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class="hfeed site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" role="banner" class="site-header header-background-image" style="background-image: url(https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/header_blog.jpg)"> <div class="site-branding"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/" rel="home">Omniglot Blog</a></h1> <h2 class="site-description">Adventures in the world of words and language</h2> </div> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation"> <button id="menu-button" class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false">Primary Menu</button> <div id="primary-menu" class="menu"><ul> <li class="page_item page-item-16"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?page_id=16">About</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-8991"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?page_id=8991">Contact</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1391"><a 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category-portuguese category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-italic category-proto-west-germanic category-spanish category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-chubascos tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-pluvious tag-rain tag-showers tag-spanish tag-squalls tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958" rel="bookmark">Squally Showers</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-03-26T15:52:09+00:00">26 March 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>One of the words that came up in my Spanish lessons recently was <strong>chubascos</strong>, which it translated as (rain) <strong>showers</strong>. I wondered where it comes from, and thought I’d investigate.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ricardo_sanchez_berbegal/9361887718/in/photolist-fgh84d-FpzUKX-tmuDAh-basP5r-PKa7FC-2cEMe2y-2HNpvW-oH6HAF-CLodvg-2HNpw5-2i1DJ5R-2HJc7F-FHSBai-25o7jkP-2HNpwu-2HNpwE-2HJc7a-2HNpwo-2HJc7r-FHSyS2-UwhhGG-2i1DDsu-Ubxm2q-2i1G5gS-Tu7tsG" title="Chubasco."><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2822/9361887718_3e2a7bae05_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Chubasco."/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>In Spanish, <strong>chubasco</strong> [tʃuˈβ̞as.ko] means downpour, squall, heavy shower, setback or a rain shower, particularly one associated with heavy wind. In nautical usage, it refers to a dark cloud which suddenly appears in the horizon, potentially foretelling rough sailing conditions [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chubasco#Spanish">source</a>]. </p> <p>Related expressions include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>chubascos dispersos</strong> = scattered showers</li> <li><strong>chubasquero</strong> = a waterproof raincoat</li> <li><strong>aguantar el chubasco</strong> = to weather the storm</li> </ul> <p><strong>Chubasco</strong> comes from Portuguese <strong>chuvasco</strong> (downpour, shower), or from Galician <strong>chuvasco</strong> (downpour, shower), which both come from Old Galician-Portuguese <em>chuvia</em> (rain), from Latin <em>pluvia</em> (rain, a shower), from <em>pluit</em> (to rain, be raining), from Proto-Italic <em>*plowō</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*plew-</em> (to flow, float, wash) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chuvasco#Portuguese">source</a>].</p> <p>The word <strong>chubasco</strong> [tʃuːˈbɑːskəʊ] also exists in English and refers to a violent squall with thunder and lightning, encountered during the rainy season along the Pacific coast of Central America and South America. It was borrowed from Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chubasco#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>chuva</strong> (rain) in Portuguese, <strong>choiva</strong> (rain) in Galician, <strong>lluvia</strong> (rain, rainfall, stream, barrage, shower, spray) in Spanish, and <strong>pioggia</strong> (rain, shower) in Italian <strong>pluie</strong> (rain) in French, and <strong>pluvious</strong> (involving or related to rain, rainy) in English [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pluvia#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>By the way, someone who loves rain, and/or finds joy and peace of mind during rainy days, or an organism that thrives in a rainy environment is a <strong>pluviophile</strong> and is <strong>pluviophilious</strong>, and another name for a rain gauge is a <strong>pluvioscope</strong> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pluvio-#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Other rain-related words in Spanish include: </p> <ul> <li><strong>llover</strong> = to rain</li> <li><strong>llovedizo</strong> = rain, leaky</li> <li><strong>llovizna</strong> = drizzle</li> <li><strong>lloviznar</strong> = to drizzle, mizzle</li> <li><strong>lluvioso</strong> = rainy</li> <li><strong>pluvioso</strong> = rainy, pluvious</li> <li><strong>pluvial</strong> = rain, pluvial (of, pertaining to, or produced by rain)</li> </ul> <p>Incidentally, the English word <strong>rain</strong> comes from Middle English <em>reyn</em> (rain, shower), from Old English <em>reġn</em> (rain), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*regn</em> (rain), from Proto-Germanic <em>*regną</em> (rain), possibly from pre-Germanic <em>*Hréǵ-no-</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*Hreǵ-</em> (to flow). It’s cognate with <strong>Regen</strong> (rain) in German, <strong>regn</strong> (rain) in Danish, Faroese, Icelandic, Norwegian and Swedish, <strong>rõki</strong> (drizzling rain) in Lithuanian, and <strong>regar</strong> (irrigate, water, scatter, hose, ruin) in Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/rain#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958" data-a2a-title="Squally Showers"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" 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rel="category">Faroese (Føroyskt)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=113" rel="category">Galician (Galego)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=124" rel="category">Icelandic (Íslenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=170" rel="category">Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=31" rel="category">Norwegian (norsk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=41" rel="category">Portuguese (português)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=46" rel="category">Proto-Italic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=chubascos" rel="tag">chubascos</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=pluvious" rel="tag">pluvious</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=rain" rel="tag">rain</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=showers" rel="tag">showers</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=spanish" rel="tag">spanish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=squalls" rel="tag">squalls</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23952" class="post-23952 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-english category-etymology category-german category-language category-spanish category-words-and-phrases tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-limpiaparabrisas tag-omniglot tag-spanish tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23952" rel="bookmark">Breeze-Stoppers</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23952" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-03-19T18:04:20+00:00">19 March 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>One of the words that came up in my Spanish lessons today was <strong>limpiaparabrisas</strong>, which means <strong>windscreen / windshield wiper</strong>, and struck me as a relatively rare multi-word compound in Spanish.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/hernanpc/7129642215/in/photolist-bS2heM-2FRtNM-dqPMLb-NXsDxa-e3vj8B-GAh87" title="Wiper"><img decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/7071/7129642215_a700f7f728_z.jpg" width="640" height="360" alt="Wiper"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>Unlike the Germanic languages*, Spanish doesn’t seem to have a lot of words like <strong>limpiaparabrisas</strong> made up of several words joined together, at least that’s my impression. It’s made up of <strong>limpia</strong>, from <strong>limpiar</strong> (to clean, wash, wipe), and <strong>parabrisas</strong> (windscreen, windshield), which is made up of <strong>para</strong>, from <strong>parar</strong> (to stop), and <strong>brisas</strong> (breezes) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/limpiaparabrisas">source</a>]. A related word is <strong>lavaparabrisas</strong> (screen wash, windshield washing fluid) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lavaparabrisas#Spanish">source</a>]. </p> <p>*For example, in German there are words such as: <strong>Grundstücksverkehrsgenehmigungszuständigkeitsübertragungsverordnung</strong> (Regulation on the delegation of authority concerning land conveyance permissions), and <strong>Rindfleischetikettierungsüberwachungsaufgabenübertragungsgesetz</strong> (Beef labeling supervision duties delegation law), which are of course used in everyday conversation. If not, they should be [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mesa#Spanish">source</a>].</p> <p>Spanish does have plenty of words made up of a stem plus prefixes and/or suffixes, or compounds of two words. For example, the word <strong>mesa</strong> means table, desk, bureau or committee. Related words with affixes include <strong>mesero</strong> (waiter), <strong>mesilla</strong> (bedside table, stall), and <strong>mesita</strong> (small table). Related compound words include <strong>sobremesa</strong> (tablecloth, desktop) and <strong>tornamesa</strong> (turntable, record player) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/mesa#Spanish">source</a>].</p> <p>Other two-word compounds in Spanish include <strong>abrebotellas</strong> (bottle opener), <strong>cortarcésped</strong> (lawn mower), <strong>cortafuego</strong> (firewall), <strong>lavaplatos</strong> (dishwasher), <strong>portaaviones</strong> (aircraft carrier), <strong>quitamanchas</strong> (stain remover), <strong>sacacorchos</strong> (corkscrew) and <strong>salvavidas</strong> (life jacket) [<a href="https://www.spanishmarks.com/blog/compound-words-spanish/">source</a>].</p> <p>In fact, <strong>limpiaparabrisas</strong> and <strong>lavaparabrisas</strong> are really two-word compounds, but look like three-words compounds. So, maybe they’re not that unusual.</p> <p>Do you know of any interesting multi-word compounds in Spanish or other languages?</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23952" data-a2a-title="Breeze-Stoppers"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23952&linkname=Breeze-Stoppers" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23952&linkname=Breeze-Stoppers" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23952&linkname=Breeze-Stoppers" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=limpiaparabrisas" rel="tag">limpiaparabrisas</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=spanish" rel="tag">spanish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23952#comments">3 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23936" class="post-23936 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-albanian-shqip category-danish category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-finnish category-french category-german category-italian category-language category-latvian category-middle-english category-music category-old-english-aenglisc category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-string tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936" rel="bookmark">Strong Strings</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-12T16:14:54+00:00">12 March 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-12T16:33:59+00:00">12 March 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Are the words <strong>string</strong>, <strong>strong</strong>, <strong>strength</strong>, <strong>strait</strong>, <strong>stretch</strong> and <strong>strict</strong> related? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/mary_hutchison/20540114536/in/photolist-xi4srN-26oukar-7QGk5w-2iTBcEA-2eDyN4F-2jWXGFE-4mEURz-2cADeqZ-hmtVq-4T2MMV-7b324-8gu4X3-2gdJYNY-82V5bp-269s5Uu-86Maky-27BnpbM-24vMtus-oXWafa-4HPLfA-2pnLkLE-7QGkyQ-ST4YAb-dTKj5A-685anQ-63natN-2qxFPGx-bjQBqE-4BQwUP-9F15PA-zoFHNe-dLq9We-7WyZeo-sqifkY-2qxe3Ez-5Armjr-dV8feg-iihzE-7eY7ma-G9y8HN-8md4bx-3TifTk-7UYdrL-73bjX2-q4L4aa-3TidxK-pMyEHa-dLq5ec-5AZXz3-dRTqhm" title="Ball of string"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/5784/20540114536_cc1beb8824_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Ball of string"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>String</strong> comes from Middle English <em>streng</em> (rope, cord, line, thread, string, ribbon, muscle, tendon, ligament, filament), from Old English <em>strenġ</em> (string, rope, cord), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*strangi</em> (string), from Proto-Germanic <em>*strangiz</em> (string), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*strengʰ-</em> (to twist; rope, cord), possibly from <em>*sterh₃-</em> (to spread, extend, stretch out) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/string#English">source</a>]. </p> <p>English words from the same roots include <strong>constrict</strong>, <strong>constrain</strong>, <strong>restrict</strong>, <strong>strong</strong>, <strong>strength</strong>, <strong>strain</strong>, <strong>strait</strong>, <strong>stress</strong>, <strong>strict</strong>, <strong>stricture</strong> and <strong>stringent</strong>. </p> <p>Words from the same roots in other languages include <strong>stringere</strong> (to clasp, grasp, squeeze) in Italian, <strong>étreindre</strong> (to hug, clutch, grip) in French, <strong>streng</strong> (strict, severe, rigorous, unbending, cruel) in Dutch, <strong>sträng</strong> (strict, stern, severe) in Swedish, <strong>strangs</strong> (brave, brisk, fresh) in Latvian, <strong>rankka</strong> (burdensome, hard, intense, harsh, tough) in Finnish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/streng%CA%B0-">source</a>].</p> <p>So, the odd one out in the list above is <strong>stretch</strong>, which comes from Middle English <em>strecchen</em> (to stretch out, spread, extend), from Old English <em>streċċan</em> (to stretch, extend, spread out, prostrate), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*strakkjan</em> (to stretch, make straight), from <em>*strak</em> (stretched, straight), from Proto-Germanic <em>*strakaz</em> (stretched, straight) from Proto-Indo-European <em>*(s)treg-</em> (stiff, rigid).</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>stark</strong> in English, <strong>stark</strong> (strong) in German, <strong>strak</strong> (taut, tight) in Dutch, <strong>strække</strong> (to stretch) in Danish, and <strong>shtriqem</strong> (to stretch) in Albanian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stretch#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Here’s a tune from the music session I went to last night called <em>The Bishop of Bangor’s Jig</em>. It’s played on string instruments (fiddle, guitar and banjo), so is sort connected to the theme of this post.</p>  <audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-23936-1" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/BishopofBangorsJig.mp3?_=1" /><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/BishopofBangorsJig.mp3">http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/BishopofBangorsJig.mp3</a></audio> <p>You can find the dots: <a href="https://www.folktunefinder.com/tunes/94828">https://www.folktunefinder.com/tunes/94828</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936" data-a2a-title="Strong Strings"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23936&linkname=Strong%20Strings" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23936&linkname=Strong%20Strings" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23936&linkname=Strong%20Strings" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=183" rel="category">Albanian (shqip)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=100" rel="category">Danish (dansk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=109" rel="category">Finnish (suomi)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=16" rel="category">Latvian (latviešu valoda)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=29" rel="category">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=string" rel="tag">string</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23936#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23930" class="post-23930 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-german category-icelandic category-italian category-language category-latin category-middle-english category-old-english-aenglisc category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-swedish category-welsh tag-ascend tag-clamber tag-climb tag-descend tag-english tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930" rel="bookmark">Go Climb a Tree</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-03-05T16:18:49+00:00">5 March 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-03-05T16:18:50+00:00">5 March 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Was the <strong>b</strong> in <strong>climb</strong> ever pronounced? Or was it added by interfering busybodies to make it more like a Latin root? Is it related to <strong>clamber</strong>? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/blacktigersdream/31648592943/in/photolist-QdFj4z-2n1g33R-2mPKX8b-2cLZHgn-2hEirpq-2kXPj7R-FF8tmo-2pQ2GWu-2pEPdQJ-Hp52K6-TqBLoL-2mKPMkJ-NygmKy-24tyoig-4Szqze-Lktj4b-uND2yA-2kRCHXd-2mgZj1z-FG7e29-2ocYFjW-2kuwtY8-CjnFML-5Dw5bZ-2n2ebNF-7uTLs3-F3vADm-FUqNrj-2jjXAtv-X91png-sXiXr-2i67fft-Gvy7wW-2nymLGX-2nDV5pB-2p7HYSE-GGWt9d-6odcT-7VQMWc-2qChDJ6-2i66dAH-2pkppDT-2ou8xHy-F3vADG-2omMX5s-QTpaBh-Mgock4-2i63PCz-2nKr7RX-2kP6mr4" title="Climbing wildcat"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/280/31648592943_0753128e25_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Climbing wildcat"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Climb</strong> comes from Middle English <em>climben</em> [ˈkliːmbən] (to scale, scale, soar, extend, reach), from Old English <em>climban</em> [ˈklim.bɑn] (to climb), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*klimban</em> (to climb), from Proto-Germanic <em>*klimbaną</em> [ˈklim.bɑ.nɑ̃] (to climb), possibly from <em>*klibaną/*klibāną</em> (to stick, cleave), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*gleybʰ-</em> (to stick, cling to) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/climb#English">source</a>]. </p> <p>So the <strong>b</strong> was pronounced in Middle and Old English, and maybe it became silent when the word lost its <em>en</em> ending. </p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>climbing</strong>, <strong>cleave</strong>, <strong>cliff</strong> and maybe <strong>clamber</strong> in English, <strong>klimmen</strong> (to climb) and <strong>kleven</strong> (to stick, glue, be sticky) in Dutch, <strong>kleben</strong> (to glue, stick) in German, and <strong>klífa</strong> (to climb) in Icelandic [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/gleyb%CA%B0-">source</a>].