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<span>Elements 102–109</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Elements_102–109-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Elements 102–109 subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Elements_102–109-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Element_102_(Nobelium_No)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_102_(Nobelium_No)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Element 102 (Nobelium No)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_102_(Nobelium_No)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Element_103_(Lawrencium_Lr)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_103_(Lawrencium_Lr)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Element 103 (Lawrencium Lr)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_103_(Lawrencium_Lr)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Element_104_(Rutherfordium_Rf)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_104_(Rutherfordium_Rf)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Element 104 (Rutherfordium Rf)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_104_(Rutherfordium_Rf)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Element_105_(Dubnium_Db)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_105_(Dubnium_Db)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Element 105 (Dubnium Db)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_105_(Dubnium_Db)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Element_106_(Seaborgium_Sg)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_106_(Seaborgium_Sg)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Element 106 (Seaborgium Sg)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_106_(Seaborgium_Sg)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Element_107_(Bohrium_Bh)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_107_(Bohrium_Bh)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Element 107 (Bohrium Bh)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_107_(Bohrium_Bh)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Element_108_(Hassium_Hs)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_108_(Hassium_Hs)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Element 108 (Hassium Hs)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_108_(Hassium_Hs)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Element_109_(Meitnerium_Mt)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Element_109_(Meitnerium_Mt)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Element 109 (Meitnerium Mt)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Element_109_(Meitnerium_Mt)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements_101–112" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_101–112"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Elements 101–112</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_101–112-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">List of chemical element naming controversies</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementnamensgebungskontroverse" title="Elementnamensgebungskontroverse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elementnamensgebungskontroverse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anexo:Controversias_sobre_la_denominaci%C3%B3n_de_los_elementos" title="Anexo:Controversias sobre la denominación de los elementos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anexo:Controversias sobre la denominación de los elementos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kontroversi_penamaan_unsur_kimia" title="Kontroversi penamaan unsur kimia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kontroversi penamaan unsur kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Controversia_sul_nome_degli_elementi_chimici" title="Controversia sul nome degli elementi chimici – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Controversia sul nome degli elementi chimici" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementnaam-Striet" title="Elementnaam-Striet – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Elementnaam-Striet" 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.sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Periodic table forms</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#Detailed_table" title="Periodic table">18-column</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table#The_long-_or_32-column_table" title="Periodic table">32-column</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternative</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>and<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">extended</a><span class="nowrap"> </span>forms</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table history</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">D. Mendeleev</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Discovery of elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">controversies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asia</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">Systematic element names</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></b></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By periodic table structure</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a> (1–18)</b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_1_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Group 1 element"><span title="Group 1 — hydrogen group, all s¹ elements">1</span></a> (<a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal"><span title="Part of group 1: Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr — lithium family, s¹ metals" class="nowrap"><i>alkali metals</i></span></a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal"><span title="Group 2: Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Ra — beryllium group, s² metals" class="nowrap">2 <i>(alkaline earth metals)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element"><span title="Group 3: Sc, Y… — scandium group, s² d¹ metals">3</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element"><span title="Group 4: Ti, Zr, Hf, Rf — titanium and analogs, transition metals with 4 valence electrons">4</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element"><span title="Group 5: V, Nb, Ta, Db — vanadium and analogs, transition metals with 5 valence electrons">5</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element"><span title="Group 6: Cr, Mo, W, Sg — chromium and analogs, transition metals with 6 valence electrons">6</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element"><span title="Group 7: Mn, Tc, Re, Bh — manganese and analogs, transition metals with 7 valence electrons">7</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element"><span title="Group 8: Fe, Ru, Os, Hs — iron and analogs, transition metals with 8 valence electrons">8</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element"><span title="Group 9: Co, Rh, Ir, Mt — cobalt and analogs, transition metals with 9 valence electrons">9</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element"><span title="Group 10: Ni, Pd, Pt, Ds — nickel and analogs, transition metals with 10 valence electrons">10</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element"><span title="Group 11: Cu, Ag, Au, Rg — coinage metals, transition metals with 11 valence electrons">11</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element"><span title="Group 12: Zn, Cd, Hg, Cn — zinc group, s² d¹⁰ metals">12</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group"><span title="Group 13: B, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Nh — boron group, s² p¹ elements">13</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group"><span title="Group 14: C, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, Fl — carbon group, s² p² elements">14</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen"><span title="Group 15: N, P, As, Sb, Bi, Mc — nitrogen group, s² p³ elements" class="nowrap">15 <i>(pnictogens)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen"><span title="Group 16: O, S, Se, Te, Po, Lv — oxygen group, s² p⁴ elements" class="nowrap">16 <i>(chalcogens)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen"><span title="Group 17: F, Cl, Br, I, At, Ts — fluorine group, s² p⁵ elements" class="nowrap">17 <i>(halogens)</i></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas"><span title="Group 18: He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe, Rn, Og — elements having a complete valence shell" class="nowrap">18 <i>(noble gases)</i></span></a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a> (1–7, ...)