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(PDF) Oil extraction imperils Africa's Great Lakes | Jacco van Rijssel - Academia.edu
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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/74327569/Oil_extraction_imperils_Africas_Great_Lakes" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="38503139" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/38503139/Impact_of_oil_spill_on_living_aquatic_resources_of_the_Niger_Delta_region_A_review">Impact of oil spill on living aquatic resources of the Niger Delta region: A review</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="42314476" href="https://uniuyo.academia.edu/GiftDavid">Gift S David</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Wetlands and Waste Management , 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">From the discovery of the first commercially viable oil wells in Oloibiri, in the Niger Delta, Nigeria, in 1956 to the present day, the issue of oil production and its effect on the aquatic environment has been the source of constant friction between oil companies and their host communities. These oil-related activities have affected fishing activities in the host communities, the major economic preoccupation in these areas. As at 2016, daily production of crude oil stood at 1,999,855 barrels per day making Nigeria the largest oil producer in Africa, the seventh largest under OPEC and thirteenth largest in the world. The main sources of oil spill in the Niger Delta are: vandalization of the oil pipelines by the local inhabitants, ageing of the pipelines, oil blow outs from the flow stations, cleaning of oil tankers on the high sea, disposal of used oil into the drains by the road side mechanics, tanker accidents, ballast water discharge, etc. The harmful effects of oil spill on living aquatic resources cannot be overemphasized. Oil kills plants and animals in the estuarine zone. Oil settles on beaches and kills organisms that live there; it also settles on ocean floor and kills benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms such as crabs. Oil poisons algae, disrupts major food chains and decreases the yield of edible crustaceans. It also coats birds, impairing their flight or reducing the insulative property of their feathers, thus making the birds more vulnerable to cold. It affects the essential organs of aquatic mammals, reptiles and amphibians. Oil endangers fish hatcheries in coastal waters and contaminates the flesh of commercially valuable fish. Regulations should be put in place to maintain oil spill free exploration and exploitation. Recommendations have been given, however, to make the region to be habitable.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Impact of oil spill on living aquatic resources of the Niger Delta region: A review","attachmentId":58570407,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/38503139/Impact_of_oil_spill_on_living_aquatic_resources_of_the_Niger_Delta_region_A_review","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/38503139/Impact_of_oil_spill_on_living_aquatic_resources_of_the_Niger_Delta_region_A_review"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="23208722" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/23208722/Oil_in_the_lake_of_world_heritage">Oil in the lake of world heritage</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="45039113" href="https://independent.academia.edu/TamaraZemskaya">Tamara Zemskaya</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Doklady Earth Sciences, 2007</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Oil in the lake of world 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and policy in the management of Lake Chad</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="9010837" href="https://snhu.academia.edu/ChurchillOkonkwo">Churchill Okonkwo</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Integrating science and policy in the management of Lake Chad","attachmentId":33829088,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7204147/Integrating_science_and_policy_in_the_management_of_Lake_Chad","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7204147/Integrating_science_and_policy_in_the_management_of_Lake_Chad"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="37833107" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37833107/The_Turkana_Oil_Discovery_in_Kenya_An_Unfolding_Environmental_Socio_Economic_and_Political_Disaster">The Turkana Oil Discovery in Kenya: An Unfolding Environmental, Socio-Economic and Political Disaster</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61190620" href="https://independent.academia.edu/BeatriceBarasa">Beatrice Barasa</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) ISSN (Online): 2319-7064 Index Copernicus Value (2016): 79.57 | Impact Factor (2015): 6.391, 2017</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Abstract: A disaster is an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds the capacity of adjustment of the affected community. For a disaster to occur there must be a combination of hazard, vulnerability an insufficient capacity