Philadelphia Naval Shipyard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Heinlein recruited <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> and <a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a> to also work there.<a href="#cite_note-Expanded_Universe-34">[34]</a> While at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyards, Asimov, Heinlein, and de Camp brainstormed unconventional approaches to kamikaze attacks, such as using sound to detect approaching planes.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> As the war wound down in 1945, Heinlein began to re-evaluate his career. The <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>, along with the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, galvanized him to write nonfiction on political topics. In addition, he wanted to break into better-paying markets. He published four influential <a href="/wiki/Short_story" title="Short story">short stories</a> for The Saturday Evening Post magazine, leading off, in February 1947, with "<a href="/wiki/The_Green_Hills_of_Earth" title="The Green Hills of Earth">The Green Hills of Earth</a>". That made him the first science fiction writer to break out of the "<a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp ghetto</a>". In 1950, the movie <a href="/wiki/Destination_Moon_(film)" title="Destination Moon (film)">Destination Moon</a>—the documentary-like film for which he had written the story and scenario, co-written the script, and invented many of the effects—won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Special_effect" title="Special effect">special effects</a>. Heinlein created SF stories with social commentary about relationships. In The Puppet Masters, a 1951 alien invasion novel, the point of view character Sam persuades fellow operative Mary to marry him. When they go to the county clerk, they are offered a variety of marriage possibilities; “Term, renewable or lifetime”, as short as six months or as long as forever.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> Also, he embarked on a series of <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_literature" title="Young adult literature">juvenile novels</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Charles Scribner's Sons</a> publishing company that went from 1947 through 1959, at the rate of one book each autumn, in time for <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> presents to teenagers. He also wrote for <a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Boys' Life">Boys' Life</a> in 1952. Heinlein used topical materials throughout his <a href="/wiki/Heinlein_juveniles" title="Heinlein juveniles">juvenile series</a> beginning in 1947, but in 1958 he interrupted work on The Heretic (the working title of <a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a>) to write and publish a book exploring ideas of civic virtue, initially serialized as Starship Soldiers. In 1959, his novel (now entitled <a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a>) was considered by the editors and owners of Scribner's to be too controversial for one of its prestige lines, and it was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Heinlein found another publisher (<a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">Putnam</a>), feeling himself released from the constraints of writing novels for children. He had told an interviewer that he did not want to do stories that merely added to categories defined by other works. Rather he wanted to do his own work, stating that: "I want to do my own stuff, my own way".<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> He would go on to write a series of challenging books that redrew the boundaries of science fiction, including Stranger in a Strange Land (1961) and <a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress" title="The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress</a> (1966). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Later life and death">edit</a>]</div> Beginning in 1970, Heinlein had a series of health crises, broken by strenuous periods of activity in his hobby of <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonemasonry</a>: in a private correspondence, he referred to that as his "usual and favorite occupation between books".<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The decade began with a life-threatening attack of <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a>, recovery from which required more than two years, and treatment of which required multiple transfusions of Heinlein's <a href="/wiki/Human_blood_group_systems" title="Human blood group systems">rare blood type, A2 negative</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] As soon as he was well enough to write again, he began work on <a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a> (1973), which introduced many of the themes found in his later fiction. In the mid-1970s, Heinlein wrote two articles for the <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a> Compton Yearbook.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> He and Ginny crisscrossed the country helping to reorganize <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">blood donation</a> in the United States in an effort to assist the system which had saved his life.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] At science fiction conventions to receive his autograph, fans would be asked to co-sign with Heinlein a beautifully embellished pledge form he supplied stating that the recipient agrees that they will <a href="/wiki/Blood_donation" title="Blood donation">donate blood</a>. He was the guest of honor at the Worldcon in 1976 for the third time at <a href="/wiki/34th_World_Science_Fiction_Convention" title="34th World Science Fiction Convention">MidAmeriCon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kansas_City,_Missouri" title="Kansas City, Missouri">Kansas City, Missouri</a>. At that Worldcon, Heinlein hosted a blood drive and donors' reception to thank all those who had helped save lives. Beginning in 1977, and including an episode while vacationing in <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a> in early 1978, he had episodes of reversible neurologic dysfunction due to <a href="/wiki/Transient_ischemic_attack" title="Transient ischemic attack">transient ischemic attacks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Over the next few months, he became more and more exhausted, and his health again began to decline. The problem was determined to be <a href="/wiki/Carotid_artery_stenosis" title="Carotid artery stenosis">a blocked carotid artery</a>, and he had one of the earliest known carotid bypass operations to correct it. In 1980, Robert Heinlein was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Citizen%27s_Advisory_Council_on_National_Space_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Citizen's Advisory Council on National Space Policy">Citizen's Advisory Council on National Space Policy</a>, chaired by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" title="Jerry Pournelle">Jerry Pournelle</a>, which met at the home of SF writer <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a> to write space policy papers for the incoming <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a>. Members included such aerospace industry leaders as former astronaut <a href="/wiki/Buzz_Aldrin" title="Buzz Aldrin">Buzz Aldrin</a>, General <a href="/wiki/Daniel_O._Graham" title="Daniel O. Graham">Daniel O. Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_engineering" title="Aerospace engineering">aerospace engineer</a> <a href="/wiki/Maxwell_Hunter" title="Maxwell Hunter">Max Hunter</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_American_Rockwell" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Rockwell">North American Rockwell</a> VP for Space Shuttle development George Merrick. Policy recommendations from the Council included ballistic missile defense concepts which were later transformed into what was called the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>. Heinlein assisted with Council contribution to the Reagan SDI spring 1983 speech. Asked to appear before a <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_of_the_United_States_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee of the United States Congress">Joint Committee of the United States Congress</a> that year, he testified on his belief that <a href="/wiki/Government_spin-off" title="Government spin-off">spin-offs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Space_technology" title="Space technology">space technology</a> were benefiting the infirm and the elderly. Heinlein's surgical treatment re-energized him, and he wrote five novels from 1980 until he died in his sleep from <a href="/wiki/Emphysema" title="Emphysema">emphysema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> on May 8, 1988. In 1995, <a href="/wiki/Spider_Robinson" title="Spider Robinson">Spider Robinson</a> wrote the novel <a href="/wiki/Variable_Star" title="Variable Star">Variable Star</a> based on an outline and notes created by Heinlein.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Heinlein's posthumously published nonfiction includes a selection of correspondence and notes edited into a somewhat autobiographical examination of his career, published in 1989 under the title <a href="/wiki/Grumbles_from_the_Grave" title="Grumbles from the Grave">Grumbles from the Grave</a> by his wife, Virginia; his book on practical politics written in 1946 and published as <a href="/wiki/Take_Back_Your_Government" title="Take Back Your Government">Take Back Your Government</a> in 1992; and a travelogue of their first around-the-world tour in 1954, <a href="/wiki/Tramp_Royale" title="Tramp Royale">Tramp Royale</a>. The novel Podkayne of Mars, which had been edited against Heinlein's wishes in their original release, was reissued with the original ending. Stranger In a Strange Land was originally published in a shorter form, but both the long and short versions are now simultaneously available in print. Heinlein's archive is housed by the Special Collections department of <a href="/wiki/McHenry_Library" title="McHenry Library">McHenry Library</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_at_Santa_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="University of California at Santa Cruz">University of California at Santa Cruz</a>. The collection includes manuscript drafts, correspondence, photographs and artifacts. A substantial portion of the archive has been digitized and it is available online through the Robert A. and Virginia Heinlein Archives.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Written_works">Written works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Written works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_bibliography" title="Robert A. Heinlein bibliography">Robert A. Heinlein bibliography</a></div> Heinlein published 32 novels, 59 short stories, and 16 collections during his life. Nine films, two television series, several episodes of a radio series, and a board game have been derived more or less directly from his work. He wrote a screenplay for one of the films. Heinlein edited an anthology of other writers' SF short stories. Three nonfiction books and two poems have been published posthumously. For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs was published posthumously in 2003;<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Variable Star, written by Spider Robinson based on an extensive outline by Heinlein, was published in September 2006. Four collections have been published posthumously.<a href="#cite_note-isfdb_...-38">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_work,_1939–1958">Early work, 1939–1958</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Early work, 1939–1958">edit</a>]</div> Heinlein began his career as a writer of stories for Astounding Science Fiction magazine, which was edited by John Campbell. The science fiction writer <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a> has described Heinlein as "that greatest of Campbell-era sf writers".<a href="#cite_note-Working_with-52">[52]</a> Isaac Asimov said that, from the time of his first story, the science fiction world accepted that Heinlein was the best science fiction writer in existence, adding that he would hold this title through his lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Alexei and Cory Panshin noted that Heinlein's impact was immediately felt. In 1940, the year after selling 'Life-Line' to Campbell, he wrote three short novels, four novelettes, and seven short stories. They went on to say that "No one ever dominated the science fiction field as Bob did in the first few years of his career."<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> Alexei expresses awe in Heinlein's ability to show readers a world so drastically different from the one we live in now, yet have so many similarities. He says that "We find ourselves not only in a world other than our own, but identifying with a living, breathing individual who is operating within its context, and thinking and acting according to its terms."<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952win_n7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952win_n7.jpg/170px-Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952win_n7.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952win_n7.jpg/255px-Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952win_n7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952win_n7.jpg/340px-Two_complete_science_adventure_books_1952win_n7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="544" /></a><figcaption>Heinlein's 1942 novel <a href="/wiki/Beyond_This_Horizon" title="Beyond This Horizon">Beyond This Horizon</a> was reprinted in <a href="/wiki/Two_Complete_Science-Adventure_Books" title="Two Complete Science-Adventure Books">Two Complete Science-Adventure Books</a> in 1952, appearing under the "Anson McDonald" byline even though the book edition had been published under Heinlein's own name four years earlier.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galaxy_195109.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Galaxy_195109.jpg/170px-Galaxy_195109.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Galaxy_195109.jpg/255px-Galaxy_195109.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Galaxy_195109.jpg/340px-Galaxy_195109.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>The opening installment of The Puppet Masters took the cover of the September 1951 issue of <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Science_Fiction" title="Galaxy Science Fiction">Galaxy Science Fiction</a>.</figcaption></figure> The first novel that Heinlein wrote, <a href="/wiki/For_Us,_the_Living:_A_Comedy_of_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs">For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs</a> (1939), did not see print during his lifetime, but Robert James tracked down the manuscript and it was published in 2003. Though some regard it as a failure as a novel,<a href="#cite_note-aolbio-18">[18]</a> considering it little more than a disguised lecture on Heinlein's <a href="/wiki/Social_theory" title="Social theory">social theories</a>, some readers took a very different view. In a review of it, <a href="/wiki/John_Clute" title="John Clute">John Clute</a> wrote: <blockquote>I'm not about to suggest that if Heinlein had been able to publish [such works] openly in the pages of Astounding in 1939, SF would have gotten the future right; I would suggest, however, that if Heinlein, and his colleagues, had been able to publish adult SF in Astounding and its fellow journals, then SF might not have done such a grotesquely poor job of prefiguring something of the flavor of actually living here at the onset of 2004.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a></blockquote> For Us, the Living was intriguing as a window into the development of Heinlein's radical ideas about man as a <a href="/wiki/Social_animal" class="mw-redirect" title="Social animal">social animal</a>, including his interest in <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a>. The root of many themes found in his later stories can be found in this book. It also contained a large amount of material that could be considered background for his other novels. This included a detailed description of the protagonist's treatment to avoid being banished to <a href="/wiki/Coventry_(short_story)" title="Coventry (short story)">Coventry</a> (a lawless land in the Heinlein mythos where unrepentant law-breakers are exiled).<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Heinlein_Amazing_5304.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Robert_Heinlein_Amazing_5304.jpg/220px-Robert_Heinlein_Amazing_5304.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/79/Robert_Heinlein_Amazing_5304.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption>Heinlein as depicted in Amazing Stories in 1953</figcaption></figure> It appears that Heinlein at least attempted to live in a manner consistent with these ideals, even in the 1930s, and had an <a href="/wiki/Open_relationship" title="Open relationship">open relationship</a> in his marriage to his second wife, Leslyn. He was also a <a href="/wiki/Naturism" title="Naturism">nudist</a>;<a href="#cite_note-hine-line_soc-3">[3]</a> nudism and body <a href="/wiki/Taboo" title="Taboo">taboos</a> are frequently discussed in his work. At the height of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, he built a <a href="/wiki/Air-raid_shelter" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-raid shelter">bomb shelter</a> under his house, like the one featured in <a href="/wiki/Farnham%27s_Freehold" title="Farnham's Freehold">Farnham's Freehold</a>.<a href="#cite_note-hine-line_soc-3">[3]</a> After For Us, the Living, Heinlein began selling (to magazines) first short stories, then novels, set in a <a href="/wiki/Future_History_(Heinlein)" title="Future History (Heinlein)">Future History</a>, complete with a time line of significant political, cultural, and technological changes. A chart of the future history was published in the May 1941 issue of Astounding. Over time, Heinlein wrote many novels and short stories that deviated freely from the Future History on some points, while maintaining consistency in some other areas. The Future History was eventually overtaken by actual events. These discrepancies were explained, after a fashion, in his later World as Myth stories. Heinlein's first novel published as a book, <a href="/wiki/Rocket_Ship_Galileo" title="Rocket Ship Galileo">Rocket Ship Galileo</a>, was initially rejected because going to the Moon was considered too far-fetched, but he soon found a publisher, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Scribner%27s_Sons" title="Charles Scribner's Sons">Scribner's</a>, that began publishing a Heinlein <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_literature" title="Young adult literature">juvenile</a> once a year for the Christmas season.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Eight of these books were illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Geary" title="Clifford Geary">Clifford Geary</a> in a distinctive white-on-black <a href="/wiki/Scratchboard" title="Scratchboard">scratchboard</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Some representative novels of this type are <a href="/wiki/Have_Space_Suit%E2%80%94Will_Travel" title="Have Space Suit—Will Travel">Have Space Suit—Will Travel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Farmer_in_the_Sky" title="Farmer in the Sky">Farmer in the Sky</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Starman_Jones" title="Starman Jones">Starman Jones</a>. Many of these were first published in serial form under other titles, e.g., Farmer in the Sky was published as Satellite Scout in the <a href="/wiki/Boy_Scouts_of_America" title="Boy Scouts of America">Boy Scout</a> magazine <a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="Boys' Life">Boys' Life</a>. There has been speculation that Heinlein's intense obsession with his privacy was due at least in part to the apparent contradiction between his unconventional private life[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] and his career as an author of books for children. However, For Us, the Living explicitly discusses the political importance Heinlein attached to privacy as a matter of principle.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The novels that Heinlein wrote for a young audience are commonly called "the Heinlein juveniles", and they feature a mixture of adolescent and adult themes. Many of the issues that he takes on in these books have to do with the kinds of problems that adolescents experience. His protagonists are usually intelligent teenagers who have to make their way in the adult society they see around them. On the surface, they are simple tales of adventure, achievement, and dealing with stupid teachers and jealous peers. Heinlein was a vocal proponent of the notion that juvenile readers were far more sophisticated and able to handle more complex or difficult themes than most people realized. His juvenile stories often had a maturity to them that made them readable for adults. <a href="/wiki/Red_Planet_(novel)" title="Red Planet (novel)">Red Planet</a>, for example, portrays some subversive themes, including a revolution in which young students are involved; his editor demanded substantial changes in this book's discussion of topics such as the use of weapons by children and the misidentified sex of the Martian character. Heinlein was always aware of the editorial limitations put in place by the editors of his novels and stories, and while he observed those restrictions on the surface, was often successful in introducing ideas not often seen in other authors' juvenile SF. In 1957, <a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a> wrote that one reason for Heinlein's success "has been the high grade of machinery which goes, today as always, into his story-telling. Heinlein seems to have known from the beginning, as if instinctively, technical lessons about fiction which other writers must learn the hard way (or often enough, never learn). He does not always operate the machinery to the best advantage, but he always seems to be aware of it."<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1959–1960">1959–1960</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 1959–1960">edit</a>]</div> Heinlein decisively ended his juvenile novels with <a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a> (1959), a controversial work and his personal riposte to leftists calling for President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> to stop nuclear testing in 1958. "The 'Patrick Henry' ad shocked 'em", he wrote many years later of the campaign. "Starship Troopers outraged 'em."<a href="#cite_note-In_A_Strangle_Land-64">[64]</a> Starship Troopers is a coming-of-age story about duty, citizenship, and the role of the military in society.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The book portrays a society in which <a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">suffrage</a> is earned by demonstrated willingness to place society's interests before one's own, at least for a short time and often under onerous circumstances, in government service; in the case of the protagonist, this was military service. Later, in <a href="/wiki/Expanded_Universe_(Heinlein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded Universe (Heinlein)">Expanded Universe</a>, Heinlein said that it was his intention in the novel that service could include positions outside strictly military functions such as teachers, police officers, and other government positions. This is presented in the novel as an outgrowth of the failure of unearned suffrage government and as a very successful arrangement. In addition, the franchise was only awarded after leaving the assigned service; thus those serving their terms—in the military, or any other service—were excluded from exercising any franchise. Career military were completely disenfranchised until retirement. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_period_work,_1961–1973">Middle period work, 1961–1973</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Middle period work, 1961–1973">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:If_196211.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/If_196211.jpg/170px-If_196211.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/If_196211.jpg/255px-If_196211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/If_196211.jpg/340px-If_196211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="549" /></a><figcaption>Heinlein's novel Podkayne of Mars was serialized in <a href="/wiki/If_(magazine)" title="If (magazine)">If</a>, with a cover by <a href="/wiki/Virgil_Finlay" title="Virgil Finlay">Virgil Finlay</a>.</figcaption></figure> From about 1961 (<a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a>) to 1973 (Time Enough for Love), Heinlein explored some of his most important themes, such as <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism_in_the_United_States" title="Libertarianism in the United States">libertarianism</a>, and free expression of physical and emotional love. Three novels from this period, Stranger in a Strange Land, <a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress" title="The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress</a>, and Time Enough for Love, won the <a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Futurist_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Futurist Society">Libertarian Futurist Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Hall_of_Fame_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Prometheus Hall of Fame Award">Prometheus Hall of Fame Award</a>, designed to honor classic libertarian fiction.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Jeff Riggenbach described The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress as "unquestionably one of the three or four most influential libertarian novels of the last century".<a href="#cite_note-Riggenbach-67">[67]</a> Heinlein did not publish Stranger in a Strange Land until some time after it was written, and the themes of free love and radical <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a> are prominently featured in his long-unpublished first novel, For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs. The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress tells of a war of independence waged by the Lunar penal colonies, with significant comments from a major character, Professor La Paz, regarding the threat posed by government to individual freedom. Although Heinlein had previously written a few short stories in the <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> genre, during this period he wrote his first fantasy novel, <a href="/wiki/Glory_Road_(Heinlein_novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glory Road (Heinlein novel)">Glory Road</a>. In Stranger in a Strange Land and <a href="/wiki/I_Will_Fear_No_Evil" title="I Will Fear No Evil">I Will Fear No Evil</a>, he began to mix hard science with fantasy, mysticism, and satire of organized religion. Critics William H. Patterson, Jr., and Andrew Thornton believe that this is simply an expression of Heinlein's longstanding philosophical opposition to <a href="/wiki/Positivism_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivism (philosophy)">positivism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] Heinlein stated that he was influenced by <a href="/wiki/James_Branch_Cabell" title="James Branch Cabell">James Branch Cabell</a> in taking this new literary direction. The penultimate novel of this period, I Will Fear No Evil, is according to critic James Gifford "almost universally regarded as a literary failure"<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> and he attributes its shortcomings to Heinlein's near-death from <a href="/wiki/Peritonitis" title="Peritonitis">peritonitis</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_work,_1980–1987">Later work, 1980–1987</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Later work, 1980–1987">edit</a>]</div> After a seven-year hiatus brought on by poor health, Heinlein produced five new novels in the period from 1980 (<a href="/wiki/The_Number_of_the_Beast_(novel)" title="The Number of the Beast (novel)">The Number of the Beast</a>) to 1987 (<a href="/wiki/To_Sail_Beyond_the_Sunset" title="To Sail Beyond the Sunset">To Sail Beyond the Sunset</a>). These books have a thread of common characters and time and place. They most explicitly communicated Heinlein's philosophies and beliefs, and many long, didactic passages of dialog and exposition deal with government, sex, and religion. These novels are controversial among his readers and one critic, <a href="/wiki/David_Langford" title="David Langford">David Langford</a>, has written about them very negatively.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Heinlein's four Hugo awards were all for books written before this period. Most of the novels from this period are recognized by critics as forming an offshoot from the Future History series and are referred to by the term World as Myth.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> The tendency toward authorial self-reference begun in Stranger in a Strange Land and Time Enough for Love becomes even more evident in novels such as The Cat Who Walks Through Walls, whose first-person protagonist is a disabled military veteran who becomes a writer, and finds love with a female character.<a href="#cite_note-Robert_A._Heinlein_Biography-72">[72]</a> The 1982 novel <a href="/wiki/Friday_(novel)" title="Friday (novel)">Friday</a>, a more conventional adventure story (borrowing a character and backstory from the earlier short story <a href="/wiki/Gulf_(novella)" title="Gulf (novella)">Gulf</a>, also containing suggestions of connection to <a href="/wiki/The_Puppet_Masters" title="The Puppet Masters">The Puppet Masters</a>) continued a Heinlein theme of expecting what he saw as the continued disintegration of Earth's society, to the point where the title character is strongly encouraged to seek a new life off-planet. It concludes with a traditional Heinlein note, as in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress or Time Enough for Love, that freedom is to be found on the frontiers. The 1984 novel <a href="/wiki/Job:_A_Comedy_of_Justice" title="Job: A Comedy of Justice">Job: A Comedy of Justice</a> is a sharp satire of organized religion. Heinlein himself was agnostic.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_publications">Posthumous publications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Posthumous publications">edit</a>]</div> Several Heinlein works have been published since his death, including the aforementioned <a href="/wiki/For_Us,_the_Living:_A_Comedy_of_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs">For Us, the Living</a> as well as 1989's <a href="/wiki/Grumbles_from_the_Grave" title="Grumbles from the Grave">Grumbles from the Grave</a>, a collection of letters between Heinlein and his editors and agent; 1992's <a href="/wiki/Tramp_Royale" title="Tramp Royale">Tramp Royale</a>, a travelogue of a southern hemisphere tour the Heinleins took in the 1950s; <a href="/wiki/Take_Back_Your_Government" title="Take Back Your Government">Take Back Your Government</a>, a how-to book about participatory democracy written in 1946 and reflecting his experience as an organizer with the EPIC campaign of 1934 and the movement's aftermath as an important factor in California politics before the Second World War; and a tribute volume called <a href="/wiki/Requiem_(short_story_collection)" title="Requiem (short story collection)">Requiem: Collected Works and Tributes to the Grand Master</a>, containing some additional short works previously unpublished in book form. <a href="/wiki/Off_the_Main_Sequence" title="Off the Main Sequence">Off the Main Sequence</a>, published in 2005, includes three short stories never before collected in any Heinlein book (Heinlein called them "stinkeroos"). <a href="/wiki/Spider_Robinson" title="Spider Robinson">Spider Robinson</a>, a colleague, friend, and admirer of Heinlein,<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> wrote <a href="/wiki/Variable_Star" title="Variable Star">Variable Star</a>, based on an outline and notes for a novel that Heinlein prepared in 1955. The novel was published as a collaboration, with Heinlein's name above Robinson's on the cover, in 2006. A complete collection of Heinlein's published work has been published<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> by the Heinlein Prize Trust as the "Virginia Edition", after his wife. See the Complete Works section of <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_bibliography" title="Robert A. Heinlein bibliography">Robert A. Heinlein bibliography</a> for details. On February 1, 2019, Phoenix Pick announced that through a collaboration with the Heinlein Prize Trust, a reconstruction of the full text of an unpublished Heinlein novel had been produced. It was published in March 2020. The reconstructed novel, entitled The Pursuit of the Pankera: A Parallel Novel about Parallel Universes,<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> is an alternative version of The Number of the Beast, with the first one-third of The Pursuit of the Pankera mostly the same as the first one-third of The Number of the Beast but the remainder of The Pursuit of the Pankera deviating entirely from The Number of the Beast, with a completely different story-line. The newly reconstructed novel pays homage to <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a> and <a href="/wiki/E._E._Smith" title="E. E. Smith">E. E. "Doc" Smith</a>. It was edited by <a href="/wiki/Pat_LoBrutto" title="Pat LoBrutto">Patrick Lobrutto</a>. Some reviewers describe the newly reconstructed novel as more in line with the style of a traditional Heinlein novel than was The Number of the Beast.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The Pursuit of the Pankera was considered superior to the original version of The Number of the Beast by some reviewers.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Both The Pursuit of the Pankera and a new edition of The Number of the Beast<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> were published in March 2020. The new edition of the latter shares the subtitle of The Pursuit of the Pankera, hence entitled The Number of the Beast: A Parallel Novel about Parallel Universes.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movies">Movies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Movies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_bibliography" title="Robert A. Heinlein bibliography">Robert A. Heinlein bibliography</a></div> Heinlein contributed to the final draft of the script for <a href="/wiki/Destination_Moon_(film)" title="Destination Moon (film)">Destination Moon</a> (1950) and served as a technical adviser for the film.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> Heinlein also shared screenwriting credit for <a href="/wiki/Project_Moonbase" title="Project Moonbase">Project Moonbase</a> (1953). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influences">Influences</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influences">edit</a>]</div> The primary influence on Heinlein's writing style may have been <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>. Kipling is the first known modern example of "<a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)#Indirect_exposition/incluing" title="Exposition (narrative)">indirect exposition</a>", a writing technique for which Heinlein later became famous.