</b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element"><span title="Period 1: H, He, Z = 1–2">1</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element"><span title="Period 2: Li … Ne, Z = 3–10">2</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element"><span title="Period 3: Na … Ar, Z = 11–18">3</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element"><span title="Period 4: K … Kr, Z = 19–36">4</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element"><span title="Period 5: Rb … Xe, Z = 37–54">5</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element"><span title="Period 6: Cs … Rn, Z = 55–86">6</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element"><span title="Period 7: Fr … Og, Z = 87–118">7</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table"><span title="Periods 8+: Z = 119 …: Afbau, Fricke, and Pyykkö models">8+</span></a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a> (s, p, d, f, ...)</b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_orbital" title="Atomic orbital">Atomic orbitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallic classification</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">alkaline earth</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">post-transition</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">lanthanide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">actinide</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">dividing metals and nonmetals</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></b></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">nonmetal halogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">noble gas</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By other characteristics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_metal" title="Light metal">Light metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main-group_element" title="Main-group element">Main-group elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium</a> elements</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">minor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">trans-</a> actinides</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; text-align:left; background:#eeeeff;"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><b><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></b></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">List of chemical elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">by abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in human body</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">by atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">by isotope stability</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">by symbol</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties of elements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relative_atomic_mass" title="Relative atomic mass">Relative atomic mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity" title="Electron affinity">affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configuration" title="Electron configuration">configuration</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Allen_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Allen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronegativity#Pauling_electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Pauling</a>)</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_(nutrient)" title="Mineral (nutrient)">Nutrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valence_(chemistry)" title="Valence (chemistry)">Valence</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Data pages for elements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li>Electron <a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">affinity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li>Heat <a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">capacity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">of fusion</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li>Thermal <a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">conductivity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; background:#eeeeff;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chemistry" title="Portal:Chemistry">Chemistry Portal</a></b></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sidebar periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The currently accepted names and symbols of the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a> are determined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC), usually following recommendations by the recognized discoverers of each element. However, the names of several elements have been the subject of controversies until IUPAC established an official name. In most cases, the controversy was due to a priority dispute as to who first found conclusive evidence for the existence of an element, or as to what evidence was in fact conclusive. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Element_23_(Vanadium_V)"><span id="Element_23_.28Vanadium_V.29"></span>Element 23 (<a href="/wiki/Vanadium" title="Vanadium">Vanadium</a> V)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Element 23 (Vanadium V)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Vanadium</b> (named after <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Freyja" class="mw-redirect" title="List of names of Freyja">Vanadís</a>, another name for <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>, the Scandinavian goddess of fertility) was originally <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_the_chemical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Discovery of the chemical elements">discovered</a> by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Manuel_del_R%C3%ADo" title="Andrés Manuel del Río">Andrés Manuel del Río</a> (a Spanish-born Mexican mineralogist) in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a> in 1801. He discovered the element after being sent a sample of "brown lead" ore (<i>plomo pardo de Zimapán</i>, now named <a href="/wiki/Vanadinite" title="Vanadinite">vanadinite</a>). Through experimentation, he found it to form salts with a wide variety of colors, so he named the element <b>panchromium</b> (Greek: all colors). He later renamed this substance <b>erythronium</b>, since most of the salts turned red when heated. The French chemist <a href="/wiki/Hippolyte_Victor_Collet-Descotils" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils">Hippolyte Victor Collet-Descotils</a> incorrectly declared that del Río's new element was only impure <a href="/wiki/Chromium" title="Chromium">chromium</a>. Del Río thought himself to be mistaken and accepted the statement of the French chemist that was also backed by del Río's friend <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cintas_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cintas-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1831, <a href="/wiki/Nils_Gabriel_Sefstr%C3%B6m" title="Nils Gabriel Sefström">Sefström</a> of Sweden rediscovered vanadium in a new oxide he found while working with some <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> ores. He chose to call the element <b>vanadin</b> in Swedish (which has become <b>vanadium</b> in other languages including German and English) after the Old Norse <i>Vanadís</i>, another name for the Norse Vanr goddess Freyja, whose facets include connections to beauty and fertility, because of the many beautifully colored chemical compounds it produces. Later that same year, <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_W%C3%B6hler" title="Friedrich Wöhler">Friedrich Wöhler</a> confirmed del Río's earlier work.