</p> <p>A word for <strong>to climb</strong> in Latin was <em>scandere / scandō</em>, which also means to ascend, mount or clamber. It comes from Proto-Indo-European <em>*skend-</em> (to jump, dart, scale, scan). Words from the same roots include <strong>ascend</strong>, <strong>descend</strong>, <strong>transcend</strong>, <strong>scale</strong>, <strong>scan</strong>, and possibly <strong>scandal</strong> and <strong>slander</strong> in English, <strong>ascendere</strong> (to go up, ascend, rise) in Italian, <strong>skandera</strong> (to chant) in Swedish, and <strong>esgyn</strong> (to ascend) in Welsh [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scando#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>One of the tunes that was played at the music session I went to last night is called <em>If you do not love me, go climb a tree</em> (it may have other names) and goes something like this:</p> <audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-23930-2" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/Ifyoudonotlovemegoclimbatree.mp3?_=2" /><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/Ifyoudonotlovemegoclimbatree.mp3">http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/Ifyoudonotlovemegoclimbatree.mp3</a></audio> <p>It inspired me to write this post. If you recognise the tune and know it by another name, do let me know.</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930" data-a2a-title="Go Climb a Tree"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23930&linkname=Go%20Climb%20a%20Tree" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23930&linkname=Go%20Climb%20a%20Tree" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23930&linkname=Go%20Climb%20a%20Tree" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=124" rel="category">Icelandic (Íslenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=ascend" rel="tag">ascend</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=clamber" rel="tag">clamber</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=climb" rel="tag">climb</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=descend" rel="tag">descend</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23930#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23896" class="post-23896 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-belarusian category-bulgarian category-danish category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-flemish-vlaams category-german category-language category-middle-high-german category-norwegian category-old-high-german category-old-norse category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-russian category-swedish category-ukrainian tag-dogfish tag-etymology tag-haye tag-language tag-omniglot tag-shark tag-skurk tag-villain tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" rel="bookmark">Villainous Sharks</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-02-13T17:07:50+00:00">13 February 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-02-13T17:07:51+00:00">13 February 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>In one of the Danish lessons I did recently, I learnt the word <strong>skurk</strong>, which means villain or baddie, and wondered where it comes from and what other words it’s related to. Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/macorig/86036205/in/photolist-8AXyR-49Lp23-FXJoL-dbFMyi-49Gjqt-49Lp39-kgDby-49LoWj-bBvqsu-5bqdjj-49LoTb-49Lp4u-s77bPG-49Lp8G-7Y1jpJ-49GjB8-8AXyN-4V7JdV-jsEYG-2LTWEG-uAAvu-4UUnb1-CnoYi-5wUv1-7rjea7-4VE1N3-4mDHEK-jsF6P-72fZGF-2gTkmoE-qkvwt-hCLcP-a6iNJ1-cfcR4-o5dfo8-jdc6o-dX6vFy-31XjJa-31XiSc-322UAq-2izjP2T-322UhG-iaxiWc-Wcb8k-5nY4Sk-orGNVX-zvYr7U-HLKBQ-7zGQEu-6pYqRb" title="shark"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/38/86036205_4cff81aed3_z.jpg" width="640" height="440" alt="shark"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>According to <a href="https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=skurk">Den Danske Ordbog</a>, a <strong>skurk</strong> [ˈsguɐ̯g] is a person who behaves in an unattractive, dishonest, or malicious manner, or a fictional character in a piece of fiction with the role of the hero’s evil counterpart and enemy or a person or thing that is or is made responsible for trouble or misfortune. In other words, a villain, baddie, wretch, cuplrit, reprobate or rogue [<a href="https://en.bab.la/dictionary/danish-english/skurk">source</a>].</p> <p>It comes from Low German <strong>schurke</strong> (villian, scoundrel), from Middle High German <em>schurgen</em> (to shove, push, egg on), possibly from Old High German <em>scuren</em> (to stir, stoke up), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*skeran</em> (to shear, cut), from Proto-Germanic <em>*skeraną</em> (to shear), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*(s)ker-</em> (to cut) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skurk#Danish">source</a>]. </p> <p>Related words in Danish include <strong>skurkagtig</strong> (villainous), <strong>skurkeagtig</strong> (miscreant) and <strong>superskurk</strong> (super villain).</p> <p>Related words in other languages include <strong>Schurke</strong> (villain, scoundrel) in German, <strong>skurk</strong> (crook, bad guy, rogue, villain) in Swedish, and <strong>skurk</strong> (crook) in Norwegian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schurke#German_Low_German">source</a>].</p> <p>The English <strong>shark</strong>, as in someone who exploits others by trickery, lies, extortion, etc, also comes from the same roots, as might <strong>shark</strong>, as in a scaleless, predatory fish of the superorder <em>Selachimorpha</em> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shark#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Another English word that possibly comes from the same roots is <strong>shirk</strong>, as in to avoid responsibility, duty, obligations, etc [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shirk#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, before the word <strong>shark</strong> arrived in English, such fish were known as <strong>dogfish</strong> or <strong>hayes</strong>, which comes from Dutch <strong>haai</strong> (shark, a ruthless or greedy person) or from West Flemish <strong>haaie</strong> (shark), from Old Norse <em>hái</em>, an abbreviation of <em>hákarl</em> (shark), from <em>hár</em> (shark) and <em>karl</em> (a man). Related words include <strong>Hai</strong> (shark) in German, <strong>haj</strong> (shark) in Swedish and Danish, and <strong>акула</strong> (akula – shark) in Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shirk#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" data-a2a-title="Villainous Sharks"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23896&linkname=Villainous%20Sharks" 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=171" rel="category">Flemish (Vlaams)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=177" rel="category">Middle High German</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=31" rel="category">Norwegian (norsk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=178" rel="category">Old High German</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=36" rel="category">Old Norse (Dǫnsk tunga)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=52" rel="category">Russian (Русский)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75" rel="category">Ukrainian (Українська)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=dogfish" rel="tag">dogfish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=haye" rel="tag">haye</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=shark" rel="tag">shark</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=skurk" rel="tag">skurk</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=villain" rel="tag">villain</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23882" class="post-23882 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ancient-greek- category-english category-etymology category-french category-german category-greek category-italian category-language category-latin category-polish category-proto-celtic category-spanish category-words-and-phrases tag-english tag-etymology tag-hydraulic tag-idraulico tag-italian tag-language tag-omniglot tag-plumber tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23882" rel="bookmark">Hydraulic Plumbers</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23882" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-01-30T17:08:09+00:00">30 January 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>A lot of the words in Italian are similar to words in Spanish, French or other Romance languages I know, but quite often I come across a word that doesn’t seem familiar at all. For example, <strong>idraulico</strong> (plumber) – a bit different from <strong>plombier</strong> in French, <strong>plomero</strong> in Spanish.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/165290475@N05/29764490768/in/photolist-QjNNQX-MmbN8j-BQhB5Y-cc2eph-4Hwd21-2oirUdg-h1F4wu-2pZDUmK-9phXPZ-DTN1ZP-28xogqb-6z8mHo-4Sfxbi-XV5hvT-262j3NE-dug8hp-DskAby-9eja1G-XjWMYE-dumJrb-8FPnBT-WEW6QW-ZHyfBy-7dSUy-9UTPdo-YxCvQA-2fQ9MLG-hjX93m-EWWWUG-2oVUL5B-BQeyob-4qpF69-djwAWJ-2eSLmdm-2aqFcgw-dumGrQ-YWgyVD-djwDaj-XZiEhr-XB1wEC-9UQBXB-c8HQwS-59NLyi-kNbttT-BQfrX3-GdcmAy-26YRSCF-73hhfU-66YN8h-djwDin" title="Idraulico Livorno"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/936/29764490768_fcffc1fc1e_z.jpg" width="640" height="425" alt="Idraulico Livorno"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Idraulico</strong> [iˈdraw.li.ko] means plumber, plumbing or hydraulic in Italian. It comes from Latin <em>hydraulicus</em>, from Ancient Greek <em>ὑδραυλικός</em> (hudraulikós – of a water organ), from <em>ὕδραυλις</em> (húdraulis – water organ), from <em>ὕδωρ</em> (húdōr – water) and‎ <em>αὐλός</em> (aulós – pipe) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/idraulico">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>hydraulic</strong>, <strong>hydrate</strong> and <strong>hydrofoil</strong> in English, <strong>hydraulique</strong> (hydraulic) in French, and <strong>υδραυλικός</strong> (ydravlikós – plumber, hydraulic engineer, hydraulic) in Greek, <strong>hydraulik</strong> (plumber) in Polish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BD%91%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek">source</a>].</p> <p>The French word <strong>plombier</strong> (plumber, plumbing), the Spanish word <strong>plomero</strong> (plumber, plumbing), and the English words <strong>plumber</strong> and <strong>plumbing</strong>, all come from Latin <em>plumbārius</em> (plumber, of or pertaining to lead), from <em>plumbum</em> (lead [metal], pipe of lead), possibly from Ancient Greek <em>μόλυβδος</em> (mólubdos – lead), or from Proto-Celtic <em>*ɸloudom</em> (lead) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plumbarius#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words from the same roots include <strong>piombo</strong> (lead, grey, bullet), <strong>piombino</strong> ([lead] seal, sinker [weight], plummet) in Italian, <strong>plomb</strong> (lead [metal], fuse, sinker [fishing weight]) in French, <strong>Plombe</strong> (seal, lead seal [dental] filling) in German, and <strong>plwm</strong> (lead, leaden) in Welsh [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plumbum#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>The Spanish word <strong>plomero</strong> is used for plumber in Argentina, Bolivia, Colombia, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Guatemala, Panama, Paraguay, Puerto Rico, Venezuela and Uruguay. Other Spanish words for <strong>plumber</strong> include: <strong>fontanero</strong> in Spain, Mexico, Colombia, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua, <strong>gásfiter</strong> in Chile, <strong>gasfitero</strong> in Ecuador and Peru, and <strong>tubero</strong> in the Philippines [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plumber">source</a>].</p> <p>Are there interesting words for <strong>plumber</strong> in other languages?</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23882" data-a2a-title="Hydraulic Plumbers"><a 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=118" rel="category">Greek (ελληνικά)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=39" rel="category">Polish (polski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=43" rel="category">Proto-Celtic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=hydraulic" rel="tag">hydraulic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=idraulico" rel="tag">idraulico</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=italian" rel="tag">Italian</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=plumber" rel="tag">plumber</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23882#comments">4 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23862" class="post-23862 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-german category-italian category-language category-lithuanian-lietuviu-kalba category-middle-english category-middle-high-german category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-high-german category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-welsh category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862" rel="bookmark">Kinder Kinder</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-01-22T14:01:23+00:00">22 January 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-01-22T15:53:10+00:00">22 January 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>There’s a joke / meme that goes something like <strong>No matter how kind you are … German children are Kinder</strong>.