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class="hfeed site"> <a class="skip-link screen-reader-text" href="#content">Skip to content</a> <header id="masthead" role="banner" class="site-header header-background-image" style="background-image: url(https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/header_blog.jpg)"> <div class="site-branding"> <h1 class="site-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/" rel="home">Omniglot Blog</a></h1> <h2 class="site-description">Adventures in the world of words and language</h2> </div> <nav id="site-navigation" class="main-navigation" role="navigation"> <button id="menu-button" class="menu-toggle" aria-controls="primary-menu" aria-expanded="false">Primary Menu</button> <div id="primary-menu" class="menu"><ul> <li class="page_item page-item-16"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?page_id=16">About</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-8991"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?page_id=8991">Contact</a></li> <li class="page_item page-item-1391"><a 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category-proto-indo-european category-romanian category-turkish category-vulgar-latin-sermo-vulgaris category-words-and-phrases tag-english tag-etymology tag-flat tag-french tag-language tag-omniglot tag-piazza tag-pizza tag-plate tag-plateau tag-plaza tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23890" rel="bookmark">Little Dishes</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23890" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2025-02-09T14:11:10+00:00">9 February 2025</time><time class="updated" datetime="2025-02-09T14:11:11+00:00">9 February 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>Is the word <strong>plateau</strong> related to <strong>plate</strong>, <strong>platypus</strong>, <strong>plaza</strong>, <strong>pizza</strong>, <strong>place</strong>, <strong>flat</strong> and <strong>fold</strong>? Or is one of these words an odd one out? Let’s investigate.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/jmenj/48969074008/in/photolist-2hBeiDs-2kxpRHR-cKKiAG-95p83N-ecnn3J-b5eBWi-3hsear-arWE5d-arWBj5-9FxTCP-9FxT9P-3w2yzC-9FAStf-2j3i7bS-2Tdggk-2Td6ua-2iuSwwr-6j7EBk-apEkvJ-2hDhva3-W49pRW-2Tcy28-2ThbfA-2atkoFj-2iuV29L-2TcAvg-2Th11L-2ThdFJ-2hDhv8z-2TgZkA-5wkN9J-2mk4Hkv-2Thpxu-2TcHmv-2Th7Sw-2ThCpS-2TcD4r-2qFtLm4-2kDBzD6-2ThrtW-2aefkk6-2ThNBA-2Th4X9-2ThyKw-DBkzUS-7ZNJVW-9xYddq-2ThbQu-naFjEe-2Th5mq" title="Vercors"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/48969074008_a1eedb7c31_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="Vercors"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Plateau</strong> [ˈplætəʊ / plæˈtoʊ] means:</p> <ul> <li>A largely level expanse of land at a high elevation; tableland.</li> <li>A comparatively stable level after a period of increase.</li> <li>A notable level of attainment or achievement.</li> <li>To reach a stable level after a period of increase; to level off.</li> </ul> <p>It comes from French <strong>plateau</strong> (flat area, tray, plateau, stage, (TV) set, chain-ring), from <strong>plat</strong> (flat, flat area of ground, flat thing, a dish or course) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plateau#English">source</a>] and the diminutive ending <strong>-eau</strong>, which can also be added to words like <strong>éléphant</strong> and <strong>zèbre</strong> to make <strong>éléphanteau</strong> (a young [male] elephant, calf) and <strong>zébreau</strong> (young zebra) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/-eau#French">source</a>]. </p> <p><strong>Plat</strong> comes from Middle French <em>plat</em> (flat), from Old French <em>plat</em> (flat, a footbridge), from Vulgar Latin <em>*plattus</em> (flattened), from Ancient Greek <em>πλατύς</em> (platús – broad, flat), from Proto-Hellenic <em>*plətús</em>, from Proto-Indo-European <em>*pléth₂us</em> (flat, broad), from <em>*pleth₂-</em> (to spread, to extend, flat) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plat#French">source</a>].</p> <p><strong>Plate</strong>, <strong>platypus</strong>, <strong>plaza</strong>, <strong>place</strong>, <strong>flat</strong> and <strong>fold</strong> all probably come from the same roots, as do <strong>pit(t)a (bread)</strong>, <strong>piazza</strong>, <strong>flan</strong>, <strong>field</strong>, <strong>plantain</strong>, and the name <strong>Plato</strong> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Category:English_terms_derived_from_the_Proto-Indo-European_root_*pleth%E2%82%82-">source</a>].</p> <p>The odd one out is <strong>pizza</strong>, which was borrowed from Neapolitan <em>pizza</em>, which comes from Byzantine Greek <em>πίτα</em> (píta – cake, pie), the origins of which are uncertain. Words from the same roots include <strong>пита </strong> (pita – round loaf, cake, pie, honeycomb) in Bulgarian, <strong>pită</strong> (bread, sustenance) in Romanian, <strong>pite</strong> (pie, tart) in Hungarian, and <strong>pide</strong> (traditional Turkish flatbread, Turkish pizza) in Turkish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pizza#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23890" data-a2a-title="Little Dishes"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" 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rel="category">Bulgarian (български)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=123" rel="category">Hungarian (magyar)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=27" rel="category">Middle French (françois)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=34" rel="category">Old French (Franceis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=301" rel="category">Proto-Hellenic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=51" rel="category">Romanian (limba română)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=74" rel="category">Turkish (Türkçe)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=216" rel="category">Vulgar Latin (sermo vulgaris)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=flat" rel="tag">flat</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=french" rel="tag">French</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=piazza" rel="tag">piazza</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=pizza" rel="tag">pizza</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=plate" rel="tag">plate</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=plateau" rel="tag">plateau</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=plaza" rel="tag">plaza</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23890#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23828" class="post-23828 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-anglo-norman category-asturian-asturianu category-chavacano category-chinese category-danish category-english category-esperanto category-etymology category-finnish category-french category-galician category-german category-irish category-italian category-japanese category-language category-late-latin category-latin category-manx category-middle-english category-old-french category-portuguese category-proto-indo-european category-romanian category-russian category-scottish-gaelic category-spanish category-swedish category-tagalog category-welsh category-words-and-phrases tag-etymology tag-language tag-omniglot tag-sartorial tag-sastre tag-tailor"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23828" rel="bookmark">Satorial Tailoring</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23828" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2025-01-01T18:19:30+00:00">1 January 2025</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>What links the word <strong>satorial</strong> with the words <strong>tailor</strong> in various languages? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/cjuhlin/8705714004/in/photolist-egi4tj-pd3tXY-81MpTy-82d1Lj-q2JYM-4WhxDE-q2JYB-uhD2dM-bkpL3q-uziTGH-q2KrB-uyE3xW-4WhxH3-4SRrLJ-uhuRCE-q2JyR-4SMcWe-q2JYy-q2JyE-4SRs6o-4SMcEZ-4SMd3Z-4SRrZG-Sfmdxc-2oiFwda-YU9oQP-pUEMZ-8zYhQ3-2k9s4em-bkpSYQ-2hBCdaP-q2KrC-8Xzq2y-78mjGm-qjwsdn-rkCM7x-f8GEs-bvBs3e-4XBBy1-atvnG7-27xQDYU-CHRGEf-2jvJ3eB-8SxUdg-7mJP2C-4WhxLL-4DHoJK-BKnYDv-axi3L4-5yo4ur" title="PenHaligon's Sartorial"><img decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/8139/8705714004_03b290bf20_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="PenHaligon's Sartorial"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The word <strong>sartorial</strong> means:</p> <ul> <li>Of or relating to the tailoring of clothing.