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> In his famous text on "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Writing_of_Speculative_Fiction" title="On the Writing of Speculative Fiction">On the Writing of Speculative Fiction</a>", Heinlein quotes Kipling: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> There are nine-and-sixty ways Of constructing tribal lays And every single one of them is right </div></blockquote> Stranger in a Strange Land originated as a modernized version of Kipling's <a href="/wiki/The_Jungle_Book" title="The Jungle Book">The Jungle Book</a>. His wife suggested that the child be raised by Martians instead of wolves. Likewise, Citizen of the Galaxy can be seen as a reboot of Kipling's novel <a href="/wiki/Kim_(novel)" title="Kim (novel)">Kim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lerner-85">[85]</a> The Starship Troopers idea of needing to serve in the military in order to vote can be found in Kipling's "<a href="/wiki/The_Army_of_a_Dream" title="The Army of a Dream">The Army of a Dream</a>": <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">But as a little detail we never mention, if we don't volunteer in some corps or other—as combatants if we're fit, as non-combatants if we ain't—till we're thirty-five—we don't vote, and we don't get poor-relief, and the women don't love us.</blockquote> Poul Anderson once said of Kipling's science fiction story "<a href="/wiki/Aerial_Board_of_Control" title="Aerial Board of Control">As Easy as A.B.C.</a>", "a wonderful science fiction yarn, showing the same eye for detail that would later distinguish the work of Robert Heinlein". Heinlein described himself as also being influenced by <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, having read most of his plays.<a href="#cite_note-schulman-86">[86]</a> Shaw is an example of an earlier author who used the <a href="/wiki/Competent_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Competent man">competent man</a>, a favorite Heinlein archetype.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> He denied, though, any direct influence of <a href="/wiki/Back_to_Methuselah" title="Back to Methuselah">Back to Methuselah</a> on <a href="/wiki/Methuselah%27s_Children" title="Methuselah's Children">Methuselah's Children</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views">Views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Views">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_A_Heinlein_5311_(filtered).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Robert_A_Heinlein_5311_%28filtered%29.jpg/220px-Robert_A_Heinlein_5311_%28filtered%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Robert_A_Heinlein_5311_%28filtered%29.jpg/330px-Robert_A_Heinlein_5311_%28filtered%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Robert_A_Heinlein_5311_%28filtered%29.jpg/440px-Robert_A_Heinlein_5311_%28filtered%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="552" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>Heinlein <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1953</figcaption></figure> Heinlein's books probe a range of ideas about a range of topics such as sexuality, race, politics, and the military. Many were seen as radical or as ahead of their time in their social criticism. His books have inspired considerable debate about the specifics, and the evolution, of Heinlein's own opinions, and have earned him both lavish praise and a degree of criticism. He has also been accused of contradicting himself on various philosophical questions.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brian_Doherty_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Doherty (journalist)">Brian Doherty</a> cites William Patterson, saying that the best way to gain an understanding of Heinlein is as a "full-service iconoclast, the unique individual who decides that things do not have to be, and won't continue, as they are". He says this vision is "at the heart of Heinlein, science fiction, libertarianism, and America. Heinlein imagined how everything about the human world, from our sexual mores to our religion to our automobiles to our government to our plans for cultural survival, might be flawed, even fatally so."<a href="#cite_note-RH_at_100-89">[89]</a> The critic <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Anne_Hull" title="Elizabeth Anne Hull">Elizabeth Anne Hull</a>, for her part, has praised Heinlein for his interest in exploring fundamental life questions, especially questions about "political power—our responsibilities to one another" and about "personal freedom, particularly sexual freedom".<a href="#cite_note-Church_of_All_Worlds-90">[90]</a> <a href="/wiki/Edward_R._Murrow" title="Edward R. Murrow">Edward R. Murrow</a> hosted a series on <a href="/wiki/CBS_Radio" title="CBS Radio">CBS Radio</a> called <a href="/wiki/This_I_Believe" title="This I Believe">This I Believe</a>, which solicited an entry from Heinlein in 1952. Titled "<a href="/wiki/Our_Noble,_Essential_Decency" title="Our Noble, Essential Decency">Our Noble, Essential Decency</a>". In it, Heinlein broke with the normal trends, stating that he believed in his neighbors (some of whom he named and described), community, and towns across America that share the same sense of good will and intentions as his own, going on to apply this same philosophy to the US, and humanity in general. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I believe in my fellow citizens. Our headlines are splashed with crime. Yet for every criminal, there are ten thousand honest, decent, kindly men. If it were not so, no child would live to grow up. Business could not go on from day to day. Decency is not news. It is buried in the obituaries, but it is a force stronger than crime.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Heinlein's political positions shifted throughout his life. Heinlein's early political leanings were <a href="/wiki/Modern_liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Modern liberalism in the United States">liberal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wooster-91">[91]</a> In 1934, he worked actively for the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a> campaign of <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a> for <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_California" title="Governor of California">Governor of California</a>. After Sinclair lost, Heinlein became an anti-communist Democratic activist. He made an unsuccessful bid for a <a href="/wiki/California_State_Assembly" title="California State Assembly">California State Assembly</a> seat in 1938.<a href="#cite_note-Wooster-91">[91]</a> Heinlein's first novel, For Us, the Living (written 1939), consists largely of speeches advocating the <a href="/wiki/Social_Credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit">Social Credit</a> philosophy, and the early story "<a href="/wiki/Misfit_(short_story)" title="Misfit (short story)">Misfit</a>" (1939) deals with an organization—"The Cosmic Construction Corps"—that seems to be <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Civilian_Conservation_Corps" title="Civilian Conservation Corps">Civilian Conservation Corps</a> translated into outer space.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Of this time in his life, Heinlein later said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">At the time I wrote Methuselah's Children I was still politically quite naïve and still had hopes that various libertarian notions could be put over by political processes... It [now] seems to me that every time we manage to establish one freedom, they take another one away. Maybe two. And that seems to me characteristic of a society as it gets older, and more crowded, and higher taxes, and more laws.<a href="#cite_note-schulman-86">[86]</a></blockquote> Heinlein's fiction of the 1940s and 1950s, however, began to espouse <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">conservative</a> views. After 1945, he came to believe that a strong <a href="/wiki/World_government" title="World government">world government</a> was the only way to avoid <a href="/wiki/Mutual_assured_destruction" title="Mutual assured destruction">mutual nuclear annihilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> His 1949 novel <a href="/wiki/Space_Cadet" title="Space Cadet">Space Cadet</a> describes a future scenario where a military-controlled global government enforces world peace. Heinlein ceased considering himself a Democrat in 1954.<a href="#cite_note-Wooster-91">[91]</a> The Heinleins formed the <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Henry League">Patrick Henry League</a> in 1958, and they worked in the 1964 <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a> presidential campaign.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-26">[26]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When Robert A. Heinlein opened his <a href="/wiki/Colorado_Springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Colorado Springs">Colorado Springs</a> newspaper on April 5, 1958, he read a full-page ad demanding that the Eisenhower Administration stop testing nuclear weapons. The science fiction author was flabbergasted. He called for the formation of the Patrick Henry League and spent the next several weeks writing and publishing his own polemic that lambasted "Communist-line goals concealed in idealistic-sounding nonsense" and urged Americans not to become "soft-headed".<a href="#cite_note-In_A_Strangle_Land-64">[64]</a></blockquote> Heinlein's response ad was entitled "<a href="/wiki/Who_Are_the_Heirs_of_Patrick_Henry%3F" title="Who Are the Heirs of Patrick Henry?">Who Are the Heirs of Patrick Henry?</a>". It started with the famous Henry quotation: "Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take, but as for me, give me liberty, or give me death!!" It then went on to admit that there was some risk to nuclear testing (albeit less than the "willfully distorted" claims of the test ban advocates), and risk of nuclear war, but that "The alternative is surrender. We accept the risks." Heinlein was among those who in 1968 signed a pro–<a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> ad in Galaxy Science Fiction.<a href="#cite_note-vietnamads-94">[94]</a> Heinlein always considered himself a libertarian; in a letter to Judith Merril in 1967 (never sent) he said, "As for libertarian, I've been one all my life, a radical one. You might use the term '<a href="/wiki/Philosophical_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosophical anarchist">philosophical anarchist</a>' or '<a href="/wiki/Autarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Autarchist">autarchist</a>' about me, but 'libertarian' is easier to define and fits well enough."<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a> was embraced by the 1960s <a href="/wiki/Counterculture" title="Counterculture">counterculture</a>, and libertarians have found inspiration in <a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress" title="The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress</a>. Both groups found resonance with his themes of personal freedom in both thought and action.<a href="#cite_note-Riggenbach-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race">Race</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Race">edit</a>]</div> Heinlein grew up in the era of <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">racial segregation in the United States</a> and wrote some of his most influential fiction at the height of the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Rights Movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>. He explicitly made the case for using his fiction not only to predict the future but also to educate his readers about the value of racial equality and the importance of racial tolerance.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> His early novels were very much ahead of their time both in their explicit rejection of racism and in their inclusion of protagonists of color. In the context of science fiction before the 1960s, the mere existence of characters of color was a remarkable novelty, with green occurring more often than brown.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> For example, his 1948 novel Space Cadet explicitly uses aliens as a metaphor for minorities. In his novel <a href="/wiki/The_Star_Beast_(novel)" title="The Star Beast (novel)">The Star Beast</a>, the de facto foreign minister of the Terran government is an undersecretary, a Mr. Kiku, who is from Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Star31-98">[98]</a> Heinlein explicitly states his skin is "ebony black" and that Kiku is in an <a href="/wiki/Arranged_marriage" title="Arranged marriage">arranged marriage</a> that is happy.<a href="#cite_note-Star249-99">[99]</a> In a number of his stories, Heinlein challenges his readers' possible racial preconceptions by introducing a strong, sympathetic character, only to reveal much later that he or she is of African or other ancestry. In several cases, the covers of the books show characters as being light-skinned when the text states or at least implies that they are dark-skinned or of African ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> Heinlein repeatedly denounced racism in his nonfiction works, including numerous examples in Expanded Universe. Heinlein reveals in <a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a> that the novel's protagonist and narrator, <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Rico_(Starship_Troopers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Johnny Rico (Starship Troopers)">Johnny Rico</a>, the formerly disaffected scion of a wealthy family, is <a href="/wiki/Filipino_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino people">Filipino</a>, actually named "Juan Rico" and speaks <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> in addition to English. Race was a central theme in some of Heinlein's fiction. The most prominent example is <a href="/wiki/Farnham%27s_Freehold" title="Farnham's Freehold">Farnham's Freehold</a>, which casts a <a href="/wiki/White_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="White (people)">white</a> family into a future in which white people are the slaves of cannibalistic black rulers. In the 1941 novel <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Column" title="Sixth Column">Sixth Column</a> (also known as The Day After Tomorrow), a white resistance movement in the United States defends itself against an invasion by an Asian fascist state (the "Pan-Asians") using a "super-science" technology that allows ray weapons to be tuned to specific races. The idea for the story was pushed on Heinlein by editor <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">John W. Campbell</a> and the story itself was based on a then-unpublished story by Campbell, and Heinlein wrote later that he had "had to re-slant it to remove racist aspects of the original story line" and that he did not "consider it to be an artistic success".<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> However, the novel prompted a heated debate in the scientific community regarding the plausibility of developing <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_bioweapon" title="Ethnic bioweapon">ethnic bioweapons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> John Hickman, writing in the European Journal of American Studies, identifies examples of anti–East Asian racism in some of Heinlein's works, particularly Sixth Column.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Heinlein summed up his attitude toward people of any race in his essay "<a href="/wiki/Our_Noble,_Essential_Decency" title="Our Noble, Essential Decency">Our Noble, Essential Decency</a>" thus: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And finally, I believe in my whole race—yellow, white, black, red, brown—in the honesty, courage, intelligence, durability, and goodness of the overwhelming majority of my brothers and sisters everywhere on this planet. I am proud to be a human being.</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Individualism_and_self-determination">Individualism and self-determination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Individualism and self-determination">edit</a>]</div> In keeping with his belief in <a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">individualism</a>, his work for adults—and sometimes even his work for juveniles—often portrays both the oppressors and the oppressed with considerable ambiguity. Heinlein believed that individualism was incompatible with ignorance. He believed that an appropriate level of adult competence was achieved through a wide-ranging education, whether this occurred in a classroom or not. In his juvenile novels, more than once a character looks with disdain at a student's choice of classwork, saying, "Why didn't you study something useful?"<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> In Time Enough for Love, <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Long" title="Lazarus Long">Lazarus Long</a> gives a long list of capabilities that anyone should have, concluding, "Specialization is for insects." The ability of the individual to create himself is explored in stories such as <a href="/wiki/I_Will_Fear_No_Evil" title="I Will Fear No Evil">I Will Fear No Evil</a>, "'<a href="/wiki/%E2%80%94All_You_Zombies%E2%80%94" class="mw-redirect" title="—All You Zombies—">—All You Zombies—</a>'", and "<a href="/wiki/By_His_Bootstraps" title="By His Bootstraps">By His Bootstraps</a>". Heinlein claimed to have written Starship Troopers in response to "calls for the unilateral ending of nuclear testing by the United States".<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> Heinlein suggests in the book that the Bugs are a good example of Communism being something that humans cannot successfully adhere to, since humans are strongly defined individuals, whereas the Bugs, being a collective, can all contribute to the whole without consideration of individual desire.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Competent_Man">The Competent Man</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The Competent Man">edit</a>]</div> A common theme in Heinlein's writing is his frequent use of the "competent man", a <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock character</a> who exhibits a very wide range of abilities and knowledge, making him a form of <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>. This trope was notably common in 1950s U.S. science fiction.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> While Heinlein was not the first to use such a character type, the heroes and heroines of his fiction (with <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Harshaw" title="Jubal Harshaw">Jubal Harshaw</a> being a prime example) generally have a wide range of abilities, and one of Heinlein's characters, <a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Long" title="Lazarus Long">Lazarus Long</a>, gives a wide summary of requirements: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">A human being should be able to change a diaper, plan an invasion, butcher a hog, conn a ship, design a building, write a sonnet, balance accounts, build a wall, set a bone, comfort the dying, take orders, give orders, cooperate, act alone, solve equations, analyze a new problem, pitch manure, program a computer, cook a tasty meal, fight efficiently, die gallantly. Specialization is for insects. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Robert Heinlein, <a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Predecessors of Heinlein's competent heroes include the protagonists of <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a>, like Henry Higgins in <a href="/wiki/Pygmalion_(play)" title="Pygmalion (play)">Pygmalion</a> and Caesar in <a href="/wiki/Caesar_and_Cleopatra_(play)" title="Caesar and Cleopatra (play)">Caesar and Cleopatra</a>, as well as the citizen soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/The_Army_of_a_Dream" title="The Army of a Dream">The Army of a Dream</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sexual_issues">Sexual issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sexual issues">edit</a>]</div> For Heinlein, personal liberation included <a href="/wiki/Sexual_liberation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexual liberation">sexual liberation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Free_love" title="Free love">free love</a> was a major subject of his writing starting in 1939, with For Us, the Living. During his early period, Heinlein's writing for younger readers needed to take account of both editorial perceptions of sexuality in his novels, and potential perceptions among the buying public; as critic William H. Patterson has put it, his dilemma was "to sort out what was really objectionable from what was only excessive over-sensitivity to imaginary librarians".<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> By his middle period, sexual freedom and the elimination of sexual jealousy became a major theme; for instance, in <a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a> (1961), the progressively minded but sexually conservative reporter, Ben Caxton, acts as a <a href="/wiki/Foil_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Foil (literature)">dramatic foil</a> for the less parochial characters, <a href="/wiki/Jubal_Harshaw" title="Jubal Harshaw">Jubal Harshaw</a> and Valentine Michael Smith (Mike). Another of the main characters, Jill, is homophobic, and says that "nine times out of ten, if a girl gets raped it's partly her own fault."<a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-114">[114]</a> According to Gary Westfahl, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Heinlein is a problematic case for feminists; on the one hand, his works often feature strong female characters and vigorous statements that women are equal to or even superior to men; but these characters and statements often reflect hopelessly stereotypical attitudes about typical female attributes. It is disconcerting, for example, that in Expanded Universe Heinlein calls for a society where all lawyers and politicians are women, essentially on the grounds that they possess a mysterious feminine practicality that men cannot duplicate.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a></blockquote> In books written as early as 1956, Heinlein dealt with incest and the sexual nature of children. Many of his books including <a href="/wiki/Time_for_the_Stars" title="Time for the Stars">Time for the Stars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glory_Road" title="Glory Road">Glory Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Number_of_the_Beast_(novel)" title="The Number of the Beast (novel)">The Number of the Beast</a> dealt explicitly or implicitly with incest, sexual feelings and relations between adults, children, or both.<a href="#cite_note-The_Heinlein_Society-116">[116]</a> The treatment of these themes include the romantic relationship and eventual marriage of two characters in <a href="/wiki/The_Door_into_Summer" title="The Door into Summer">The Door into Summer</a> who met when one was a 30-year-old engineer and the other was an 11-year-old girl, and who eventually married when time-travel rendered the girl an adult while the engineer aged minimally, or the more overt intra-familial incest in <a href="/wiki/To_Sail_Beyond_the_Sunset" title="To Sail Beyond the Sunset">To Sail Beyond the Sunset</a> and <a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a>. Heinlein often posed situations where the nominal purpose of sexual taboos was irrelevant to a particular situation, due to future advances in technology. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a> Heinlein describes a brother and sister (Joe and Llita) who were mirror twins, being complementary diploids with entirely disjoint genomes, and thus not at increased risk for unfavorable gene duplication due to <a href="/wiki/Consanguinity" title="Consanguinity">consanguinity</a>. In this instance, Llita and Joe were props used to explore the concept of incest, where the usual objection to incest—heightened risk of genetic defect in their children—was not a consideration.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Peers such as <a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight" title="Damon Knight">Damon Knight</a> have commented critically on Heinlein's portrayal of incest and pedophilia in a lighthearted and even approving manner.<a href="#cite_note-The_Heinlein_Society-116">[116]</a> Diane Parkin-Speer suggests that Heinlein's intent seems more to provoke the reader and to question sexual norms than to promote any particular sexual agenda.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/To_Sail_Beyond_the_Sunset" title="To Sail Beyond the Sunset">To Sail Beyond the Sunset</a>, Heinlein has the main character, <a href="/wiki/Maureen_Johnson_(Heinlein_character)" title="Maureen Johnson (Heinlein character)">Maureen</a>, state that the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysics</a> is to ask questions: "Why are we here?" "Where are we going after we die?" (and so on); and that you are not allowed to answer the questions. Asking the questions is the point of metaphysics, but answering them is not, because once you answer this kind of question, you cross the line into religion. Maureen does not state a reason for this; she simply remarks that such questions are "beautiful" but lack answers. Maureen's son/lover Lazarus Long makes a related remark in Time Enough for Love. In order for us to answer the "big questions" about the universe, Lazarus states at one point, it would be necessary to stand outside the universe. During the 1930s and 1940s, Heinlein was deeply interested in <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Korzybski" title="Alfred Korzybski">Alfred Korzybski</a>'s <a href="/wiki/General_semantics" title="General semantics">general semantics</a> and attended a number of seminars on the subject. His views on <a href="/wiki/Epistemology" title="Epistemology">epistemology</a> seem to have flowed from that interest, and his fictional characters continue to express Korzybskian views to the very end of his writing career. Many of his stories, such as <a href="/wiki/Gulf_(Heinlein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf (Heinlein)">Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/If_This_Goes_On%E2%80%94" class="mw-redirect" title="If This Goes On—">If This Goes On—</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a>, depend strongly on the premise, related to the well-known <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_relativity" title="Linguistic relativity">Sapir–Whorf hypothesis</a>, that by using a correctly <a href="/wiki/Constructed_language" title="Constructed language">designed language</a>, one can change or improve oneself mentally, or even realize untapped potential (as in the case of Joe in Gulf—whose last name may be Greene, Gilead or Briggs).<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> When <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a>'s novel <a href="/wiki/The_Fountainhead" title="The Fountainhead">The Fountainhead</a> was published, Heinlein was very favorably impressed, as quoted in "Grumbles ..." and mentioned John Galt—the hero in Rand's <a href="/wiki/Atlas_Shrugged" title="Atlas Shrugged">Atlas Shrugged</a>—as a heroic archetype in The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress. He was also strongly affected by the religious philosopher <a href="/wiki/P._D._Ouspensky" title="P. D. Ouspensky">P. D. Ouspensky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aolbio-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Freudianism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a> were at the height of their influence during the peak of Heinlein's career, and stories such as <a href="/wiki/Time_for_the_Stars" title="Time for the Stars">Time for the Stars</a> indulged in psychological theorizing. However, he was skeptical about Freudianism, especially after a struggle with an editor who insisted on reading Freudian sexual symbolism into his <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Young adult fiction">juvenile novels</a>. Heinlein was fascinated by the <a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">social credit</a> movement in the 1930s. This is shown in <a href="/wiki/Beyond_This_Horizon" title="Beyond This Horizon">Beyond This Horizon</a> and in his 1938 novel <a href="/wiki/For_Us,_the_Living:_A_Comedy_of_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs">For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs</a>, which was finally published in 2003, long after his death. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pay_it_forward">Pay it forward</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Pay it forward">edit</a>]</div> On that theme, the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Pay_it_forward" title="Pay it forward">pay it forward</a>", though it was already in occasional use as a quotation, was popularized by Robert A. Heinlein in his book <a href="/wiki/Between_Planets" title="Between Planets">Between Planets</a>,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> published in 1951: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The banker reached into the folds of his gown, pulled out a single credit note. "But eat first—a full belly steadies the judgment. Do me the honor of accepting this as our welcome to the newcomer." His pride said no; his stomach said YES! Don took it and said, "Uh, thanks! That's awfully kind of you. I'll pay it back, first chance." "Instead, pay it forward to some other brother who needs it."</blockquote> He referred to this in a number of other stories, although sometimes just saying to pay a debt back by helping others, as in one of his last works, Job, a Comedy of Justice. Heinlein was a mentor to <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a>, giving him help and quite possibly passing on the concept, made famous by the publication of a letter from him to Heinlein thanking him.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> In Bradbury's novel <a href="/wiki/Dandelion_Wine" title="Dandelion Wine">Dandelion Wine</a>, published in 1957, when the main character Douglas Spaulding is reflecting on his life being saved by Mr. Jonas, the Junkman: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">How do I thank Mr. Jonas, he wondered, for what he's done? How do I thank him, how pay him back? No way, no way at all. You just can't pay. What then? What? Pass it on somehow, he thought, pass it on to someone else. Keep the chain moving. Look around, find someone, and pass it on. That was the only way…</blockquote> Bradbury has also advised that writers he has helped thank him by helping other writers.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> Heinlein both preached and practiced this philosophy; now the <a href="#Heinlein_Society">Heinlein Society</a>, a humanitarian organization founded in his name, does so, attributing the philosophy to its various efforts, including Heinlein for Heroes, the Heinlein Society Scholarship Program, and Heinlein Society blood drives.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Author Spider Robinson made repeated reference to the doctrine, attributing it to his spiritual mentor Heinlein.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_and_legacy">Influence and legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Influence and legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honorifics">Honorifics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Honorifics">edit</a>]</div> Heinlein is usually identified, along with <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>, as one of the three masters of science fiction to arise in the so-called <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of science fiction">Golden Age of science fiction</a>, associated with <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">John W. Campbell</a> and his magazine <a href="/wiki/Analog_Science_Fiction_and_Fact" title="Analog Science Fiction and Fact">Astounding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In the 1950s he was a leader in bringing science fiction out of the low-paying and less prestigious "<a href="/wiki/Pulp_magazine" title="Pulp magazine">pulp</a> ghetto". Most of his works, including short stories, have been continuously in print in many languages since their initial appearance and are still available as new paperbacks decades after his death. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinlein-crater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Heinlein-crater.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="195" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="150" data-file-height="195" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinlein_crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinlein crater">Heinlein crater</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a></figcaption></figure> He was at the top of his form during, and himself helped to initiate, the trend toward <a href="/wiki/Social_science_fiction" title="Social science fiction">social science fiction</a>, which went along with a general maturing of the genre away from <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a> to a more literary approach touching on such adult issues as politics and <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">human sexuality</a>. In reaction to this trend, <a href="/wiki/Hard_science_fiction" title="Hard science fiction">hard science fiction</a> began to be distinguished as a separate subgenre, but paradoxically Heinlein is also considered a seminal figure in hard science fiction, due to his extensive knowledge of engineering and the careful scientific research demonstrated in his stories. Heinlein himself stated—with obvious pride—that in the days before pocket calculators, he and his wife Virginia once worked for several days on a mathematical equation describing an Earth–Mars rocket orbit, which was then subsumed in a single sentence of the novel Space Cadet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing_style">Writing style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Writing style">edit</a>]</div> Heinlein is often credited with bringing serious writing techniques to the genre of science fiction. For example, when writing about fictional worlds, previous authors were often limited by the reader's existing knowledge of a typical "space opera" setting, leading to a relatively low creativity level: The same starships, death rays, and horrifying rubbery aliens becoming ubiquitous.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This was necessary unless the author was willing to go into long <a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)" title="Exposition (narrative)">expositions</a> about the setting of the story, at a time when the word count was at a premium in SF.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] But Heinlein utilized a technique called "<a href="/wiki/Exposition_(narrative)#Indirect_exposition/incluing" title="Exposition (narrative)">indirect exposition</a>", perhaps first introduced by <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a> in his own science fiction venture, the <a href="/wiki/Aerial_Board_of_Control" title="Aerial Board of Control">Aerial Board of Control</a> stories. Kipling had picked this up during his time in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, using it to avoid bogging down his stories set in India with explanations for his English readers.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> This technique—mentioning details in a way that lets the reader infer more about the universe than is actually spelled out<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> became a trademark rhetorical technique of both Heinlein and generation of writers influenced by him. Heinlein was significantly influenced by Kipling beyond this, for example quoting him in "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Writing_of_Speculative_Fiction" title="On the Writing of Speculative Fiction">On the Writing of Speculative Fiction</a>".<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> Likewise, Heinlein's name is often associated with the <a href="/wiki/Competent_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Competent man">competent hero</a>, a character archetype who, though he or she may have flaws and limitations, is a strong, accomplished person able to overcome any soluble problem set in their path. They tend to feel confident overall, have a broad life experience and set of skills, and not give up when the going gets tough. This style influenced not only the writing style of a generation of authors, but even their personal character. <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a> once said, "Very early in life when I read Robert Heinlein I got the thread that runs through his stories—the notion of the competent man ... I've always held that as my ideal. I've tried to be a very competent man."