or measures to reduce the potential chances of risk. Such vulnerabilities include amongst others, inadequate access to resources and lack of awareness. In this context, Kenya struck its first crude oil of commercial viability at Ngamia1, South Lokichar basin in Turkana County in 2012. Tullow Oil, the British exploration firm in charge of the project projected that the country could begin to export crude oil by end of 2016. To date (2017), this has not been realized due to the unfolding environmental, social, economic and political dynamics which threaten to attain magnitude of disasters. An understanding of the processes involved in the oil find makes the prevailing challenges better understood. Here, the three phases of oil harnessing comprise exploration, exploitation and discovery. Exploration is the action of searching an area for natural resources, such as oil or any other mineral. It entails extensive prospecting, seismic activities and drilling processes. Successful exploration results into discovery. If the estimated quantity of the crude is of economic value, exploitation ensues. In the case of the Turkana oil, estimated recoverable deposits in Lokichar basin alone is one billion barrels and exploitation commenced in 2012. The exploration in other blocks is still ongoing. It is envisaged that this should translate into economic prosperity for the Turkana people. However, there are indications that this may not be so. This is because all the three aforementioned phases have resulted in varied adversarial impacts on the communities in the catchment. This paper reviews the emerging disaster risks hazards in the context of environmental, socio-economic and political impacts that threaten to spiral into disaster magnitudes. Consequently, it recommends a collection of practical initiatives, by multidisciplinary actors, that should be put in place to mitigate the risks hazards therein. Keywords: Oil Discovery, Environmental, Socio-Economic and Political Disaster</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Turkana Oil Discovery in Kenya: An Unfolding Environmental, Socio-Economic and Political Disaster","attachmentId":57834738,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37833107/The_Turkana_Oil_Discovery_in_Kenya_An_Unfolding_Environmental_Socio_Economic_and_Political_Disaster","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37833107/The_Turkana_Oil_Discovery_in_Kenya_An_Unfolding_Environmental_Socio_Economic_and_Political_Disaster"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="122890663" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/122890663/OIL_SPILLAGE_AND_ITS_EFFECTS_ON_ECO_SYSTEM_IN_NIGER_DELTA_A_NATIONAL_CONCERN">OIL SPILLAGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON ECO-SYSTEM IN NIGER DELTA: A NATIONAL CONCERN</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="216642550" href="https://independent.academia.edu/aniekannana">aniekan nana</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Sapientia Foundational Journal of Education and Gender studies vol 5 no 3 Education , 2023</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper examines the detrimental effects of oil spillage on the ecosystem in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The Niger Delta has been significantly affected by frequent oil spills due to inadequate maintenance of pipelines, sabotage, and negligent operations by oil companies. The disastrous consequences of oil spillage on the ecosystems of the region are explored, including the contamination of water bodies, destruction of aquatic life, degradation of farmlands, and health risks for local communities. This article adopts a survey method in tackling the menace of oil spillage in Niger Delta region This paper also highlights the socioeconomic implications of oil spillage in the Niger Delta, emphasizing the urgent need to mitigate and prevent further damage to safeguard the environment and the well-being of affected communities. Conclusively, oil spillage in the Niger Delta remains a pressing national concern due to its devastating effects on the ecosystem and local communities. Immediate action is needed from the government, oil companies, and civil society to prevent further degradation of the environment, protect the livelihoods of the affected communities, and safeguard the region's biodiversity. By implementing stricter regulations, enhancing spill response capabilities, and promoting sustainable practices, we can ensure a healthier and more prosperous future for the Niger Delta.