</li> <li>Of or relating to the quality of dress.</li> <li>Of or relating to the sartorius muscle ( a long muscle in the leg.</li> </ul> <p>It comes from New Latin <em>sartorius</em> (pertaining to a tailor), from Late Latin <em>sartor</em> (mender, patcher, tailor), from Latin <em>sarcire</em> (to patch, mend), <em>sarciō</em> (to patch, botch, mend, repair, restore, to make amends, recompense), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*serḱ-</em> (to mend, make good, recompense) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sartorial#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>sastre</strong> (tailor) in Spanish, Tagalog and Chavacano, <strong>xastre</strong> (tailor) in Asturian, Galician and Portuguese, <strong>sarto</strong> (tailor) in Italian, <strong>sertir</strong> (to crimp, set, socket [jewellery]) and the surname <strong>Sartre</strong> in French, and the obsolete English word <strong>sartor</strong> (tailor) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/ser%E1%B8%B1-">source</a>].</p> <p>The English word <strong>tailor</strong>, which refers to a person who makes, repairs, or alters clothes professionally, especially suits and men’s clothing, comes from Middle English <em>taillour</em> (tailor), from Anglo-Norman <em>tailloru</em> (tailor), from Old French <em>tailleor</em> (tailor), from <em>taillier</em> (to cut, shape), from Late Latin <em>tāliō</em> (retaliation, to cut, prune), from Latin <em>tālea</em> (rod, stick, stake, a cutting, twig, sprig), the origins of which are uncertain [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tailor">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words include <strong>tally</strong> (any account or score kept by notches or marks) in English, <strong>taille</strong> (size, waist) and <strong>tailler</strong> (to cut) in French, <strong>Teller</strong> (plate, dish) in German, <strong>táille</strong> (fee, charge) in Irish, <strong>talea</strong> (cutting, scion) in Italian, and <strong>taior</strong> (woman’s suit) in Romanian <strong>tajar</strong> (to cut, slice, chop) in Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/talea#Latin">source</a>]. </p> <p>I was inspired to write this post after learning that tailor in Spanish is <strong>sastre</strong>, and wondering where it comes from.</p> <p>By the way, Happy New Year! Blwyddyn newydd dda! Bonne année ! ¡Feliz Año Nuevo! 新年快樂！新年快乐！ Felice anno nuovo! 新年おめでとうございます! Bliain úr faoi shéan is faoi mhaise duit! Bliadhna mhath ùr! Blein Vie Noa! Ein gutes neues Jahr! Feliĉan novan jaron! Поздравляю с Новым Годом! Šťastný nový rok! Godt nytår! Gott nytt år! La Mulți Ani! Onnellista uutta vuotta! 🎆🎉🥂🥳</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23828" data-a2a-title="Satorial Tailoring"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23828&linkname=Satorial%20Tailoring" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23828&linkname=Satorial%20Tailoring" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23828&linkname=Satorial%20Tailoring" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=85" rel="category">Anglo-Norman (norman)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=88" rel="category">Asturian (Asturianu)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=330" rel="category">Chavacano</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=95" rel="category">Chinese (中文)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=100" rel="category">Danish (dansk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=105" rel="category">Esperanto</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=109" rel="category">Finnish (suomi)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=113" rel="category">Galician (Galego)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=127" rel="category">Irish (Gaeilge)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=129" rel="category">Japanese (日本語)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=302" rel="category">Late Latin</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=23" rel="category">Manx (Gaelg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=26" rel="category">Middle English (Inglis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=34" rel="category">Old French (Franceis)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=41" rel="category">Portuguese (português)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=51" rel="category">Romanian (limba română)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=52" rel="category">Russian (Русский)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=56" rel="category">Scottish Gaelic (Gàidhlig)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=329" rel="category">Tagalog</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=sartorial" rel="tag">sartorial</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=sastre" rel="tag">sastre</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=tailor" rel="tag">tailor</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23828#comments">2 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23786" class="post-23786 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ancient-greek- category-armenian- category-english category-etymology category-georgian category-german category-hebrew category-italian category-language category-latin category-polish category-proto-indo-european category-romanian category-spanish category-words-and-phrases tag-card tag-carta tag-chart tag-charter tag-etymology tag-italian tag-language tag-omniglot tag-spanish tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23786" rel="bookmark">Paper Cards</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23786" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-11-28T16:48:45+00:00">28 November 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-12-05T13:57:19+00:00">5 December 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>The word <strong>carta</strong> means paper in Italian, but letter in Spanish. It has other meanings, and this post finds out more.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/47551786@N00/3937729616/in/photolist-6ZXTPW-2qqJgzk-kfSSRh-TiUxUU-2kyY58F-2niSMM-2mg8RC5-2nogjf-b5Hv3K-2mWPvNK-2hS9YUg-4BK3cG-drT8eg-9HJ6ha-oXJaTP-4s2kV7-drT88T-2mUJZ7K-2jKU9Tu-nwV3JF-2jKU9kq-9K34ik-2pcg2yQ-JzZy8C-2mSHeE2-4npfzD-drT8d6-47YAAc-4s9pKP-aBZyrx-YecfcH-E8g9n2-6n8ned-2jKXJRB-bWh88R-2nyU95R-draHza-Q5aSDH-2dF18wo-2oigsMj-73qRRb-QtzDpk-2iVnTh-2oj8vuu-4npfzn-q1oioa-drT7Yx-R5Fwgj-4hJt6h-Q5aRor" title="Carte"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2489/3937729616_e5a46296c2_z.jpg" width="640" height="426" alt="Carte"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Carta</strong> [ˈkar.ta] in Italian means such things as:</p> <ul> <li><strong>paper</strong> or <strong>charter</strong>, e.g. un foglio di carta (a sheet of paper), carta igienica (toilet paper), carta da lettere (writing paper), carta da regalo (wrapping paper), carta lucida (tracing paper), carta da parati (wallpaper)</li> <li><strong>papers / documents</strong> (in the plural – <strong>carte</strong>)</li> <li><strong>card</strong>, e.g. carta di credito (credit card), carta d’indentità (identity card), dare le carte (to deal the cards), mettere le carte in tavola (to lay one’s cards on the table)</li> <li><strong>menu / list</strong>, e.g. alla carta (à la carte), carta dei vini (wine list)</li> <li><strong>map</strong>, e.g. carta geografica (map), carta automobilistica / stradale (road map), [<a href="https://dictionary.reverso.net/italian-english/carta">source</a>].