<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rules_of_writing">Rules of writing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Rules of writing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/On_the_Writing_of_Speculative_Fiction" title="On the Writing of Speculative Fiction">On the Writing of Speculative Fiction</a></div> When fellow writers, or fans, wrote Heinlein asking for writing advice, he famously gave out his own list of rules for becoming a successful writer: <ol><li>You must write.</li> <li>Finish what you start.</li> <li>You must refrain from rewriting, except to editorial order.</li> <li>You must put your story on the market.</li> <li>You must keep it on the market until it has sold.</li></ol> About which he said: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The above five rules really have more to do with how to write speculative fiction than anything said above them. But they are amazingly hard to follow—which is why there are so few professional writers and so many aspirants, and which is why I am not afraid to give away the racket!<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a></blockquote> Heinlein later published an entire article, "<a href="/wiki/On_the_Writing_of_Speculative_Fiction" title="On the Writing of Speculative Fiction">On the Writing of Speculative Fiction</a>", which included his rules, and from which the above quote is taken. When he says "anything said above them", he refers to his other guidelines. For example, he describes most stories as fitting into one of a handful of basic categories: <ul><li>The gadget story</li> <li>The human interest story</li> <li>Boy meets girl</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Brave_Little_Tailor" title="The Brave Little Tailor">The Little Tailor</a></li> <li>The man-who-learned-better</li></ul> In the article, Heinlein proposes that most stories fit into either the gadget story or the human interest story, which is itself subdivided into the three latter categories. He also credits <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a> as having identified "The Man-Who-Learned-Better". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_among_writers">Influence among writers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Influence among writers">edit</a>]</div> Heinlein has had a pervasive influence on other science fiction writers. In a 1953 poll of leading science fiction authors, he was cited more frequently as an influence than any other modern writer.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Critic James Gifford writes that <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Although many other writers have exceeded Heinlein's output, few can claim to match his broad and seminal influence. Scores of science fiction writers from the prewar Golden Age through the present day loudly and enthusiastically credit Heinlein for blazing the trails of their own careers, and shaping their styles and stories.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Robert A. Heinlein, A Reader's Companion, p. xiii</cite></div></blockquote> Heinlein gave Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle extensive advice on a draft manuscript of <a href="/wiki/The_Mote_in_God%27s_Eye" title="The Mote in God's Eye">The Mote in God's Eye</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> He contributed a cover blurb "Possibly the finest science fiction novel I have ever read." In their novel <a href="/wiki/Footfall" title="Footfall">Footfall</a>, Niven and Pournelle included Robert A. Heinlein as a character under the name "Bob Anson." Anson in the novel is a respected and well-known science-fiction author. Writer <a href="/wiki/David_Gerrold" title="David Gerrold">David Gerrold</a>, responsible for creating the tribbles in Star Trek, also credited Heinlein as the inspiration for his <a href="/wiki/The_Dingilliad" title="The Dingilliad">Dingilliad</a> series of novels. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Benford" title="Gregory Benford">Gregory Benford</a> refers to his novel Jupiter Project as a Heinlein tribute. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a> says his Hugo Award-nominated novel <a href="/wiki/Saturn%27s_Children_(novel)" title="Saturn's Children (novel)">Saturn's Children</a> is "a space opera and late-period Robert A. Heinlein tribute",<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> referring to Heinlein's <a href="/wiki/Friday_(novel)" title="Friday (novel)">Friday</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> The theme and plot of Kameron Hurley's novel, The Light Brigade clearly echo those of Heinlein's Starship Troopers.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_and_phrases_coined">Words and phrases coined</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Words and phrases coined">edit</a>]</div> Even outside the science fiction community, several words and phrases coined or adopted by Heinlein have passed into common English usage: <ul><li><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/waldo" class="extiw" title="wikt:waldo">Waldo</a>, protagonist in the eponymous short story "<a href="/wiki/Waldo_(short_story)" title="Waldo (short story)">Waldo</a>", whose name came to mean mechanical or robot arms in the real world that are akin to the ones used by the character in the story.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonbat" title="Moonbat">Moonbat</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> used in <a href="/wiki/United_States_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="United States politics">United States politics</a> as a pejorative political <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> referring to progressives or <a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">leftists</a>, was originally the name of a space ship in his story "<a href="/wiki/Space_Jockey" title="Space Jockey">Space Jockey</a>".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok" title="Grok">Grok</a>, a Martian word for understanding a thing so fully as to become one with it, from <a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a>, whose root meaning in Martian is "to drink".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_marine" title="Space marine">Space marine</a>, an existing term popularized by Heinlein in short stories, the concept then being made famous by <a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a>, though the term "space marine" is not used in that novel.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speculative_fiction" title="Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a>, a term Heinlein used for the separation of serious, consistent science fiction writing, from the pop "sci fi" of the day.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inspiring_culture_and_technology">Inspiring culture and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Inspiring culture and technology">edit</a>]</div> In 1962, <a href="/wiki/Oberon_Zell-Ravenheart" title="Oberon Zell-Ravenheart">Oberon Zell-Ravenheart</a> (then still using his birth name, Tim Zell) founded the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_All_Worlds" title="Church of All Worlds">Church of All Worlds</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">Neopagan</a> religious organization modeled in many ways (including its name) after the treatment of religion in the novel Stranger in a Strange Land. This spiritual path included several ideas from the book, including non-mainstream family structures, social libertarianism, water-sharing rituals, an acceptance of all religious paths by a single tradition, and the use of several terms such as "grok", "Thou art God", and "Never Thirst". Though Heinlein was neither a member nor a promoter of the Church, there was a frequent exchange of correspondence between Zell and Heinlein, and he was a paid subscriber to their magazine, <a href="/wiki/Green_Egg" title="Green Egg">Green Egg</a>. This Church still exists as a <a href="/wiki/501(C)(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(C)(3)">501(C)(3)</a> religious organization incorporated in California, with membership worldwide, and it remains an active part of the neopagan community today.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> Zell-Ravenheart's wife, <a href="/wiki/Morning_Glory_Zell-Ravenheart" title="Morning Glory Zell-Ravenheart">Morning Glory</a> coined the term <a href="/wiki/Polyamory" title="Polyamory">polyamory</a> in 1990,<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> another movement that includes Heinlein concepts among its roots. Heinlein was influential in making <a href="/wiki/Space_exploration" title="Space exploration">space exploration</a> seem to the public more like a practical possibility. His stories in publications such as The Saturday Evening Post took a matter-of-fact approach to their outer-space setting, rather than the "gee whiz" tone that had previously been common. The documentary-like film <a href="/wiki/Destination_Moon_(film)" title="Destination Moon (film)">Destination Moon</a> advocated a <a href="/wiki/Space_Race" title="Space Race">Space Race</a> with an unspecified foreign power almost a decade before such an idea became commonplace, and was promoted by an unprecedented publicity campaign in print publications. Many of the astronauts and others working in the U.S. space program grew up on a diet of the Heinlein <a href="/wiki/Young_adult_literature" title="Young adult literature">juveniles</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research?</a>] best evidenced by the naming of a crater on Mars after him, and a tribute interspersed by the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_15" title="Apollo 15">Apollo 15</a> astronauts into their radio conversations while on the moon.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> Heinlein was also a guest commentator (along with fellow SF author <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a>) for <a href="/wiki/Walter_Cronkite" title="Walter Cronkite">Walter Cronkite</a>'s coverage of the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11</a> Moon landing.<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> He remarked to Cronkite during the landing that, "This is the greatest event in human history, up to this time. This is—today is New Year's Day of the Year One."<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> Heinlein has inspired many transformational figures in business and technology including <a href="/wiki/Lee_Felsenstein" title="Lee Felsenstein">Lee Felsenstein</a>, the designer of the first mass-produced portable computer,<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a>,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> co-author of the first widely-used web browser, and <a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a>, CEO of <a href="/wiki/Tesla,_Inc." title="Tesla, Inc.">Tesla</a> and founder of <a href="/wiki/SpaceX" title="SpaceX">SpaceX</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heinlein_Society">Heinlein Society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Heinlein Society">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heinlein_Society" title="Heinlein Society">Heinlein Society</a></div> The Heinlein Society was founded by <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Heinlein" title="Virginia Heinlein">Virginia Heinlein</a> on behalf of her husband, to "<a href="/wiki/Pay_it_forward" title="Pay it forward">pay forward</a>" the legacy of the writer to future generations of "Heinlein's Children". The foundation has programs to: <ul><li>"Promote Heinlein blood drives."</li> <li>"Provide educational materials to educators."</li> <li>"Promote scholarly research and overall discussion of the works and ideas of Robert Anson Heinlein."</li></ul> The Heinlein society also established the <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Robert A. Heinlein Award</a> in 2003 "for outstanding published works in science fiction and technical writings to inspire the human exploration of space".<a href="#cite_note-bsfs-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-locus-award-desc-146">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors">Honors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Honors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robheinlein-6312.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Robheinlein-6312.jpg/220px-Robheinlein-6312.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Robheinlein-6312.jpg/330px-Robheinlein-6312.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Robheinlein-6312.jpg/440px-Robheinlein-6312.jpg 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="309" /></a><figcaption>Orbital path of Robert Heinlein's <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponymous</a> asteroid</figcaption></figure> In his lifetime, Heinlein received four <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Awards</a>, for Double Star, Starship Troopers, Stranger in a Strange Land, and The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, and was nominated for four <a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula Awards</a>, for The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress, Friday, Time Enough for Love, and Job: A Comedy of Justice.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> He was also given seven Retro-Hugos: two for best novel: Beyond This Horizon and Farmer in the Sky; three for best novella: If This Goes On..., Waldo, and <a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_Moon" title="The Man Who Sold the Moon">The Man Who Sold the Moon</a>; one for best novelette: "The Roads Must Roll"; and one for best dramatic presentation: "Destination Moon".<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Heinlein was also nominated for six <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Awards</a> for the works Have Space Suit: Will Travel, Glory Road, Time Enough for Love, Friday, Job: A Comedy of Justice and Grumbles from the Grave, as well as six <a href="/wiki/Retro_Hugo_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Retro Hugo Award">Retro Hugo Awards</a> for Magic, Inc., "Requiem", "Coventry", "Blowups Happen", "Goldfish Bowl", and "The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag". The <a href="/wiki/Science_Fiction_Writers_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Science Fiction Writers of America">Science Fiction Writers of America</a> named Heinlein its first <a href="/wiki/SFWA_Grand_Master" class="mw-redirect" title="SFWA Grand Master">Grand Master</a> in 1974, presented 1975. Officers and past presidents of the Association select a living writer for lifetime achievement (now annually and including <a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">fantasy</a> literature).<a href="#cite_note-SFWA-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFAwards-16">[16]</a> In 1977, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Inkpot_Award" title="Inkpot Award">Inkpot Award</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid_belt" title="Asteroid belt">Main-belt</a> <a href="/wiki/Asteroid" title="Asteroid">asteroid</a> <a href="/wiki/6312_Robheinlein" title="6312 Robheinlein">6312 Robheinlein</a> (1990 RH4), discovered on September 14, 1990, by <a href="/wiki/H._E._Holt" class="mw-redirect" title="H. E. Holt">H. E. Holt</a> at Palomar, was named after him.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> There is no lunar feature named explicitly for Heinlein, but in 1994 the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> named <a href="/wiki/Heinlein_(crater)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinlein (crater)">Heinlein crater</a> on Mars in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The <a href="/wiki/EMP_Museum#Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="EMP Museum">Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame</a> inducted Heinlein in 1998, its third class of two deceased and two living writers and editors.<a href="#cite_note-sfhof-old-155">[155]</a> In 2001 the United States Naval Academy created the Robert A. Heinlein Chair in Aerospace Engineering.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> Heinlein was the Ghost of Honor at the 2008 <a href="/wiki/World_Science_Fiction_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="World Science Fiction Convention">World Science Fiction Convention</a> in Denver, Colorado, which held several panels on his works; nearly seventy years earlier, he had been a Guest of Honor at the same convention.<a href="#cite_note-gazette-157">[157]</a> In 2016, after an intensive online campaign to win a vote for the opening, Heinlein was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Famous_Missourians" title="Hall of Famous Missourians">Hall of Famous Missourians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> His bronze bust, created by Kansas City sculptor <a href="/wiki/E._Spencer_Schubert" title="E. Spencer Schubert">E. Spencer Schubert</a>, is on permanent display in the <a href="/wiki/Missouri_State_Capitol" title="Missouri State Capitol">Missouri State Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_City,_Missouri" title="Jefferson City, Missouri">Jefferson City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> The Libertarian Futurist Society has honored eight of Heinlein's novels and two short stories with their <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Hall_of_Fame_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Prometheus Hall of Fame Award">Hall of Fame</a> award.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The first two were given during his lifetime for The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress and Stranger in a Strange Land. Five more were awarded posthumously for Red Planet, Methuselah's Children, Time Enough for Love, and the short stories "Requiem" and "Coventry". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Sf-userbox.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/28px-Sf-userbox.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/42px-Sf-userbox.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sf-userbox.png/56px-Sf-userbox.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Science fiction">Science fiction portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/20px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/30px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/41px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Children_and_Young_Adult_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Children and Young Adult Literature">Children and Young Adult Literature portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="diagram" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/28px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/42px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png/56px-Libertarianism-groups-diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="647" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Libertarianism" title="Portal:Libertarianism">Libertarianism portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_bibliography" title="Robert A. Heinlein bibliography">Robert A. Heinlein bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinlein_Society" title="Heinlein Society">Heinlein Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Robert A. Heinlein Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinlein_Prize_for_Advances_in_Space_Commercialization" title="Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization">Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinlein_Centennial" title="Heinlein Centennial">Heinlein Centennial Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Robert_A._Heinlein_characters" title="List of Robert A. Heinlein characters">List of Robert A. Heinlein characters</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Return_of_William_Proxmire" title="The Return of William Proxmire">The Return of William Proxmire</a>"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-virginia-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-virginia_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-virginia_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWoo2003" class="citation news cs1">Woo, Elaine (January 26, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-jan-26-me-heinlein26-story.html">"Virginia Heinlein, 86; Wife, Muse and Literary Guardian of Celebrated Science Fiction Writer"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112053932/http://articles.latimes.com/2003/jan/26/local/me-heinlein26">Archived</a> from the original on November 12, 2016. Retrieved June 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Virginia+Heinlein%2C+86%3B+Wife%2C+Muse+and+Literary+Guardian+of+Celebrated+Science+Fiction+Writer&rft.date=2003-01-26&rft.aulast=Woo&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2003-jan-26-me-heinlein26-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> Also reproduced at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heinleinsociety.org/2003/01/the-passing-of-ginny-heinlein/">The Heinlein Society</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218190702/https://www.heinleinsociety.org/2003/01/the-passing-of-ginny-heinlein/">Archived</a> December 18, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWells2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Wells" title="John C. Wells">Wells, John C.</a> (2008). Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (3rd ed.). Longman.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longman+Pronunciation+Dictionary&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Wells&rft.aufirst=John+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hine-line_soc-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hine-line_soc_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hine-line_soc_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hine-line_soc_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hine-line_soc_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoudek2003" class="citation web cs1">Houdek, D. A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120403204313/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/FAQrah.html">"FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about Robert A. Heinlein, the person"</a>. The Heinlein Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/FAQrah.html">the original</a> on April 3, 2012. Retrieved January 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+Robert+A.+Heinlein%2C+the+person&rft.pub=The+Heinlein+Society&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Houdek&rft.aufirst=D.+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Frah%2FFAQrah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hine-line-4"><a href="#cite_ref-hine-line_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/organization/standards-guidelines/efgh/#h">"Say How? A Pronunciation Guide to Names of Public Figures"</a>. Library of Congress, National Library Service for the Blind and Physically Handicapped (NLS). September 21, 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191006214945/https://www.loc.gov/nls/about/organization/standards-guidelines/efgh/#h">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2019. Retrieved January 23, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Say+How%3F+A+Pronunciation+Guide+to+Names+of+Public+Figures&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress%2C+National+Library+Service+for+the+Blind+and+Physically+Handicapped+%28NLS%29&rft.date=2006-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fnls%2Fabout%2Forganization%2Fstandards-guidelines%2Fefgh%2F%23h&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBookerThomas2009" class="citation book cs1">Booker, M. Keith; Thomas, Anne-Marie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uW9xST9UsOIC">The Science Fiction Handbook</a>. Blackwell Guides to Literature Series. John Wiley & Sons. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6205-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4051-6205-0"><bdi>978-1-4051-6205-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190705122833/https://books.google.com/books?id=uW9xST9UsOIC">Archived</a> from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved June 27, 2018. <q>Sometimes called the 'dean of science fiction writers,' Robert A. Heinlein was one of the leading figures of science fiction's Golden Age and one of the authors most responsible for establishing the science fiction novel as a publishing category.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Science+Fiction+Handbook&rft.series=Blackwell+Guides+to+Literature+Series&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4051-6205-0&rft.aulast=Booker&rft.aufirst=M.+Keith&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Anne-Marie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuW9xST9UsOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendlesohn2019" class="citation book cs1">Mendlesohn, Farah (2019). The Pleasant Profession of Robert A. Heinlein. London: Unbound Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78352-678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78352-678-9"><bdi>978-1-78352-678-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pleasant+Profession+of+Robert+A.+Heinlein&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Unbound+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-78352-678-9&rft.aulast=Mendlesohn&rft.aufirst=Farah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/12/heinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land">"Robert Heinlein's softer side"</a>. The Guardian. January 12, 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125182954/https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/12/heinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved June 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Robert+Heinlein%27s+softer+side&rft.date=2009-01-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2009%2Fjan%2F12%2Fheinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfandfantasy.co.uk/php/the-big-3.php">"The Big Three—Asimov—Clarke—Heinlein—A Bibliography"</a>. SFandFantasy.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160901081434/http://www.sfandfantasy.co.uk/php/the-big-3.php">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016. <q>Isaac Asimov, Arthur C. Clarke and Robert Heinlein are informally known as the 'Big Three'—the best known members of the group of authors who brought science fiction into a Golden Age in the middle years of the twentieth century</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Big+Three%E2%80%94Asimov%E2%80%94Clarke%E2%80%94Heinlein%E2%80%94A+Bibliography&rft.pub=SFandFantasy.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfandfantasy.co.uk%2Fphp%2Fthe-big-3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParrinder2001" class="citation book cs1">Parrinder, Patrick (2001). Learning from Other Worlds: Estrangement, Cognition, and the Politics of Science Fiction and Utopia. Duke University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2773-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2773-8"><bdi>978-0-8223-2773-8</bdi></a>. <q>This short discussion of Asimov, Clarke and Heinlein—the so-called Big Three, who largely dominated American (and, to a lesser extent, Anglo-American) science fiction during the 1940s, the 1950s and well into the 1960s—should serve to suggest the particularly complex affinity between science fiction and critical theory in its Blochian version.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+from+Other+Worlds%3A+Estrangement%2C+Cognition%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Science+Fiction+and+Utopia&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2773-8&rft.aulast=Parrinder&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfwriter.com/rmdeatho.htm">"Science Fiction Writer Robert J. Sawyer: The Death of Science Fiction"</a>. SF writer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120502235740/http://www.sfwriter.com/rmdeatho.htm">Archived</a> from the original on May 2, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2017. <q>And yet, the publishers do whatever they can to continue to milk the big three: Asimov, Clarke, and Heinlein</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SF+writer&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction+Writer+Robert+J.+Sawyer%3A+The+Death+of+Science+Fiction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfwriter.com%2Frmdeatho.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mentalfloss.com/article/64993/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-stranger-strange-land">"15 Things You Might Not Know About Stranger in a Strange Land"</a>. Mental floss. July 14, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170414150236/http://mentalfloss.com/article/64993/15-things-you-might-not-know-about-stranger-strange-land">Archived</a> from the original on April 14, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mental+floss&rft.atitle=15+Things+You+Might+Not+Know+About+Stranger+in+a+Strange+Land&rft.date=2015-07-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmentalfloss.com%2Farticle%2F64993%2F15-things-you-might-not-know-about-stranger-strange-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mises1-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mises1_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mises1_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/library/was-robert-heinlein-libertarian">"Was Robert A. Heinlein a Libertarian?"</a>. Mises Institute. May 18, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191211005829/https://mises.org/library/was-robert-heinlein-libertarian">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2019. Retrieved May 5, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Was+Robert+A.+Heinlein+a+Libertarian%3F&rft.pub=Mises+Institute&rft.date=2010-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Flibrary%2Fwas-robert-heinlein-libertarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLord2005" class="citation news cs1">Lord, M. G. (October 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/books/review/heinleins-female-troubles.html">"Heinlein's Female Troubles"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213123928/https://www.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/books/review/heinleins-female-troubles.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Heinlein%27s+Female+Troubles&rft.date=2005-10-02&rft.aulast=Lord&rft.aufirst=M.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F10%2F02%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Fheinleins-female-troubles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson_Jr.2010" class="citation book cs1">Patterson Jr., William H. (August 2010). Robert A. Heinlein: In Dialogue with his Century Vol 1 (1st ed.). New York, NY: Tor Books. pp. 122–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1960-9"><bdi>978-0-7653-1960-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+A.+Heinlein%3A+In+Dialogue+with+his+Century+Vol+1&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=122-125&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Tor+Books&rft.date=2010-08&rft.isbn=978-0-7653-1960-9&rft.aulast=Patterson+Jr.&rft.aufirst=William+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFWA-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFWA_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFWA_15-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfwa.org/nebula-awards/nebula-weekend/events-program/grandmaster/">"Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110701114233/http://www.sfwa.org/nebula-awards/nebula-weekend/events-program/grandmaster/">Archived</a> July 1, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America (SFWA). Retrieved March 23, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-SFAwards-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SFAwards_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SFAwards_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfadb.com/Robert_A_Heinlein">"Robert A. Heinlein Awards"</a>. Science Fiction Awards Database. Locus Science Fiction Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191218185151/https://www.sfadb.com/Robert_A_Heinlein">Archived</a> from the original on December 18, 2019. Retrieved December 18, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Awards+Database&rft.atitle=Robert+A.+Heinlein+Awards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfadb.com%2FRobert_A_Heinlein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2010" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, William (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z93OvsN2yq8C&q=heinlein+cronkite&pg=PA13">"Appendix 2"</a>. Robert A. Heinlein: 1907–1948, learning curve. New York: Tom Doherty Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1960-9"><bdi>978-0-7653-1960-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved June 29, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+2&rft.btitle=Robert+A.+Heinlein%3A+1907%E2%80%931948%2C+learning+curve&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tom+Doherty+Associates&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7653-1960-9&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ93OvsN2yq8C%26q%3Dheinlein%2Bcronkite%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aolbio-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aolbio_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aolbio_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aolbio_18-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_H._Patterson_Jr.1999" class="citation journal cs1">William H. Patterson Jr. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080321234910/http://members.aol.com/agplusone/robert_a._heinlein_a_biogr.htm">"Robert A. Heinlein, a Biographical Sketch"</a>. The Heinlein Journal. 1999 (5): 7–36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/agplusone/robert_a._heinlein_a_biogr.htm">the original</a> on March 21, 2008. Retrieved March 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Heinlein+Journal&rft.atitle=Robert+A.+Heinlein%2C+a+Biographical+Sketch&rft.volume=1999&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=7-36&rft.date=1999&rft.au=William+H.+Patterson+Jr.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.aol.com%2Fagplusone%2Frobert_a._heinlein_a_biogr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> Also available at. Retrieved July 6, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"3". Sci-fi Literature Genius Guide. Imagine Publishing. June 14, 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781908222183" title="Special:BookSources/9781908222183"><bdi>9781908222183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=3&rft.btitle=Sci-fi+Literature+Genius+Guide&rft.pub=Imagine+Publishing&rft.date=2012-06-14&rft.isbn=9781908222183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-suplee19840905-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suplee19840905_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-suplee19840905_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuplee1984" class="citation news cs1">Suplee, Curt (September 5, 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1984/09/05/in-the-strange-land-of-robert-heinlein/b7a2ee22-0a6e-4c29-8fc1-88b3e68ec08c/">"In the Strange Land Of Robert Heinlein"</a>. Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. Retrieved July 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=In+the+Strange+Land+Of+Robert+Heinlein&rft.date=1984-09-05&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Suplee&rft.aufirst=Curt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1984%2F09%2F05%2Fin-the-strange-land-of-robert-heinlein%2Fb7a2ee22-0a6e-4c29-8fc1-88b3e68ec08c%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/luckybag1929unse">Lucky Bag</a>. Nimitz Library U. S. Naval Academy. First Class, United States Naval Academy. 1929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lucky+Bag&rft.pub=First+Class%2C+United+States+Naval+Academy&rft.date=1929&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fluckybag1929unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt596nd35k/entire_text/">"Robert A. and Virginia G. Heinlein Papers"</a>. Online Archive of California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190425055834/https://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt596nd35k/entire_text/">Archived</a> from the original on April 25, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Archive+of+California&rft.atitle=Robert+A.