Emperors & Empresses Portal

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applied loosely to certain non-European monarchs.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <h2 class="label my-30">Emperors & Empresses Encyclopedia Articles</h2> <div class="grid top g-10 mb-40"> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Emperors/1">ABA-DIN</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Emperors/2">DIO-JUL</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Emperors/3">JUS-PHI</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Emperors/4">PHO-ZEN</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-33 col-sm-20 col-md-16 col-lg-10"> <div class="border shadow p-10 text-center "> <a class="font-weight-bold font-14 " href="/browse/Emperors/5">ZHA-ʿĀL</a> </div> </div> </div> <h2 class="label my-30 text-center">Featured Articles</h2> <div class="js-pinboard grid gy-20"> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/94/115194-050-DAC0074C/Emperor-Napoleon-in-His-Study-canvas-Tuileries-1812.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Jacques-Louis David: The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-I" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Napoleon I</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Napoleon I was a French general, first consul (1799–1804), and emperor of the French (1804–1814/15), one of the most celebrated personages in the history of the West. He revolutionized military organization... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlemagne" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/50/209350-050-1CF0398A/oil-Charlemagne-limewood-collection-Albrecht-Durer-Nurnberg.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="portrait of Charlemagne by Albrecht Dürer" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charlemagne" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Charlemagne</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Charlemagne was the king of the Franks (768–814), king of the Lombards (774–814), and first emperor (800–814) of the Romans and of what was later called the Holy Roman Empire. Around the time of the birth... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Justinian-I" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/56/19156-050-4BEE027D/Justinian-I-detail-Church-mosaic-Ravenna-Italy.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Justinian I" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Justinian-I" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Justinian I</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Justinian I was a Byzantine emperor (527–565), noted for his administrative reorganization of the imperial government and for his sponsorship of a codification of laws known as the Code of Justinian (Codex... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tiberius" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/17/146717-050-C13282C0/Marble-bust-Tiberius.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Tiberius" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Tiberius" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Tiberius</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Tiberius was the second Roman emperor (14–37 ce), the adopted son of Augustus, whose imperial institutions and imperial boundaries he sought to preserve. In his last years he became a tyrannical recluse,... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-V-Holy-Roman-emperor" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/15/181215-050-228321E4/Charles-V-hunting-dog-wood-oil-Jakob.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Charles V" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Charles-V-Holy-Roman-emperor" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Charles V</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Charles V was the Holy Roman emperor (1519–56), king of Spain (as Charles I; 1516–56), and archduke of Austria (as Charles I; 1519–21), who inherited a Spanish and Habsburg empire extending across Europe... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/emperor-title" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/46/91346-050-6B750522/Statue-Augustus-Roman.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="statue of the Roman emperor Augustus" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/emperor-title" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">emperor</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Emperor, title designating the sovereign of an empire, conferred originally on rulers of the ancient Roman Empire and on various later European rulers, though the term is also applied descriptively to... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/tsar" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/40/23840-050-B02E032E/Alexis-detail-artist-portrait-State-Historical-Museum-1670.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Alexis" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/tsar" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">tsar</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Tsar, title associated primarily with rulers of Russia. The term tsar, a form of the ancient Roman imperial title caesar, generated a series of derivatives in Russian: tsaritsa, a tsar’s wife, or tsarina;... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Constantine-I-Roman-emperor" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/47/135347-050-892BBD54/Portrait-head-marble-Constantine-I-Roman-New-370-ce.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Constantine I" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Constantine-I-Roman-emperor" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Constantine I</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Constantine I was the first Roman emperor to profess Christianity. He not only initiated the evolution of the empire into a Christian state but also provided the impulse for a distinctively Christian culture... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-II-Holy-Roman-emperor" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/83/212583-050-F965AFC6/Frederick-II-13th-century-Holy-Roman-Emperor-Museo-Provinciale-Campano-Capua-Italy.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Frederick II" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Frederick-II-Holy-Roman-emperor" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Frederick II</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Frederick II was the king of Sicily (1197–1250), duke of Swabia (as Frederick VI, 1228–35), German king (1212–50), and Holy Roman emperor (1220–50). A Hohenstaufen and grandson of Frederick I Barbarossa,... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-I-tsar-of-Russia" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/27/9827-004-0ED37668/detail-Nicholas-I-watercolour-collection-Merriweather-Post-1840.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Nicholas I" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicholas-I-tsar-of-Russia" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Nicholas I</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Nicholas I was a Russian emperor (1825–55), often considered the personification of classic autocracy. For his reactionary policies, he has been called the emperor who froze Russia for 30 years. Nicholas... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-III-emperor-of-France" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/29/251729-050-D3FB6821/Napoleon-III-detail-portrait-Hippolyte-Flandrin.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Napoleon III" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Napoleon-III-emperor-of-France" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Napoleon III</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Napoleon III was the nephew of Napoleon I, president of the Second Republic of France (1850–52), and then emperor of the French (1852–70). He gave his country two decades of prosperity under a stable,... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hadrian" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/69/109769-050-0A7E1428/statue-emperor-excavation-Hadrian-Roman-Turkey-Sagalassos.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Hadrian" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hadrian" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Hadrian</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Hadrian was a Roman emperor (117–138 ce), the emperor Trajan’s cousin and successor, who was a cultivated admirer of Greek civilization and who unified and consolidated Rome’s vast empire. He was the third... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Victoria-queen-of-United-Kingdom" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/64/188264-050-ED80E5D4/Victoria-1890.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Victoria" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Victoria-queen-of-United-Kingdom" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Victoria</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Victoria was the queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901) and empress of India (1876–1901). She was the last of the house of Hanover and gave her name to an era, the Victorian... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kublai-Khan" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/64/10364-050-91C5F8CE/Kublai-Khan-Taipei-National-Palace-Museum.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Kublai Khan" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kublai-Khan" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Kublai Khan</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Kublai Khan was a Mongolian general and statesman, who was the grandson and greatest successor of Genghis Khan. As the fifth emperor (reigned 1260–94) of the Yuan, or Mongol, dynasty (1206–1368), he completed... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kangxi" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/images/shared/default3.png?v=3.130.14" class="default col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Kangxi" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Kangxi</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Kangxi was the second emperor (reigned 1661–1722) of the Qing (Manchu) dynasty (1644–1911/12). To the Chinese empire he added areas north of the Amur River (Heilong Jiang) and portions of Outer Mongolia,... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yongle" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/26/26926-050-E1865C17/emperor-Yongle-portrait-National-Palace-Museum.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="The Yongle emperor, detail of a portrait; in the National Palace Museum, Taipei." class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Yongle" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Yongle</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Yongle was the reign name (nianhao) of the third emperor (1402–24) of China’s Ming dynasty (1368–1644), which he raised to its greatest power. He moved the capital from Nanjing to Beijing, which was rebuilt... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Joseph" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/42/11742-050-D73579F2/Franz-Joseph-1908.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Franz Joseph" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Franz-Joseph" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Franz Joseph</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Franz Joseph was the emperor of Austria (1848–1916) and king of Hungary (1867–1916), who divided his empire into the Dual Monarchy, in which Austria and Hungary coexisted as equal partners. In 1879 he... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Augustus-Roman-emperor" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/85/136385-050-E4EC513C/Portrait-emperor-marble-ce-Augustus-Roman-Metropolitan.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Augustus" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Augustus-Roman-emperor" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Augustus</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Augustus was the first Roman emperor, following the republic, which had been finally destroyed by the dictatorship of Julius Caesar, his great-uncle and adoptive father. His autocratic regime is known... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-the-Great" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/94/82594-050-F9B60F21/Peter-I.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Peter I" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Peter-the-Great" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Peter I</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Peter I was the tsar of Russia who reigned jointly with his half-brother Ivan V (1682–96) and alone thereafter (1696–1725) and who in 1721 was proclaimed emperor (imperator). He was one of his country’s... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/False-Dmitry" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/mendel-resources/3-130/images/shared/default3.png?v=3.130.14" class="default col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/False-Dmitry" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">False Dmitry</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> False Dmitry, any of three different pretenders to the Muscovite throne who, during the Time of Troubles (1598–1613), claimed to be Dmitry Ivanovich, the son of Tsar Ivan IV the Terrible (reigned 1533–84)... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="p-10 d-inline-flex js-pin col-100 col-sm-33 col-md-25 "> <div class="card text-normal col-100 "> <div class="card-media position-relative"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-I-emperor-of-Russia" style="--aspect-ratio: 16/9"> <img loading="lazy" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/37/13537-004-B01CFDC2/Alexander-I-collection-Merriweather-Post-Jean-Baptiste-Isabey-1814.jpg?w=400&h=225&c=crop" alt="Alexander I" class="col-100" /> </a> </div> <div class="col"> <div class="card-body text-hyphenate"> <a href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alexander-I-emperor-of-Russia" class="font-weight-bold font-16 lh-sm">Alexander I</a> <div class="font-serif mt-10 font-14"> Alexander I was the emperor of Russia (1801–25), who alternately fought and befriended Napoleon I during the Napoleonic Wars but who ultimately (1813–15) helped form the coalition that defeated the emperor... </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="adm my-30"></div> <DIV class="marketing-CATEGORY_PAGE_SUBSCRIPTION marketing-content" data-marketing-id="CATEGORY_PAGE_SUBSCRIPTION"><style> .student-promo-banner-wrapper { container-type: inline-size; margin-bottom: 15px; } @container (min-width: 475px) { .student-promo-banner { flex-direction: row; } .student-promo-banner-img-wrapper { margin-bottom: 0; margin-right: 10px; justify-content: flex-start; } .student-promo-banner-text-wrapper { text-align: left; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px; } .student-promo-banner-button-wrapper { margin-right: 0; } }</style> <div class="student-promo-banner-wrapper"> <div class="student-promo-banner d-flex flex-column align-items-center bg-blue rounded p-20"> <div class="student-promo-banner-img-wrapper mb-20 mr-0 d-flex justify-content-center"> <img class="rounded" style="max-width: 100px; min-width: 80px" src="https://cdn.britannica.com/marketing/BlueThistle.webp" /> </div> <div class="student-promo-banner-text-wrapper ml-0 mb-10 text-center text-white"> <div class="h2 mb-10">Britannica Premium</div> <div class="h4 font-weight-semi-bold">Did you know you're not getting the full Britannica experience? 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