</li> </ul> <p><strong>Carta</strong> [ˈkaɾta] in Spanish can mean:</p> <ul> <li><strong>letter</strong>, e.g. carta de amor (love letter), carta adjunta (covering letter), carta de dimisión (letter of resignation), carta de presentación (letter of introduction)</li> <li><strong>card(s)</strong>, e.g. una baraja de cartas (a pack of cards), jugar a las cartas (to play cards)</li> <li><strong>map / chart / plan</strong>, e.g. carta acotada (contour map), carta astral (star chart), carta meteorológica (weather chart/map), carta de navegación (flight plan)</li> <li><strong>menu / list</strong>, e.g. a la carta (à la carte), carta de vinos (wine list) [<a href="https://dictionary.reverso.net/spanish-english/carta">source</a>].</li> </ul> <p>It has similar meanings in the other Romance languages, and comes from Latin <em>charta</em> (papyrus, paper, a piece of writing, letter, poem. charter) from Ancient Greek <em>χάρτης</em> (khártēs – paper, book), possibly from Proto-Indo-European <em>*ǵʰer-</em> (to scratch) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/carta#Italian">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>card</strong>, <strong>chart</strong> and <strong>charter</strong> in English, <strong>hartă</strong> (map), <strong>hârtie</strong> (paper), <strong>cartă</strong> (charter) and <strong>carte</strong> (book, card) in Romanian, <strong>Karte</strong> (card, map, chart, menu, ticket) in German, <strong>כַּרְטִיס</strong> (kartís – card, ticket) in Hebrew, <strong>ქარტეზი</strong> (karṭezi – certificate) in Georgian, and <strong>քարտ</strong> (kʻart – [playing] card) in Armenian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%87%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82#Ancient_Greek">source</a>]. </p> <p>Incidentally, another word for card in Spanish is <strong>tarjeta</strong> [taɾˈxeta], as in <strong>tarjeta de crédito</strong> (credit card). It is a diminutive of <strong>tarja</strong> [ˈtaɾxa] (tally [stick], plaque, plate, shield), which comes from French <strong>targe</strong> [taʁʒ] (targe [a small shield], buckler [a kind of shield]), from Middle French <em>targe</em> (round shield, targe), from Old French <em>targe</em> (buckler), from Frankish <em>*targa</em> (buckler), probably from Old Norse <em>targa</em> (small round shield), from Proto-Germanic <em>*targǭ</em> (edge), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*derǵʰ-</em> (fenced lot) or <em>*dergʰ-</em> (to catch, grasp) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tarjeta#Spanish">source</a>]. </p> <p>Related words in other languages include <strong>targe</strong> and <strong>target</strong> in English, <strong>Zarge</strong> (frame, border) in German, <strong>targhetta</strong> (label, tag, sticker, name plate) in Italian, and <strong>tarcza</strong> (shielf, target, clock face) in Polish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Germanic/targ%C7%AD">source</a>]. </p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23786" data-a2a-title="Paper Cards"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23786&linkname=Paper%20Cards" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" 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class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=card" rel="tag">card</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=carta" rel="tag">carta</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=chart" rel="tag">chart</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=charter" rel="tag">charter</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=italian" rel="tag">Italian</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=spanish" rel="tag">spanish</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23786#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23778" class="post-23778 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-catalan category-english category-etymology category-french category-italian category-language category-latin category-romanian category-spanish category-welsh tag-english tag-etymology tag-footpath tag-italian tag-language tag-omniglot tag-pavement tag-pavimento tag-sidewalk tag-words"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23778" rel="bookmark">Paved Floors</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23778" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-11-20T15:58:04+00:00">20 November 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-11-20T16:00:24+00:00">20 November 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>The Italian word <strong>pavimento</strong> looks like the English word <strong>pavement</strong>, but actually means <strong>floor</strong>. Let’s find out more.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/125601701@N03/49876980026/in/photolist-7cXDoE-7cXDjb-7cXDmN-2VDU1B-2onXgiQ-8DJHUq-2jQ59ix-2iZsytu-s3oxi-5gX2Za-bwUasj-2aPn8PT-2mEC84V-adJ97P-q1mPQD-bjKetD-2q2MkbZ-6nJzmV-vNvxq-7gEC8g-2ixm2SY-4sHmM-NzryU-6Sqtyj-4wNsDk-2e6E1og-2n4abb8-2iy3MMB-5kUBFN-8RbFgf-amdyzP-acnEo-8R8xiH-6SmoNn-KXfqwY-dYNLxJ-7R9z11-2g3228K-62XHYt-Ku52Dx-ovCAU-5hTyYZ-522mVb-bomsgq-Nig47t-LhUNa7-5UczZY-CNva8P-vzwKDP" title="Regarde où tu marches !"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/49876980026_eaf1a6c030_z.jpg" width="640" height="335" alt="Regarde où tu marches !"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Pavimento</strong> [pa.viˈmen.to] comes from Latin <em>pavīmentum</em> (a floor composed of small stones beaten down) from <em>paviō</em> (to beat, strike, ram, tread down), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*peh₂w-</em> (to strike, hit) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pavimento#Italian">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words in Latin include <em>pavīmentārius</em> (floor-maker, who makes the tiled ground), <em>pavīmentō</em> (to pave) and <em>pavīcula</em> (a rammer) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pavimentum#Latin">source</a>]. </p> <p>Related words in Italian include <em>pavimentare</em> (to floor, to pave) and <em>pavimentazione</em> (flooring, paving).</p> <p>Words from the same Latin / PIE roots in other languages include <strong>paviment</strong> (flooring, pavement) in Catalan, <strong>pavement</strong> and <strong>to pave</strong> in English, <strong>palmant</strong> (pavement) in Welsh, <strong>pavement</strong> (paving, tiled floor) and <strong>paver</strong> (to cobble, pave [Canada]) in French, <strong>pământ</strong> (earth, ground, land) in Romanian, <strong>pavimento</strong> (road surface, paving) in Spanish, and <strong>pļaut</strong> (to mow, reap, shoot intensively) in Latvian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pavio#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/omniglot/53915874567/in/album-72177720319461387" title="Amlwch"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/53915874567_fd26663b2d_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Amlwch"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The English word <strong>pavement</strong> can refer to:</p> <ul> <li>A paved surface; a hard covering on the ground.</li> <li>A paved path, for the use of pedestrians, located at the side of a road (<em>mainly in the UK, Ireland and South Africa</em>) – known as a <strong>sidewalk</strong> in North America, a <strong>banquette</strong> in Louisiana and Texas in the USA, and as a <strong>footpath</strong> in Australia, New Zealand and India</li> <li>A paving (paved part) of a road or other thoroughfare; the roadway or road surface. (<em>mainly in North America</em>)</li> <li>The paved part of an area other than a road or sidewalk, such as a cobblestone plaza, asphalt schoolyard or playground, or parking lot. (<em>mainly in North America</em>)</li> <li>The interior flooring of a church sanctuary, between the communion rail and the altar. [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pavement#English">source</a>]. </li> </ul> <p><strong>Pavements</strong> / <strong>sidewalks</strong> have been around for a many thousands of years. There were pavements in Ancient Greece and Rome, for example, and the Romans called them <em>sēmite</em> (narrow way, footpath, path, pathway) [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sidewalk">source</a>], which comes from PIE <em>*swé(d)</em> (by oneself, away, without) + <em>*mey-</em> ((ex)change). Words from the same roots include <strong>senda</strong> (footpath) in Catalan, <strong>sente</strong> (footpath, track, trail) in French, and <strong>senda</strong> (footpath) in Spanish [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/semita#Latin">source</a>]. </p> <p>Are there other words for <strong>pavement</strong> / <strong>sidewalk</strong> in English?