+and+Virginia+G.+Heinlein+Papers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foac.cdlib.org%2Ffindaid%2Fark%3A%2F13030%2Fkt596nd35k%2Fentire_text%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.ku.edu/~sfcenter/Gunn-GrandMaster-remarks.htm">James Gunn, "Grand Master Award Remarks"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110929035817/http://www2.ku.edu/~sfcenter/Gunn-GrandMaster-remarks.htm">Archived</a> September 29, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1908&dat=19660627&id=uUgrAAAAIBAJ&sjid=ktQEAAAAIBAJ&pg=3796,2847290">"Credit Col. Earp and Gen. Heinlein with the Reactivation of Nevada's Camp Clark", The Nevada Daily Mail, June 27, 1966</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> "Social Affairs of the Army and Navy", <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>; September 1, 1929; p. B8. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Patterson, William H. Robert A. Heinlein: In Dialogue with His Century, Vol. 1—Learning Curve (1907–1948), Tor Books, August 2010, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1960-9">978-0-7653-1960-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_26-1">b</a> Isaac Asimov, I, Asimov. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2010" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, William (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z93OvsN2yq8C&q=heinlein+cronkite&pg=PA13">"Chapter 27"</a>. Robert A. Heinlein: 1907–1948, learning curve. New York: Tom Doherty Associates. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1960-9"><bdi>978-0-7653-1960-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved April 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+27&rft.btitle=Robert+A.+Heinlein%3A+1907%E2%80%931948%2C+learning+curve&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Tom+Doherty+Associates&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7653-1960-9&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ93OvsN2yq8C%26q%3Dheinlein%2Bcronkite%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.denverpost.com/2011/05/31/colorado-voices-the-festival-of-history/">"Colorado Voices: The festival of history"</a>. May 31, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201202162531/https://www.denverpost.com/2011/05/31/colorado-voices-the-festival-of-history/">Archived</a> from the original on December 2, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Colorado+Voices%3A+The+festival+of+history&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.denverpost.com%2F2011%2F05%2F31%2Fcolorado-voices-the-festival-of-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/pm652-art-hi.html">"site: Robert A. Heinlein - Archives - PM 6/52 Article"</a>. www.nitrosyncretic.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201013112938/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/pm652-art-hi.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 13, 2020. Retrieved October 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nitrosyncretic.com&rft.atitle=site%3A+Robert+A.+Heinlein+-+Archives+-+PM+6%2F52+Article&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nitrosyncretic.com%2Frah%2Fpm652-art-hi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/history/bonnydoon1.html">"Heinlein Society Photo Tour of Bonny Doon"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200806161550/https://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/history/bonnydoon1.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 6, 2020. Retrieved April 15, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heinlein+Society+Photo+Tour+of+Bonny+Doon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Frah%2Fhistory%2Fbonnydoon1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Heinlein, Robert A. <a href="/wiki/Grumbles_from_the_Grave" title="Grumbles from the Grave">Grumbles from the Grave</a>, ch. VII. 1989. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120218062457/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/works/articles/heinleinswomendeb.html">"The Rolling Stone"</a>. Heinleinsociety.org. May 24, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/works/articles/heinleinswomendeb.html">the original</a> on February 18, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rolling+Stone&rft.pub=Heinleinsociety.org&rft.date=2003-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Frah%2Fworks%2Farticles%2Fheinleinswomendeb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120802004444/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/works/articles/heinleinswomengeo.html">"Heinlein's Women, by G. E. Rule"</a>. Heinleinsociety.org. May 24, 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/works/articles/heinleinswomengeo.html">the original</a> on August 2, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heinlein%27s+Women%2C+by+G.+E.+Rule&rft.pub=Heinleinsociety.org&rft.date=2003-05-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Frah%2Fworks%2Farticles%2Fheinleinswomengeo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Expanded_Universe-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Expanded_Universe_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Expanded_Universe_34-1">b</a> Expanded Universe </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Afterword to <a href="/wiki/For_Us,_the_Living:_A_Comedy_of_Customs" class="mw-redirect" title="For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs">For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs</a>, 2004 edition, p. 245. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A._Heinlein2005" class="citation book cs1">Robert A. Heinlein (2005). "Foreword by Michael Cassutt". Off the Main Sequence. Science Fiction Book Club. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58288-184-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-58288-184-7"><bdi>1-58288-184-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword+by+Michael+Cassutt&rft.btitle=Off+the+Main+Sequence&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Science+Fiction+Book+Club&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-58288-184-7&rft.au=Robert+A.+Heinlein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> (afterword to For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs, 2004 edition, p. 247, and the story "<a href="/wiki/A_Bathroom_of_Her_Own" title="A Bathroom of Her Own">A Bathroom of Her Own</a>"). Also, an unfortunate juxtaposition of events had a <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Henlein" title="Konrad Henlein">Konrad Henlein</a> making headlines in the <a href="/wiki/Sudetenland" title="Sudetenland">Sudetenlands</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-isfdb_...-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-isfdb_..._38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isfdb_..._38-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-isfdb_..._38-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?29">Robert A. Heinlein</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a> (ISFDB). Retrieved April 4, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-earlyyears79_82-39"><a href="#cite_ref-earlyyears79_82_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov1972" class="citation book cs1">Asimov, Isaac (1972). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/earlyasimovorele00asim#page/78/mode/2up">The early Asimov; or, Eleven years of trying</a>. Garden City NY: Doubleday. pp. 79–82.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+early+Asimov%3B+or%2C+Eleven+years+of+trying&rft.place=Garden+City+NY&rft.pages=79-82&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fearlyasimovorele00asim%23page%2F78%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Williamson, Jack "Who Was Robert Heinlein?" in Requiem: new collected works by Robert A. Heinlein and tributes to the grand master NY 1992 pp. 333–34 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-85523-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-85523-0">0-312-85523-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2001" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, William (2001). The Martian named Smith : critical perspectives on Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a strange land. Sacramento, Calif: Nitrosyncretic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0967987423" title="Special:BookSources/0967987423"><bdi>0967987423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Martian+named+Smith+%3A+critical+perspectives+on+Robert+A.+Heinlein%27s+Stranger+in+a+strange+land&rft.place=Sacramento%2C+Calif&rft.pub=Nitrosyncretic+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0967987423&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLatham2018" class="citation journal cs1">Latham, Rob (October 10, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-06943-8">"Beyond pulp: trailblazers of science fiction's golden age"</a>. Nature. 562 (7726): 189–190. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.562..189L">2018Natur.562..189L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-06943-8">10.1038/d41586-018-06943-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Beyond+pulp%3A+trailblazers+of+science+fiction%27s+golden+age.&rft.volume=562&rft.issue=7726&rft.pages=189-190&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fd41586-018-06943-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018Natur.562..189L&rft.aulast=Latham&rft.aufirst=Rob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fd41586-018-06943-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlson2024" class="citation web cs1">Olson, Glen W. (January 1, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heinleinsociety.org/heinlein-journal/">"Heinlein's Influence on Dating and Marriage Patterns in America, a Perspective"</a>. The Heinlein Journal.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Heinlein+Journal&rft.atitle=Heinlein%27s+Influence+on+Dating+and+Marriage+Patterns+in+America%2C+a+Perspective&rft.date=2024-01-01&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Glen+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Fheinlein-journal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCauso" class="citation web cs1">Causo, Roberto de Sousa. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060315171915/http://www.wegrokit.com/causost.htm">"Citizenship at War"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wegrokit.com/causost.htm">the original</a> on March 15, 2006. Retrieved March 4, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Citizenship+at+War&rft.aulast=Causo&rft.aufirst=Roberto+de+Sousa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wegrokit.com%2Fcausost.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2014" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, William H. Jr. (June 3, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MQPHAgAAQBAJ">Robert A. Heinlein: In Dialogue with His Century: Volume 2, 1948–1988 The Man Who Learned Better</a>. Macmillan. p. 207. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-8796-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-8796-7"><bdi>978-1-4299-8796-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101172143/https://books.google.com/books?id=MQPHAgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+A.+Heinlein%3A+In+Dialogue+with+His+Century%3A+Volume+2%2C+1948%E2%80%931988+The+Man+Who+Learned+Better&rft.pages=207&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2014-06-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-8796-7&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=William+H.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMQPHAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Virginia Heinlein to Michael A. Banks, 1988 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> On Paul Dirac and antimatter, and on blood chemistry. A version of the former, titled Paul Dirac, Antimatter, and You, was published in the anthology <a href="/wiki/Expanded_Universe_(Heinlein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded Universe (Heinlein)">Expanded Universe</a>, and it demonstrates both Heinlein's skill as a popularizer and his lack of depth in physics. An afterword gives a normalization equation and presents it, incorrectly, as being the <a href="/wiki/Dirac_equation" title="Dirac equation">Dirac equation</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/2013/02/faq-frequently-asked-questions-about-robert-a-heinlein-the-person-2/">"FAQ: Frequently Asked Questions about Robert A. Heinlein, the person"</a>. The Heinlein Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190213124001/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/2013/02/faq-frequently-asked-questions-about-robert-a-heinlein-the-person-2/">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ%3A+Frequently+Asked+Questions+about+Robert+A.+Heinlein%2C+the+person.&rft.pub=The+Heinlein+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2F2013%2F02%2Ffaq-frequently-asked-questions-about-robert-a-heinlein-the-person-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSociety2006" class="citation web cs1">Society, National Space (October 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://space.nss.org/book-review-variable-star/">"Book Review: Variable Star - National Space Society"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book+Review%3A+Variable+Star+-+National+Space+Society&rft.date=2006-10-25&rft.aulast=Society&rft.aufirst=National+Space&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fspace.nss.org%2Fbook-review-variable-star%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.heinleinarchive.org/">"The Heinlein Archives"</a>. The Robert A. and Virginia Heinlein Archives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081207002700/http://www.heinleinarchives.net/upload/index.php">Archived</a> from the original on December 7, 2008. Retrieved October 21, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Heinlein+Archives&rft.pub=The+Robert+A.+and+Virginia+Heinlein+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinarchive.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGussow2004" class="citation web cs1">Gussow, Mel (March 10, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/03/10/arts/heinlein-s-prophetic-first-novel-lost-and-found.html">"Heinlein's Prophetic First Novel, Lost and Found"</a>. The New York Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Heinlein%27s+Prophetic+First+Novel%2C+Lost+and+Found&rft.date=2004-03-10&rft.aulast=Gussow&rft.aufirst=Mel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F03%2F10%2Farts%2Fheinlein-s-prophetic-first-novel-lost-and-found.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Working_with-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Working_with_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816055831/http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/2010/05/working-with-robert-a-heinlein/">"Working with Robert A. Heinlein"</a>. Thewaythefutureblogs.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/2010/05/working-with-robert-a-heinlein/">the original</a> on August 16, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thewaythefutureblogs.com&rft.atitle=Working+with+Robert+A.+Heinlein&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thewaythefutureblogs.com%2F2010%2F05%2Fworking-with-robert-a-heinlein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAsimov2009" class="citation book cs1">Asimov, Isaac (December 23, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mATFyeVI7IUC">I, Asimov: A Memoir</a>. Random House Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-307-57353-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-307-57353-7"><bdi>978-0-307-57353-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101100932/https://books.google.com/books?id=mATFyeVI7IUC">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved August 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I%2C+Asimov%3A+A+Memoir&rft.pub=Random+House+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009-12-23&rft.isbn=978-0-307-57353-7&rft.aulast=Asimov&rft.aufirst=Isaac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmATFyeVI7IUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanshin" class="citation web cs1">Panshin, Alexei and Cory. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panshin.com/critics/Dream/dream1.html">"The Death of Science Fiction: A Dream, Part 1"</a>. Panshin.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160730234847/http://www.panshin.com/critics/Dream/dream1.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 30, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panshin.com&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Science+Fiction%3A+A+Dream%2C+Part+1&rft.aulast=Panshin&rft.aufirst=Alexei+and+Cory&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panshin.com%2Fcritics%2FDream%2Fdream1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanshin" class="citation web cs1">Panshin, Alexei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panshin.com/critics/Golden/goldenage1.html">"Heinlein and the Golden Age, 1"</a>. Panshin.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325191609/http://panshin.com/critics/Golden/goldenage1.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 25, 2016. Retrieved August 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panshin.com&rft.atitle=Heinlein+and+the+Golden+Age%2C+1&rft.aulast=Panshin&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panshin.com%2Fcritics%2FGolden%2Fgoldenage1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nielsenhayden.com/electrolite/archives/004356.html">"Electrolite: 'He was the train we did not catch.'"</a>. nielsenhayden.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029170922/http://nielsenhayden.com/electrolite/archives/004356.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2012. Retrieved August 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electrolite%3A+%27He+was+the+train+we+did+not+catch.%27&rft.pub=nielsenhayden.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnielsenhayden.com%2Felectrolite%2Farchives%2F004356.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_A.2004" class="citation book cs1">Robert A., Heinlein (2004). For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs. Simon and Schuster. p. 133. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780743261579" title="Special:BookSources/9780743261579"><bdi>9780743261579</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+Us%2C+the+Living%3A+A+Comedy+of+Customs&rft.pages=133&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780743261579&rft.aulast=Robert+A.&rft.aufirst=Heinlein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Robert A. Heinlein, Expanded Universe, foreword to "Free Men", p. 207 of Ace paperback edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexei_Panshin" class="citation web cs1">Alexei Panshin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panshin.com/critics/Dimension/hd03-1.html">"Heinlein in Dimension, Chapter 3, Part 1"</a>. Enter.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020731131454/http://panshin.com/critics/Dimension/hd03-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2002. Retrieved May 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heinlein+in+Dimension%2C+Chapter+3%2C+Part+1&rft.pub=Enter.net&rft.au=Alexei+Panshin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panshin.com%2Fcritics%2FDimension%2Fhd03-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanshin" class="citation web cs1">Panshin, Alexei. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panshin.com/critics/StoryHiD/HiDF.htm">"The Story of Heinlein in Dimension, 6"</a>. Panshin.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224095534/http://www.panshin.com/critics/StoryHiD/HiDF.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panshin.com&rft.atitle=The+Story+of+Heinlein+in+Dimension%2C+6&rft.aulast=Panshin&rft.aufirst=Alexei&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panshin.com%2Fcritics%2FStoryHiD%2FHiDF.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Perry_A-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_A_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Perry_A_61-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry" class="citation web cs1">Perry, Thomas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panshin.com/critics/Perry/perryA.htm">"Ham and Eggs and Heinlein, 1"</a>. Panshin.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131224113014/http://www.panshin.com/critics/Perry/perryA.htm">Archived</a> from the original on December 24, 2013. Retrieved December 17, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Panshin.com&rft.atitle=Ham+and+Eggs+and+Heinlein%2C+1&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panshin.com%2Fcritics%2FPerry%2FperryA.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> The importance Heinlein attached to privacy was made clear in his fiction, e.g., For Us, the Living, but also in several well-known examples from his life. He had a falling out with <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Panshin" title="Alexei Panshin">Alexei Panshin</a>, who wrote an important book analyzing Heinlein's fiction; Heinlein stopped cooperating with Panshin because he accused Panshin of "[attempting to] pry into his affairs and to violate his privacy". Heinlein wrote to Panshin's publisher threatening to sue, and stating, "You are warned that only the barest facts of my private life are public knowledge ...".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Heinlein was a nudist, and built a fence around his house in Santa Cruz to keep out the counterculture types who had learned of his ideas through Stranger in a Strange Land. In his later life, Heinlein studiously avoided revealing his early involvement in left-wing politics,<a href="#cite_note-Perry_A-61">[61]</a> and made strenuous efforts to block publication of information he had revealed to prospective biographer Sam Moskowitz.<a href="#cite_note-Perry_A-61">[61]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a>, The Issues at Hand, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-In_A_Strangle_Land-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-In_A_Strangle_Land_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-In_A_Strangle_Land_64-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_J._Miller" class="citation web cs1">John J. Miller. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717033555/http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=YjE5OGQwZDgzODc5OTYwODRkNTIzM2Y5ZWZhNDUwNTE%3D">"In A Strange Land"</a>. National Review Online Books Arts and Manners. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrd.nationalreview.com/article/?q=YjE5OGQwZDgzODc5OTYwODRkNTIzM2Y5ZWZhNDUwNTE=">the original</a> on July 17, 2011. Retrieved November 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+A+Strange+Land&rft.pub=National+Review+Online+Books+Arts+and+Manners&rft.au=John+J.+Miller&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnrd.nationalreview.com%2Farticle%2F%3Fq%3DYjE5OGQwZDgzODc5OTYwODRkNTIzM2Y5ZWZhNDUwNTE%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2007/062007/06302007/296085/index_html">Centenary a modern sci-fi giant</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120708204624/http://fredericksburg.com/News/FLS/2007/062007/06302007/296085/index_html">Archived</a> July 8, 2012, at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> The Free Lance Star, June 30, 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lfs.org/awards.htm">"Libertarian Futurist Society"</a>. Lfs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628180047/http://www.lfs.org/awards.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 28, 2011. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lfs.org&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Futurist+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lfs.org%2Fawards.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riggenbach-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Riggenbach_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Riggenbach_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggenbach2010" class="citation journal cs1">Riggenbach, Jeff (June 2, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mises.org/daily/4428/Was-Robert-A-Heinlein-a-Libertarian">"Was Robert A. Heinlein a Libertarian?"</a>. Mises Daily. <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Ludwig von Mises Institute">Ludwig von Mises Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140914002124/https://mises.org/daily/4428/Was-Robert-A-Heinlein-a-Libertarian">Archived</a> from the original on September 14, 2014. Retrieved September 13, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Mises+Daily&rft.atitle=Was+Robert+A.+Heinlein+a+Libertarian%3F&rft.date=2010-06-02&rft.aulast=Riggenbach&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmises.org%2Fdaily%2F4428%2FWas-Robert-A-Heinlein-a-Libertarian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Patterson, William H.; Thornton, Andrew. The Martian named Smith: Critical Perspectives on Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land. Nitrosyncretic Press, 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9679874-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9679874-2-3">0-9679874-2-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Gifford, James. Robert A. Heinlein: A Reader's Companion, Nitrosyncretic Press, Sacramento, California, 2000, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> See, e.g., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangford" class="citation web cs1">Langford, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130120081308/http://www.ansible.co.uk/writing/numbeast.html">"Vulgarity and Nullity. Robert A. Heinlein 'The Number of the Beast'"</a>. Ansible.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ansible.uk/writing/numbeast.html">the original</a> on January 20, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ansible.uk&rft.atitle=Vulgarity+and+Nullity.+Robert+A.+Heinlein+%27The+Number+of+the+Beast%27&rft.aulast=Langford&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fansible.uk%2Fwriting%2Fnumbeast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Patterson, William H., Jr., and Thornton, Andrew., The Martian Named Smith: Critical Perspectives on Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land, p. 128: "His books written after about 1980 ... belong to a series called by one of the central characters World as Myth." The term Multiverse also occurs in the print literature, e.g., Robert A. Heinlein: A Reader's Companion, James Gifford, Nitrosyncretic Press, Sacramento, California, 2000. The term World as Myth occurs for the first time in Heinlein's novel <a href="/wiki/The_Cat_Who_Walks_Through_Walls" title="The Cat Who Walks Through Walls">The Cat Who Walks Through Walls</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_A._Heinlein_Biography-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_A._Heinlein_Biography_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits">"Robert A. Heinlein, 1907–1988"</a>. Biography of Robert A. Heinlein. University of California Santa Cruz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418114331/http://library.ucsc.edu/special-collections-exhibits">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2015. Retrieved November 27, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography+of+Robert+A.+Heinlein&rft.atitle=Robert+A.+Heinlein%2C+1907%E2%80%931988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.ucsc.edu%2Fspecial-collections-exhibits&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Neil_Schulman1999" class="citation book cs1">J. Neil Schulman (1999). "Job: A Comedy of Justice Reviewed by J. Neil Schulman". Robert Heinlein Interview: And Other Heinleiniana. Pulpless.Com. p. 62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58445-015-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58445-015-3"><bdi>978-1-58445-015-3</bdi></a>. <q>Lewis converted me from atheism to Christianity—Rand converted me back to atheism, with Heinlein standing on the sidelines rooting for agnosticism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Job%3A+A+Comedy+of+Justice+Reviewed+by+J.+Neil+Schulman&rft.btitle=Robert+Heinlein+Interview%3A+And+Other+Heinleiniana&rft.pages=62&rft.pub=Pulpless.Com&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-58445-015-3&rft.au=J.+Neil+Schulman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarole_M._Cusack2010" class="citation book cs1">Carole M. Cusack (2010). Invented Religions: Imagination, Fiction and Faith. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-9360-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-9360-4"><bdi>978-0-7546-9360-4</bdi></a>. <q>Heinlein, like Robert Anton Wilson, was a lifelong agnostic, believing that to affirm that there is no God was as silly and unsupported as to affirm that there was a God.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invented+Religions%3A+Imagination%2C+Fiction+and+Faith&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-9360-4&rft.au=Carole+M.+Cusack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115075823/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/works/articles/rahrahrah.html">"Heinleinsociety.org"</a>. Heinleinsociety.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/works/articles/rahrahrah.html">the original</a> on January 15, 2013. Retrieved May 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heinleinsociety.org&rft.pub=Heinleinsociety.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Frah%2Fworks%2Farticles%2Frahrahrah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinbooks.com/">"heinleinbooks.com"</a>. Heinleinsociety.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227222914/http://www.heinleinbooks.com/">Archived</a> from the original on December 27, 2014. Retrieved January 17, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=heinleinbooks.com&rft.pub=Heinleinsociety.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinbooks.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinlein2020" class="citation book cs1">Heinlein, Robert (2020). The pursuit of the Pankera : a parallel novel about parallel universes. Rockville, MD: CAEZIK SF & Fantasy, an imprint of Arc Manor Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1647100018" title="Special:BookSources/978-1647100018"><bdi>978-1647100018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pursuit+of+the+Pankera+%3A+a+parallel+novel+about+parallel+universes&rft.place=Rockville%2C+MD&rft.pub=CAEZIK+SF+%26+Fantasy%2C+an+imprint+of+Arc+Manor+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1647100018&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/feb/08/unseen-robert-a-heinlein-novel-reworks-awful-the-number-of-the-beast">"Unseen Robert A Heinlein novel reworks 'awful' The Number of the Beast"</a>. The Guardian. February 8, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201108002430/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/feb/08/unseen-robert-a-heinlein-novel-reworks-awful-the-number-of-the-beast">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved February 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Unseen+Robert+A+Heinlein+novel+reworks+%27awful%27+The+Number+of+the+Beast&rft.date=2019-02-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2019%2Ffeb%2F08%2Funseen-robert-a-heinlein-novel-reworks-awful-the-number-of-the-beast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2020" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Alan (April 9, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tor.com/2020/04/09/long-lost-treasure-the-pursuit-of-the-pankera-vs-the-number-of-the-beast-by-robert-a-heinlein/">"Long-Lost Treasure: The Pursuit of the Pankera vs. The Number of the Beast by Robert A. Heinlein"</a>. Tor.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412140938/https://www.tor.com/2020/04/09/long-lost-treasure-the-pursuit-of-the-pankera-vs-the-number-of-the-beast-by-robert-a-heinlein/">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2020. Retrieved May 1, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tor.com&rft.atitle=Long-Lost+Treasure%3A+The+Pursuit+of+the+Pankera+vs.+The+Number+of+the+Beast+by+Robert+A.+Heinlein&rft.date=2020-04-09&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tor.com%2F2020%2F04%2F09%2Flong-lost-treasure-the-pursuit-of-the-pankera-vs-the-number-of-the-beast-by-robert-a-heinlein%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinlein2020" class="citation book cs1">Heinlein, Robert (2020). The number of the beast : a parallel novel about parallel universes. Rockville, NY: CAEZIK SF & Fantasy, an imprint of Arc Manor Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1647100032" title="Special:BookSources/978-1647100032"><bdi>978-1647100032</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+number+of+the+beast+%3A+a+parallel+novel+about+parallel+universes&rft.place=Rockville%2C+NY&rft.pub=CAEZIK+SF+%26+Fantasy%2C+an+imprint+of+Arc+Manor+Publishers&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1647100032&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190204180059/https://www.arcmanormagazines.com/six-six-six">"six-six-six"</a>. Arc Manor Magazines. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcmanormagazines.com/six-six-six">the original</a> on February 4, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arc+Manor+Magazines&rft.atitle=six-six-six&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcmanormagazines.com%2Fsix-six-six&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://file770.com/pixel-scroll-6-20-19-mamas-dont-let-your-pixels-grow-up-to-be-scrollers/">"Pixel Scroll 6/20/19 Mamas, Don't Let Your Pixels Grow up to be Scrollers"</a>. June 21, 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190623204359/http://file770.com/pixel-scroll-6-20-19-mamas-dont-let-your-pixels-grow-up-to-be-scrollers/">Archived</a> from the original on June 23, 2019. Retrieved June 23, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pixel+Scroll+6%2F20%2F19+Mamas%2C+Don%27t+Let+Your+Pixels+Grow+up+to+be+Scrollers&rft.date=2019-06-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffile770.com%2Fpixel-scroll-6-20-19-mamas-dont-let-your-pixels-grow-up-to-be-scrollers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.centauri-dreams.org/2020/06/12/destination-moon-a-70th-anniversary-appreciation/">"Destination Moon: A 70th Anniversary Appreciation"</a>. www.centauri-dreams.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.centauri-dreams.org&rft.atitle=Destination+Moon%3A+A+70th+Anniversary+Appreciation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.centauri-dreams.org%2F2020%2F06%2F12%2Fdestination-moon-a-70th-anniversary-appreciation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaymond2005" class="citation web cs1">Raymond, Eric (December 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=234">"Rudyard Kipling Invented SF!"</a>. ibiblio.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401060459/http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=234">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ibiblio.org&rft.atitle=Rudyard+Kipling+Invented+SF%21&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft.aulast=Raymond&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesr.ibiblio.org%2F%3Fp%3D234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lerner-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lerner_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLerner2021" class="citation web cs1">Lerner, Fred (June 21, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171030074117/http://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/rg_scifi.htm">"A Master of our Art. Rudyard Kipling considered as a Science Fiction writer"</a>. The Kipling Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kiplingsociety.co.uk/readers-guide/rg_scifi.htm">the original</a> on October 30, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2022. <q>But the best way to understand why Kipling has exerted so great an influence over modern science fiction is to read his own work. Begin with Kim, the most successful evocation of an alien world ever produced in English. Follow the Grand Trunk Road toward the Northwest Frontier, and watch the parade of cultures that young Kimball O'Hara encounters. Place yourself in his position, that of a half-assimilated stranger in a strange land; and observe carefully the uneven effects of an ancient society's encounter with a technologically advanced culture. SF writers have found Kim so appealing that several have told their own versions of the story: Robert Heinlein's Citizen of the Galaxy and Poul Anderson's The Game of Empire are two of the best.