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class="hfeed site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" role="banner" class="site-header header-background-image" style="background-image: url(https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/header_blog.jpg)"> <div class="site-branding"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/" rel="home">Omniglot Blog</a></h1> <h2 class="site-description">Adventures in the world of words and language</h2> </div> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation"> <button id="menu-button" class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false">Primary Menu</button> <div id="primary-menu" class="menu"><ul> <li class="page_item page-item-16"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?page_id=16">About</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-8991"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?page_id=8991">Contact</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1391"><a 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category-old-high-german category-old-norse category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-proto-west-germanic category-russian category-swedish category-ukrainian tag-dogfish tag-etymology tag-haye tag-language tag-omniglot tag-shark tag-skurk tag-villain tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" rel="bookmark">Villainous Sharks</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-02-13T17:07:50+00:00">13 February 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-02-13T17:07:51+00:00">13 February 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>In one of the Danish lessons I did recently, I learnt the word <strong>skurk</strong>, which means villain or baddie, and wondered where it comes from and what other words it’s related to. Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/macorig/86036205/in/photolist-8AXyR-49Lp23-FXJoL-dbFMyi-49Gjqt-49Lp39-kgDby-49LoWj-bBvqsu-5bqdjj-49LoTb-49Lp4u-s77bPG-49Lp8G-7Y1jpJ-49GjB8-8AXyN-4V7JdV-jsEYG-2LTWEG-uAAvu-4UUnb1-CnoYi-5wUv1-7rjea7-4VE1N3-4mDHEK-jsF6P-72fZGF-2gTkmoE-qkvwt-hCLcP-a6iNJ1-cfcR4-o5dfo8-jdc6o-dX6vFy-31XjJa-31XiSc-322UAq-2izjP2T-322UhG-iaxiWc-Wcb8k-5nY4Sk-orGNVX-zvYr7U-HLKBQ-7zGQEu-6pYqRb" title="shark"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/38/86036205_4cff81aed3_z.jpg" width="640" height="440" alt="shark"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>According to <a href="https://ordnet.dk/ddo/ordbog?query=skurk">Den Danske Ordbog</a>, a <strong>skurk</strong> [ˈsguɐ̯g] is a person who behaves in an unattractive, dishonest, or malicious manner, or a fictional character in a piece of fiction with the role of the hero’s evil counterpart and enemy or a person or thing that is or is made responsible for trouble or misfortune. In other words, a villain, baddie, wretch, cuplrit, reprobate or rogue [<a href="https://en.bab.la/dictionary/danish-english/skurk">source</a>].</p> <p>It comes from Low German <strong>schurke</strong> (villian, scoundrel), from Middle High German <em>schurgen</em> (to shove, push, egg on), possibly from Old High German <em>scuren</em> (to stir, stoke up), from Proto-West-Germanic <em>*skeran</em> (to shear, cut), from Proto-Germanic <em>*skeraną</em> (to shear), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*(s)ker-</em> (to cut) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skurk#Danish">source</a>]. </p> <p>Related words in Danish include <strong>skurkagtig</strong> (villainous), <strong>skurkeagtig</strong> (miscreant) and <strong>superskurk</strong> (super villain).</p> <p>Related words in other languages include <strong>Schurke</strong> (villain, scoundrel) in German, <strong>skurk</strong> (crook, bad guy, rogue, villain) in Swedish, and <strong>skurk</strong> (crook) in Norwegian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schurke#German_Low_German">source</a>].</p> <p>The English <strong>shark</strong>, as in someone who exploits others by trickery, lies, extortion, etc, also comes from the same roots, as might <strong>shark</strong>, as in a scaleless, predatory fish of the superorder <em>Selachimorpha</em> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shark#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Another English word that possibly comes from the same roots is <strong>shirk</strong>, as in to avoid responsibility, duty, obligations, etc [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shirk#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Incidentally, before the word <strong>shark</strong> arrived in English, such fish were known as <strong>dogfish</strong> or <strong>hayes</strong>, which comes from Dutch <strong>haai</strong> (shark, a ruthless or greedy person) or from West Flemish <strong>haaie</strong> (shark), from Old Norse <em>hái</em>, an abbreviation of <em>hákarl</em> (shark), from <em>hár</em> (shark) and <em>karl</em> (a man). Related words include <strong>Hai</strong> (shark) in German, <strong>haj</strong> (shark) in Swedish and Danish, and <strong>акула</strong> (akula – shark) in Russian, Belarusian, Bulgarian and Ukrainian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/shirk#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896" data-a2a-title="Villainous Sharks"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23896&linkname=Villainous%20Sharks" title="Facebook" 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=202" rel="category">Proto-West-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=52" rel="category">Russian (Русский)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75" rel="category">Ukrainian (Українська)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=dogfish" rel="tag">dogfish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=haye" rel="tag">haye</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=shark" rel="tag">shark</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=skurk" rel="tag">skurk</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=villain" rel="tag">villain</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23896#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-21501" class="post-21501 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-arabic category-breton category-bulgarian category-catalan category-cornish category-czech category-danish category-dutch category-english category-estonian category-etymology category-faroese category-finnish category-frankish category-french category-galician category-german category-greek category-icelandic category-irish category-italian category-language category-latin category-macedonian category-manx category-middle-dutch-dietsc-duutsch category-norwegian category-old-dutch category-old-norse category-polish category-portuguese category-proto-celtic category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-russian category-scottish-gaelic category-serbian category-slovak category-slovenian category-spanish category-swedish category-turkish category-ukrainian category-welsh category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=21501" rel="bookmark">Concerts and Beer</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=21501" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2021-10-08T12:47:21+00:00">8 October 2021</time><time class="updated" datetime="2021-10-14T11:32:54+00:00">14 October 2021</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>The Irish word <strong>ceolchoirm</strong> [ˈcʲolˠ.xorʲəmʲ] means concert. It is made up of <strong>ceol</strong> (music) and <strong>coirm</strong> [korʲəmʲ] (feast, banquet, ale, beer). There are similar words in Scottish Gaelic (<strong>cuirm-chiùil</strong>), and Manx (<strong>cuirrey kiaull</strong>) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ceolchoirm">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/43535326692/in/album-72157671265431635/" title="Ánuna"><img decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/1785/43535326692_93f8c49c87_z.jpg" alt="Ánuna" width="640" height="458"></a><script async="" src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The word <strong>coirm</strong> comes from the Old Irish word <em>coirm</em> (ale, beer), from the Proto-Celtic <strong>*kurmi</strong> (beer). Words for beer in the Brythonic Celtic languages come from the same root: <strong>cwrw</strong> in Welsh, and <strong>korev</strong> in Cornish and Breton [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/kurmi">source</a>].</p> <p>The Latin word <em>cervēs(i)a</em> [kerˈu̯eː.si.a], which means beer made of wheat, especially of higher quality, comes from the same Proto-Celtic root, as do words for beer in some Romance languages, including <strong>cervexa</strong> in Galician, <strong>cervesa</strong> in Catalan and Occitan, <strong>cerveza</strong> in Spanish and <strong>cerveja</strong> in Portuguese [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cervesia#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>From the same Proto-Celtic root we get the French word <strong>cervoise</strong> [sɛʁ.vwaz], which was a kind of ale or beer made from barley or wheat and without hops during the Middle Ages [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cervoise#French">source</a>]. The archaic Italian word <strong>cervogia</strong> [t͡ʃerˈvɔ.d͡ʒa] (beer, ale made from barley or oats) was borrowed from the Old French <em>cervoise</em> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cervogia#Italian">source</a>].</p> <p>The usual French word for beer is <strong>bière</strong> [bjɛʁ], which was borrowed from the Middle Dutch <em>bier/bēr</em> (beer), from the Old Dutch <em>*bier</em>, from Frankish <em>*bior</em> (beer), from the Proto-Germanic <em>*beuzą</em> (beer) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bi%C3%A8re#French">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/diannbayes/30108765776/in/photolist-MSBi6j-br7NhA-bAdXnv-2wWKhZ-ALnshM-Lnmiu-dmSnrN-gAR9t5-gARDT9-5DMyrq-bysKZi-rBLEQ-8wogyZ-5czFNf-21o6JM-5hjsXr-2LCiA-8j6uT5-gqiFg-9ous4q-HFgisg-8eKTiG-9N5KWu-9nWnKJ-4E6bgT-77utSa-9oufB7-aF74Jb-79Pusd-7hDVmC-3WBeg-21JDv-5v4xyL-9TL8Ff-bCRz5-8jbsvA-45Eu3m-9ZXYLD-bjaZCT-bvGxQ4-7sj3yx-ejtKe2-6P3SWW-7Ci6YD-393VQH-sEQRAK-4pvPcE-6qgVj5-u7kywy-bvGF1t" title="Beer samples"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/8270/30108765776_c5121ff91a_z.jpg" alt="Beer samples" width="640" height="426"></a><script async="" src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>Words for beer is some Germanic languages come from the same root, including <strong>Bier</strong> in German, <strong>bier</strong> in Dutch, and <strong>beer</strong> in English [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/beuz%C4%85">source</a>].</p> <p>The Italian word for beer, <strong>birra</strong>, was borrowed from the German <strong>Bier</strong>, and the Greek word <strong>μπίρα</strong> (bíra – beer, ale) was borrowed from Italian, as were words for beer in Arabic, <strong>بِيرَا‎</strong> (bīrā), Maltese, <strong>birra</strong>, and Turkish, <strong>bira</strong> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/birra#Italian">source</a>].