Alexis | Facts, Biography, & Accomplishments

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They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors.</div> </a> <div data-popper-arrow></div> </div> <span class="btn btn-link editor-link p-0 qa-byline-link gtm-byline font-12 byline-contributor text-decoration-underline"> The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica</span></div> <div class="last-updated font-12 font-serif"> <a class="byline-edit-history" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexis-tsar-of-Russia/additional-info#history" rel="nofollow">Article History</a> </div></div> </div> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button d-none d-sm-block js-sections-inline-button module-spacing btn d-lg-none"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <div class="d-flex d-sm-none flex-row"> <button class="d-flex d-lg-none btn btn-outline-blue border rounded-sm shadow-sm mobile-toc-button gtm-mobile-toc-inline-button js-sections-inline-button module-spacing"> <em class="material-icons mr-5 ml-n10 my-n5 md-icon" data-icon="toc"></em> Table of Contents </button> <button class="ai-ask-button btn border-2 ai-ask-button btn border-2 module-spacing btn-sm js-inline-ai-ask-button btn-outline-red-400 border-red-400 p-10 ml-5"> Ask the Chatbot a Question </button> </div> <div class="js-qf-module qf-module px-40 px-sm-20 py-15 mx-auto module-spacing font-14 bg-gray-50 rounded"> <div class="qf-title font-weight-bold font-14 mb-10 text-center"> Quick Facts</div> <div class="facts-list mt-10"> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Russian in full: </dt> <dd>Aleksey Mikhaylovich</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Born: </dt> <dd>March 9 [March 19, New Style], 1629, <a href="/place/Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/place/Russia">Russia</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Died: </dt> <dd>January 29 [February 8], 1676, <a href="/place/Moscow">Moscow</a> (aged 46)</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Also Known As: </dt> <dd>Aleksey Mikhaylovich</dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class=""> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Title / Office: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/tsar">tsar (1645-1676)</a>, <a href="/place/Russia">Russia</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="facts-item-none d-none"> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>House / Dynasty: </dt> <dd><a href="/topic/Romanov-dynasty">Romanov dynasty</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="facts-item-none d-none"> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Notable Family Members: </dt> <dd>spouse <a href="/biography/Mariya-Ilinichna-Miloslavskaya">Mariya Ilinichna Miloslavskaya</a></dd> <dd>spouse <a href="/biography/Natalya-Kirillovna-Naryshkina">Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina</a></dd> <dd>father <a href="/biography/Michael-tsar-of-Russia">Michael</a></dd> <dd>daughter <a href="/biography/Sophia-regent-of-Russia">Sophia</a></dd> <dd>son <a href="/biography/Ivan-V">Ivan V</a></dd> <dd>son <a href="/biography/Peter-the-Great">Peter I</a></dd> <dd>son <a href="/biography/Fyodor-III">Fyodor III</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> </div> <div class="facts-item-none d-none"> <div class="js-fact mb-10 line-clamp clamp-3"> <dl> <dt>Role In: </dt> <dd><a href="/event/Pereyaslav-Agreement">Pereyaslav Agreement</a></dd> </dl> <button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-gray-50" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"> <em class="js-content link-blue">(Show more)</em> </button> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-link p-0" href="/facts/Alexis-tsar-of-Russia"> See all related content </a> </div> </div> </div> <button class="facts-list-show-more-btn mt-15 p-0 mx-auto btn font-14 d-block font-weight-normal"> <span class="material-icons" data-icon="expand_more"></span> <span class="show-more-label">Show More</span> </button> </div><span class="marker before-article"></span><section data-level="1" id="ref1"><span class="marker PREMOD1 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph"><strong><span id="ref210349"></span>Alexis</strong> (born March 9 [March 19, New Style], 1629, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Moscow" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Moscow</a>, Russia—died January 29 [February 8], 1676, Moscow) was the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/tsar" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">tsar</a> of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Russia" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Russia</a> from 1645 to 1676.</p><span class="marker MOD1 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD2 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">The son of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Michael-tsar-of-Russia" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Michael</a>, the first Romanov monarch of Russia (reigned 1613–45), Alexis received a superficial education from his tutor <span id="ref210350"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Boris-Ivanovich-Morozov" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Boris Ivanovich Morozov</a> before acceding to the throne at the age of 16. Morozov, who was also Alexis’s brother-in-law, initially took charge of state affairs, but in 1648 a popular uprising in Moscow forced Alexis to exile Morozov.</p><span class="marker MOD2 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD3 mod-inline"></span><div class="assemblies"><div class="w-100"><figure class="md-assembly m-0 mb-md-0 card card-borderless print-false" data-assembly-id="3393" data-asm-type="image"><div class="md-assembly-wrapper card-media " data-type="image"><a href="https://cdn.britannica.com/48/3848-050-2473BB98/russia-expansion-1300-1796.jpg" class="gtm-assembly-link position-relative d-flex align-items-center justify-content-center media-overlay-link card-media" data-href="/media/1/14522/3393"><picture><source media="(min-width: 680px)" srcset="https://cdn.britannica.com/48/3848-050-2473BB98/russia-expansion-1300-1796.jpg"><img src="https://cdn.britannica.com/48/3848-050-2473BB98/russia-expansion-1300-1796.jpg?w=300" alt="Expansion of Russia, 1300–1796" data-width="2000" data-height="1636" loading="eager"></picture><button class="magnifying-glass btn btn-circle position-absolute shadow btn-white top-10 right-10" aria-label="Zoom in"><em class="material-icons link-blue" data-icon="zoom_in"></em></button></a></div><figcaption class="card-body"><div class="md-assembly-caption text-muted font-14 font-serif line-clamp"><span><a class="gtm-assembly-link md-assembly-title font-weight-bold d-inline font-sans-serif mr-5 media-overlay-link" href="https://cdn.britannica.com/48/3848-050-2473BB98/russia-expansion-1300-1796.jpg" data-href="/media/1/14522/3393">Expansion