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Kipling+Society&rft.atitle=A+Master+of+our+Art.+Rudyard+Kipling+considered+as+a+Science+Fiction+writer&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft.aulast=Lerner&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kiplingsociety.co.uk%2Freaders-guide%2Frg_scifi.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schulman-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schulman_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schulman_86-1">b</a> J. Neil Schulman, The Robert Heinlein Interview, and other Heinleiniana (1973)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClaresonSanders2013" class="citation book cs1">Clareson, Thomas D.; Sanders, Joe (December 30, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jZqdAgAAQBAJ&q=kipling+influenced+heinlein&pg=PA197">The Heritage of Heinlein: A Critical Reading of the Fiction</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786474981" title="Special:BookSources/9780786474981"><bdi>9780786474981</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605003114/https://books.google.com/books?id=jZqdAgAAQBAJ&q=kipling+influenced+heinlein&pg=PA197">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved February 26, 2019 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Heritage+of+Heinlein%3A+A+Critical+Reading+of+the+Fiction&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013-12-30&rft.isbn=9780786474981&rft.aulast=Clareson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+D.&rft.au=Sanders%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjZqdAgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dkipling%2Binfluenced%2Bheinlein%26pg%3DPA197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSturgis2008" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Amy_H._Sturgis" title="Amy H. Sturgis">Sturgis, Amy</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">"Heinlein, Robert (1907–1988)"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Hamowy" title="Ronald Hamowy">Hamowy, Ronald</a> (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. Thousand Oaks, CA: <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publishing">SAGE</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>. pp. 223–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4135%2F9781412965811.n134">10.4135/9781412965811.n134</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-6580-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-6580-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2008009151">2008009151</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/750831024">750831024</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200930070314/https://books.google.com/books?id=yxNgXs3TkJYC">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2020. Retrieved February 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heinlein%2C+Robert+%281907%E2%80%931988%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Libertarianism&rft.place=Thousand+Oaks%2C+CA&rft.pages=223-24&rft.pub=SAGE%3B+Cato+Institute&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F750831024&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2008009151&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4135%2F9781412965811.n134&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-6580-4&rft.aulast=Sturgis&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyxNgXs3TkJYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RH_at_100-89"><a href="#cite_ref-RH_at_100_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reason.com/archives/2007/07/09/robert-heinlein-at-100">"Robert Heinlein at 100"</a>. Reason.com. July 9, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120712072229/http://reason.com/archives/2007/07/09/robert-heinlein-at-100">Archived</a> from the original on July 12, 2012. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reason.com&rft.atitle=Robert+Heinlein+at+100&rft.date=2007-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freason.com%2Farchives%2F2007%2F07%2F09%2Frobert-heinlein-at-100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church_of_All_Worlds-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Church_of_All_Worlds_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusack" class="citation journal cs1">Cusack, Carole. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usyd.academia.edu/CaroleCusack/Papers/757605/Science_Fiction_as_Scripture_Robert_A._Heinleins_Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land_and_the_Church_of_All_Worlds">"Science Fiction as Scripture: Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land and the Church of All Worlds"</a>. Reprinted in Lawrence J. Trudeau (Ed.), Twentieth Century Literary Criticism, Vol. 337, Detroit: Gale, Cengage, 2016, Pp. 282–293. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605003116/https://www.academia.edu/738499/Science_Fiction_as_Scripture_Robert_A_Heinlein_s_Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land_and_the_Church_of_All_Worlds">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reprinted+in+Lawrence+J.+Trudeau+%28Ed.%29%2C+Twentieth+Century+Literary+Criticism%2C+Vol.+337%2C+Detroit%3A+Gale%2C+Cengage%2C+2016%2C+Pp.+282%E2%80%93293.&rft.atitle=Science+Fiction+as+Scripture%3A+Robert+A.+Heinlein%27s+Stranger+in+a+Strange+Land+and+the+Church+of+All+Worlds&rft.aulast=Cusack&rft.aufirst=Carole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fusyd.academia.edu%2FCaroleCusack%2FPapers%2F757605%2FScience_Fiction_as_Scripture_Robert_A._Heinleins_Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land_and_the_Church_of_All_Worlds&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wooster-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wooster_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wooster_91-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wooster_91-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWooster2010" class="citation web cs1">Wooster, Martin Morse (October 25, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2010/10/heinleins-conservatism-martin-morse-wooster/">"Heinlein's Conservatism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Review_Online" class="mw-redirect" title="National Review Online">National Review Online</a>. Retrieved December 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review+Online&rft.atitle=Heinlein%27s+Conservatism&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft.aulast=Wooster&rft.aufirst=Martin+Morse&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fheinleins-conservatism-martin-morse-wooster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> (a review of William Patterson's Learning Curve: 1907–1948, the first volume of his authorized biography, Robert A. Heinlein: In Dialogue with His Century). </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowan2004" class="citation web cs1">Cowan, M. E. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511222511/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/concordance/real/c_real.htm">"A Heinlein Concordance"</a>. www.heinleinsociety.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/concordance/real/c_real.htm">the original</a> on May 11, 2019. Retrieved April 20, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heinleinsociety.org&rft.atitle=A+Heinlein+Concordance&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Cowan&rft.aufirst=M.+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Fconcordance%2Freal%2Fc_real.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalreview.com/2010/10/heinleins-conservatism-martin-morse-wooster/">"Heinlein's Conservatism"</a>. National Review. October 25, 2010. Retrieved July 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Review&rft.atitle=Heinlein%27s+Conservatism&rft.date=2010-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalreview.com%2F2010%2F10%2Fheinleins-conservatism-martin-morse-wooster%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vietnamads-94"><a href="#cite_ref-vietnamads_94-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Paid Advertisement". Galaxy Science Fiction. June 1968. pp. 4–11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Galaxy+Science+Fiction&rft.atitle=Paid+Advertisement&rft.pages=4-11&rft.date=1968-06&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Patterson, William (2014). Robert A. Heinlein: 1948–1988, The Man Who Learned Better. New York: Tom Doherty Associates. p. 389. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1961-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1961-6">978-0-7653-1961-6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Erisman, Fred. "Robert Heinlein's Case for Racial Tolerance, 1954–1956." Extrapolation 29, no. 3 (1988): 216–226. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Pearson, Wendy. "Race relations" in, The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders, Volume 2 Gary Westfahl, ed.; Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>, 2005; pp. 648–50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Star31-98"><a href="#cite_ref-Star31_98-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinlein1954" class="citation book cs1">Heinlein, Robert A. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starbeast00hein">The Star Beast</a>. Charles Schribner's Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starbeast00hein/page/31">31</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Star+Beast&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Charles+Schribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstarbeast00hein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Star249-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Star249_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinlein1954" class="citation book cs1">Heinlein, Robert A. (1954). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starbeast00hein">The Star Beast</a>. Charles Schribner's Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/starbeast00hein/page/249">249</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Star+Beast&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Charles+Schribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstarbeast00hein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422034221/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/faqworks.html">"FAQ: Heinlein's Works"</a>. Heinleinsociety.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/faqworks.html">the original</a> on April 22, 2019. Retrieved May 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQ%3A+Heinlein%27s+Works&rft.pub=Heinleinsociety.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Frah%2Ffaqworks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Daniel_Gifford2000" class="citation book cs1">J. Daniel Gifford (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2V6vAAAAIAAJ">Robert A. Heinlein: a reader's companion</a>. Nitrosyncretic Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9679874-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9679874-1-5"><bdi>978-0-9679874-1-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170101204016/https://books.google.com/books?id=2V6vAAAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 1, 2017. Retrieved February 16, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+A.+Heinlein%3A+a+reader%27s+companion&rft.pages=201&rft.pub=Nitrosyncretic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-9679874-1-5&rft.au=J.+Daniel+Gifford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2V6vAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> The reference in Tunnel in the Sky is subtle and ambiguous, but at least one college instructor who teaches the book reports that some students always ask, "Is he <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">black</a>?" (see<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a>). The Heinlein scholar and critic James Gifford (see bibliography) states: "A very subtle point in the book, one found only by the most careful reading and confirmed by Virginia Heinlein, is that Rod Walker is black. The most telling clues are Rod's comments about Caroline Mshiyeni being similar to his sister, and the 'obvious' (to all of the other characters) pairing of Rod and Caroline."<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Robert A. Heinlein, Expanded Universe, foreword to Solution Unsatisfactory, p. 93 of Ace paperback edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Citations at <a href="/wiki/Sixth_Column" title="Sixth Column">Sixth Column</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAppel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Appel, J. M. (July 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jme.bmj.com/content/35/7/429">"Is all fair in biological warfare? The controversy over genetically engineered biological weapons"</a>. Journal of Medical Ethics. 35 (7): 429–432. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjme.2008.028944">10.1136/jme.2008.028944</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-6800">0306-6800</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19567692">19567692</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:1643086">1643086</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Medical+Ethics&rft.atitle=Is+all+fair+in+biological+warfare%3F+The+controversy+over+genetically+engineered+biological+weapons&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=429-432&rft.date=2009-07-01&rft.issn=0306-6800&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A1643086%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19567692&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fjme.2008.028944&rft.aulast=Appel&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjme.bmj.com%2Fcontent%2F35%2F7%2F429&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickman2021" class="citation journal cs1">Hickman, John (Spring 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/16749">"Yellow Perils of Robert Heinlein"</a>. European Journal of American Studies. 16 (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4000%2Fejas.16749">10.4000/ejas.16749</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213657/https://journals.openedition.org/ejas/16749">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved May 30, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+American+Studies&rft.atitle=Yellow+Perils+of+Robert+Heinlein&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4000%2Fejas.16749&rft.aulast=Hickman&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.openedition.org%2Fejas%2F16749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> For example, recruitment officer Mr Weiss, in Starship Troopers (p. 37, New English Library: London, 1977 edition.) </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Robert A. Heinlein, Expanded Universe, p. 396 of Ace paperback edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Robert A. Heinlein, Starship Troopers, p. 121 of Berkley Medallion paperback edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Ellen Weil and Gary K. Wolfe, Harlan Ellison: The Edge of Forever, Ohio State University Press, 2002 Page 53. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-081-420892-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-081-420892-2">978-081-420892-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Heinlein, Robert A., <a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a>, Ace Books (paperback edition, 1988). Page 248. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-441-81076-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-441-81076-5">978-0-441-81076-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Heinlein, Robert A., <a href="/wiki/The_Notebooks_of_Lazarus_Long" title="The Notebooks of Lazarus Long">The Notebooks of Lazarus Long</a>, G.P. Putnam's Sons. (paperback edition, 1978). SBN 399-12242-7 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> William H Patterson jnr's Introduction to The Rolling Stones, Baen: New York, 2009 edition., p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-114"><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJordison2009" class="citation news cs1">Jordison, Sam (January 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/12/heinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land">"Robert Heinlein's softer side"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London. Books Blog. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714175725/http://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2009/jan/12/heinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land">Archived</a> from the original on July 14, 2014. Retrieved July 30, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Robert+Heinlein%27s+softer+side&rft.date=2009-01-12&rft.aulast=Jordison&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Fbooksblog%2F2009%2Fjan%2F12%2Fheinlein-hugo-stranger-strange-land&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Gary Westfahl, "Superladies in Waiting: How the Female Hero Almost Emerges in Science Fiction", Foundation, vol. 58, 1993, pp. 42–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Heinlein_Society-116">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Heinlein_Society_116-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Heinlein_Society_116-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120708052832/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/works/articles/Parenting.html">"The Heinlein Society"</a>. The Heinlein Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/works/articles/Parenting.html">the original</a> on July 8, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Heinlein+Society&rft.pub=The+Heinlein+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Frah%2Fworks%2Farticles%2FParenting.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Bright, Robin. "Self Begetting Ourobouros: The Science Fiction of Robert A. Heinlein". page 167. Harvard </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Parkin-Speer, Diane. "Robert A. Heinlein: The Novelist as Preacher". Extrapolation 20, no. 3 (1979): 214–222. </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/concordance/books/gulf_hc.htm">"Gulf—Heinlein Concordance"</a>. www.heinleinsociety.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224153829/https://www.heinleinsociety.org/concordance/books/gulf_hc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on February 24, 2021. Retrieved May 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.heinleinsociety.org&rft.atitle=Gulf%E2%80%94Heinlein+Concordance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Fconcordance%2Fbooks%2Fgulf_hc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/pay-it-forward/">"Pay It Forward"</a>. The Heinlein Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190318155828/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/pay-it-forward/">Archived</a> from the original on March 18, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pay+It+Forward&rft.pub=The+Heinlein+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Fpay-it-forward%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnders2011" class="citation web cs1">Anders, Charlie Jane (September 14, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/amazingly-touching-1976-letter-from-ray-bradbury-to-rob-5840242">"Amazingly Touching 1976 Letter from Ray Bradbury to Robert Heinlein: 'Your influence on us all cannot be measured.'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Io9" title="Io9">io9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190927051417/https://io9.gizmodo.com/amazingly-touching-1976-letter-from-ray-bradbury-to-rob-5840242">Archived</a> from the original on September 27, 2019. Retrieved May 22, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amazingly+Touching+1976+Letter+from+Ray+Bradbury+to+Robert+Heinlein%3A+%27Your+influence+on+us+all+cannot+be+measured.%27&rft.pub=io9&rft.date=2011-09-14&rft.aulast=Anders&rft.aufirst=Charlie+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fio9.gizmodo.com%2Famazingly-touching-1976-letter-from-ray-bradbury-to-rob-5840242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2016" class="citation news cs1">Moss, Tyler (August 26, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.writersdigest.com/editor-blogs/there-are-no-rules/interview-jonathan-maberry">"Writers Helping Writers: Interview With Jonathan Maberry"</a>. Writer's Digest. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190905151904/https://www.writersdigest.com/editor-blogs/there-are-no-rules/interview-jonathan-maberry">Archived</a> from the original on September 5, 2019. Retrieved September 5, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Writer%27s+Digest&rft.atitle=Writers+Helping+Writers%3A+Interview+With+Jonathan+Maberry&rft.date=2016-08-26&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.writersdigest.com%2Feditor-blogs%2Fthere-are-no-rules%2Finterview-jonathan-maberry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/pay-it-forward/">"Pay It Forward"</a>. The Heinlein Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171222055640/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/pay-it-forward/">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pay+It+Forward&rft.pub=The+Heinlein+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2Fpay-it-forward%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924025543/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/CentennialReader/heinleinsociety.html">"Centennial reader"</a>. Heinlein society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/CentennialReader/heinleinsociety.html">the original</a> on September 24, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Centennial+reader&rft.pub=Heinlein+society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heinleinsociety.org%2FCentennialReader%2Fheinleinsociety.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedman2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Freedman_(writer)" title="Carl Freedman (writer)">Freedman, Carl</a> (April 24, 2000). Critical Theory and Science Fiction (1st ed.). Wesleyan University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0819563996" title="Special:BookSources/978-0819563996"><bdi>978-0819563996</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Critical+Theory+and+Science+Fiction&rft.pages=71&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=2000-04-24&rft.isbn=978-0819563996&rft.aulast=Freedman&rft.aufirst=Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Kipling had learned this trick in India. His original Anglo-Indian readership knew the customs and institutions and landscapes of British India at first hand. But when he began writing for a wider British and American audience, he had to provide his new readers with enough information for them to understand what was going on. In his earliest stories and verse he made liberal use of footnotes, but he evolved more subtle methods as his talent matured. A combination of outright exposition, sparingly used, and contextual clues, generously sprinkled through the narrative, offered the needed background. In Kim and other stories of India he uses King James English to indicate that characters are speaking in Hindustani; this is never explained, but it gets the message across subliminally.,<a href="#cite_note-Lerner-85">[85]</a> quoted in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFesr2005" class="citation web cs1">esr (December 2, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=234">"Rudyard Kipling Invented SF!"</a>. Armed and Dangerous. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170401060459/http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=234">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2017. Retrieved December 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Armed+and+Dangerous&rft.atitle=Rudyard+Kipling+Invented+SF%21&rft.date=2005-12-02&rft.au=esr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fesr.ibiblio.org%2F%3Fp%3D234&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rachelsimon.com/wwg_exposition_v2.php">The Writer's Writing Guide: Exposition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203023707/http://rachelsimon.com/wwg_exposition_v2.php">Archived</a> December 3, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> With indirect exposition, the writer gives the reader the data in subtle but clear ways, thereby allowing the reader to be a partner when it comes to laying the foundation of the story. For instance, the narrator of Mona Simpson's story "Lawns" begins by telling us: "I steal. I've stolen books and money and even letters. Letters are great. I can't tell you the feeling walking down the street with 20 dollars in my purse, stolen earrings in my pocket." With this opening, we learn about the narrator's obsession with theft but, equally important, we learn the narrator's gender. This is done indirectly, by referring to the narrator's purse and the desire for stolen earrings. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/157307571/On-the-Writing-of-Speculative-Fiction-Robert-a-Heinlein">"On the Writing of Speculative Fiction—Robert A. Heinlein—Science Fiction—Science"</a>. Scribd. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190625021927/https://www.scribd.com/document/157307571/On-the-Writing-of-Speculative-Fiction-Robert-a-Heinlein">Archived</a> from the original on June 25, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=On+the+Writing+of+Speculative+Fiction%E2%80%94Robert+A.+Heinlein%E2%80%94Science+Fiction%E2%80%94Science&rft.pub=Scribd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F157307571%2FOn-the-Writing-of-Speculative-Fiction-Robert-a-Heinlein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeilWolfe2017" class="citation book cs1">Weil, Ellen; Wolfe, Gary K. (November 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XvaIuzLV41gC&q=competent+man+heinlein+character&pg=PA54">Harlan Ellison: The Edge of Forever</a>. Ohio State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814208922" title="Special:BookSources/9780814208922"><bdi>9780814208922</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605003205/https://books.google.com/books?id=XvaIuzLV41gC&q=competent+man+heinlein+character&pg=PA54">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harlan+Ellison%3A+The+Edge+of+Forever&rft.pub=Ohio+State+University+Press&rft.date=2017-11-26&rft.isbn=9780814208922&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Wolfe%2C+Gary+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXvaIuzLV41gC%26q%3Dcompetent%2Bman%2Bheinlein%2Bcharacter%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deanwesleysmith.com/heinleins-rules-introduction/">"Heinlein's Rules: Introduction"</a>. Deanwesleysmith.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171120150222/http://www.deanwesleysmith.com/heinleins-rules-introduction/">Archived</a> from the original on November 20, 2017. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Deanwesleysmith.com&rft.atitle=Heinlein%27s+Rules%3A+Introduction&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deanwesleysmith.com%2Fheinleins-rules-introduction%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Panshin, p. 3, describing de Camp's Science Fiction Handbook </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinlein2013" class="citation web cs1">Heinlein, Robert A. (July 1, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130701140830/http://www.virginiaedition.com/ve/TheVirginiaEdition-sample.pdf#page=23">"Letter to Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle about The Mote in God's Eye"</a> (PDF). The Virginia Edition: A Sample of the Series. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virginiaedition.com/ve/TheVirginiaEdition-sample.pdf#page=23">the original</a> (PDF) on July 1, 2013. Retrieved December 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Virginia+Edition%3A+A+Sample+of+the+Series&rft.atitle=Letter+to+Larry+Niven+and+Jerry+Pournelle+about+The+Mote+in+God%27s+Eye&rft.date=2013-07-01&rft.aulast=Heinlein&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virginiaedition.com%2Fve%2FTheVirginiaEdition-sample.pdf%23page%3D23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antipope.org/charlie/fiction/faq.html">"The Charles Stross FAQ"</a>. Antipope.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210125014416/http://www.antipope.org/charlie/fiction/faq.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 25, 2021. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antipope.org&rft.atitle=The+Charles+Stross+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antipope.org%2Fcharlie%2Ffiction%2Ffaq.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2010/08/interview-1.html#comment-57213">"Interview—Charlie's Diary"</a>. Antipope.org. August 27, 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102074641/http://www.antipope.org/charlie/blog-static/2010/08/interview-1.html#comment-57213">Archived</a> from the original on November 2, 2012. Retrieved August 23, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview%E2%80%94Charlie%27s+Diary&rft.pub=Antipope.org&rft.date=2010-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antipope.org%2Fcharlie%2Fblog-static%2F2010%2F08%2Finterview-1.html%23comment-57213&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiptak2019" class="citation web cs1">Liptak, Andrew (March 28, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/28/18276076/kameron-hurley-the-light-brigade-military-science-fiction-book-review">"The Light Brigade is a worthy successor to Starship Troopers"</a>. The Verge. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190417002747/https://www.theverge.com/2019/3/28/18276076/kameron-hurley-the-light-brigade-military-science-fiction-book-review">Archived</a> from the original on April 17, 2019. Retrieved April 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Verge&rft.atitle=The+Light+Brigade+is+a+worthy+successor+to+Starship+Troopers&rft.date=2019-03-28&rft.aulast=Liptak&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2019%2F3%2F28%2F18276076%2Fkameron-hurley-the-light-brigade-military-science-fiction-book-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times_Magazine" title="The New York Times Magazine">The New York Times Magazine</a>, "On Language", by <a href="/wiki/William_Safire" title="William Safire">William Safire</a>, September 3, 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101101225339/http://original.caw.org/">"Church Of All Worlds"</a>. Original.caw.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://original.caw.org">the original</a> on November 1, 2010. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Original.caw.org&rft.atitle=Church+Of+All+Worlds&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Foriginal.caw.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polyinthemedia.blogspot.com/2007/01/polyamory-enters-oxford-english.html">"Polyamory in the News: "Polyamory" enters the Oxford English Dictionary, and tracking the word's origins"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605003116/https://polyinthemedia.blogspot.com/2007/01/polyamory-enters-oxford-english.html">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved June 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polyamory+in+the+News%3A+%22Polyamory%22+enters+the+Oxford+English+Dictionary%2C+and+tracking+the+word%27s+origins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolyinthemedia.blogspot.com%2F2007%2F01%2Fpolyamory-enters-oxford-english.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.clsout3.html">"The Hammer and the Feather. Corrected transcript and commentary"</a>. Apollo 15 Lunar Surface Journal. NASA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190721181824/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/alsj/a15/a15.clsout3.html#1675120">Archived</a> from the original on July 21, 2019. Retrieved December 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Apollo+15+Lunar+Surface+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Hammer+and+the+Feather.+Corrected+transcript+and+commentary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hq.nasa.gov%2Falsj%2Fa15%2Fa15.clsout3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PLTkYJ7C40&">"CBS News - Robert Heinlein and Arthur C. Clarke interview with Walter Cronkite—Apollo 11"</a>. CBS News. October 6, 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200701075028/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PLTkYJ7C40&">Archived</a> from the original on July 1, 2020. Retrieved June 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CBS+News+-+Robert+Heinlein+and+Arthur+C.+Clarke+interview+with+Walter+Cronkite%E2%80%94Apollo+11&rft.pub=CBS+News&rft.date=2016-10-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D4PLTkYJ7C40%26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2010" class="citation book cs1">Patterson, William (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z93OvsN2yq8C&q=heinlein+cronkite&pg=PA13">Robert A. Heinlein: 1907–1948, learning curve</a>. New York: Tom Doherty Associates. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1960-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7653-1960-9"><bdi>978-0-7653-1960-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605003116/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z93OvsN2yq8C&q=heinlein+cronkite&pg=PA13">Archived</a> from the original on June 5, 2021. Retrieved April 12, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+A.+Heinlein%3A+1907%E2%80%931948%2C+learning+curve&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Tom+Doherty+Associates&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7653-1960-9&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ93OvsN2yq8C%26q%3Dheinlein%2Bcronkite%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1984" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Steven (1984). <a href="/wiki/Hackers:_Heroes_of_the_Computer_Revolution" title="Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution">Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution</a>. Anchor Press/Doubleday. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-19195-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-19195-2"><bdi>0-385-19195-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hackers%3A+Heroes+of+the+Computer+Revolution&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Anchor+Press%2FDoubleday&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-385-19195-2&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCowen2022" class="citation web cs1">Cowen, Tyler (June 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/marc-andreessen/">"Marc Andreessen on Learning to Love the Humanities (Ep. 152) The real challenge to building on the frontier? Figuring out human behavior"</a>. Conversations with Tyler. The Mercatus Center at George Mason University. Retrieved June 28, 2022. <q>I'm one of the few people I know who thinks that late Robert Heinlein was better than early Robert Heinlein. That had a really big effect on me.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conversations+with+Tyler&rft.atitle=Marc+Andreessen+on+Learning+to+Love+the+Humanities+%28Ep.+152%29+The+real+challenge+to+building+on+the+frontier%3F+Figuring+out+human+behavior.&rft.date=2022-06-15&rft.aulast=Cowen&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconversationswithtyler.com%2Fepisodes%2Fmarc-andreessen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoog2003" class="citation web cs1">Boog, Jason (March 19, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130516054940/http://www.mediabistro.com/galleycat/the-science-fiction-books-that-inspired-elon-musk_b67209">"Science Fiction Books That Inspired Elon Musk"</a>. 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Heinlein Award Page [Version DA-3]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Science_Fiction_Society" title="Baltimore Science Fiction Society">Baltimore Science Fiction Society</a>. September 19, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110924004655/http://www.bsfs.org/bsfsheinlein.