</p> <p>The Irish word <strong>beoir</strong> (beer) comes from the Middle Irish <em>beóir</em> (beer), from Old Norse <em>bjórr</em> (beer), which also has descendents in Scottish Gaelic (<strong>beòir</strong>), Manx (<strong>beer</strong>), Icelandic (<strong>bjór</strong>) and Faroese (<strong>bjór</strong>) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bj%C3%B3rr#Old_Norse">source</a>].</p> <p>Another word for beer or ale in North Germanic languages is <strong>øl</strong> (in Danish, Faroese, Norwegian) / <strong>öl</strong> (in Swedish and Icelandic). This comes from the Old Norse word <em>ǫl</em> (ale, beer), possibly from the Proto-Norse <em>ᚨᛚᚢ</em> (alu – ale), from the Proto-Germanic <em>*alu</em> (beer, ale), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*h₂elut-</em> (beer) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C7%ABl#Old_Norse">source</a>].</p> <p>Words for beer in Finnic languages possibly come from the same Proto-Germanic root, including <strong>õlu</strong> in Estonian, <strong>olut</strong> in Finnish, Igrian, Karelian and Veps, and <strong>oluq</strong> in Võro [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Finnic/olut">source</a>].</p> <p>In Slavic languages words for beer come from the Proto-Slavic <em>*pȋvo</em> (drink, beer, beverage), including <strong>пиво</strong> (pivo) in Russian, Rusyn, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Macedonian and Serbian, <strong>pivo</strong> in Slovenian, Czech and Slovak, and <strong>piwo</strong> in Polish and Sorbian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/pivo">source</a>].</p> <p>Here’s a map of words for beer in European languages:</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/blog/euopreanbeermap.gif" alt="A map of Europe showing words for beer" width="600" height="609"></p> <p><em>Source: <a href="https://ukdataexplorer.com/european-translator/?word=beer">https://ukdataexplorer.com/european-translator/?word=beer</a></em></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=21501" data-a2a-title="Concerts and Beer"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D21501&linkname=Concerts%20and%20Beer" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=60" rel="category">Slovak (slovenčina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=61" rel="category">Slovenian (slovenščina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=74" rel="category">Turkish (Türkçe)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75" rel="category">Ukrainian (Українська)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=21501#comments">3 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-20377" class="post-20377 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-english category-language category-music category-songs category-ukrainian"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=20377" rel="bookmark">Chrimbo</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=20377" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2020-12-25T13:00:15+00:00">25 December 2020</time><time class="updated" datetime="2020-12-25T16:56:07+00:00">25 December 2020</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="http://www.omniglot.com/images/blog/christmas2015.gif" style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;" alt="Language quiz image" width="208" height="208"></p> <p>A <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/christmas.htm">multilingual Merry Christmas</a> to all of you who celebrate it.</p> <p>Or if you prefer, Happy Holidays, Jolly Yuletide, Seasons Greetings, Happy Friday, 行憲紀念日快樂! (Happy Constitution Day – for readers in Taiwan).</p> <p>Here’s a version of ‘We Wish You a Merry Christmas’ I wrote yesterday. I was inspired by a friend who re-wrote of ‘We Three Kings’. It references other songs written by me and my friends.</p> <p><iframe loading="lazy" scrolling="no" allow="autoplay" src="https://w.soundcloud.com/player/?url=https%3A//api.soundcloud.com/tracks/954041899&color=%23ff5500&auto_play=false&hide_related=false&show_comments=true&show_user=true&show_reposts=false&show_teaser=true" width="100%" height="166" frameborder="no"></iframe></p> <div style="font-size: 10px; color: #cccccc;line-break: anywhere;word-break: normal;overflow: hidden;white-space: nowrap;text-overflow: ellipsis; font-family: Interstate,Lucida Grande,Lucida Sans Unicode,Lucida Sans,Garuda,Verdana,Tahoma,sans-serif;font-weight: 100;"><a href="https://soundcloud.com/simon-ager" title="Simon Ager" target="_blank" style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener">Simon Ager</a> · <a href="https://soundcloud.com/simon-ager/jollyyuletide" title="Jolly Yuletide" target="_blank" style="color: #cccccc; text-decoration: none;" rel="noopener">Jolly Yuletide</a></div> <p>‘We Wish You a Merry Christmas’ is a traditional English carol from the south west of England that has been around is various guises at least since the 19th century. <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Wish_You_a_Merry_Christmas">More details</a>.</p> <p>Here are a few other Christmasy songs I found recently on YouTube that I thought I’d share with you:</p> <p>The Carol of the Bells has been popping up in my feed quite a bit. It is based on the Ukrainian song Щедрик (Shchedryk):</p> <p><iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/GqeJ38DThVc" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0"></iframe></p> <p>Here’s a rather different version:</p> <p><iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/jQDy8yuhcao" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0"></iframe></p> <p>This is not exactly a Christmas song, but does have a Christmasy theme, and is a lot of fun to watch and listen to. It is by Nanowar of Steel, an Italian band, and was inspired by the IKEA catalogue. How many languages can you spot in it?