</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23778" data-a2a-title="Paved Floors"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23778&linkname=Paved%20Floors" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23778&linkname=Paved%20Floors" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23778&linkname=Paved%20Floors" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=94" rel="category">Catalan (català)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=128" rel="category">Italian (italiano)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=51" rel="category">Romanian (limba română)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=english" rel="tag">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=footpath" rel="tag">footpath</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=italian" rel="tag">Italian</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=pavement" rel="tag">pavement</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=pavimento" rel="tag">pavimento</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=sidewalk" rel="tag">sidewalk</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=words" rel="tag">Words</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23778#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23771" class="post-23771 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-french category-german category-italian category-language category-late-latin category-latin category-middle-english category-occitan category-old-english-aenglisc category-old-french category-proto-indo-european category-proto-italic category-proto-west-germanic category-romanian category-swedish category-words-and-phrases tag-cap tag-cape tag-chapter tag-etymology tag-kaput tag-kaputt tag-language tag-omniglot"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23771" rel="bookmark">Kaput Capes</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23771" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published updated" datetime="2024-11-13T14:28:59+00:00">13 November 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>What does the word <strong>kaput</strong> have to do with words like <strong>cape</strong>, <strong>chapter</strong> and <strong>cap</strong>? Let’s find out.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/73225029@N02/7658899250/in/photolist-2ij9fz4-2jcgbX8-28vnTkw-2oz9aB8-goggs-dRpt1r-73wpB3-cEMRV5-U25dn5-9QUA4Z-6mxvRU-Sqme2f-2mc7cuc-5auufK-74GSkX-2kCCW7Q-7R3XGu-ert9i-2hEwzGm-4Z9DKh-5Uwwig-2mFUudg-XAATQ-86z3F-ay1fLh-2kjEXut-2hEsL8A-8cDTz-rYFyD-7bMmQk-6yfLXY-4WhQtY-H63wG8-8cDSg-2o5YCLF-64w8Hc-5BPPLs-6jKXj9-2eJFYJ7-2mFVGDG-UpE1xz-63b1iN-bEEtmR-sdZZy-MLhLw-2kHY27J-2kjEUZo-2kVSYFt-2mFUG3T-5ayAF1" title="KAPUTT"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/8286/7658899250_aaccb717da_z.jpg" width="640" height="427" alt="KAPUTT"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Kaput</strong> [kəˈpʊt] refers to something that is out of order or not working in English. It was borrowed from German <strong>kaputt</strong> (destroyed, broken, out of order, tired, exhausted), which comes from the French phrase <strong>être capot</strong> (not having won any trick in a card game). The origin of this phrase is uncertain, but <strong>capot</strong> (bonnet, hood) comes from Old French <em>capote</em> (hooded cloak) a diminutive of <em>cape</em> (cape), from Late Latin <em>cappa</em> (cape, cloak), possibly from Latin <em>capitulāre</em> (head tax, poll tax), from <em>caput</em> (head, top, summit, point, end), from Proto-Italic <em>*kaput</em> (head), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*káput-</em> (head), from <em>*kap</em> (head, bowl, cup) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kaput#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/hennings_zauberfotos/33590037840/in/photolist-2pPTk1K-2jkMi4F-TbeHZs-cX8E5d-2pVVW2N-2o66BDo-2pW1BCx-HEQjF-9wcoVw-9w9kYt-q9Bku2-pSdtBy-9wcqes-2iGuPiE-9w9kke-SDNGri-9wcocY-CfZSzE-7SoRai-9wcnrm-GGtFFn-MQrNVd-2dUr9Cw-nYRZX3-28zY5bF-9w9ov2-GMskBh-2ibt5Am-S6bxxr-pateHR-paGUMC-g4gPd-28zY31Z-bCX2rb-nGumao-b7tfUa-g4gPc-5VY15t-2kh28aW-2kiqccV-28zY4aT" title="Beach next to Cape of good hope"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2829/33590037840_7b82c01291_z.jpg" width="640" height="440" alt="Beach next to Cape of good hope"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Cape</strong>, as in a sleeveless garment or part of a garment, hanging from the neck over the back, arms, and shoulders, comes from French <em>cape</em> (cape), from Old Occitan <em>capa</em>, from Late Latin <em>cappa</em> (cape, cloak), ultimately from PIE <em>*káput-</em> (head) – see above. <strong>Cape</strong>, as in a promontory or headland, comes from the same roots, via Middle English <em>cape</em>, Old French <em>cap</em> (cape, headland) and Latin <em>caput</em> (head, top, etc) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cape#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/joeyz51/51856861427/in/photolist-ctCSa-ctCS7-2n1pYfV-2eF2Vow-JUGUc-6cy3PE-i2Ju8-2n1pYeH-LrPUXR-SuVTm4-4MAsHS-aPDLFZ-cDdy8w-XZRgRf-9bQ3fx-26Z8Qkb-ebeDs5-22y66PH-9sspPA-24RzC3t-ydBmiq-26T9amR-4L2aXS-VcNHQf-7yipNj-27Mv281-L8qiRY-9AfAhb-7EQkdX-G5msw-XmxKau-4HHeeX-FCbXZH-7EUb23-sa1Zm2-7EUaMh-7EQk5e-9rE96a-2oz5ZD9-7EQk2i-5F7FEX-Nd4oCc-2n7E59K-7vMuns-5F7FFt-agFybD-4veNRD-qjpTfV" title="Chapter I...Down The Rabbit Hole"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/65535/51856861427_b85004560c_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Chapter I...Down The Rabbit Hole"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Chapter</strong> (one of the main sections into which the text of a book is divided) comes from Middle English <em>chapitre</em> (chapter, passage, section of a book), from Old French <em>chapitre</em> (chapter), from Latin <em>capitulum</em> (a chapter of a book), a diminutive of <em>caput</em> (head, top, etc) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chapter#English">source</a>]. </p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/kesta/3259386576/in/photolist-5Y2d5h-5CFgZG-seakz3-4wMvPy-4wMvd5-8wscbr-qn3X9s-KDLyk-o5mpf-dizmGc-bhWBHB-4nC82y-o7gD83-bk6KvU-75SuET-6gj6a7-5CFeHh-4jwGSJ-amY8V1-axQsWE-aBk5JT-bmNzxW-99sF7P-98tc19-9Fsnp-CdeaTg-wiyMoh-zEppg-7XLTAs-aboDSr-5CFiMj-Baw7r-ppZScf-5L6t7q-aquTpX-oZGyyg-efpPSN-f1J8AS-6tCAqo-NKctHp-rGwMxC-bfGaei-kB13TX-6wNtuz-9wUTnp-fyGuHB-2B3fM-5cYiq7-613DiS-cXhyT7" title="Happy Truck Day!"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/3437/3259386576_529c31493b_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Happy Truck Day!"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Cap</strong> (a close-fitting hat, either brimless or peaked) comes from Middle English <em>cappe</em> (cap, hat), from Old English <em>cæppe</em> (hat, hood), from Proto-West Germanic <em>*kappā</em> (covering, hood, mantle), from Late Latin <em>cappa</em> (cape, cloak), from Latin <em>caput</em> (head, top, etc) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cap#English">source</a>]. </p> <p>So they all share a common root, the PIE <em>*káput-</em> (head) and arrived in modern English by various different routes.