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 24, 2011. Retrieved September 21, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BSFS%27s+Robert+A.+Heinlein+Award+Page+%5BVersion+DA-3%5D&rft.pub=Baltimore+Science+Fiction+Society&rft.date=2011-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bsfs.org%2Fbsfsheinlein.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-locus-award-desc-146"><a href="#cite_ref-locus-award-desc_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025141816/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/Heinlein.html">"The Locus Index to SF Awards: About the Robert A. Heinlein Award"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus Online</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/Heinlein.html">the original</a> on October 25, 2012. Retrieved May 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Locus+Online&rft.atitle=The+Locus+Index+to+SF+Awards%3A+About+the+Robert+A.+Heinlein+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flocusmag.com%2FSFAwards%2FDb%2FHeinlein.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424095142/http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NebulaNomList.html">"The Locus Index to SF Awards: Nebula Award Nominees"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.locusmag.com/SFAwards/Db/NebulaNomList.html">the original</a> on April 24, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Locus+Index+to+SF+Awards%3A+Nebula+Award+Nominees&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.locusmag.com%2FSFAwards%2FDb%2FNebulaNomList.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1941-retro-hugo-awards/">"1941 Retro-Hugo Awards"</a>. The Hugo Awards. December 29, 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814012002/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1941-retro-hugo-awards/">Archived</a> from the original on August 14, 2017. Retrieved April 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hugo+Awards&rft.atitle=1941+Retro-Hugo+Awards&rft.date=2015-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1941-retro-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1946-retro-hugo-awards/">"1943 Retro-Hugo Awards"</a>. The Hugo Awards. March 30, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164834/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1946-retro-hugo-awards/">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hugo+Awards&rft.atitle=1943+Retro-Hugo+Awards&rft.date=2018-03-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1946-retro-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1951-retro-hugo-awards/">"1951 Retro-Hugo Awards"</a>. The Hugo Awards. July 26, 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110507164837/http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1951-retro-hugo-awards/">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2011. Retrieved April 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hugo+Awards&rft.atitle=1951+Retro-Hugo+Awards&rft.date=2007-07-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1951-retro-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.comic-con.org/awards/inkpot">Inkpot Award</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChamberlin" class="citation web cs1">Chamberlin, Alan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=6312+Robheinlein">"SSD.jpl.nasa.gov"</a>. SSD.jpl.nasa.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120310005714/http://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=6312+Robheinlein">Archived</a> from the original on March 10, 2012. Retrieved May 16, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SSD.jpl.nasa.gov&rft.pub=SSD.jpl.nasa.gov&rft.aulast=Chamberlin&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fssd.jpl.nasa.gov%2Fsbdb.cgi%3Fsstr%3D6312%2BRobheinlein&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/marscrater.html">"site: Robert A. Heinlein—Archives—Heinlein Crater (Mars)"</a>. www.nitrosyncretic.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190226234128/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/marscrater.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2019. Retrieved February 26, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=site%3A+Robert+A.+Heinlein%E2%80%94Archives%E2%80%94Heinlein+Crater+%28Mars%29&rft.pub=www.nitrosyncretic.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nitrosyncretic.com%2Frah%2Fmarscrater.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2415?__fsk=-1521410232">"Heinlein Crater"</a>. Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081143/https://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/2415?__fsk=-1521410232">Archived</a> from the original on December 1, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazetteer+of+Planetary+Nomenclature&rft.atitle=Heinlein+Crater&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplanetarynames.wr.usgs.gov%2FFeature%2F2415%3F__fsk%3D-1521410232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sfhof-old-155"><a href="#cite_ref-sfhof-old_155-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.midamericon.org/halloffame/">"Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521070009/http://www.midamericon.org/halloffame/">Archived</a> May 21, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Mid American Science Fiction and Fantasy Conventions, Inc. Retrieved March 23, 2013. This was the official website of the hall of fame to 2004. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150502215018/http://archive.sfwa.org/news/heinchair.htm">"The Robert A. Heinlein Endowed Chair in Aerospace Engineering"</a>. SFWA News. May 2, 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.sfwa.org/news/heinchair.htm">the original</a> on May 2, 2015. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Robert+A.+Heinlein+Endowed+Chair+in+Aerospace+Engineering&rft.pub=SFWA+News&rft.date=2015-05-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.sfwa.org%2Fnews%2Fheinchair.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gazette-157"><a href="#cite_ref-gazette_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2008" class="citation news cs1">Radford, Bill (July 26, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazette.com/news/sci-fi-writers-fans-gear-up-for-worldcon/article_7c860219-3b98-5f0c-ac36-e119b354d36d.html">"Sci-fi writers, fans gear up for Worldcon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Colorado_Springs_Gazette" class="mw-redirect" title="The Colorado Springs Gazette">The Colorado Springs Gazette</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Colorado+Springs+Gazette&rft.atitle=Sci-fi+writers%2C+fans+gear+up+for+Worldcon&rft.date=2008-07-26&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazette.com%2Fnews%2Fsci-fi-writers-fans-gear-up-for-worldcon%2Farticle_7c860219-3b98-5f0c-ac36-e119b354d36d.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://house.mo.gov/News.aspx?news=true&id=613">"Robert Heinlein to be inducted into Hall of Famous Missourians"</a>. Missouri House of Representatives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190218081836/https://house.mo.gov/News.aspx?news=true&id=613">Archived</a> from the original on February 18, 2019. Retrieved February 17, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Missouri+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=Robert+Heinlein+to+be+inducted+into+Hall+of+Famous+Missourians&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhouse.mo.gov%2FNews.aspx%3Fnews%3Dtrue%26id%3D613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.house.mo.gov/famous.aspx">"Hall of Famous Missourians"</a>. Missouri House of Representatives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171121082132/http://www.house.mo.gov/famous.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on November 21, 2017. Retrieved November 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Missouri+House+of+Representatives&rft.atitle=Hall+of+Famous+Missourians&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.house.mo.gov%2Ffamous.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lfs.org/awards.shtml">"Libertarian Futurist Society: Prometheus Awards"</a>. Lfs.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130501021257/http://www.lfs.org/awards.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on May 1, 2013. Retrieved November 26, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lfs.org&rft.atitle=Libertarian+Futurist+Society%3A+Prometheus+Awards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lfs.org%2Fawards.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Critical">Critical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Critical">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Bellagamba, Ugo and Picholle, Eric. 2008. Solutions Non Satisfaisantes, une Anatomie de Robert A. Heinlein (in French). Lyon, France: Les Moutons Electriques. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-915793-37-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-915793-37-6">978-2-915793-37-6</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a>, writing as William Atheling, Jr. 1970. More Issues at Hand. Chicago: Advent.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Bruce_Franklin" title="H. Bruce Franklin">H. Bruce Franklin</a>. 1980. Robert A. Heinlein: America as Science Fiction. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-502746-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-502746-9">0-19-502746-9</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A critique of Heinlein from a Marxist perspective. Includes a biographical chapter, which incorporates some original research on Heinlein's family background.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>James Gifford. 2000. Robert A. Heinlein: A Reader's Companion. Sacramento: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101010072726/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/item-rarc.html">Nitrosyncretic Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9679874-1-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-9679874-1-5">0-9679874-1-5</a> (hardcover), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0967987407" title="Special:BookSources/0967987407">0967987407</a> (trade paperback).</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A comprehensive bibliography, with roughly one page of commentary on each of Heinlein's works.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Farah Mendlesohn (2019). Pleasant Profession of Robert A. Heinlein. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78352-678-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78352-678-9">978-1-78352-678-9</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Panshin" title="Alexei Panshin">Alexei Panshin</a>. 1968. Heinlein in Dimension. Advent. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-911682-12-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-911682-12-0">0-911682-12-0</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-911682-01-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-911682-01-4">978-0-911682-01-4</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7535112">7535112</a>.</li> <li>Patterson, William H., Jr., and Thornton, Andrew. 2001. The Martian Named Smith: Critical Perspectives on Robert A. Heinlein's Stranger in a Strange Land. Sacramento: Nitrosyncretic Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9679874-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-9679874-2-3">0-9679874-2-3</a>.</li> <li>Powell, Jim. 2000. The Triumph of Liberty. New York: Free Press. See profile of Heinlein in the chapter "Out of this World".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Shippey" title="Tom Shippey">Tom Shippey</a>. 2000. "Starship Troopers, Galactic Heroes, Mercenary Princes: Ihe Military and Its Discontents in Science Fiction", in Alan Sandison and Robert Dingley, eds., Histories of the Future: Studies in Fact, Fantasy and Science Fiction. New York: Palgrave. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-23604-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-23604-2">0-312-23604-2</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlusser1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Edgar_Slusser" title="George Edgar Slusser">Slusser, George Edgar</a> (1977). Robert A. Heinlein: Stranger in His Own Land. The Milford Series, Vol. 1. San Bernardino, CA: Borgo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780893702106" title="Special:BookSources/9780893702106"><bdi>9780893702106</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2910839">2910839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+A.+Heinlein%3A+Stranger+in+His+Own+Land&rft.place=San+Bernardino%2C+CA&rft.series=The+Milford+Series%2C+Vol.+1&rft.pub=Borgo+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2910839&rft.isbn=9780893702106&rft.aulast=Slusser&rft.aufirst=George+Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlusser1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Edgar_Slusser" title="George Edgar Slusser">Slusser, George Edgar</a> (1977). The Classic Years of Robert A. Heinlein. The Milford Series, Vol. 11. San Bernardino, CA: Borgo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780893702168" title="Special:BookSources/9780893702168"><bdi>9780893702168</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3186521">3186521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classic+Years+of+Robert+A.+Heinlein&rft.place=San+Bernardino%2C+CA&rft.series=The+Milford+Series%2C+Vol.+11&rft.pub=Borgo+Press&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3186521&rft.isbn=9780893702168&rft.aulast=Slusser&rft.aufirst=George+Edgar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biographical">Biographical</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Biographical">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Heinlein, Robert A. 1980. <a href="/wiki/Expanded_Universe_(Heinlein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded Universe (Heinlein)">Expanded Universe</a>. New York: Ace. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-441-21888-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-441-21888-1">0-441-21888-1</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Autobiographical notes are interspersed between the pieces in the anthology. <dl><dd>Reprinted by Baen, hardcover October 2003, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-7159-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7434-7159-8">0-7434-7159-8</a>.</dd> <dd>Reprinted by Baen, paperback July 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-9915-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7434-9915-8">0-7434-9915-8</a>.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Heinlein, Robert A. 1989. Grumbles from the Grave. New York: Del Rey.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Incorporates a substantial biographical sketch by Virginia Heinlein, which hews closely to his earlier official bios, omitting the same facts (the first of his three marriages, his early left-wing political activities) and repeating the same fictional anecdotes (the short story contest).</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Heinlein, Robert A. 2004. For Us, the Living. New York: Scribner. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-5998-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-5998-X">0-7432-5998-X</a>.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Includes an introduction by Spider Robinson, an afterword by Robert E. James with a long biography, and a shorter biographical sketch.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/">The Heinlein Society</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120327204806/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/">Archived</a> March 27, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) and their <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/faqworks.html">FAQ</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190422034221/http://www.heinleinsociety.org/rah/faqworks.html">Archived</a> April 22, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Retrieved May 30, 2005.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Contains a shorter version of the Patterson bio. <dl><dd></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson,_William_H._Jr.1999" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, William H. Jr. (1999). "Robert Heinlein—A biographical sketch". The Heinlein Journal. 1999 (5): 7–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Heinlein+Journal&rft.atitle=Robert+Heinlein%E2%80%94A+biographical+sketch&rft.volume=1999&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=7-36&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Patterson%2C+William+H.+Jr.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"> Also available at "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.aol.com/agplusone/robert_a._heinlein_a_biogr.htm">'Robert A. Heinlein': A Biographical Sketch</a>" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010814232843/http://members.aol.com/agplusone/robert_a._heinlein_a_biogr.htm">Archived</a> August 14, 2001, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>). Retrieved June 1, 2005.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>A lengthy essay that treats Heinlein's own autobiographical statements with skepticism.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Patterson, William H., Jr. 2010. Robert A. Heinlein in Dialogue With His Century: 1907–1948: Learning Curve. An Authorized Biography, Volume I. Tom Doherty Associates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7653-1960-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7653-1960-8">0-7653-1960-8</a></li> <li>Patterson, William H., Jr. 2014. Robert A. Heinlein in Dialogue With His Century: 1948–1988: The Man Who Learned Better. An Authorized Biography, Volume II. Tom Doherty Associates. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7653-1961-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7653-1961-6">0-7653-1961-6</a></li> <li>Stover, Leon. 1987. Robert Heinlein. Boston: Twayne.</li> <li>Vicary, Elizabeth Zoe. 2000. American National Biography Online article, Heinlein, Robert Anson. Retrieved June 1, 2005 (not available for free).</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>Repeats many incorrect statements from Heinlein's fictionalized professional bio.</dd></dl></dd></dl> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Robert A. Heinlein at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Robert_A._Heinlein" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Robert A. Heinlein">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" class="extiw" title="c:Robert A. Heinlein">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Robert_A._Heinlein" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Robert A. Heinlein">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" class="extiw" title="q:Robert A. Heinlein">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Robert_Anson_Heinlein" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Robert Anson Heinlein">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Robert_A._Heinlein" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Robert A. Heinlein">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Robert_A._Heinlein" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Robert A. Heinlein">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow">By Robert A. Heinlein <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Robert+A.+Heinlein">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=wp&au=Robert+A.+Heinlein&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinsociety.org/">The Heinlein Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/">site:RAH</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinarchives.net/">Heinlein Archives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinprize.com/">Robert & Virginia Heinlein Prize</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140707221433/http://www.heinleincentennial.com/">Centennial Celebration in Kansas City</a>, July 7, 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinnexus.org/">Heinlein Nexus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201027152219/http://www.heinleinnexus.org/">Archived</a> October 27, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, the community continuation of the Centennial effort.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100106154437/http://www.nitrosyncretic.com/rah/pm652-art-hi.html">1952 Popular Mechanics tour of Heinlein's Colorado house.</a> accessed June 3, 2005</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heinleinia.com/">Heinleinia.com, an interactive exploration of Heinlein's life and works</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LoSnjYLw2A0">Heinlein giving the Guest of Honor speech</a> at the <a href="/wiki/34th_World_Science_Fiction_Convention" title="34th World Science Fiction Convention">34th World Science Fiction Convention</a>, on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biography_and_criticism">Biography and criticism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Biography and criticism">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722084039/http://www.empmuseum.org/exhibitions/index.asp?articleID=938">"Robert A. Heinlein biography"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Pop_Culture#Science_Fiction_and_Fantasy_Hall_of_Fame" title="Museum of Pop Culture">Science Fiction and Fantasy Hall of Fame</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+A.+Heinlein+biography&rft.pub=Science+Fiction+and+Fantasy+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20120722084039%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.empmuseum.org%2Fexhibitions%2Findex.asp%3FarticleID%3D938&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+A.+Heinlein" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a> on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816055831/http://www.thewaythefutureblogs.com/2010/05/working-with-robert-a-heinlein/">Working with Robert A. Heinlein</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://online.wsj.com/articles/book-review-robert-a-heinlein-by-william-h-patterson-jr-1403904500">Review & biographical essay on Heinlein</a> by Lee Sandlin, <a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a>, June 27, 2014. "Heinlein was the best sci-fi writer of all time—and then mysteriously he became the worst."</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography_and_works">Bibliography and works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Bibliography and works">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_bibliography" title="Robert A. Heinlein bibliography">Robert A. Heinlein bibliography</a></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?29">Robert A. Heinlein</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iblist.com/author113.htm">Robert A. Heinlein</a> at the Internet Book List</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL28641A">Works by Robert A. Heinlein</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123078#P648" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20Robert%20Anson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20Robert%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20R%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20Anson%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20A%2E%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22R%2E%20A%2E%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Robert%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20Anson%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20A%2E%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20A%2E%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22R%2E%20Anson%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20Robert%20Anson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20Robert%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20R%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20R%2E%20Anson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Robert%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20Robert%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20Anson%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20A%2E%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20title%3A%22R%2E%20A%2E%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Robert%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20Anson%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20A%2E%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20description%3A%22R%2E%20A%2E%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20Robert%20Anson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20Robert%20A%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Robert%20Heinlein%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Heinlein%2C%20Robert%22%29%20OR%20%28%221907-1988%22%20AND%20Heinlein%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Robert A. Heinlein</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0374423/">Robert A. Heinlein</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li>Finding aid for the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt596nd35k">Robert A. and Virginia G. Heinlein Papers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_A._Heinlein" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Template:Robert A. 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Heinlein bibliography">Bibliography</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Future_History_(Heinlein)" title="Future History (Heinlein)">Future History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_Moon_(short_story_collection)" title="The Man Who Sold the Moon (short story collection)">The Man Who Sold the Moon</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Hills_of_Earth_(short_story_collection)" title="The Green Hills of Earth (short story collection)">The Green Hills of Earth</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_in_2100" title="Revolt in 2100">Revolt in 2100</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah%27s_Children" title="Methuselah's Children">Methuselah's Children</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_the_Sky" title="Orphans of the Sky">Orphans of the Sky</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Past_Through_Tomorrow" title="The Past Through Tomorrow">The Past Through Tomorrow</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Notebooks_of_Lazarus_Long" title="The Notebooks of Lazarus Long">The Notebooks of Lazarus Long</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World as Myth</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Number_of_the_Beast_(novel)" title="The Number of the Beast (novel)">The Number of the Beast</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cat_Who_Walks_Through_Walls" title="The Cat Who Walks Through Walls">The Cat Who Walks Through Walls</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Sail_Beyond_the_Sunset" title="To Sail Beyond the Sunset">To Sail Beyond the Sunset</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Number_of_the_Beast_(novel)#The_Pursuit_of_the_Pankera" title="The Number of the Beast (novel)">The Pursuit of the Pankera</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Heinlein_juveniles" title="Heinlein juveniles">Scribner's juveniles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rocket_Ship_Galileo" title="Rocket Ship Galileo">Rocket Ship Galileo</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Cadet" title="Space Cadet">Space Cadet</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Planet_(novel)" title="Red Planet (novel)">Red Planet</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer_in_the_Sky" title="Farmer in the Sky">Farmer in the Sky</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Between_Planets" title="Between Planets">Between Planets</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones_(novel)" title="The Rolling Stones (novel)">The Rolling Stones</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starman_Jones" title="Starman Jones">Starman Jones</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Star_Beast_(novel)" title="The Star Beast (novel)">The Star Beast</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_in_the_Sky" title="Tunnel in the Sky">Tunnel in the Sky</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_for_the_Stars" title="Time for the Stars">Time for the Stars</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_of_the_Galaxy" title="Citizen of the Galaxy">Citizen of the Galaxy</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Have_Space_Suit%E2%80%94Will_Travel" title="Have Space Suit—Will Travel">Have Space Suit—Will Travel</a> (1958)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/For_Us,_the_Living" title="For Us, the Living">For Us, the Living: A Comedy of Customs</a> (1939/2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_This_Horizon" title="Beyond This Horizon">Beyond This Horizon</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Column" title="Sixth Column">Sixth Column</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Puppet_Masters" title="The Puppet Masters">The Puppet Masters</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variable_Star" title="Variable Star">Variable Star</a> (1955/2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star" title="Double Star">Double Star</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Door_into_Summer" title="The Door into Summer">The Door into Summer</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podkayne_of_Mars" title="Podkayne of Mars">Podkayne of Mars</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glory_Road" title="Glory Road">Glory Road</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farnham%27s_Freehold" title="Farnham's Freehold">Farnham's Freehold</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress" title="The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Will_Fear_No_Evil" title="I Will Fear No Evil">I Will Fear No Evil</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friday_(novel)" title="Friday (novel)">Friday</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Job:_A_Comedy_of_Justice" title="Job: A Comedy of Justice">Job: A Comedy of Justice</a> (1984)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Robert_Heinlein_Omnibus" title="The Robert Heinlein Omnibus">The Robert Heinlein Omnibus</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Unpleasant_Profession_of_Jonathan_Hoag_(collection)" title="The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag (collection)">The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_Robert_A._Heinlein" title="The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein">The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_Universe_(book)" title="Expanded Universe (book)">Expanded Universe</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requiem_(short_story_collection)" title="Requiem (short story collection)">Requiem</a> (1992)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Take_Back_Your_Government" title="Take Back Your Government">Take Back Your Government</a> (1946/1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tramp_Royale" title="Tramp Royale">Tramp Royale</a> (1954/1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grumbles_from_the_Grave" title="Grumbles from the Grave">Grumbles from the Grave</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Screenplays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destination_Moon_(film)" title="Destination Moon (film)">Destination Moon (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Moonbase" title="Project Moonbase">Project Moonbase (1953)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Robert_A._Heinlein_characters" title="List of Robert A. Heinlein characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delos_D._Harriman" title="Delos D. Harriman">Delos D. Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Harshaw" title="Jubal Harshaw">Jubal Harshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Johnson_(Heinlein_character)" title="Maureen Johnson (Heinlein character)">Maureen Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Libby" title="Andrew Jackson Libby">Andrew Jackson Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Long" title="Lazarus Long">Lazarus Long</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Stone" title="Hazel Stone">Hazel Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinlein_Centennial" title="Heinlein Centennial">Heinlein Centennial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinlein_Society" title="Heinlein Society">Heinlein Society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein_Award" title="Robert A. Heinlein Award">Robert A. Heinlein Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinlein_Prize_for_Advances_in_Space_Commercialization" title="Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization">Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Heinlein" title="Virginia Heinlein">Virginia Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Robert_Heinlein_Interview_and_Other_Heinleiniana" title="The Robert Heinlein Interview and Other Heinleiniana">The Robert Heinlein Interview and Other Heinleiniana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_(film)" title="Starship Troopers (film)">Starship Troopers (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribble" title="Tribble">Tribbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grok" title="Grok">Grok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Awards_(SFWA_Grand_Masters)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Awards" title="Template:Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Awards"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Awards" title="Template talk:Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Awards"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Awards" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Awards"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Awards_(SFWA_Grand_Masters)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight_Memorial_Grand_Master_Award" title="Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Award">Damon Knight Memorial Grand Master Awards</a> (SFWA Grand Masters)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975–1999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Williamson" title="Jack Williamson">Jack Williamson</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_D._Simak" title="Clifford D. Simak">Clifford D. Simak</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp" title="L. Sprague de Camp">L. Sprague de Camp</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Norton" title="Andre Norton">Andre Norton</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bester" title="Alfred Bester">Alfred Bester</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_del_Rey" title="Lester del Rey">Lester del Rey</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damon_Knight" title="Damon Knight">Damon Knight</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._E._van_Vogt" title="A. E. van Vogt">A. E. van Vogt</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Vance" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Clement" title="Hal Clement">Hal Clement</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Aldiss" title="Brian Aldiss">Brian Aldiss</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey" title="Anne McCaffrey">Anne McCaffrey</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_E._Gunn_(writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="James E. Gunn (writer)">James Gunn</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Harrison_(writer)" title="Harry Harrison (writer)">Harry Harrison</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Wolfe" title="Gene Wolfe">Gene Wolfe</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_R._Delany" title="Samuel R. Delany">Samuel R. Delany</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._J._Cherryh" title="C. J. Cherryh">C. J. Cherryh</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Yolen" title="Jane Yolen">Jane Yolen</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_S._Beagle" title="Peter S. Beagle">Peter S. Beagle</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalo_Hopkinson" title="Nalo Hopkinson">Nalo Hopkinson</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Lackey" title="Mercedes Lackey">Mercedes Lackey</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_McKinley" title="Robin McKinley">Robin McKinley</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Novel" title="Template:Hugo Award Best Novel"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Award_Best_Novel" title="Template talk:Hugo Award Best Novel"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Novel" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Award Best Novel"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novel" title="Hugo Award for Best Novel">Best Novel</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Retro</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Sword_in_the_Stone_(novel)" title="The Sword in the Stone (novel)">The Sword in the Stone</a> by <a href="/wiki/T._H._White" title="T. H. White">T. H. White</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slan" title="Slan">Slan</a> by <a href="/wiki/A._E._van_Vogt" title="A. E. van Vogt">A. E. van Vogt</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyond_This_Horizon" title="Beyond This Horizon">Beyond This Horizon</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anson MacDonald</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conjure_Wife" title="Conjure Wife">Conjure Wife</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_Over_Mars" title="Shadow Over Mars">Shadow Over Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Leigh_Brackett" title="Leigh Brackett">Leigh Brackett</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_and_Empire" title="Foundation and Empire">The Mule</a> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmer_in_the_Sky" title="Farmer in the Sky">Farmer in the Sky</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit_451" title="Fahrenheit 451">Fahrenheit 451</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> (1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Demolished_Man" title="The Demolished Man">The Demolished Man</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Bester" title="Alfred Bester">Alfred Bester</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/They%27d_Rather_Be_Right" title="They'd Rather Be Right">They'd Rather Be Right</a> (aka: The Forever Machine) by <a href="/wiki/Mark_Clifton" title="Mark Clifton">Mark Clifton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Riley_(author)" title="Frank Riley (author)">Frank Riley</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_Star" title="Double Star">Double Star</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Time_(novel)" title="The Big Time (novel)">The Big Time</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Case_of_Conscience" title="A Case of Conscience">A Case of Conscience</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Canticle_for_Leibowitz" title="A Canticle for Leibowitz">A Canticle for Leibowitz</a> by <a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Miller,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Walter M. Miller, Jr.">Walter M. Miller, Jr.