</p> <p><iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/S9WWz95ripA" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0"></iframe></p> <p>A couple of other Christmasy songs that I quite like:</p> <p><iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/89o_2p8ppB4" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0"></iframe></p> <p><iframe loading="lazy" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/n5BG9y_hDDs" allow="accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture" allowfullscreen="" width="560" height="315" frameborder="0"></iframe></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=20377" data-a2a-title="Chrimbo"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D20377&linkname=Chrimbo" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D20377&linkname=Chrimbo" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D20377&linkname=Chrimbo" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=29" rel="category">Music</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=62" rel="category">Songs</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75" rel="category">Ukrainian (Українська)</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=20377#comments">4 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-18637" class="post-18637 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-belarusian category-croatian category-czech category-english category-etymology category-irish category-language category-latin category-latvian category-lithuanian-lietuviu-kalba category-proto-indo-european category-proto-slavic category-serbian category-slovak category-slovenian category-sorbian category-ukrainian category-welsh category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=18637" rel="bookmark">Gardens and Castles</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=18637" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2019-12-18T15:53:31+00:00">18 December 2019</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>The word for garden in Russian, and also in Belarusian, Ukrainian and Serbian, is <strong>сад</strong> [sat], which also means orchard. It comes from the Proto-Slavic word <em>*sadъ</em> (plant, garden).</p> <p>The word for garden in most other Slavic languages is the same: <em>sad</em> in Croatian, Slovenian, Polish, Slovak and Sorbian. There are also similar words in Latvian (<em>sads</em>) and Lithuanian (<em>sõdas</em>) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/sad%D1%8A">source</a>].</p> <p>The word <em>sad</em> also exists in Czech, but just means orchard. The Czech word for garden is <em>zahrada</em> [ˈzaɦrada], which comes from <em>za</em> (for, in, behind), and <em>hrad</em> (castle), from the Proto-Slavic <em>*gȏrdъ</em>* (settlement, enclosed place). So <em>zahrada</em> could be translated as “in/behind the castle” [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hrad">source</a>].</p> <p>*The Proto-Slavic <em>*gȏrdъ</em> comes ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*ǵʰórtos</em> (enclosure), which is also the root of the Irish <em>gort</em> (wheatfield), the Welsh <em>garth</em> (hill, enclosure), the Latin <em>hortus</em> (garden), and the English horticulture, yard and garden, and related words in other languages.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/35483547822/in/album-72157682990675883/" title="Powis Castle"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4169/35483547822_10c74650e5_z.jpg" alt="Powis Castle" width="640" height="360"></a><script async="" src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=18637" data-a2a-title="Gardens and Castles"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D18637&linkname=Gardens%20and%20Castles" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D18637&linkname=Gardens%20and%20Castles" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D18637&linkname=Gardens%20and%20Castles" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=90" rel="category">Belarusian (Беларуская мова)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=98" rel="category">Croatian (Hrvatski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=99" rel="category">Czech (čeština)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=127" rel="category">Irish (Gaeilge)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=16" rel="category">Latvian (latviešu valoda)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=170" rel="category">Lithuanian (lietuvių kalba)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=47" rel="category">Proto-Slavic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=57" rel="category">Serbian (српски / srpski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=60" rel="category">Slovak (slovenčina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=61" rel="category">Slovenian (slovenščina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=63" rel="category">Sorbian (serbšćina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75" rel="category">Ukrainian (Українська)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=18637#comments">2 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-18409" class="post-18409 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-belarusian category-croatian category-czech category-english category-etymology category-gothic-gutiska category-greek category-hittite category-language category-latin category-luwian category-polish category-proto-germanic category-russian category-serbian category-slovak category-slovenian category-turkish category-ukrainian category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=18409" rel="bookmark">Elephants & Camels</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=18409" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2019-10-15T19:45:48+00:00">15 October 2019</time><time class="updated" datetime="2019-10-17T12:11:20+00:00">17 October 2019</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="http://www.omniglot.com/images/blog/elephants.gif" style="float:right; margin:0 0 15px 15px;" alt="Elephants and camels" width="208" height="208"></p> <p>What do elephants and camels have in common?