</p> <p><a href="https://imgflip.com/i/7qzfxh"><img decoding="async" src="https://i.imgflip.com/7qzfxh.jpg" title="made at imgflip.com"/></a><br /> <em><a href="https://imgflip.com/memegenerator">from Imgflip Meme Generator</a></em></p> <p>This is a bilingual pun – in German <strong>Kinder</strong> means <strong>children</strong>, while in English <strong>kinder</strong> means nicer, more gentle, generous, affectionate, etc. These two words look alike, but are they related? Let’s find out.</p> <p>The German word <strong>Kind</strong> (child, kid, offspring) comes from Middle-High German <em>kint</em> (child), from Old High German <em>kind</em> (child, descendants), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*kind</em> (child), from Proto-Germanic <em>*kindą, *kinþą</em> (child), from Pre-Germanic <em>*ǵénh₁tom</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*ǵenh₁-</em> (to produce, beget, give birth) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kind#German">source</a>].</p> <p><strong>Kind</strong> in English means such things as having a benevolent, courteous, friendly, generous, gentle, liberal, sympathetic or warm-hearted nature or disposition; affectionate, favourable, mild, gentle or forgiving. It can also mean a type, category (What <strong>kind</strong> of nonsense is this?); goods or services used as payment (They paid me in <strong>kind</strong>), or a makeshift or otherwise atypical specimen (The box served as a <strong>kind</strong> of table).</p> <p><strong>Kind</strong> as in benevolent comes from Middle English <em>kinde, kunde, kende</em> (kind, type, sort), while <strong>kind</strong> as in type comes from Middle English <em>cunde</em> (kind, nature, sort) / <em>kynde</em> (one’s inherent nature; character, natural disposition), and both come from Old English <em>cynd</em> (sort, kind, type, gender, generation, race) / <em>ġecynd</em> (nature, kind, class), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*kundi / *gakundiz</em>, from Proto-Germanic <em>*kinþiz</em> (kind, race), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*ǵénh₁tis</em> (birth, production), from <em>*ǵenh₁-</em> (to produce, beget, give birth) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kind#German">source</a>].</p> <p>So, the German <strong>Kind</strong> and the English <strong>kind</strong> do ultimately come from the same roots. Are German <strong>Kinder</strong> <strong>kinder</strong> though, or are they the <strong>Wurst</strong>, and somewhat <strong>gross</strong>?</p> <p>Other words produced, beget and given birth to by the Proto-Indo-European root <em>*ǵenh₁-</em> include: <strong>kind</strong> (child), <strong>koning</strong> (king, monarch) and <strong>kunne</strong> (gender, sex) in Dutch, <strong>cognate</strong>, <strong>engine(er)</strong>, <strong>gender</strong>, <strong>gene</strong>, <strong>general</strong>, <strong>genesis</strong>, <strong>genetic</strong>, <strong>genial</strong>, <strong>genius</strong>, <strong>gentle</strong>, <strong>kin</strong>, <strong>king</strong>, <strong>nature</strong>, <strong>oxygen</strong> and <strong>progeny</strong> in English, <strong>König</strong> (king) in German, <strong>nascere</strong> (to be born, bud, sprout) in Italian, <strong>gentis</strong> (tribe, genus, family, kin) in Lithuanian, <strong>geni</strong> (to be born, birth) in Welsh [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5enh%E2%82%81-">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, the English word <strong>child</strong> is not related to the German word <strong>Kind</strong>. It comes from Middle English <em>child</em> (baby, infant, toddler, child, offspring), from Old English <em>ċild</em> (child, baby), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*kilþ, *kelþ</em>, from Proto-Germanic <em>*kelþaz</em> (womb; fetus), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*ǵelt-</em> (womb), or from Proto-Indo-European <em>*gel-</em> (to ball up, amass). It is related to <strong>kuld</strong> (brood, litter) in Danish, and <strong>kelta</strong> (lap) in Icelandic though, and possibly <strong>kalt</strong> (cold, chilly, calm) and <strong>kühl</strong> (cool, calm, restrained) in German [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/%C7%B5enh%E2%82%81-">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862" data-a2a-title="Kinder Kinder"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23862&linkname=Kinder%20Kinder" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23862&linkname=Kinder%20Kinder" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23862&linkname=Kinder%20Kinder" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=170" rel="category">Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=177" rel="category">Middle High German</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=33" rel="category">Old English (Ænglisc)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=178" rel="category">Old High German</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23862#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23828" class="post-23828 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-anglo-norman category-asturian-asturianu category-chavacano category-chinese category-danish category-english category-esperanto category-etymology category-finnish category-french category-galician category-german category-irish category-italian category-japanese category-language category-late-latin category-latin category-manx category-middle-english category-old-french category-portuguese category-proto-indo-european category-romanian category-russian category-scottish-gaelic category-spanish category-swedish category-tagalog category-welsh category-words-and-phrases tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-sartorial tag-sastre tag-tailor"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23828" rel="bookmark">Satorial Tailoring</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23828" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-01-01T18:19:30+00:00">1 January 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>What links the word <strong>satorial</strong> with the words <strong>tailor</strong> in various languages? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/cjuhlin/8705714004/in/photolist-egi4tj-pd3tXY-81MpTy-82d1Lj-q2JYM-4WhxDE-q2JYB-uhD2dM-bkpL3q-uziTGH-q2KrB-uyE3xW-4WhxH3-4SRrLJ-uhuRCE-q2JyR-4SMcWe-q2JYy-q2JyE-4SRs6o-4SMcEZ-4SMd3Z-4SRrZG-Sfmdxc-2oiFwda-YU9oQP-pUEMZ-8zYhQ3-2k9s4em-bkpSYQ-2hBCdaP-q2KrC-8Xzq2y-78mjGm-qjwsdn-rkCM7x-f8GEs-bvBs3e-4XBBy1-atvnG7-27xQDYU-CHRGEf-2jvJ3eB-8SxUdg-7mJP2C-4WhxLL-4DHoJK-BKnYDv-axi3L4-5yo4ur" title="PenHaligon's Sartorial"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/8139/8705714004_03b290bf20_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="PenHaligon's Sartorial"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The word <strong>sartorial</strong> means:</p> <ul> <li>Of or relating to the tailoring of clothing.</li> <li>Of or relating to the quality of dress.</li> <li>Of or relating to the sartorius muscle ( a long muscle in the leg.</li> </ul> <p>It comes from New Latin <em>sartorius</em> (pertaining to a tailor), from Late Latin <em>sartor</em> (mender, patcher, tailor), from Latin <em>sarcire</em> (to patch, mend), <em>sarciō</em> (to patch, botch, mend, repair, restore, to make amends, recompense), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*serḱ-</em> (to mend, make good, recompense) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sartorial#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>sastre</strong> (tailor) in Spanish, Tagalog and Chavacano, <strong>xastre</strong> (tailor) in Asturian, Galician and Portuguese, <strong>sarto</strong> (tailor) in Italian, <strong>sertir</strong> (to crimp, set, socket [jewellery]) and the surname <strong>Sartre</strong> in French, and the obsolete English word <strong>sartor</strong> (tailor) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ser%E1%B8%B1-">source</a>].</p> <p>The English word <strong>tailor</strong>, which refers to a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothes professionally, especially suits and men’s clothing, comes from Middle English <em>taillour</em> (tailor), from Anglo-Norman <em>tailloru</em> (tailor), from Old French <em>tailleor</em> (tailor), from <em>taillier</em> (to cut, shape), from Late Latin <em>tāliō</em> (retaliation, to cut, prune), from Latin <em>tālea</em> (rod, stick, stake, a cutting, twig, sprig), the origins of which are uncertain [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tailor">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words include <strong>tally</strong> (any account or score kept by notches or marks) in English, <strong>taille</strong> (size, waist) and <strong>tailler</strong> (to cut) in French, <strong>Teller</strong> (plate, dish) in German, <strong>táille</strong> (fee, charge) in Irish, <strong>talea</strong> (cutting, scion) in Italian, and <strong>taior</strong> (woman’s suit) in Romanian <strong>tajar</strong> (to cut, slice, chop) in Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/talea#Latin">source</a>]. </p> <p>I was inspired to write this post after learning that tailor in Spanish is <strong>sastre</strong>, and wondering where it comes from.</p> <p>By the way, Happy New Year! Blwyddyn newydd dda! Bonne année ! ¡Feliz Año Nuevo! 新年快樂！新年快乐！ Felice anno nuovo! 新年おめでとうございます! Bliain úr faoi shéan is faoi mhaise duit! Bliadhna mhath ùr! Blein Vie Noa! Ein gutes neues Jahr! Feliĉan novan jaron! Поздравляю с Новым Годом! Šťastný nový rok! Godt nytår! Gott nytt år! La Mulți Ani! Onnellista uutta vuotta! 🎆🎉🥂🥳</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23828" data-a2a-title="Satorial Tailoring"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23828&linkname=Satorial%20Tailoring" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23828&linkname=Satorial%20Tailoring" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23828&linkname=Satorial%20Tailoring" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=85" rel="category">Anglo-Norman (norman)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=88" rel="category">Asturian (Asturianu)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=330" rel="category">Chavacano</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=95" rel="category">Chinese (中文)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=100" rel="category">Danish (dansk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=105" rel="category">Esperanto</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=109" rel="category">Finnish (suomi)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=113" rel="category">Galician (Galego)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=127" rel="category">Irish (Gaeilge)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=129" rel="category">Japanese (日本語)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=302" rel="category">Late Latin</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=23" rel="category">Manx (Gaelg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=34" rel="category">Old French (Franceis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=41" rel="category">Portuguese (português)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=51" rel="category">Romanian (limba română)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=52" rel="category">Russian (Русский)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=56" rel="category">Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=329" rel="category">Tagalog</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=sartorial" rel="tag">sartorial</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=sastre" rel="tag">sastre</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=tailor" rel="tag">tailor</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23828#comments">2 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23813" class="post-23813 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ancient-greek- category-basque category-bulgarian category-catalan category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-french category-german category-greek category-icelandic category-language category-late-latin category-middle-french category-old-french category-proto-germanic category-proto-hellenic category-proto-indo-european category-spanish category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-epee tag-epee-2 tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-spade tag-sword tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23813" rel="bookmark">Swords & Spades</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23813" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-12-19T13:54:31+00:00">19 December 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>What links the word <strong>epee</strong> (a type of sword) with the word <strong>spade</strong>? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/carolina_fencing/6298480477/in/photolist-aAzmNZ-xE1Fu-aAzjG6-aABWt1-xE1Fm-aABmXA-aAz8BZ-aAz1Sg-aAA2fB-NnzCg-PTYAY5-aAyJdn-cQ64Uj-2h2x3ma-aAzhba-xE1yJ-aAyQ7R-aABQC1-aAzHux-cQ7gyy-xE1D6-xE1B8-7FjS5E-ajAygs-2h9bhrW-5FrskK-7L4dXY-cQ66Ky-cNG6F9-msdrfJ-PTYBNm-eiEZoe-Q4Bvy3-cQ68wE-6K2qQ6-Nbdv64-5JQsRF-SfqQM1-nWcnKW-rSnzV2-793GsV-G2Z8eL-c9e9Sh-NonFhF-nZ9jjh-pQrN9Q-L9ne3g-7KZgor-Cc1uKY-f3WLm9" title="Tarheel Cup Epee Team Event 2011"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/6092/6298480477_ecd9dfa2ca_z.jpg" width="640" height="504" alt="Tarheel Cup Epee Team Event 2011"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>An <strong>epee / épée</strong> is a sharp-pointed duelling sword with a bell-shaped guard, used (with the end blunted) in sport fencing (pictured above).</p> <p>The word comes from French <strong>épée</strong> (sword, glaive), from Middle French <em>espee</em> (sword), from Old French <em>espee</em> (sword), from Latin <em>spatha</em> (spatula, spattle, a long two-edged, straight sword typically carried by Roman cavalry officers, batten, a kind of tree), from Ancient Greek <em>σπάθη</em> (spáthē – any broad blade, of wood or metal), from Proto-Hellenic <em>*spátʰā</em> (blade), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*sph₂-dʰh₁-éh₂</em>, from <em>*(s)peh₂-</em> (to draw) + <em>*dʰeh₁-</em> (to do, put) + <em>*-eh₂</em> (a feminine ending) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/epee#English">source</a>].</p> <p>The Proto-Germanic word <em>spadô</em> (spade) comes from the same PIE roots, and from that we get words like <strong>spade</strong> in English, <strong>spade</strong> (spade) in Dutch, <strong>Spaten</strong> (spade, idiot) in German, <strong>spade</strong> (shovel, spade) in Swedish, and <strong>spaði</strong> (a small shovel, spade, paddle, racket) in Icelandic [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underwhelm#English">source</a>].</p> <p>The Greek word <strong>σπαθί</strong> (sword, club [in cards]) comes from the same Ancient Greek root, as does the Bulgarian word <strong>спатия</strong> (spatíja – suit of clubs), which was borrowed from Greek [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%83%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AF#Greek">source</a>].</p> <p>Other words from the same Latin root (<em>spatha</em>) include <strong>spatula</strong> in English, <strong>épaule</strong> (shoulder) and <strong>spatule</strong> (spatula, spoonbill) in French, <strong>spada</strong> (sword, epee) in Italian, <strong>espasa</strong> (sword, epee) in Catalan, <strong>espada</strong> (sword, epee) and <strong>espalda</strong> (back, backstroke) in Spanish, and <strong>ezpata</strong> (sword) in Basque. The words for sword all refer to the suit of clubs in cards in the plural [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwalb%C4%85">source</a>]. </p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23813" data-a2a-title="Swords & Spades"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23813&linkname=Swords%20%26%20Spades" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" 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class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23806" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-12-11T17:22:52+00:00">11 December 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-12-11T17:22:54+00:00">11 December 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>You can be <strong>overwhelmed</strong> and <strong>underwhelmed</strong>, but can you just be <strong>whelmed</strong>?</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/imuttoo/4180839802/in/photolist-7nrU1S-p3G6m9-4boGpS-dE8qoB-hvUjT1-67kZnY-8r5huQ-2iq4dRh-wAwiD-2kVGnqu-3odSrP-89wpXR-aGRW7g-tVzmw-4wQnTP-jHLFb-N3p8N-9Gv1YL-F4jrs-dSXNkv-7PApxm-7xSiSN-8JzNGt-bX8hBY-cJHS2W-6V7vCS-524bU3-2npGZAx-2xsPr-bEAbqM-iC4GG-5ztawc-32emD7-6oQAqd-9np3qy-6P1W48-xF6Uys-A4LeK8-5VbYPM-7ivtzs-5Mafqc-8DBLew-6LhQY-8g5Lrs-WxxGEm-7JaARP-2upPv-2xQXKM-7qkXzd-2ai8fz" title="Overwhelmed"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4003/4180839802_a6752d8ac6_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Overwhelmed"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Overwhelmed</strong> comes from the verb <strong>to overwhelm</strong>, which means to engulf, surge over, submerge, overpower (emotionally), crush, cause to surround or to cover. So when you feel <strong>overwhelmed</strong>, you might feel crushed, overpowered or engulfed by everything [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/overwhelm#English">source</a>].</p> <p><strong>Underwhelmed</strong> comes from <strong>to underwhelm</strong>, which means to fail to impress or perform disappointingly. It was coined in the 1950s as a humorous negation of <strong>overwhelm</strong>. I hope you won’t be too <strong>underwhelmed</strong> by this blog post. [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/underwhelm#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Both <strong>to overwhelm</strong> and <strong>to underwhelm</strong> come from <strong>to whelm</strong>, an old word that means to bury, cover, engulf, submerge, ruin, destroy or overcome with emotion. As a noun, <strong>whelm</strong> means a surge of water or a wooden drainpipe. They come from Middle English <em>whelmen</em> (to turn over, capsize, invert, turn upside down), perhaps from Old English <em>*hwealmnian</em>, a variant of <em>*hwealfnian</em>, from <em>hwealf</em> (arched, concave, vaulted), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*hwalb</em>, from Proto-Germanic <em>*hwalbą</em> (arch, vault), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*kʷelp-</em> (to curve) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/whelm#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words include <strong>unwhelm</strong> (to raise (sb) up from under something that has overwhelmed them), and <strong>whelming</strong> (something that covers or submerges).</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>gulf</strong> in English, <strong>Walm</strong> (bevelled roof, particularly if triangular and in a gable) in German, <strong>welven</strong> (to arch, bend like an arch, be shaped like an arch) in Dutch, <strong>valv</strong> (vault, arch) in Swedish, and <strong>cupla</strong> (fault, guilt, blame) in Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/hwalb%C4%85">source</a>]. </p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23806" data-a2a-title="Feeling Whelmed"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23806&linkname=Feeling%20Whelmed" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" 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