</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stranger_in_a_Strange_Land" title="Stranger in a Strange Land">Stranger in a Strange Land</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_in_the_High_Castle" title="The Man in the High Castle">The Man in the High Castle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_K._Dick" title="Philip K. Dick">Philip K. Dick</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_Station_(novel)" title="Way Station (novel)">Here Gather the Stars</a> (aka: Way Station) by <a href="/wiki/Clifford_D._Simak" title="Clifford D. Simak">Clifford D. Simak</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wanderer_(Leiber_novel)" title="The Wanderer (Leiber novel)">The Wanderer</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune_(novel)" title="Dune (novel)">Dune</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Herbert" title="Frank Herbert">Frank Herbert</a> / <a href="/wiki/This_Immortal" title="This Immortal">...And Call Me Conrad</a> (aka: This Immortal) by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress" title="The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Light" title="Lord of Light">Lord of Light</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_on_Zanzibar" title="Stand on Zanzibar">Stand on Zanzibar</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Brunner_(author)" title="John Brunner (author)">John Brunner</a> (1969)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Left_Hand_of_Darkness" title="The Left Hand of Darkness">The Left Hand of Darkness</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringworld" title="Ringworld">Ringworld</a> by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Your_Scattered_Bodies_Go" title="To Your Scattered Bodies Go">To Your Scattered Bodies Go</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gods_Themselves" title="The Gods Themselves">The Gods Themselves</a> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendezvous_with_Rama" title="Rendezvous with Rama">Rendezvous with Rama</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispossessed" title="The Dispossessed">The Dispossessed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forever_War" title="The Forever War">The Forever War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_Late_the_Sweet_Birds_Sang" title="Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang">Where Late the Sweet Birds Sang</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kate_Wilhelm" title="Kate Wilhelm">Kate Wilhelm</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gateway_(novel)" title="Gateway (novel)">Gateway</a> by <a href="/wiki/Frederik_Pohl" title="Frederik Pohl">Frederik Pohl</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamsnake" title="Dreamsnake">Dreamsnake</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vonda_N._McIntyre" title="Vonda N. McIntyre">Vonda N. McIntyre</a> (1979)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Fountains_of_Paradise" title="The Fountains of Paradise">The Fountains of Paradise</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_C._Clarke" title="Arthur C. Clarke">Arthur C. Clarke</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Snow_Queen_(Vinge_novel)" title="The Snow Queen (Vinge novel)">The Snow Queen</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joan_D._Vinge" title="Joan D. Vinge">Joan D. Vinge</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downbelow_Station" title="Downbelow Station">Downbelow Station</a> by <a href="/wiki/C._J._Cherryh" title="C. J. Cherryh">C. J. Cherryh</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation%27s_Edge" title="Foundation's Edge">Foundation's Edge</a> by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Startide_Rising" title="Startide Rising">Startide Rising</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuromancer" title="Neuromancer">Neuromancer</a> by <a href="/wiki/William_Gibson" title="William Gibson">William Gibson</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ender%27s_Game" title="Ender's Game">Ender's Game</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead" title="Speaker for the Dead">Speaker for the Dead</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Uplift_War" title="The Uplift War">The Uplift War</a> by <a href="/wiki/David_Brin" title="David Brin">David Brin</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyteen" title="Cyteen">Cyteen</a> by <a href="/wiki/C._J._Cherryh" title="C. J. Cherryh">C. J. Cherryh</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hyperion_(Simmons_novel)" title="Hyperion (Simmons novel)">Hyperion</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dan_Simmons" title="Dan Simmons">Dan Simmons</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Vor_Game" title="The Vor Game">The Vor Game</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrayar" title="Barrayar">Barrayar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Fire_Upon_the_Deep" title="A Fire Upon the Deep">A Fire Upon the Deep</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a> / <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_Book_(novel)" title="Doomsday Book (novel)">Doomsday Book</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trilogy" title="Mars trilogy">Green Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror_Dance" title="Mirror Dance">Mirror Dance</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Diamond_Age" title="The Diamond Age">The Diamond Age</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neal_Stephenson" title="Neal Stephenson">Neal Stephenson</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_trilogy" title="Mars trilogy">Blue Mars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Stanley_Robinson" title="Kim Stanley Robinson">Kim Stanley Robinson</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forever_Peace" title="Forever Peace">Forever Peace</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Say_Nothing_of_the_Dog" title="To Say Nothing of the Dog">To Say Nothing of the Dog</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (1999)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Deepness_in_the_Sky" title="A Deepness in the Sky">A Deepness in the Sky</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_and_the_Goblet_of_Fire" title="Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire">Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire</a> by <a href="/wiki/J._K._Rowling" title="J. K. Rowling">J. K. Rowling</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Gods" title="American Gods">American Gods</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Neanderthal_Parallax" title="The Neanderthal Parallax">Hominids</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_J._Sawyer" title="Robert J. Sawyer">Robert J. Sawyer</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paladin_of_Souls" title="Paladin of Souls">Paladin of Souls</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Strange_%26_Mr_Norrell" title="Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell">Jonathan Strange & Mr Norrell</a> by <a href="/wiki/Susanna_Clarke" title="Susanna Clarke">Susanna Clarke</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spin_(novel)" title="Spin (novel)">Spin</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Charles_Wilson" title="Robert Charles Wilson">Robert Charles Wilson</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbows_End_(Vinge_novel)" title="Rainbows End (Vinge novel)">Rainbows End</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Yiddish_Policemen%27s_Union" title="The Yiddish Policemen's Union">The Yiddish Policemen's Union</a> by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Chabon" title="Michael Chabon">Michael Chabon</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Graveyard_Book" title="The Graveyard Book">The Graveyard Book</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Windup_Girl" title="The Windup Girl">The Windup Girl</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Bacigalupi" title="Paolo Bacigalupi">Paolo Bacigalupi</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_City_%26_the_City" title="The City & the City">The City & the City</a> by <a href="/wiki/China_Mi%C3%A9ville" title="China Miéville">China Miéville</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackout/All_Clear" title="Blackout/All Clear">Blackout/All Clear</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Among_Others" title="Among Others">Among Others</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jo_Walton" title="Jo Walton">Jo Walton</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redshirts_(novel)" title="Redshirts (novel)">Redshirts</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Scalzi" title="John Scalzi">John Scalzi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancillary_Justice" title="Ancillary Justice">Ancillary Justice</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ann_Leckie" title="Ann Leckie">Ann Leckie</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three-Body_Problem_(novel)" title="The Three-Body Problem (novel)">The Three-Body Problem</a> by <a href="/wiki/Cixin_Liu" class="mw-redirect" title="Cixin Liu">Cixin Liu</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Ken_Liu" title="Ken Liu">Ken Liu</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Season_(novel)" title="The Fifth Season (novel)">The Fifth Season</a> by <a href="/wiki/N._K._Jemisin" title="N. K. Jemisin">N. K. Jemisin</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Obelisk_Gate" title="The Obelisk Gate">The Obelisk Gate</a> by <a href="/wiki/N._K._Jemisin" title="N. K. Jemisin">N. K. Jemisin</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Stone_Sky" title="The Stone Sky">The Stone Sky</a> by <a href="/wiki/N._K._Jemisin" title="N. K. Jemisin">N. K. Jemisin</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Calculating_Stars" title="The Calculating Stars">The Calculating Stars</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinette_Kowal" title="Mary Robinette Kowal">Mary Robinette Kowal</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Memory_Called_Empire" title="A Memory Called Empire">A Memory Called Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Martine" title="Arkady Martine">Arkady Martine</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Effect_(novel)" title="Network Effect (novel)">Network Effect</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wells" title="Martha Wells">Martha Wells</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Desolation_Called_Peace" title="A Desolation Called Peace">A Desolation Called Peace</a> by <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Martine" title="Arkady Martine">Arkady Martine</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettle_%26_Bone" title="Nettle & Bone">Nettle & Bone</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Vernon" title="Ursula Vernon">T. Kingfisher</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Some_Desperate_Glory_(novel)" title="Some Desperate Glory (novel)">Some Desperate Glory</a> by <a href="/wiki/Emily_Tesh" title="Emily Tesh">Emily Tesh</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Novella" title="Template:Hugo Award Best Novella"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Award_Best_Novella" title="Template talk:Hugo Award Best Novella"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Novella" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Award Best Novella"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella" title="Hugo Award for Best Novella">Best Novella</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella#Retro_Hugos" title="Hugo Award for Best Novella">Retro Hugos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Who_Goes_There%3F" title="Who Goes There?">Who Goes There?</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">Don A. Stuart</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_This_Goes_On%E2%80%94" class="mw-redirect" title="If This Goes On—">If This Goes On—</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_(short_story)" title="Waldo (short story)">Waldo</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">The Little Prince</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killdozer!_(short_story)" title="Killdozer! (short story)">Killdozer!</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_Moon" title="The Man Who Sold the Moon">The Man Who Sold the Moon</a> by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Case_of_Conscience" title="A Case of Conscience">A Case of Conscience</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a> (1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1968–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riders_of_the_Purple_Wage" title="Riders of the Purple Wage">Riders of the Purple Wage</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a> /<a href="/wiki/Dragonflight_(novel)" title="Dragonflight (novel)">Weyr Search</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey" title="Anne McCaffrey">Anne McCaffrey</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightwings_(novella)" title="Nightwings (novella)">Nightwings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> (1969)</li> <li>Ship of Shadows by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ill_Met_in_Lankhmar" title="Ill Met in Lankhmar">Ill Met in Lankhmar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Air_and_Darkness_(novella)" title="The Queen of Air and Darkness (novella)">The Queen of Air and Darkness</a> by <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Word_for_World_Is_Forest" title="The Word for World Is Forest">The Word for World Is Forest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Was_Plugged_In" title="The Girl Who Was Plugged In">The Girl Who Was Plugged In</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr." title="James Tiptree Jr.">James Tiptree Jr.</a> (1974)</li> <li>A Song for Lya by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Name_Is_Legion_(Zelazny_stories)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Name Is Legion (Zelazny stories)">Home Is the Hangman</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> (1976)</li> <li>By Any Other Name by <a href="/wiki/Spider_Robinson" title="Spider Robinson">Spider Robinson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Houston,_Do_You_Read%3F" title="Houston, Houston, Do You Read?">Houston, Houston, Do You Read?</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr." title="James Tiptree Jr.">James Tiptree Jr.</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardance" title="Stardance">Stardance</a> by <a href="/wiki/Spider_Robinson" title="Spider Robinson">Spider Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Robinson" title="Jeanne Robinson">Jeanne Robinson</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Persistence_of_Vision_(short_story)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Persistence of Vision (short story)">The Persistence of Vision</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Varley_(author)" title="John Varley (author)">John Varley</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_Mine_(novella)" title="Enemy Mine (novella)">Enemy Mine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Barry_B._Longyear" title="Barry B. Longyear">Barry B. Longyear</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dorsai" title="Lost Dorsai">Lost Dorsai</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Dickson" title="Gordon R. Dickson">Gordon R. Dickson</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Saturn_Game" title="The Saturn Game">The Saturn Game</a> by <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_(story)" title="Souls (story)">Souls</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Russ" title="Joanna Russ">Joanna Russ</a> (1983)</li> <li>Cascade Point by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Zahn" title="Timothy Zahn">Timothy Zahn</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Enter" title="Press Enter">Press Enter</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Varley_(author)" title="John Varley (author)">John Varley</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Views_of_Mt._Fuji,_by_Hokusai" title="24 Views of Mt. Fuji, by Hokusai">24 Views of Mt. Fuji, by Hokusai</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_in_the_Outback" title="Gilgamesh in the Outback">Gilgamesh in the Outback</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_Eye" title="Eye for Eye">Eye for Eye</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Winnebagos" title="The Last of the Winnebagos">The Last of the Winnebagos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorkosigan_Saga" title="Vorkosigan Saga">The Mountains of Mourning</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingway_Hoax" title="The Hemingway Hoax">The Hemingway Hoax</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beggars_in_Spain" title="Beggars in Spain">Beggars in Spain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kress" title="Nancy Kress">Nancy Kress</a> (1992)</li> <li>Barnacle Bill the Spacer by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Shepard" title="Lucius Shepard">Lucius Shepard</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_in_the_Bottomlands" title="Down in the Bottomlands">Down in the Bottomlands</a> by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Views_of_Olduvai_Gorge" title="Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge">Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Resnick" title="Mike Resnick">Mike Resnick</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Future#"The_Death_of_Captain_Future"" title="Captain Future">The Death of Captain Future</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steele" title="Allen Steele">Allen Steele</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_of_the_Dragon_(novella)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood of the Dragon (novella)">Blood of the Dragon</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> (1997)</li> <li>...Where Angels Fear to Tread by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steele" title="Allen Steele">Allen Steele</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_(novella)" title="Oceanic (novella)">Oceanic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Egan" title="Greg Egan">Greg Egan</a> (1999)</li> <li>The Winds of Marble Arch by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Ultimate Earth by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Williamson" title="Jack Williamson">Jack Williamson</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Vernor_Vinge#"Fast_Times_at_Fairmont_High"" title="The Collected Stories of Vernor Vinge">Fast Times at Fairmont High</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraline" title="Coraline">Coraline</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cookie_Monster_(novella)" title="The Cookie Monster (novella)">The Cookie Monster</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atrocity_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atrocity Archives">The Concrete Jungle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Job_(novella)" title="Inside Job (novella)">Inside Job</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2006)</li> <li>A Billion Eves by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reed_(author)" title="Robert Reed (author)">Robert Reed</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Seated_on_the_Ground" title="All Seated on the Ground">All Seated on the Ground</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2008)</li> <li>The Erdmann Nexus by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kress" title="Nancy Kress">Nancy Kress</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimpsest_(novella)" title="Palimpsest (novella)">Palimpsest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lifecycle_of_Software_Objects" title="The Lifecycle of Software Objects">The Lifecycle of Software Objects</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Chiang" title="Ted Chiang">Ted Chiang</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Bridged_the_Mist" title="The Man Who Bridged the Mist">The Man Who Bridged the Mist</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kij_Johnson" title="Kij Johnson">Kij Johnson</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Soul" title="The Emperor's Soul">The Emperor's Soul</a> by <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Sanderson" title="Brandon Sanderson">Brandon Sanderson</a> (2013)</li> <li>Equoid by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a> (2014)</li> <li>(No award given) (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binti_(novella)" title="Binti (novella)">Binti</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nnedi_Okorafor" title="Nnedi Okorafor">Nnedi Okorafor</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Heart_a_Doorway" title="Every Heart a Doorway">Every Heart a Doorway</a> by <a href="/wiki/Seanan_McGuire" title="Seanan McGuire">Seanan McGuire</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Systems_Red" title="All Systems Red">All Systems Red</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wells" title="Martha Wells">Martha Wells</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Murderbot_Diaries" title="The Murderbot Diaries">Artificial Condition</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wells" title="Martha Wells">Martha Wells</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_How_You_Lose_the_Time_War" title="This Is How You Lose the Time War">This Is How You Lose the Time War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Amal_El-Mohtar" title="Amal El-Mohtar">Amal El-Mohtar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Gladstone" title="Max Gladstone">Max Gladstone</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Empress_of_Salt_and_Fortune" title="The Empress of Salt and Fortune">The Empress of Salt and Fortune</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nghi_Vo" title="Nghi Vo">Nghi Vo</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Psalm_for_the_Wild-Built" title="A Psalm for the Wild-Built">A Psalm for the Wild-Built</a> by <a href="/wiki/Becky_Chambers" title="Becky Chambers">Becky Chambers</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_the_Drowned_Girls_Go" title="Where the Drowned Girls Go">Where the Drowned Girls Go</a> by <a href="/wiki/Seanan_McGuire" title="Seanan McGuire">Seanan McGuire</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornhedge" title="Thornhedge">Thornhedge</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Vernon" title="Ursula Vernon">T. Kingfisher</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novelette" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Novelette" title="Template:Hugo Award Best Novelette"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Award_Best_Novelette" title="Template talk:Hugo Award Best Novelette"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Novelette" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Award Best Novelette"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novelette" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novelette" title="Hugo Award for Best Novelette">Best Novelette</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novelette#Retro_Hugos" title="Hugo Award for Best Novelette">Retro Hugos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Rule_18" title="Rule 18">Rule 18</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Clifford_D._Simak" title="Clifford D. Simak">Clifford D. Simak</a> (1939)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Roads_Must_Roll" title="The Roads Must Roll">The Roads Must Roll</a>" by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Foundation_(Asimov_novel)" title="Foundation (Asimov novel)">Foundation</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> (1943)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Mimsy_Were_the_Borogoves" title="Mimsy Were the Borogoves">Mimsy Were the Borogoves</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Padgett" title="Lewis Padgett">Lewis Padgett</a> (1944)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/First_Contact_(novelette)" title="First Contact (novelette)">First Contact</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Murray_Leinster" title="Murray Leinster">Murray Leinster</a> (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Little_Black_Bag" title="The Little Black Bag">The Little Black Bag</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Cyril_M._Kornbluth" title="Cyril M. Kornbluth">Cyril M. Kornbluth</a> (1951)</li> <li>"Earthman, Come Home" by <a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a> (1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1955–1960</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Darfsteller" title="The Darfsteller">The Darfsteller</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Walter_M._Miller_Jr." title="Walter M. Miller Jr.">Walter M. Miller Jr.</a> (1955)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Exploration_Team" title="Exploration Team">Exploration Team</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Murray_Leinster" title="Murray Leinster">Murray Leinster</a> (1956)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Big_Time_(novel)" title="The Big Time (novel)">The Big Time</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1958)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Big_Front_Yard" title="The Big Front Yard">The Big Front Yard</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Clifford_D._Simak" title="Clifford D. Simak">Clifford D. Simak</a> (1959)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1967–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Last_Castle_(novella)" title="The Last Castle (novella)">The Last Castle</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Vance" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a> (1967)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gonna_Roll_the_Bones" title="Gonna Roll the Bones">Gonna Roll the Bones</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1968)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sharing_of_Flesh" title="The Sharing of Flesh">The Sharing of Flesh</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> (1969)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Goat_Song_(novelette)" title="Goat Song (novelette)">Goat Song</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> (1973)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Deathbird" title="The Deathbird">The Deathbird</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a> (1974)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Adrift_Just_Off_the_Islets_of_Langerhans" title="Adrift Just Off the Islets of Langerhans">Adrift Just Off the Islets of Langerhans: Latitude 38° 54' N, Longitude 77° 00' 13" W</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a> (1975)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Borderland_of_Sol" title="The Borderland of Sol">The Borderland of Sol</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a> (1976)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Bicentennial_Man" title="The Bicentennial Man">The Bicentennial Man</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> (1977)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Eyes_of_Amber" title="Eyes of Amber">Eyes of Amber</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Joan_D._Vinge" title="Joan D. Vinge">Joan D. Vinge</a> (1978)</li> <li>"Hunter's Moon" by <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> (1979)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sandkings_(novelette)" title="Sandkings (novelette)">Sandkings</a>" by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Cloak_and_the_Staff" title="The Cloak and the Staff">The Cloak and the Staff</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Dickson" title="Gordon R. Dickson">Gordon R. Dickson</a> (1981)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Unicorn_Variation" title="Unicorn Variation">Unicorn Variation</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> (1982)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Fire_Watch_(short_story)" title="Fire Watch (short story)">Fire Watch</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (1983)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blood_Music_(novel)" title="Blood Music (novel)">Blood Music</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Bear" title="Greg Bear">Greg Bear</a> (1984)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bloodchild_and_Other_Stories" title="Bloodchild and Other Stories">Bloodchild</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a> (1985)</li> <li>"Paladin of the Lost Hour" by <a href="/wiki/Harlan_Ellison" title="Harlan Ellison">Harlan Ellison</a> (1986)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Permafrost_(story)" title="Permafrost (story)">Permafrost</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> (1987)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Gals,_Won%27t_You_Come_Out_Tonight" title="Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight">Buffalo Gals, Won't You Come Out Tonight</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1988)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_Kitten" title="Schrödinger's Kitten">Schrödinger's Kitten</a>" by <a href="/wiki/George_Alec_Effinger" title="George Alec Effinger">George Alec Effinger</a> (1989)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Enter_a_Soldier._Later:_Enter_Another" title="Enter a Soldier. Later: Enter Another">Enter a Soldier. Later: Enter Another</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Kirinyaga_(novel)" title="Kirinyaga (novel)">The Manamouki</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Resnick" title="Mike Resnick">Mike Resnick</a> (1991)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gold_(short_story)" title="Gold (short story)">Gold</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Asimov" title="Isaac Asimov">Isaac Asimov</a> (1992)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Nutcracker_Coup" title="The Nutcracker Coup">The Nutcracker Coup</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Janet_Kagan" title="Janet Kagan">Janet Kagan</a> (1993)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Georgia_on_My_Mind_(novelette)" title="Georgia on My Mind (novelette)">Georgia on My Mind</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sheffield" title="Charles Sheffield">Charles Sheffield</a> (1994)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Martian_Child" title="The Martian Child">The Martian Child</a>" by <a href="/wiki/David_Gerrold" title="David Gerrold">David Gerrold</a> (1995)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Think_Like_a_Dinosaur" title="Think Like a Dinosaur">Think Like a Dinosaur</a>" by <a href="/wiki/James_Patrick_Kelly" title="James Patrick Kelly">James Patrick Kelly</a> (1996)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Repairman" title="Bicycle Repairman">Bicycle Repairman</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a> (1997)</li> <li>"We Will Drink a Fish Together..." by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Johnson_(author)" title="Bill Johnson (author)">Bill Johnson</a> (1998)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Taklamakan_(short_story)" title="Taklamakan (short story)">Taklamakan</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Sterling" title="Bruce Sterling">Bruce Sterling</a> (1999)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/10%5E16_to_1" title="10^16 to 1">1016 to 1</a>" by <a href="/wiki/James_Patrick_Kelly" title="James Patrick Kelly">James Patrick Kelly</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Millennium Babies" by <a href="/wiki/Kristine_Kathryn_Rusch" title="Kristine Kathryn Rusch">Kristine Kathryn Rusch</a> (2001)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hell_Is_the_Absence_of_God" title="Hell Is the Absence of God">Hell Is the Absence of God</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Chiang" title="Ted Chiang">Ted Chiang</a> (2002)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Slow_Life_(novelette)" title="Slow Life (novelette)">Slow Life</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanwick" title="Michael Swanwick">Michael Swanwick</a> (2003)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Legions_in_Time" title="Legions in Time">Legions in Time</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Swanwick" title="Michael Swanwick">Michael Swanwick</a> (2004)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Faery_Handbag" title="The Faery Handbag">The Faery Handbag</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Kelly_Link" title="Kelly Link">Kelly Link</a> (2005)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Two_Hearts_(story)" title="Two Hearts (story)">Two Hearts</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Peter_S._Beagle" title="Peter S. Beagle">Peter S. Beagle</a> (2006)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Djinn%27s_Wife" title="The Djinn's Wife">The Djinn's Wife</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Ian_McDonald_(British_author)" title="Ian McDonald (British author)">Ian McDonald</a> (2007)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Merchant_and_the_Alchemist%27s_Gate" title="The Merchant and the