</p> <p>Well, words for <strong>camel</strong> in Slavic languages like Czech and Russian possibly come from an Ancient Greek word meaning <strong>elephant</strong>.</p> <p>In Czech the word for camel is <strong>velbloud</strong> [ˈvɛlblou̯t], which comes from the Proto-Slavic <em>*velьb(l)ǫdъ / vъlьb(l)ǫdъ</em> (camel), from the Gothic <em>𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃</em> (ulbandus – camel), from the Latin <em>elephantus</em> (elephant), from the Ancient Greek <em>ἐλέφας</em> (eléphas – elephant) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/velbloud">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from camel in other Slavic languages come from the same root: <strong>верблюд</strong> (verbljúd) in Russian and Ukrainian, <strong>вярблюд</strong> (vjarbljúd) in Belarusian, <strong>wielbłąd</strong> in Polish, and so on [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/vel%D1%8Cb(l)%C7%ABd%D1%8A">source</a>].</p> <p>These all come from the Gothic <strong>𐌿𐌻𐌱𐌰𐌽𐌳𐌿𐍃</strong> (ulbandus), but from there the etmological trial gets a bit hazy, as they quite often do. Traditionally this word is thought to derive from the Greek <em>ἐλέφας</em>, via the Latin <em>elephantus</em>.</p> <p>Another theory is that the Gothic word comes from the Proto-Germanic <em>*elpanduz</em> (elephant, camel), which possibly comes from the Hittite word <em>hu(wa)lpant</em> (humpback), or from another ancient language of Anatolian such as Luwian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD%F0%90%8C%B3%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%83#Gothic">source</a>].</p> <p>The word for elephant in Czech (and also in Slovak, Serbian, Croatian and Slovenian) is <strong>slon</strong> [slon], which comes from the Proto-Slavic <em>*slonъ</em> (elephant) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slon#Czech">source</a>], which comes either from the Turkish <em>aslan</em> (lion), or from <em>*sloniti</em> (to lean against), relating to the medieval story of an elephant sleeping leaning on a tree [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/slon%D1%8A">source</a>].</p> <p>So now we know where the name of the lion in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Lion,_the_Witch_and_the_Wardrobe"><em>The Lion, The Witch and The Wardrobe</em></a> probably comes from.</p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=18409" data-a2a-title="Elephants & Camels"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D18409&linkname=Elephants%20%26%20Camels" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D18409&linkname=Elephants%20%26%20Camels" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a 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rel="category">Greek (ελληνικά)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=154" rel="category">Hittite (𒉈𒅆𒇷)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=155" rel="category">Luwian</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=39" rel="category">Polish (polski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=44" rel="category">Proto-Germanic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=52" rel="category">Russian (Русский)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=57" rel="category">Serbian (српски / srpski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=60" rel="category">Slovak (slovenčina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=61" rel="category">Slovenian (slovenščina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=74" rel="category">Turkish (Türkçe)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75" rel="category">Ukrainian (Українська)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=18409#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-17716" class="post-17716 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-croatian category-czech category-english category-etymology category-german category-language category-polish category-proto-slavic category-russian category-ukrainian category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=17716" rel="bookmark">Cheeky faces</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=17716" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2019-04-10T15:10:08+00:00">10 April 2019</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="http://www.omniglot.com/images/blog/face.gif" style="float:right; margin:0 0 10px 10px;" alt="Face" width="208" height="208"/></p> <p>In my Czech lessons this week I learnt two words that can mean face – <strong>obličej</strong> [ˈoblɪt͡ʃɛj] and <strong>tvář</strong> [tvaːr̝̊], which also means cheek. I couldn’t work out why one was used to mean face in some contexts, and the other in other contexts. Can any of you enlighten me?</p> <p><strong>Obličej</strong> comes from the Proto-Slavic <em>ob</em> + <em>lice</em> (face, cheek), which is also the root of the Czech <em>líc</em> (front, face, right side, face side) and <em>líce</em> (cheeks).</p> <p>Cognates in other Slavic languages include: Polish <em>oblicze</em> (face, character), Russian <em>обличье</em> (image, character, look), and Ukrainian <em>обли́ччя</em> (face, character) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/obli%C4%8Dej">source</a>].