</p> <p>Other words from the same root include <strong>cadet</strong>, <strong>capital</strong> and <strong>captain</strong>, <strong>chef</strong>, <strong>chief(tain)</strong> and <strong>head</strong> in English; <strong>hoofd</strong> (head, chief, boss) in Dutch; <strong>huvud</strong> (head) in Swedish; <strong>capo</strong> (head, boss, chief, leader) in Italian; <strong>cadeau</strong> (present, gift) in French, and <strong>capăt</strong> (termination, end, extremity) in Romanian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/k%C3%A1put">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23771" data-a2a-title="Kaput Capes"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23771&linkname=Kaput%20Capes" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23771&linkname=Kaput%20Capes" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a 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(svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=cap" rel="tag">cap</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=cape" rel="tag">cape</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=chapter" rel="tag">chapter</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=kaput" rel="tag">kaput</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=kaputt" rel="tag">kaputt</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23771#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23747" class="post-23747 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-czech category-danish category-dutch category-english category-etymology category-faroese category-german category-greek category-japanese category-korean category-language category-portuguese category-romanian category-slovenian category-swedish category-vietnamese category-welsh category-words-and-phrases tag-etymology tag-hat-trick tag-hat-trick-2 tag-hattrick tag-language tag-omniglot"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23747" rel="bookmark">Hat Tricks</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23747" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-10-31T14:52:06+00:00">31 October 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-10-31T14:52:25+00:00">31 October 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>A <strong>hat trick</strong> usually involves achieving three things in a row, and has little or nothing to do with hats. So where does this expression come from?</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/xenocrates/4940942472/in/photolist-8wBC4j-6ryX9J-4yh5DR-5Fhz5D-8RzH5v-LVsr5-53LhUg-4p5wts-9MjJPY-7yn4Gv-4obJm7-7CnGJz-9vB1X3-H5AbMd-U7HNND-VpN7ni-Uj5mK7-XaSaqy-Xdh6x2-2i4P7Hq-Ya1zAw-iggpQn-25LrZSJ-Xdg8rV-4wXQbe-HoiRvh-2pvqP6D-4A6Cv5-Uj5vmA-j5nedt-Ya1A5N-Uj5uZd-oTZasR-FRY3Ne-24NQmad-HUd8Lh-cNYsws-rPGWMA-FRY3Bn-24rr3Nw-T6VGFa-24NQkPd-THxqjC-XeARsY-S1o8i7-289vaDC-VpN7hP-T42GBL-TefAr7-YYx3MP" title="hat-trick"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/4079/4940942472_7e74e6e6bd_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="hat-trick"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>A <strong>hat trick</strong> (also written <strong>hat-trick</strong> or <strong>hattrick</strong>) can refer to </p> <ul> <li>Any magic trick performed with a hat, especially one involving pulling an object (traditionally a rabbit) out of an apparently empty hat.</li> <li>(<em>sport</em>) Three achievements in a single game, competition, season, etc., such as three consecutive wins, one player scoring three goals in football or ice hockey), or a player scoring three tries in rugby</li> <li>Three achievements or incidents that occur together, usually within a certain period of time. For example, selling three cars in a day</li> <li>Historically, it referred to a means of securing a seat in the (UK) House of Commons by a Member of Parliament placing their hat upon it during an absence.</li> </ul> <p>The sporting senses of the expression come from cricket – in the past, a bowler who took three wickets in three consecutive balls would be presented with a commemorative hat as a prize. It was first used in this sense in 1858, when H. H. Stephenson (1833-1896) achieved such as feat in a game of cricket at Hyde Park in Sheffield. On that occasion, fans held a collection and presented Stephenson with a hat, or possibly a cap – I like to think it was a bowler hat, but haven’t been able to confirm this.</p> <p>So in the magical sense, the sporting sense, and the political sense, hats were originally involved.</p> <p><strong>Hat trick</strong> has been borrowed into many languages. In Czech, Danish, Dutch, Faroese and Swedish it’s <strong>hattrick</strong>. In Portuguese, Romanian, Slovenian and Vietnamese it’s <strong>hat-trick</strong>, in German it’s <strong>Hattrick</strong>, in Japanese it’s <strong>ハットトリック</strong> (hatto torikku), in Korean it’s <strong>해트트릭</strong> (haeteuteurik), and in Greek it’s <strong>χατ τρικ</strong> (khat trik).</p> <p>In Welsh, it’s <strong>hat-tric</strong>, <strong>camp lawn</strong> (in rugby and football), or <strong>trithro</strong> (in cricket). <strong>Camp</strong> means feat, exploit, accomplishment, achievement, game, sport, etc., and <strong>llawn</strong> means full, complet, whole, etc., so <strong>camp lawn</strong> could be translated literally as “a full feat”. <strong>Trithro</strong> also means three turns, three times or three occasions, and comes from <strong>tri</strong> (three) and <strong>tro</strong> (rotation, turn, lap, etc).</p> <p>Are there interesting expressions in other languages with similar meanings?</p> <p>Incidentally, the practise of awarding people <strong>caps</strong> for representing a team in a particular sport comes from the UK as well. In the early days of rugby and football, players on each side didn’t necessarily all wear matching shirts, and they started wearing specific caps to show which team they were on. From 1886, it was proposed that all players taking part for England in international matches would be presented with a white silk cap with red rose embroidered on the front. These were known as <strong>International Caps</strong>. This practise spread to other sports, although the caps in question are often imaginary rather than real.</p> <p>Sources: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hat_trick#English">https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hat_trick#English</a><br /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hat-trick</a><br /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Stephenson">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._H._Stephenson</a><br /> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cap_(sport)</a></p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=99" rel="category">Czech (čeština)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=100" rel="category">Danish (dansk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=102" rel="category">Dutch (Nederlands)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=108" rel="category">Faroese (Føroyskt)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=116" rel="category">German (Deutsch)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=118" rel="category">Greek (ελληνικά)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=129" rel="category">Japanese (日本語)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=131" rel="category">Korean (한국어)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=41" rel="category">Portuguese (português)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=51" rel="category">Romanian (limba română)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=61" rel="category">Slovenian (slovenščina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=67" rel="category">Swedish (svenska)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=76" rel="category">Vietnamese (tiếng việt / 㗂越)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="tags-links">Tagged <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=etymology" rel="tag">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=hat-trick" rel="tag">hat trick</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=hat-trick-2" rel="tag">hat-trick</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=hattrick" rel="tag">hattrick</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=language" rel="tag">language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?tag=omniglot" rel="tag">omniglot</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23747#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23674" class="post-23674 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-ancient-greek- category-arabic category-catalan category-english category-etymology category-french category-italian category-language category-latin category-portuguese category-romanian category-spanish"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23674" rel="bookmark">Snub Nosed Simians</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23674" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-09-27T13:05:21+00:00">27 September 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-09-27T13:05:22+00:00">27 September 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>The other day I came across the word <strong>scimmia</strong> in my Italian lessons and wondered where it comes from. It’s rather unlike words for monkey in other Romance languages, such as <strong>mono</strong> in Spanish, <strong>macaco</strong> in Portuguese, <strong>maimuță</strong> in Romanian, and <strong>singe</strong> in French.