of Russia, 1300–1796</a><button class="js-more-btn d-none btn btn-unstyled font-12 bg-white js-content" aria-label="Toggle more/less fact data"><span class="link-blue">(more)</span></button></span></div></figcaption></figure></div></div><p class="topic-paragraph">Alexis bowed to the rebels’ demands and <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="convened" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/convened" data-type="MW">convened</a> a land assembly (<em>zemski sobor</em>), which in 1649 produced a new Russian code of laws (Sobornoye Ulozheniye), which legally defined <span id="ref210351"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/serfdom" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">serfdom</a>. Morozov’s place as the court favourite was taken first by Prince N.I. Odoyevsky and then by the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/patriarch-Eastern-Orthodoxy" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">patriarch</a> <span id="ref210352"></span><a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nikon" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Nikon</a>. Russia accepted <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/sovereignty" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">sovereignty</a> over the Dnieper Cossacks in January 1654 and, in the following May, entered into a drawn-out war with Poland. This also involved a conflict with <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Sweden" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Sweden</a> from 1656 to 1661. By the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/event/Truce-of-Andrusovo" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Treaty of Andrusovo</a> (January 1667), which ended the Polish war, Russia won possession of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Smolensk-Russia" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Smolensk</a>, <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Kyiv" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Kiev</a>, and the section of <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ukraine" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Ukraine</a> lying east of the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Dnieper-River" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Dnieper River</a>.</p><a class="link-module shadow-sm d-block qa-read-more-module" href="/place/Russia/Romanov-Muscovy#ref421738" data-link-module-iframe-link=""> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/42/3842-050-68EEE2C4/Flag-Russia.jpg" alt="Russia" class="rounded-sm mr-15" width="70" /> <div class="line-clamp clamp-5"> <div class="module-title bg-navy-dark">More From Britannica</div> <div class="font-weight-semi-bold mt-5">Russia: Alexis</div> </div> </a><span class="marker MOD3 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD4 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">A notable event of Alexis’s reign was the schism in the <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Russian-Orthodox-Church" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Russian Orthodox Church</a>. The tsar backed Nikon’s efforts to revise Russian liturgical books and certain rituals that during the preceding century had departed from their Greek models. Although before long he became estranged from Nikon, whose violent temper and <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="authoritarian" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/authoritarian" data-type="MW">authoritarian</a> inclinations had earned him many enemies, the revisions that Nikon initiated were retained, and the opponents of the reform were excommunicated. After the disgrace of Nikon, A.L. Ordyn-Nashchokin was the tsar’s principal adviser until A.S. Matveyev took his place in 1671.</p><span class="marker MOD4 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD5 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">During the reign of Alexis the peasants were tied to the land and to the landlord and were thus finally enserfed; the land assemblies were allowed to fall into gradual disuse; and the professional <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off mw" data-term="bureaucracy" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bureaucracy" data-type="MW">bureaucracy</a> and regular army grew in importance. Because of Alexis’s encouragement of trade with the West, foreign influences also began to crack the hitherto fairly solid wall separating Russia from its European neighbours. Dissatisfaction with his reign centred in the cities (which chafed under the economic competition of foreigners) and among the peasantry (which was deprived of the last vestiges of freedom). This social dissatisfaction expressed itself in frequent rebellions, the most savage of which was the peasant uprising on the eastern borderlands led by <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Stenka-Razin" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Stenka Razin</a> from 1667 to 1671.</p><span class="marker MOD5 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD6 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">Virtually all the sources agree that Alexis was a gentle, warmhearted, and popular ruler. His main fault was weakness; throughout most of his reign, matters of state were handled by favourites, some of whom were <a class="md-dictionary-link md-dictionary-tt-off eb" data-term="incompetent" href="https://www.britannica.com/dictionary/incompetent" data-type="EB">incompetent</a> or outright fools.</p><div class="one-good-fact-module"> </div><span class="marker MOD6 mod-inline"></span><span class="marker PREMOD7 mod-inline"></span><p class="topic-paragraph">He was married twice, first to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Mariya-Ilinichna-Miloslavskaya" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Mariya Ilinichna Miloslavskaya</a> (with whom he had two sons, the future tsars <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fyodor-III" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Fyodor III</a> and <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ivan-V" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Ivan V</a>, as well as several daughters), then to <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Natalya-Kirillovna-Naryshkina" class="md-crosslink autoxref " data-show-preview="true">Natalya Kirillovna Naryshkina</a>, whose son became <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-the-Great" class="md-crosslink " data-show-preview="true">Peter I the Great</a>.</p><div class="module-spacing"> <DIV class="marketing-INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION marketing-content" data-marketing-id="INLINE_SUBSCRIPTION"><style> .student-promo-banner-wrapper { container-type: inline-size; 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