</p> <p><strong>Tvář</strong> comes from the Proto-Slavic <em>*tvarь</em> (creation, creature) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tv%C3%A1%C5%99#Czech">source</a>]. Cognates in other Slavic languages include: Polish <em>twarz</em> (face), Russian <em>тварь</em> (creature, being, animal, beast, monster; mean, vile, worthless), and Croatian <em>tvar</em> (substance, material) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/tvar%D1%8C">source</a>].</p> <p>Another Czech word for face is <strong>ksicht</strong>, from the German <em>Gesicht</em> (face).</p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=17716" data-a2a-title="Cheeky faces"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D17716&linkname=Cheeky%20faces" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" 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rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=39" rel="category">Polish (polski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=47" rel="category">Proto-Slavic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=52" rel="category">Russian (Русский)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75" rel="category">Ukrainian (Українська)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=17716#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-17516" class="post-17516 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-bulgarian category-czech category-english category-etymology category-irish category-language category-manx category-old-irish-goidelc category-polish category-proto-celtic category-proto-indo-european category-russian category-serbian category-slovak category-ukrainian category-welsh category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=17516" rel="bookmark">A Slew of Servants</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=17516" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2019-02-19T18:08:00+00:00">19 February 2019</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>When putting together a post on my <a href="http://www.omniglot.com/celtiadur/2019/02/19/troop-host-throng/">Celtiadur</a> today, I discovered that the English word <strong>slew</strong> (a large amount) is related to words in Celtic languages for troop, army, host or throng, and to words for servant in Slavic languages.</p> <p><strong>Slew</strong> was in fact borrowed from Irish – from the word <em>slua</em> (host, force, army; crowd, multitude, throng), from the Old Irish <em>slúag / slóg</em> (army, host; throng, crowd, company, assembly), from Proto-Celtic <em>*slougos</em> (troop, army), from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*slowgʰos / *slowgos</em> (entourage).</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/27502696160/in/photolist-JgTgFh-HUjwSW-Jdk4H6-HUjvNS-HUjvoy-JcULSv-JguHVY-JjtqcV-HouH7X-JgTeVJ-HoQuGN-Hoq1MN-HTVd5m-JaAeZs-HonuhU-Jjqf8T-HTqt7U-HotQCR" title="Manchester Day Parade"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://farm8.staticflickr.com/7438/27502696160_6851f09106_z.jpg" alt="Manchester Day Parade" width="640" height="360"/></a><script async="" src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>There are similar words in the other Celtic languages, including <em>llu</em> in Welsh, which means host, multitude, throng, crowd, flock, army, or regiment, and appears in the Welsh word for police: <em>heddlu</em> (<em>hedd</em> = peace).</p> <p>In Manx the equivalent is <em>sleih</em>, which is the general word for people, and also means public, family, relations, inhabitants, crowd or populace.</p> <p>Words for servant in Slavic languages, such as <em>sluha</em> in Czech and Slovak, <em>sługa</em> in Polish, and <em>слуга</em> (sluga) in Russian, Ukrainian, Serbian, Bulgarian and Macedonian, all come from the same root, via the the Proto-Slavic word <em>sluga</em> (servant).</p> <p>Another English word that comes from the same root is <strong>slogan</strong>, from the Scottish Gaelic <em>sluagh-ghairm</em> (battle cry), from the Old Irish <em>slúag / slóg</em> (army) and <em>gairm</em> (a call, cry) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/slogan#English">source</a>].</p> <p><strong>Sources</strong>: <em><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/slougos">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="http://www.mannin.info/Mannin/fockleyr/m2e.php">On-Line Manx Dictionary</a>, <a href="http://geiriadur.ac.uk/gpc/gpc.html">Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru</a></em></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=17516" data-a2a-title="A Slew of Servants"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D17516&linkname=A%20Slew%20of%20Servants" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D17516&linkname=A%20Slew%20of%20Servants" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" 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comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-17217" class="post-17217 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-aragonese-aragones category-asturian-asturianu category-bulgarian category-cornish category-croatian category-czech category-english category-etymology category-french category-galician category-irish category-language category-latin category-macedonian category-middle-english category-polish category-portuguese category-proto-indo-european category-russian category-scottish-gaelic category-slovak category-slovenian category-sorbian category-spanish category-ukrainian category-words-and-phrases category-yiddish"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=17217" rel="bookmark">Bibbling bibblers</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=17217" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2018-12-13T18:50:19+00:00">13 December 2018</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="http://www.omniglot.com/images/blog/bibble.gif" style="float:right; margin:0 0 20px 50px;" alt="Bibble" width="208" height="208"/></p> <p>I came across a wonderful word yesterday – <strong>bibble</strong> – which means to eat and/or drink noisily, or to tipple. Or in Yiddish it means to worry.