</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/46891909@N05/4310670343/in/photolist-7yVj7t-5ex6GL-6PZjYq-NAacFB-Y42n7Y-nbwBqm-6prb5L-oV6Bmx-539TtE-4ow8TQ-HCkqnP-2nXQfCH-asuxcn-asRXfS-dsQMt-2ebGQke-4WetMD-FVegm7-5Agmva-X2LTmU-9sGSbh-879oCh-4vgtY9-2i5KMWs-bP9TCz" title="Scimmie"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2705/4310670343_eea2559b99_z.jpg" width="640" height="428" alt="Scimmie"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p><strong>Scimmia</strong> [ˈʃim.mja] comes from Latin <em>sīmia</em> (ape, monkey, imitator), from <em>sīmus</em> (snub-nosed, flattened, splayed), from Ancient Greek <em>σῑμός</em> [siˈmos] (snub-nosed, flat nosed, steep, uphill, bent in, hollow, concave), the origins of which are uncertain [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scimmia">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>simian</strong> (monkey-like, ape-like) in English, <strong>jimio</strong> [ˈxi.mjo] (ape) in Spanish, <strong>símio</strong> (ape, monkey, simian) in Portuguese, <strong>simi</strong> (simian) in Catalan, and <strong>singe</strong> (monkey, ape, foolish man) in French [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/simia#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>Related words and expressions in Italian include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>scimmiesco</strong> = monkey-like, ape-like, simian</li> <li><strong>scimmione</strong> = gorilla, ape, a clumsy and brutish person</li> <li><strong>scimmiottare</strong> = to mock, make fun of, mimic, ape</li> <li><strong>scimmiottamento</strong> = aping, mimicry</li> <li><strong>scimmiotto</strong> = small or young money, friend, pal [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scimmia">source</a>]</li> </ul> <p>Incidentally, the origins of the English word <strong>monkey</strong> are uncertain. It may come from <strong>monk</strong>, or from Middle Low German <em>Moneke</em>, the name of the son of Martin the Ape in <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reynard_the_Fox"><em>Reynard the Fox</em></a>, a collection of medieval Dutch, English, French and German fables. </p> <p>Or it may be related to the Late Middle French <em>monne</em> (monkey), from Italian <em>monna</em> (monkey), from Old Spanish <em>mona</em> (female monkey, from <em>mamona</em>, from <em>maimón</em> (a type of monkey with a prehensile tail), from Arabic <strong>مَيْمُون </strong> (maymūn – baboon, mandrill). <strong>Mono</strong> in Spanish comes from the same roots, as does <strong>maimuță</strong> in Romanian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/monkey#English">source</a>].</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=41" rel="category">Portuguese (português)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=51" rel="category">Romanian (limba română)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=64" rel="category">Spanish (español)</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23674#respond">Leave a comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23538" class="post-23538 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-english category-etymology category-french category-galician category-language category-latin category-maltese-malti category-portuguese category-proto-indo-european category-proto-italic category-romanian category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23538" rel="bookmark">Jentacularity</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23538" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-07-03T16:41:24+00:00">3 July 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-07-03T16:44:13+00:00">3 July 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>In this post, we’re discussing things <strong>jentacular</strong> and <strong>prandial</strong>.</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/blog/jentacular.jpg" width="640" height="300" alt="Jentacular / Prandial" /></p> <p>You may have heard of the words <strong>preprandial</strong> (occurring before a meal, especially dinner) and/or <strong>postprandial</strong> (after a meal, especially after dinner), how about <strong>prandial</strong> or <strong>jentacular</strong>?</p> <p><strong>Prandial</strong> means “Of or pertaining to a meal, especially dinner.” It comes from Late Latin <em>prandialis</em>, or from Latin <em>prandium</em> (late breakfast; lunch, any meal, fodder), possibly from Proto-Indo-European <em>*pr̥h₂mós</em> (first) and <em>*h₁ed-</em> (to eat) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prandium#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>pranzo</strong> (lunch or dinner) in Italian, <strong>pranzu</strong> (dinner, lunch) in Maltese, and <strong>prânz</strong> (lunch, noon, midday) in Romanian [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/prandium#Latin">source</a>].</p> <p><strong>Jentacular</strong> is an archaic word that means “Of or pertaining to breakfast; specifically, one taken early in the morning or immediately upon getting up.” It comes from Latin <em>iēntāculum</em> (breakfast), from <em>ientō</em> (I breakfast), a form of <em>ieientō</em> (to eat breakfast), from Proto-Italic <em>*jagjentō</em>, from PIE <em>*h₁yaǵ-</em> (to sacrifice, worship) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/jentacular#English">source</a>].</p> <p>Words from the same roots include <strong>diner</strong>, <strong>dinner</strong> and <strong>jejune</strong> (lacking matter, naive, simplistic) in English, <strong>jantar</strong> (dinner, to dine) in Portuguese, <strong>xantar</strong> (dinner, lunch) in Galician, <strong>déjeuner</strong> (to [eat/have] lunch, to have breakfast) in French [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/h%E2%82%81ya%C7%B5-">source</a>].</p> <p>Apparently in ancient Rome, the first meal of the day, which was eaten at about sunrise, was called <em>iēntāculum</em>. It usually consisted of bread, fruit or leftovers from the night before. At around noon, people would have a light meal called <em>prandium</em>, and at about sunset they had their main meal or <em>cēna</em> (dinner, supper). They may have had another light meal later in the evening as well. Originally, the main meal was eaten at midday, but later moved to later in the day [<a href="https://www.learnancientrome.com/what-did-ancient-romans-eat-for-breakfast-lunch-and-dinner/">source</a>].</p> <p>Are there interesting meal-related words in other languages?</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div align="center"><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://cdn.kualo.com/rewards/uk-unlimited-728x90.gif" width="728" height="90" border="0" alt="Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo"/></a></div> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23538" data-a2a-title="Jentacularity"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23538&linkname=Jentacularity" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/twitter?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23538&linkname=Jentacularity" title="Twitter" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_pinterest" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/pinterest?