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"OIL SPILLAGE AND ITS EFFECTS ON ECO-SYSTEM IN NIGER DELTA: A NATIONAL CONCERN","attachmentId":117456934,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/122890663/OIL_SPILLAGE_AND_ITS_EFFECTS_ON_ECO_SYSTEM_IN_NIGER_DELTA_A_NATIONAL_CONCERN","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/122890663/OIL_SPILLAGE_AND_ITS_EFFECTS_ON_ECO_SYSTEM_IN_NIGER_DELTA_A_NATIONAL_CONCERN"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="116405343" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/116405343/An_Ever_Present_Menace_Oil_Spills_and_the_Ecological_Devastation_of_the_Niger_Delta_Region_of_Nigeria">An Ever Present Menace: Oil Spills and the Ecological Devastation of the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="316027666" href="https://independent.academia.edu/FatimaAlkali9">Fatima Alkali</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4304015" href="https://nileuniversity.academia.edu/%C3%80y%E1%BB%8Dd%C3%A9l%C3%A9MoroccoClarke">Àyọdélé Morocco-Clarke</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Redeemer’s University Nigeria, Journal of Private and Property Law, Volume 3, Issue 2, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">For the past six decades Nigeria has been bedevilled by perennial incidents of oil spills which have resulted in ecological devastation that is long lasting. Those predominantly affected by the numerous oil spills are the people, communities and businesses of the Niger-Delta region of Nigeria where most of Nigeria’s oil reserves sit. This work has undertaken an in-depth analysis of various oil spills in Nigeria over a protracted period of time and examined the role of the regulatory body and mechanisms put in place to oversee the oil industry. A comparative analysis of the mode of operation of oil companies conducting operations in some developed countries was carried out, and this work culminates in recommendations for cleaner and safer operations of the oil companies operating in Nigeria and correspondingly, greater protection for the environment and the people and communities of the Niger-Delta.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Ever Present Menace: Oil Spills and the Ecological Devastation of the Niger-Delta Region of Nigeria","attachmentId":115376774,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/116405343/An_Ever_Present_Menace_Oil_Spills_and_the_Ecological_Devastation_of_the_Niger_Delta_Region_of_Nigeria","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/116405343/An_Ever_Present_Menace_Oil_Spills_and_the_Ecological_Devastation_of_the_Niger_Delta_Region_of_Nigeria"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="34586576" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/34586576/LAKE_MALAWI_PETROLEUM_EXPLORATION">LAKE MALAWI PETROLEUM EXPLORATION</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="13291485" href="https://independent.academia.edu/grainmalungaacademiaedu">Dr. G R A I N W Y S O N P H I L L I P MALUNGA FIMMM, DFAI</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Lake Malawi has potential to host petroleum due to its geological and structural setting. Recent grant of oil exploration licences to blocks in the lake has raised controversial remarks and outcry on effect of environmental sensitivity and sustainable livelihood of the people that depend on this natural resource. The lake is taken as world heritage site and offers a very rich biodiversity. Fisheries sector offers over 60% of Malawi's protein requirements. At the same time Malawi relies on fuel imports through expensive mode of transportation and geopolitics. The paper highlights stages of exploration and production that need to be followed while promoting sensible dialogue and weighing on the positive and negative effects of oil and gas exploration and production.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"LAKE MALAWI PETROLEUM EXPLORATION","attachmentId":54452385,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/34586576/LAKE_MALAWI_PETROLEUM_EXPLORATION","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/34586576/LAKE_MALAWI_PETROLEUM_EXPLORATION"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="39055362" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/39055362/OIL_EXPLORATION_AND_COMPLIANCE_WITH_THE_CONVENTION_ON_BIOLOGICAL_DIVERSITY_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_THE_MARINE_ENVIRONMENT_ON_LAKE_TURKANA_KENYA">OIL EXPLORATION AND COMPLIANCE WITH THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: A CASE STUDY OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT ON LAKE TURKANA, KENYA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="64393260" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SwalehWengo">Swaleh Wengo</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">My research dissertation looking at the effects of the oil and gas exploration in Turkana, Kenya to the marine Environment.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"OIL EXPLORATION AND COMPLIANCE WITH THE CONVENTION ON BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY: A CASE STUDY OF THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT ON LAKE TURKANA, KENYA","attachmentId":59169666,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/39055362/OIL_EXPLORATION_AND_COMPLIANCE_WITH_THE_CONVENTION_ON_BIOLOGICAL_DIVERSITY_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_THE_MARINE_ENVIRONMENT_ON_LAKE_TURKANA_KENYA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/39055362/OIL_EXPLORATION_AND_COMPLIANCE_WITH_THE_CONVENTION_ON_BIOLOGICAL_DIVERSITY_A_CASE_STUDY_OF_THE_MARINE_ENVIRONMENT_ON_LAKE_TURKANA_KENYA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="47907371" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/47907371/THE_EFFECTS_OF_OIL_SPILL_IN_AQUATIC_LIVES_AND_PROPERTY_IN_KALABARI_IN_RIVERS_STATE_OF_NIGERIA">THE