</p> <p>It comes from the Middle English <em>bibben</em> (to drink), from the Latin <em>bibō</em> (I drink), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*peh₃-</em> (to drink) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bibble">source</a>].</p> <p>If you’re a bibbling bibbler, you may need a <strong>bib</strong>, which comes from the same root, and originally meant to drink heartily [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bib#English">source</a>]. While bibbling, maybe you’ll engage in some <a href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Bibble-babble">bibble-babble</a> (idle talk, babble), possibly in a <a href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/bibbery">bibbery</a> (drinking house), which would be <a href="https://www.thefreedictionary.com/bibacious">bibacious</a>.</p> <p>The words <strong>imbibe</strong>, <strong>potion</strong> and <strong>potable</strong> come from the same root, as do words for <strong>to drink</strong> in various languaages, including: <em>ól</em> (Irish), <em>òl</em> (Scottish Gaelic), <em>yfed</em> (Welsh), <em>eva</em> (Cornish), boire (French), and <em>beber</em> (Spanish, Portuguese, Galician, Asturian & Aragonese).</p> <p>Words for <strong>beer</strong> Slavic languages come from the same root as well: <em>pivo</em> (Croatian, Czech, Slovak & Slovenian), <em>piwo</em> (Polish, Sorbian), and <em>пиво</em> (Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Macedonian & Serbian).</p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=17217" data-a2a-title="Bibbling bibblers"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D17217&linkname=Bibbling%20bibblers" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D17217&linkname=Bibbling%20bibblers" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D17217&linkname=Bibbling%20bibblers" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=87" rel="category">Aragonese (Aragonés)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=88" rel="category">Asturian (Asturianu)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=93" rel="category">Bulgarian (български)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=97" rel="category">Cornish (Kernewek)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=98" rel="category">Croatian (Hrvatski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=99" rel="category">Czech (čeština)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=113" rel="category">Galician (Galego)</a>, <a 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=61" rel="category">Slovenian (slovenščina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=63" rel="category">Sorbian (serbšćina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75" rel="category">Ukrainian (Українська)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=82" rel="category">Yiddish (ײִדיש)</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=17217#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-16085" class="post-16085 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-bulgarian category-croatian category-english category-language category-macedonian category-russian category-serbian category-slovenian category-ukrainian category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=16085" rel="bookmark">Mr Gospod</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=16085" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2018-08-31T18:47:49+00:00">31 August 2018</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>The Slovenian <strong>gospod</strong> [ɡɔˈspóːt] came up in my Slovenian lesson today. It means mister, sir, gentleman or lord. It comes from the Proto-Slavic <em>*gospodь</em> (lord, master).</p> <p>Some examples of how it’s used include:</p> <ul> <li>gospod župnik = Reverend</li> <li>spoštovani gospod = Dear Sir</li> <li>grajski gospod = Lord of the castle </li> <li>biti sam svoj gospod = to be one’s own master</li> <li>Gospod Bog = the Lord God </li> </ul> <p>The last example appears in a song we sing in the Bangor Community Choir, <a href="http://www.omniglot.com/songs/bcc/vsityahori.htm"><em>Vsy Tya Hori (Вси Тя хори)</em></a> (All your choirs), which is in Church Slavonic, I think.</p> <p>You can see and hear us sing it in Penrhyn castle, near Bangor, here:</p> <p><iframe loading="lazy" width="560" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/C44A8qUWhyc" frameborder="0" allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen></iframe></p> <p>Related words include:</p> <ul> <li>gospoda = lords, gentlemen</li> <li>gospodar = landowner, master</li> <li>gospodar posestva = lord of the manor</li> <li>gospodarica = mistress</li> <li>gospodična = miss</li> <li>gaspa = mrs, lady</li> <li>gospe in gospodje = ladies and gentlemen</li> </ul> <p>Other Slavic languages have a similar words:</p> <ul> <li>Russian & Ukrainian: <strong>господь</strong> = the Lord, God</li> <li>Bulgarian, Macedonian & Serbian: <strong>господ</strong> = Lord, Jesus</li> <li>Croatian: <strong>gospod</strong> = Mr, Lord, Jesus</li> </ul> <p>Source: <em><a href="https://en.pons.com/translate?q=gospod&l=ensl&in=ac_sl&lf=en">PONS</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gospod">Wiktionary</a></em></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=16085" data-a2a-title="Mr