Alchemist's Gate">The Merchant and the Alchemist's Gate</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Chiang" title="Ted Chiang">Ted Chiang</a> (2008)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shoggoths_in_Bloom" title="Shoggoths in Bloom">Shoggoths in Bloom</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bear" title="Elizabeth Bear">Elizabeth Bear</a> (2009)</li> <li>"The Island" by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Watts_(author)" title="Peter Watts (author)">Peter Watts</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"The Emperor of Mars" by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steele" title="Allen Steele">Allen Steele</a> (2011)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Six_Months,_Three_Days" title="Six Months, Three Days">Six Months, Three Days</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Jane_Anders" title="Charlie Jane Anders">Charlie Jane Anders</a> (2012)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Girl-Thing_Who_Went_Out_for_Sushi" title="The Girl-Thing Who Went Out for Sushi">The Girl-Thing Who Went Out for Sushi</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Pat_Cadigan" title="Pat Cadigan">Pat Cadigan</a> (2013)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lady_Astronaut_of_Mars" title="The Lady Astronaut of Mars">The Lady Astronaut of Mars</a>", by <a href="/wiki/Mary_Robinette_Kowal" title="Mary Robinette Kowal">Mary Robinette Kowal</a> (2014)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_World_Turned_Upside_Down" title="The Day the World Turned Upside Down">The Day the World Turned Upside Down</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Olde_Heuvelt" title="Thomas Olde Heuvelt">Thomas Olde Heuvelt</a>, translated by Lia Belt (2015)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Folding_Beijing" title="Folding Beijing">Folding Beijing</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Hao_Jingfang" title="Hao Jingfang">Hao Jingfang</a> (2016)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Tomato_Thief" title="The Tomato Thief">The Tomato Thief</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Vernon" title="Ursula Vernon">Ursula Vernon</a> (2017)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Bots" title="The Secret Life of Bots">The Secret Life of Bots</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Palmer" title="Suzanne Palmer">Suzanne Palmer</a> (2018)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/If_at_First_You_Don%27t_Succeed,_Try,_Try_Again" title="If at First You Don't Succeed, Try, Try Again">If at First You Don't Succeed, Try, Try Again</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Zen_Cho" title="Zen Cho">Zen Cho</a> (2019)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Emergency_Skin" title="Emergency Skin">Emergency Skin</a>" by <a href="/wiki/N._K._Jemisin" title="N. K. Jemisin">N. K. Jemisin</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"Two Truths and a Lie" by <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Pinsker" title="Sarah Pinsker">Sarah Pinsker</a> (2021)</li> <li>"Bots of the Lost Ark" by <a href="/wiki/Suzanne_Palmer" title="Suzanne Palmer">Suzanne Palmer</a> (2022)</li> <li>"The Space-Time Painter" by <a href="/wiki/Hai_Ya" title="Hai Ya">Hai Ya</a> (2023)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Year_Without_Sunshine" title="The Year Without Sunshine">The Year Without Sunshine</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Kritzer" title="Naomi Kritzer">Naomi Kritzer</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inkpot_Award_(1970s)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Inkpot_Award_1970s" title="Template:Inkpot Award 1970s"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Inkpot_Award_1970s" title="Template talk:Inkpot Award 1970s"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Inkpot_Award_1970s" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Inkpot Award 1970s"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inkpot_Award_(1970s)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Inkpot_Award" title="Inkpot Award">Inkpot Award</a> (1970s)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1974</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forrest_J._Ackerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Forrest J. Ackerman">Forrest J. Ackerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Alyn" title="Kirk Alyn">Kirk Alyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Caniff" title="Milton Caniff">Milton Caniff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Clampett" title="Bob Clampett">Bob Clampett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Foray" title="June Foray">June Foray</a></li> <li>Eric Hoffman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Chuck Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Kirby" title="Jack Kirby">Jack Kirby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lee" title="Stan Lee">Stan Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=William_R._Lund&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William R. Lund (page does not exist)">William R. "Bill" Lund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russ_Manning" title="Russ Manning">Russ Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Myers" title="Russell Myers">Russell Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Schulz" title="Charles M. Schulz">Charles M. Schulz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phil_Seuling" title="Phil Seuling">Phil Seuling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Thomas" title="Roy Thomas">Roy Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjo_Trimble" title="Bjo Trimble">Bjo Trimble</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Alfonso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Alfonso (page does not exist)">Barry Alfonso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brad_Anderson_(cartoonist)" title="Brad Anderson (cartoonist)">Brad Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bloch" title="Robert Bloch">Robert Bloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaughn_Bod%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaughn Bodé">Vaughn Bodé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Rice_Burroughs" title="Edgar Rice Burroughs">Edgar Rice Burroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daws_Butler" title="Daws Butler">Daws Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Butner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Butner (page does not exist)">Richard Butner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shel_Dorf" title="Shel Dorf">Shel Dorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Eisner" title="Will Eisner">Will Eisner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Evanier" title="Mark Evanier">Mark Evanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gil_Kane" title="Gil Kane">Gil Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Light_(comics)" title="Alan Light (comics)">Alan Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Moores" title="Dick Moores">Dick Moores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pal" title="George Pal">George Pal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Serling" title="Rod Serling">Rod Serling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Shuster" title="Joe Shuster">Joe Shuster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Siegel" title="Jerry Siegel">Jerry Siegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Windsor-Smith" title="Barry Windsor-Smith">Barry Windsor-Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Starlin" title="Jim Starlin">Jim Starlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Steranko" title="Jim Steranko">Jim Steranko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Vincent" title="Larry Vincent">Larry Vincent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neal_Adams" title="Neal Adams">Neal Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Aragon%C3%A9s" title="Sergio Aragonés">Sergio Aragonés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Blanc" title="Mel Blanc">Mel Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Brunner" title="Frank Brunner">Frank Brunner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Griffin" title="Rick Griffin">Rick Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Hart" title="Johnny Hart">Johnny Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Clayton_Johnson" title="George Clayton Johnson">George Clayton Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vicky_Kelso&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vicky Kelso (page does not exist)">Vicky Kelso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Lazarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mel Lazarus">Mel Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Mayer" title="Sheldon Mayer">Sheldon Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dale_Messick" title="Dale Messick">Dale Messick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Ni%C3%B1o" title="Alex Niño">Alex Niño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Rico" title="Don Rico">Don Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Thompson_(Comics_Buyer%27s_Guide)" class="mw-redirect" title="Don Thompson (Comics Buyer's Guide)">Don Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Thompson" title="Maggie Thompson">Maggie Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1977</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Alcala" title="Alfredo Alcala">Alfredo Alcala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Barks" title="Carl Barks">Carl Barks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._C._Beck" title="C. C. Beck">C. C. Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Chaykin" title="Howard Chaykin">Howard Chaykin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lester_Dent" title="Lester Dent">Lester Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Estrada" title="Jackie Estrada">Jackie Estrada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Foster" title="Hal Foster">Hal Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_B._Gibson" title="Walter B. Gibson">Walter "The Shadow" Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Harmon" title="Jim Harmon">Jim Harmon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Henderson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gene Henderson (page does not exist)">Gene Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kaluta" title="Michael Kaluta">Michael Kaluta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kubert" title="Joe Kubert">Joe Kubert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Kurtzman" title="Harvey Kurtzman">Harvey Kurtzman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Lucas" title="George Lucas">George Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stan_Lynde" title="Stan Lynde">Stan Lynde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Preiss" title="Byron Preiss">Byron Preiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trina_Robbins" title="Trina Robbins">Trina Robbins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Ralph_Ross" title="Stanley Ralph Ross">Stanley Ralph Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Scott_(voice_actor)" title="Bill Scott (voice actor)">Bill Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Scroggy" title="David Scroggy">David Scroggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Ward" title="Jay Ward">Jay Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_Wein" title="Len Wein">Len Wein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1978</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Buscema" title="John Buscema">John Buscema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Capp" title="Al Capp">Al Capp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Colan" title="Gene Colan">Gene Colan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_Fox" title="Gill Fox">Gill Fox</a></li> <li>Tom French</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Gerber" title="Steve Gerber">Steve Gerber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_Gould" title="Chester Gould">Chester Gould</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burne_Hogarth" title="Burne Hogarth">Burne Hogarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kane" title="Bob Kane">Bob Kane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Krueger" title="Ken Krueger">Ken Krueger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bernie_Lansky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bernie Lansky (page does not exist)">Bernie Lansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_Morrow" title="Gray Morrow">Gray Morrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Nash" title="Clarence Nash">Clarence Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grim_Natwick" title="Grim Natwick">Grim Natwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rotsler" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Rotsler">Bill Rotsler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Royer_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Royer (comics)">Mike Royer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Shelton" title="Gilbert Shelton">Gilbert Shelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Sheridan_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dave Sheridan (artist)">Dave Sheridan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Stout" title="Bill Stout">Bill Stout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Thorne" title="Frank Thorne">Frank Thorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Vallejo" title="Boris Vallejo">Boris Vallejo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mort_Weisinger" title="Mort Weisinger">Mort Weisinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Woggon" title="Elmer Woggon">Elmer Woggon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Craig Anderson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Englehart" title="Steve Englehart">Steve Englehart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dale_Enzenbacher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dale Enzenbacher (page does not exist)">Dale Enzenbacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Freas" title="Kelly Freas">Kelly Freas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Virginia_French&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virginia French (page does not exist)">Virginia French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._Giger" title="H. R. Giger">H. R. Giger</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gene_Hazelton&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gene Hazelton (page does not exist)">Gene Hazelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Macek" title="Carl Macek">Carl Macek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Moscoso" title="Victor Moscoso">Victor Moscoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Niven" title="Larry Niven">Larry Niven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_O%27Neill" title="Dan O'Neill">Dan O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgil_Partch" title="Virgil Partch">Virgil Partch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Pournelle" title="Jerry Pournelle">Jerry Pournelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Redondo" title="Nestor Redondo">Nestor Redondo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Rogers" title="Marshall Rogers">Marshall Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Romita_Sr." title="John Romita Sr.">John Romita Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Spicer" title="Bill Spicer">Bill Spicer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mort_Walker" title="Mort Walker">Mort Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marv_Wolfman" title="Marv Wolfman">Marv Wolfman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inkpot_Award" title="Inkpot Award">Complete list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inkpot_Award_1970s" title="Template:Inkpot Award 1970s">1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inkpot_Award_1980s" title="Template:Inkpot Award 1980s">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inkpot_Award_1990s" title="Template:Inkpot Award 1990s">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inkpot_Award_2000s" title="Template:Inkpot Award 2000s">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Inkpot_Award_2010s" title="Template:Inkpot Award 2010s">2010s</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_A._Heinlein&#039;s_Future_History" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Future_History" title="Template:Future History"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Future_History" title="Template talk:Future History"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Future_History" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Future History"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_A._Heinlein&#039;s_Future_History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Future_History_(Heinlein)" title="Future History (Heinlein)">Future History</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_Moon_(short_story_collection)" title="The Man Who Sold the Moon (short story collection)">The Man Who Sold the Moon</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Green_Hills_of_Earth_(short_story_collection)" title="The Green Hills of Earth (short story collection)">The Green Hills of Earth</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_in_2100" title="Revolt in 2100">Revolt in 2100</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_the_Sky" title="Orphans of the Sky">Orphans of the Sky</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Past_Through_Tomorrow" title="The Past Through Tomorrow">The Past Through Tomorrow</a> (1967)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methuselah%27s_Children" title="Methuselah's Children">Methuselah's Children</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Is_a_Harsh_Mistress" title="The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress">The Moon Is a Harsh Mistress</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Enough_for_Love" title="Time Enough for Love">Time Enough for Love</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Number_of_the_Beast_(novel)" title="The Number of the Beast (novel)">The Number of the Beast</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cat_Who_Walks_Through_Walls" title="The Cat Who Walks Through Walls">The Cat Who Walks Through Walls</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/To_Sail_Beyond_the_Sunset" title="To Sail Beyond the Sunset">To Sail Beyond the Sunset</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_the_Pankera" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pursuit of the Pankera">The Pursuit of the Pankera</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short stories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Life-Line" title="Life-Line">Life-Line</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Let_There_Be_Light_(Heinlein_short_story)" title="Let There Be Light (Heinlein short story)">"Let There Be Light"</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Roads_Must_Roll" title="The Roads Must Roll">The Roads Must Roll</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Blowups_Happen" title="Blowups Happen">Blowups Happen</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_Moon" title="The Man Who Sold the Moon">The Man Who Sold the Moon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Delilah_and_the_Space_Rigger" title="Delilah and the Space Rigger">Delilah and the Space Rigger</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Space_Jockey" title="Space Jockey">Space Jockey</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Requiem_(short_story)" title="Requiem (short story)">Requiem</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Long_Watch" title="The Long Watch">The Long Watch</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Gentlemen,_Be_Seated!" title="Gentlemen, Be Seated!">Gentlemen, Be Seated!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Black_Pits_of_Luna" title="The Black Pits of Luna">The Black Pits of Luna</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/It%27s_Great_to_Be_Back!" title="It's Great to Be Back!">It's Great to Be Back!</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%E2%80%94We_Also_Walk_Dogs" title="—We Also Walk Dogs">—We Also Walk Dogs</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Searchlight_(short_story)" title="Searchlight (short story)">Searchlight</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ordeal_in_Space" title="Ordeal in Space">Ordeal in Space</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Green_Hills_of_Earth" title="The Green Hills of Earth">The Green Hills of Earth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Logic_of_Empire" title="Logic of Empire">Logic of Empire</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Menace_from_Earth" title="The Menace from Earth">The Menace from Earth</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%22If_This_Goes_On%E2%80%94%22" title=""If This Goes On—"">'If This Goes On—'</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Coventry_(short_story)" title="Coventry (short story)">Coventry</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Misfit_(short_story)" title="Misfit (short story)">Misfit</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_the_Sky" title="Orphans of the Sky">Universe</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Orphans_of_the_Sky" title="Orphans of the Sky">Common Sense</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_Long" title="Lazarus Long">Lazarus Long</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Notebooks_of_Lazarus_Long" title="The Notebooks of Lazarus Long">The Notebooks of Lazarus Long</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos_D._Harriman" title="Delos D. Harriman">Delos D. Harriman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jubal_Harshaw" title="Jubal Harshaw">Jubal Harshaw</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Competent_man" class="mw-redirect" title="Competent man">Competent man</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maureen_Johnson_(Heinlein_character)" title="Maureen Johnson (Heinlein character)">Maureen Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Libby" title="Andrew Jackson Libby">Andrew Jackson Libby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_Stone" title="Hazel Stone">Hazel Stone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Worlds_of_Robert_A._Heinlein" title="The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein">The Worlds of Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expanded_Universe_(Heinlein)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expanded Universe (Heinlein)">Expanded Universe</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_A._Heinlein&#039;s_Starship_Troopers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Starship_Troopers" title="Template:Starship Troopers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Starship_Troopers" title="Template talk:Starship Troopers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Starship_Troopers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Starship Troopers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_A._Heinlein&#039;s_Starship_Troopers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers" title="Starship Troopers">Starship Troopers</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_(franchise)" title="Starship Troopers (franchise)">Franchise</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_(film)" title="Starship Troopers (film)">Starship Troopers</a> (1997) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_(soundtrack)" title="Starship Troopers (soundtrack)">soundtrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_effects_of_Starship_Troopers" title="Special effects of Starship Troopers">special effects</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_2:_Hero_of_the_Federation" title="Starship Troopers 2: Hero of the Federation">2: Hero of the Federation</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_3:_Marauder" title="Starship Troopers 3: Marauder">3: Marauder</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers:_Invasion" title="Starship Troopers: Invasion">Invasion</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers:_Traitor_of_Mars" title="Starship Troopers: Traitor of Mars">Traitor of Mars</a> (2017)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animated series</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_(OVA)" title="Starship Troopers (OVA)">Starship Troopers</a> (OVA; 1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roughnecks:_Starship_Troopers_Chronicles" title="Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles">Roughnecks: Starship Troopers Chronicles</a> (1999–2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Games</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_(board_wargame)" title="Starship Troopers (board wargame)">Starship Troopers</a> (board wargame)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_(pinball)" title="Starship Troopers (pinball)">Starship Troopers</a> (pinball)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers:_Terran_Ascendancy" title="Starship Troopers: Terran Ascendancy">Terran Ascendancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers_(video_game)" title="Starship Troopers (video game)">Starship Troopers</a> (2005 video game)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers:_The_Roleplaying_Game" title="Starship Troopers: The Roleplaying Game">The Roleplaying Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers:_The_Miniatures_Game" title="Starship Troopers: The Miniatures Game">The Miniatures Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers:_Terran_Command" title="Starship Troopers: Terran Command">Terran Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starship_Troopers:_Extermination" title="Starship Troopers: Extermination">Extermination</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Social_credit" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#196619; color:White;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Social_Credit" title="Template:Social Credit"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:White">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Social_Credit" title="Template talk:Social Credit"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:White">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Social_Credit" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Social Credit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:White">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Social_credit" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Social_credit" title="Social credit">Social credit</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#196619; color:White;;width:1%">Movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightGreen;"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_social_credit_movement" title="Canadian social credit movement">Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionist_Party_of_Canada" title="Abolitionist Party of Canada">Abolitionist Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia_Social_Credit_Party" title="British Columbia Social Credit Party">British Columbia Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_Party" title="Canada Party">Canada Party</a></li> <li>Christian Credit Party</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Monetary_and_Economic_Reform" title="Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform">Committee on Monetary and Economic Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_D%C3%A9mocrates" title="Les Démocrates">Les Démocrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Social_Credit_Party" title="Manitoba Social Credit Party">Manitoba Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Democracy_(Canada)" title="New Democracy (Canada)">New Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauper_Party_of_Ontario" title="Pauper Party of Ontario">Pauper Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parti_cr%C3%A9dit_social_uni" title="Parti crédit social uni">Parti crédit social uni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrims_of_Saint_Michael" title="Pilgrims of Saint Michael">Pilgrims of Saint Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste" title="Ralliement créditiste">Ralliement créditiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralliement_cr%C3%A9ditiste_du_Qu%C3%A9bec" title="Ralliement créditiste du Québec">Ralliement créditiste du Québec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Board" title="Social Credit Board">Social Credit Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Social_Credit_Party" title="Alberta Social Credit Party">Alberta Social Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada" title="Social Credit Party of Canada">Social Credit Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Credit Party of New Brunswick">Social Credit Party of New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Ontario" title="Social Credit Party of Ontario">Social Credit Party of Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Saskatchewan" title="Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan">Social Credit Party of Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightGreen;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_League_of_Rights" title="Australian League of Rights">Australian League of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Country Party (New Zealand)">Country Party (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labour_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)">Democratic Labour Party (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Credit_Party" title="Douglas Credit Party">Douglas Credit Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_(New_Zealand)" title="Social Credit Party (New Zealand)">Social Credit Party (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit-NZ" title="Social Credit-NZ">Social Credit-NZ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_Social_Credit_Party" title="Solomon Islands Social Credit Party">Solomon Islands Social Credit Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:LightGreen;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_People%27s_Party_(1939)" title="British People's Party (1939)">British People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Monetary_Reform_Association" title="Irish Monetary Reform Association">Irish Monetary Reform Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Great_Britain_and_Northern_Ireland" title="Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland">Social Credit Party of Great Britain and Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_(Ireland)" title="Social Credit Party (Ireland)">Social Credit Party of Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#196619; color:White;;width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Aberhart" title="William Aberhart">William Aberhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavern_Ahlstrom" title="Lavern Ahlstrom">Lavern Ahlstrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Beetham" title="Bruce Beetham">Bruce Beetham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._A._C._Bennett" title="W. A. C. Bennett">W. A. C. Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Horne_Blackmore" title="John Horne Blackmore">John Horne Blackmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Butler" title="Eric Butler">Eric Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9al_Caouette" title="Réal Caouette">Réal Caouette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Cracknell" title="Vernon Cracknell">Vernon Cracknell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._H._Douglas" title="C. H. Douglas">C. H. Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Even" title="Louis Even">Louis Even</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._N._Field" title="A. N. Field">A. N. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Gostick" title="Ron Gostick">Ron Gostick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hargrave" title="John Hargrave">John Hargrave</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Robert A. Heinlein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Jaques" title="Norman Jaques">Norman Jaques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Earl_Low" title="Solon Earl Low">Solon Earl Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Manning" title="Ernest Manning">Ernest Manning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roly_Marks" title="Roly Marks">Roly Marks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Morrison" title="Neil Morrison">Neil Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Overfield" title="Al Overfield">Al Overfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manasseh_Sogavare" title="Manasseh Sogavare">Manasseh Sogavare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Sweigard" title="Ken Sweigard">Ken Sweigard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Turmel" title="John Turmel">John Turmel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#196619; color:White;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1937_Social_Credit_backbenchers%27_revolt" title="1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt">1937 Social Credit backbenchers' revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosperity_certificate" title="Prosperity certificate">Prosperity certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Credit_Party_of_Canada_split,_1963" title="Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963">Social Credit Party of Canada split, 1963</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#196619; color:White;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Social_credit" title="Category:Social credit">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q123078#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000011977723X">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/12309757">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/37871/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhXbjQJYRqGQFvbVYXcfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118773704">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79067868">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119071495">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119071495">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00442926">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV049101">Italy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36188565">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990003337&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1719892">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/29510">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068759185">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90052809">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000013368&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000035532&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000138496">Chile</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=90400">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199612005">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810701426805606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007300332805171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000043647">Finland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515422306706">Catalonia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14121890">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01826301?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/1e412c6f-0430-45ad-8f41-a33459f3c1e6">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1226173">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118773704.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118773704">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026917777">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6pc3z2f">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&oldid=1259582699">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_A._Heinlein&oldid=1259582699</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Category:Robert A. 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