EFFECTS OF OIL SPILL IN AQUATIC LIVES AND PROPERTY IN KALABARI IN RIVERS STATE OF NIGERIA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="78876362" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AJHSSRJournal">AJHSSR Journal</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This study investigates the causes and impacts of oil spill in Kalabar region in Rivers state of Nigeria to identify the suitable land management systems that will control oil spill so as to reduce it impacts on the Niger delta region of Nigeria.. The study adopts a qualitative and quantitative research through interviews, fishermen, periwinkle(Isam) pickers and the youths to identify oil spill impacts on community socioeconomic conditions. The collection of data involves the use of both qualitative and quantitative approaches concurrently. This was possible because the study focused on the effects of oil spill on aquatic lives and property. Purposive sampling Techniques, and Snow Ball sampling was used in selecting the sample size (where one-person links to another). (189) questionnaire were distributed in nine communities affected by the oil spill in Kalabari region, Rivers State out of which 138 questionnaire representing 122.45% of the total was retrieved and triangulated with data Snow ball sampling techniques, interview of selected people affected. The primary data was analysed using Statistical Packaged for Social Sciences (SPSS version 20).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"THE EFFECTS OF OIL SPILL IN AQUATIC LIVES AND PROPERTY IN KALABARI IN RIVERS STATE OF NIGERIA","attachmentId":66793588,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/47907371/THE_EFFECTS_OF_OIL_SPILL_IN_AQUATIC_LIVES_AND_PROPERTY_IN_KALABARI_IN_RIVERS_STATE_OF_NIGERIA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/47907371/THE_EFFECTS_OF_OIL_SPILL_IN_AQUATIC_LIVES_AND_PROPERTY_IN_KALABARI_IN_RIVERS_STATE_OF_NIGERIA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="2978338" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/2978338/Mitigation_of_environmental_problems_in_Lake_Victoria_East_Africa_Causal_chain_and_policy_options_analyses">Mitigation of environmental problems in Lake Victoria, East Africa: Causal chain and policy options analyses</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3476481" href="https://amucta.academia.edu/ArnoldBitesigirwe">Arnold Bitesigirwe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AMBIO: A Journal of the …, 2004</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Mitigation of environmental problems in Lake Victoria, East Africa: Causal chain and policy options analyses","attachmentId":30934950,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2978338/Mitigation_of_environmental_problems_in_Lake_Victoria_East_Africa_Causal_chain_and_policy_options_analyses","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2978338/Mitigation_of_environmental_problems_in_Lake_Victoria_East_Africa_Causal_chain_and_policy_options_analyses"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":82518297,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":82518297,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_82518297" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="17677459" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/17677459/Oil_Contamination_in_Ogoniland_Niger_Delta">Oil Contamination in Ogoniland, Niger Delta</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="37595177" href="https://havochvatten.academia.edu/JonasP%C3%A5lsson">Jonas Pålsson</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">AMBIO, 2013</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline 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class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/17677462/OIL_CONTAMINATION_IN_THE_NIGER_DELTA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="49571437" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/49571437/ECOLOGICAL_AND_ECONOMIC_COSTS_OF_OIL_SPILLS_IN_NIGER_DELTA_NIGERIA">ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC COSTS OF OIL SPILLS IN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="119307091" href="https://uniport-computerscience.academia.edu/ChiomaUgwu">Chioma Ugwu</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Economic Effects of Natural Disasters. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-817465-4.00024-8 © 2021 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved., 2021</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC COSTS OF OIL SPILLS IN NIGER DELTA, NIGERIA","attachmentId":67894366,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49571437/ECOLOGICAL_AND_ECONOMIC_COSTS_OF_OIL_SPILLS_IN_NIGER_DELTA_NIGERIA","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-related-work-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/49571437/ECOLOGICAL_AND_ECONOMIC_COSTS_OF_OIL_SPILLS_IN_NIGER_DELTA_NIGERIA"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" 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