Gospod"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D16085&linkname=Mr%20Gospod" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=21" rel="category">Macedonian (македонски)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=52" rel="category">Russian (Русский)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=57" rel="category">Serbian (српски / srpski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=61" rel="category">Slovenian (slovenščina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75" rel="category">Ukrainian (Українська)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=16085#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-16012" class="post-16012 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-bulgarian category-croatian category-czech category-english category-etymology category-greek category-irish category-language category-latvian category-macedonian category-polish category-proto-indo-european category-russian category-serbian category-slovak category-slovenian category-ukrainian category-welsh category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=16012" rel="bookmark">Famous outside words</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=16012" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2018-08-16T17:23:06+00:00">16 August 2018</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="http://www.omniglot.com/images/blog/word.gif" width="208" height="208" style="float:right; margin:0 0 20px 50px;" alt="beseda (word in Slovenian)" /></p> <p>In Slovenian <strong>beseda</strong> [bɛˈséːda] is the word for word or term.</p> <p>Some expressions featuring <strong>beseda</strong> include:</p> <p>– besedna igra = wordplay, pun, play on words<br /> – brez besed = speechless (with shock etc.)<br /> – častna beseda = word of honour<br /> – dati častno besedo = to give one’s word<br /> – držal te bom za besedo = I am going to take you at your word<br /> – mož beseda = man of hono(u)r<br /> – z besedo na dan! = spit it out! let the cat out (of the bag)!</p> <p>This comes from the Proto-Slavic <em>*besěda</em>, which originally meant sitting outdoors (at night), then an outdoor gathering, or a conversation or speech at such a gathering. </p> <p><em>*besěda</em> comes from <em>*bez</em> (outside) and <em>*sěděti</em> (to sit). </p> <p>In other Slavic languages the same root became:</p> <p>– Belarusian: бяседа (bjasjeda) = banquet<br /> – Russian: беседа (beséda) = conversation, talk, discussion<br /> – Ukrainian: бесіда (besida) = talk, conversation, discussion<br /> – Bulgarian: беседа (beséda) = talk, conversation<br /> – Macedonian: беседа (beseda) = speech, oration, sermon<br /> – Serbo-Croatian: бесједа / besjeda = speech, word (archaic)<br /> – Czech: beseda = discussion<br /> – Slovak: beseda = discussion<br /> – Polish: biesiada = feast, banquet</p> <p>Words for word in other Slavic languages include:</p> <p>– Belarusian: слова (slova)<br /> – Russian: слово (slovo)<br /> – Ukrainian: слово (slovo)<br /> – Bulgarian: дума (duma); слово (slovo)<br /> – Macedonian: збор (zbor)<br /> – Serbian: реч (reč)<br /> – Croatian: rije<br /> – Czech: slovo<br /> – Slovak: slovo<br /> – Polish: słowo</p> <p><strong>Slovo</strong>, and variations, comes from the Proto-Slavic <em>*slovo</em> (word), from the Proto-Indo-European <em>*ḱléwos</em> (fame), which is also the root of the Welsh <em>clyw</em> (hearing), the Irish <em>clú</em> (honour, praise, fame), the Latvian <em>slava</em> (rumor, reputation, fame), and the Greek <em>κλέος</em> (kléos – renown, fame, honour).</p> <p>Sources: <em><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Slavic/bes%C4%9Bda">Wiktionary</a>, <a href="https://en.pons.com/translate?q=beseda&l=ensl&in=&lf=en">PONS</a>, <a href="https://www.dict.com/slovene-english/beseda">dict.com</a></em></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=16012" data-a2a-title="Famous outside words"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D16012&linkname=Famous%20outside%20words" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D16012&linkname=Famous%20outside%20words" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D16012&linkname=Famous%20outside%20words" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=93" rel="category">Bulgarian (български)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=98" rel="category">Croatian (Hrvatski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=99" rel="category">Czech (čeština)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=118" rel="category">Greek (ελληνικά)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=127" rel="category">Irish (Gaeilge)</a>, <a 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<a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=16012#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <nav class="navigation posts-navigation" aria-label="Posts"> <h2 class="screen-reader-text">Posts navigation</h2> <div class="nav-links"><div class="nav-previous"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=75&paged=2" >Older posts</a></div></div> </nav> </main> </div> <div id="secondary" class="widget-area" role="complementary"> <aside id="block-7" class="widget widget_block widget_recent_entries"><ul class="wp-block-latest-posts__list wp-block-latest-posts"><li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23958">Squally Showers</a></li> <li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23956">Language Quiz</a></li> <li><a class="wp-block-latest-posts__post-title" 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