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23538&linkname=Jentacularity" title="Pinterest" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_dd addtoany_share_save addtoany_share" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share"></a></div></div> </div> <footer class="entry-footer"> <span class="cat-links">Posted in <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" rel="category">Etymology</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=111" rel="category">French (français)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=113" rel="category">Galician (Galego)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=10" rel="category">Language</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=15" rel="category">Latin (Lingua Latina)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=272" rel="category">Maltese (Malti)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=41" rel="category">Portuguese (português)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=45" rel="category">Proto-Indo-European</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=46" rel="category">Proto-Italic</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=51" rel="category">Romanian (limba română)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=78" rel="category">Words and phrases</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23538#comments">1 Comment</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23473" class="post-23473 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-albanian-shqip category-armenian- category-bengali- category-bulgarian category-catalan category-corsican-corsu category-croatian category-danish category-english category-esperanto category-estonian category-etymology category-finnish category-french category-galician category-greek category-hindi category-irish category-language category-lingala-lingala category-mongolian-- category-music category-poetry category-romanian category-russian category-songs category-turkish category-welsh"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23473" rel="bookmark">A Little Alliteration</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23473" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-05-23T14:24:32+00:00">23 May 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-05-25T12:35:36+00:00">25 May 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>I like a little <strong>alliteration</strong>, don’t you?</p> <p><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/blog/alliteration.jpg" width="640" height="300" alt="A Little Allteration" /></p> <p><strong>Alliteration</strong> is “The repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of two or more words immediately succeeding each other, or at short intervals.” [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/alliteration">source</a>]. As in the sentence above. It comes from Modern/New Latin <em>alliterationem</em>, from <em>alliterare</em> (to begin with the same letter), from Latin <em>ad</em> (to, near) and <em>lītera</em> (letter, script) [<a href="https://www.etymonline.com/search?q=alliteration">source</a>]. </p> <p>Other names for this include <strong>consonance</strong> (the repetition of consonants sounds) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/consonance#English">source</a>] and <strong>head rhyme</strong>. If similar or indentical vowel sounds are being repeated, as in “How now, brown cow?”, it’s called <strong>assonance</strong> [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/assonance#English">source</a>] or <strong>slant rhyme</strong>.</p> <p>Other kinds of rhymes include:</p> <ul> <li><strong>syllabic rhyme</strong>: the last syllable of each word sounds the same but does not necessarily contain stressed vowels. E.g. cleaver, silver; pitter, patter.</li> <li><strong>imperfect (or near) rhyme</strong>: a rhyme between a stressed and an unstressed syllable. E.g. wing, caring</li> <li><strong>weak (or unaccented) rhyme</strong>: a rhyme between two sets of one or more unstressed syllables. E.g. hammer, carpenter</li> <li><strong>semirhyme</strong>: a rhyme with an extra syllable on one word. E.g. bend, ending</li> <li><strong>forced (or oblique) rhyme</strong>: a rhyme with an imperfect match in sound. E.g. green and fiend; one, thumb)</li> <li><strong>pararhyme</strong>: all consonants match. E.g. tick, tock; bing, bong</li> </ul> <p>Other types of rhyme, and other ways of classifying rhymes are available [<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhyme">More details</a>].</p> <p>I use a variety of rhymes in the songs I write. For example, my latest song was inspired by a phrase from the Irish course in Duolingo “Léann na lachan na nuachtán.” (The ducks read the newspaper). I made a more alliterative version: “Tá lacha ag léamh leabhar sa leabhrlann le leon agus luch.” (A duck is reading a book in the library with a lion and a mouse). The English version is only slightly alliterative, and that’s what often happens with translations, and why songs and poems are difficult to translate.</p> <p>Here are the words of the song. Parts are quite alliterative, in Irish at least.</p> <p><strong>Eachtraí na Lacha (The Duck’s Adventures)</strong></p> <p>Tá an lacha ag léamh sa leabharlann<br /> The duck is reading in the library<br /> Tá an lacha ag léamh sa leabharlann<br /> le leon agus luch (with a lion and a mouse)</p> <p>Tá an lacha ag siúl go Sligeach<br /> The duck is walking to Sligo<br /> Tá an lacha ag siúl go Sligeach<br /> ag lorg lámhainní (looking for gloves)</p> <p>Tá an lacha ag canadh amhrán<br /> The duck is singing a song<br /> Tá an lacha ag canadh amhrán<br /> faoi sionach an-sionnachúil (about a very cunning fox)</p> <p>Tá an lacha ag labhairt Laidin<br /> The duck is speaking Latin<br /> Tá an lacha ag labhairt Laidin<br /> lena lucht leanúna (with its supporters)</p> <p>Tá an lacha ina coladh ina leabaidh<br /> The duck is sleeping in its bed<br /> Tá an lacha ina coladh ina leabaidh<br /> Agus sin deireadh an scéil<br /> And that’s the end of the tale<br /> Agus sin deireadh an scéil</p> <p>Here’s a rough recording:</p>  <audio class="wp-audio-shortcode" id="audio-23473-1" preload="none" style="width: 100%;" controls="controls"><source type="audio/mpeg" src="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/songs/sager/Eachtrai.mp3?_=1" /><a href="http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/songs/sager/Eachtrai.mp3">http://www.omniglot.com/soundfiles/songs/sager/Eachtrai.mp3</a></audio> <p>I’ve been thinking of making it trilingual in Irish, English and Welsh, but haven’t got round to it yet. </p> <p>Here’s an alliterative phrase I came up with that seems to translate well into a variety of languages:</p> <ul> <li><strong>English</strong>: Singers sing songs</li> <li><strong>Albanian</strong>: Këngëtarët këndojnë këngë</li> <li><strong>Armenian</strong>: Երգիչները երգեր են երգում (Yergich’nery yerger yen yergum)</li> <li><strong>Aymara</strong>: Q’uchunakax q’uchunak q’uchupxi</li> <li><strong>Bengali</strong>: গায়কেরা গান গায় (Gāẏakērā gāna gāẏa)</li> <li><strong>Bulgarian</strong>: Певците пеят песни (Pevtsite peyat pesni)</li> <li><strong>Catalan</strong>: Els cantants canten cançons</li> <li><strong>Corsican</strong>: I cantanti cantanu canti</li> <li><strong>Croatian</strong>: Pjevači pjevaju pjesme</li> <li><strong>Danish</strong>: Sangere synger sange</li> <li><strong>Dhivehi (Maldivian)</strong>: (lavakiyuntherin lavakiyaeve) <span dir="rtl">ލަވަކިޔުންތެރިން ލަވަކިޔައެވެ</span></li> <li><strong>Esperanto</strong>: Kantistoj kantas kantojn</li> <li><strong>Estonian</strong>: Lauljad laulavad laule</li> <li><strong>Finnish</strong>: Laulajat laulavat lauluja</li> <li><strong>French</strong>: Les chanteurs chantent des chansons</li> <li><strong>Galician</strong>: Os cantantes cantan cancións</li> <li><strong>Greek</strong>: Οι τραγουδιστές τραγουδούν τραγούδια (Oi tragoudistés tragoudoún tragoúdia)</li> <li><strong>Haitian Creole</strong>: Chantè chante chante</li> <li><strong>Hindi</strong>: गायक गीत गाते हैं (gaayak geet gaate hain)</li> <li><strong>Lingala</strong>: Bayembi bayembaka banzembo</li> <li><strong>Mongolian</strong>: Дуучид дуу дуулдаг (Duuchid duu duuldag)</li> <li><strong>Romanian</strong>: Cântăreții cântă cântece</li> <li><strong>Russian</strong>: Певцы поют песни (Pevtsy poyut pesni)</li> <li><strong>Swedish</strong>: Sångare sjunger sånger</li> <li><strong>Turkish</strong>: Şarkıcılar şarkılar söylüyor</li> <li><strong>Welsh</strong>: Cantorion yn canu caneuon</li> </ul> <p>Translations by Google Translate. More are available</p> <p>It’s unusual to find a phrase like this that has alliterative translations into so many different languages.</p> <p>Are there other kinds of rhymes that you like / use / know?</p> <p><a href="http://www.japanesepod101.com/member/go.php?r=759259&i=b0" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://www.omniglot.com/images/banners/banner_japanesepod.jpg" alt="The Fastest Way to Learn Japanese Guaranteed with JapanesePod101.com" width="630" height="83"></a></p> <div align="center"><a href="http://my.kualo.com/uk/go/00572" target="_blank" rel="noopener"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://cdn.kualo.com/rewards/uk-unlimited-728x90.gif" width="728" height="90" border="0" alt="Unlimited Web Hosting - Kualo"/></a></div> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23473" 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rel="category">Albanian (shqip)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=205" rel="category">Armenian (հայերէն)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=186" rel="category">Bengali (বাংলা)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=93" rel="category">Bulgarian (български)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=94" rel="category">Catalan (català)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=263" rel="category">Corsican (corsu)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=98" rel="category">Croatian (Hrvatski)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=100" rel="category">Danish (dansk)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=104" rel="category">English</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=105" rel="category">Esperanto</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=106" rel="category">Estonian (eesti keel)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=107" 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href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=51" rel="category">Romanian (limba română)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=52" rel="category">Russian (Русский)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=62" rel="category">Songs</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=74" rel="category">Turkish (Türkçe)</a>, <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?cat=77" rel="category">Welsh (Cymraeg)</a></span><span class="comments-link"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23473#comments">5 Comments</a></span> </footer> </article> <article id="post-23275" class="post-23275 post type-post status-publish format-standard hentry category-albanian-shqip category-breton category-english category-etymology category-frankish category-french category-galician category-language category-latin category-middle-dutch-dietsc-duutsch category-middle-english category-portuguese category-proto-celtic category-proto-germanic category-proto-indo-european category-romanian category-spanish category-welsh category-words-and-phrases"> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23275" rel="bookmark">Mud Glorious Mud</a></h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><a href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23275" rel="bookmark"><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-02-09T15:28:48+00:00">9 February 2024</time><time class="updated" datetime="2024-02-09T18:27:35+00:00">9 February 2024</time></a></span><span class="byline"> By <span class="author vcard"><a class="url fn n" href="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?author=1">Simon</a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content"> <p>If you live in a muddy place, or want to describe such a place, you could use the old word <strong>lutarious</strong>. </p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/ucumari/42273104520/in/photolist-CqPvVK-5NiUKj-7d1BiF-27pwHcE-dkk4wG-bSYoXK-qxfun2-nnVGyg-YdTTf7-LosL9c-7fy11o-64LDmk-22FczF9-PHKSV-2f9AhFf-9TbZyK-dbGspk-24SkFg4-SeZLZ2-dWdqJ4-68U7Xn-68U88F-qPvSat-5ANP2d-9coc56-atLSLU-ZFBj8q-Fr6Rf9-nofvqE-pwmh6n-Zn1HwS-dQX4Mq-FrVLoE-68RZvR-xVzNLN-jBMnx-Gbc6gM-252DXVe-rc8jwK-fJnZJb-LeqBCN-vRndBE-FkWhvf-Qf84Vm-7nULiJ-4ByK6J-izsrmi-8GmrpW-ebYEE5-CHvHgp" title="cute and muddy"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/1780/42273104520_1236fc690a_z.jpg" width="640" height="424" alt="cute and muddy"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>It means “of, pertaining to, or like, mud; living in mud”, and comes from the Latin word <em>lutarius</em> (of or belonging to the mud, living in mud), from <em>lutum</em> (mud, soil, dirt, mire, loam, clay), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*lew-</em> (dirt, mud) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lutarious#English">source</a>].</p> <p>A related word is <strong>lutulent</strong> [ˈlʌtjʊlənt], which means pertaining to mud, or muddy.</p> <p>Words for the same roots include:</p> <ul> <li>Albanian: <strong>llucë</strong> = thin or shallow mud, muddy place</li> <li>Portuguese: <strong>lodoso</strong> = muddy</li> <li>Romanian: <strong>lut</strong> = clay, loam, mud, dirt, <strong>lutos</strong> = clayey</li> <li>Spanish: <strong>lodo</strong> = mud, muck, mire, <strong>lodoso</strong> = muddy, boddy</li> </ul> <p><strong>Lutetia</strong>, the Gallo-Roman town founded in 52 BC that became Paris, gets it’s name from the Gaulish word <em>*lutos</em> (swamp), from Proto-Celtic <em>*lutā</em> (dirt, mud), from PIE <em>*lew-</em> (dirt, mud). It was known as <em>Lutetia Parisiorum</em> by the Romans. The <em>Parisiorum</em> part comes from <em>Parīsiī</em>, the Latin name for the Gaulish tribe who lived in the area. The name <strong>Paris</strong> comes from the same roots.</p> <p>You can find more details on <a href="https://www.omniglot.com/radio/?p=3202">Radio Omniglot</a>.</p> <p>Incidentally, the French word <strong>boue</strong> [bu] (mud, dirt), also has Celtic roots: it comes from the Gaulish <em>*bawā</em> (mud, dirt), from Proto-Celtic <em>*bowā</em> (dirt, filth, excrement), from Proto-Indo-European <em>*gʷewh₁-</em> (excrement, dung) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boue#French">source</a>].</p> <p>The Galician word <strong>bosta</strong> (dung, manure) comes from the same Celtic roots, as do the Welsh words <strong>baw</strong> (mud) and <strong>budr</strong> (dirty, filthy, vile, foul) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/bow%C4%81">source</a>].</p> <p><a data-flickr-embed="true" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/r36ariadne/3944143870/in/photolist-q9t2Cn-KntXPg-2kGYveK-4BLq7d-LLyEW5-gbQVkq-J4X2Sy-2oEfhnq-aoowbj-YF9SqG-HBit7J-9orEfv-2nCseCg-pVtULS-6wnGLP-XLniyT-71wLyw-96R4NE-6aj8ZS-VUg7YY-2mActio-2k7pxka-tUwT-f7yXU3-2tr5A-2nP3t7h-g3CGBH-5s2rEu-2ocLRsJ-cRTjkj-fjQrqg-jXVqqC-2jxHnah-j3no1a-at32Av-dzUzun-ZFFNQm-5Ptw4z-oyHvGg-24CTT5-eagTUv-tAR2sb-73Q8Au-aT5Jm-33jejK-g3Diwv-fnctDf-ufsEH4-MDU15X-efymvu" title="Gwineas buoy"><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" src="https://live.staticflickr.com/2539/3944143870_fccecd491f_z.jpg" width="640" height="480" alt="Gwineas buoy"/></a><script async src="//embedr.flickr.com/assets/client-code.js" charset="utf-8"></script></p> <p>The French word <strong>boue</strong> shouldn’t be confused with the Breton word <strong>boue</strong> [ˈbuː.e], which means <strong>buoy</strong>. It comes from Middle English <em>boi(e)</em> (buoy), from Middle Dutch <em>boeye</em>, from Old Dutch <em>*bōcan</em>, from Frankish <em>*baukn</em> (symbol, sign) from Proto-Germanic <em>*baukną</em> (sign, symbol), from PIE <em>*bʰeh₂-</em> (to glow, light, shine) [<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/boue#Breton">source</a>].</p> <p>By the way, do you pronounce <strong>buoy</strong> [bɔɪ] (boy) or [ˈbu.i] (boo-ee), or some other way?</p> <div class="addtoany_share_save_container addtoany_content addtoany_content_bottom"><div class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 addtoany_list" data-a2a-url="https://www.omniglot.com/bloggle/?p=23275" data-a2a-title="Mud Glorious Mud"><a class="a2a_button_facebook" href="https://www.addtoany.com/add_to/facebook?linkurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fbloggle%2F%3Fp%3D23275&linkname=Mud%20Glorious%20Mud" title="Facebook" rel="nofollow noopener" target="_blank"></a><a class="a2a_button_twitter" 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