<sup id="cite_ref-sefs_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sefs-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, <a href="/wiki/George_William_Featherstonhaugh" title="George William Featherstonhaugh">George William Featherstonhaugh</a>, one of the first US geologists, suggested that the element should be named "rionium" after del Río, but this never happened.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_41_(Niobium_Nb)_and_74_(Tungsten_W)"><span id="Elements_41_.28Niobium_Nb.29_and_74_.28Tungsten_W.29"></span>Elements 41 (<a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">Niobium</a> Nb) and 74 (<a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">Tungsten</a> W)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Elements 41 (Niobium Nb) and 74 (Tungsten W)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charles_Hatchett" title="Charles Hatchett">Charles Hatchett</a> named element 41 <b>columbium</b> in 1801<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>Cb</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but after the publication of <i>On the Identity of Columbium and Tantalum</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> in 1809, the claims of discovery of Hatchett were mistakenly considered refuted.<sup id="cite_ref-Wolla_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolla-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rose" title="Heinrich Rose">Heinrich Rose</a> discovered that tantalite contained an element similar to tantalum and named it niobium.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelop_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelop-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1860s, it was found that niobium and columbium are the same element and are distinct from tantalum.<sup id="cite_ref-Ilmen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ilmen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IUPAC officially adopted <b><a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a></b> in 1950 after 100 years of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-Contro_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contro-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a compromise of sorts; the IUPAC accepted <b><a href="/wiki/Tungsten" title="Tungsten">tungsten</a></b> (element 74) instead of <b>wolfram</b> (in deference to North American usage)<sup id="cite_ref-Contro_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contro-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-patel_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patel-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gree_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gree-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b>niobium</b> instead of <b>columbium</b> (in deference to European usage).<sup id="cite_ref-Contro_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Contro-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gree_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gree-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_70_(Ytterbium_Yb)_and_71_(Lutetium_Lu)"><span id="Elements_70_.28Ytterbium_Yb.29_and_71_.28Lutetium_Lu.29"></span>Elements 70 (<a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">Ytterbium</a> Yb) and 71 (<a href="/wiki/Lutetium" title="Lutetium">Lutetium</a> Lu)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Elements 70 (Ytterbium Yb) and 71 (Lutetium Lu)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gadolinite" title="Gadolinite">Gadolinite</a>, a mineral (from <a href="/wiki/Ytterby" title="Ytterby">Ytterby</a>, a village in Sweden), consists of several compounds (oxides or earths): <a href="/wiki/Yttria" class="mw-redirect" title="Yttria">yttria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Erbia">erbia</a> (sub-component as <b>ytterbia</b>) and <a href="/wiki/Terbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Terbia">terbia</a>. </p><p>In 1878, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Charles_Galissard_de_Marignac" title="Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac">Jean Charles Galissard de Marignac</a> assumed that <b>ytterbia</b> consisted of a new element he called <b>ytterbium</b> (but actually, there were two new elements). In 1907, <a href="/wiki/Georges_Urbain" title="Georges Urbain">Georges Urbain</a> isolated element 70 and element 71 from <b>ytterbia</b>. He called element 70 <b>neoytterbium</b> ("new ytterbium") and called element 71 <b>lutecium</b>. At about the same time, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Auer_von_Welsbach" title="Carl Auer von Welsbach">Carl Auer von Welsbach</a> also independently isolated these and proposed the names <b>aldebaranium</b> (<b>Ad</b>), after the star <a href="/wiki/Aldebaran" title="Aldebaran">Aldebaran</a> (in the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a>), for element 70 (<b>ytterbium</b>), and <b>cassiopeium</b> (<b>Cp</b>), after the <a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(constellation)" title="Cassiopeia (constellation)">constellation Cassiopeia</a>, for element 71 (<b>lutetium</b>), but both proposals were rejected. </p><p><b>Neoytterbium</b> (element 70) was eventually reverted to <b><a href="/wiki/Ytterbium" title="Ytterbium">ytterbium</a></b> (following Marignac), and in 1949, the spelling of <b>lutecium</b> (element 71) was changed to <b>lutetium</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Elements_102–109"><span id="Elements_102.E2.80.93109"></span>Elements 102–109</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elements 102–109"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a></div> <p>At the time of their discovery, there was an element naming controversy as to what (particularly) the elements from 102 to 109 were to be called.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At last, a committee of the <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> (IUPAC) resolved the dispute and adopted one name for each element. They also adopted a temporary <a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_102_(Nobelium_No)"><span id="Element_102_.28Nobelium_No.29"></span>Element 102 (<a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">Nobelium</a> No)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Element 102 (Nobelium No)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IUPAC ratified the name <b>nobelium</b> (<b>No</b>) in honor of <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_103_(Lawrencium_Lr)"><span id="Element_103_.28Lawrencium_Lr.29"></span>Element 103 (<a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">Lawrencium</a> Lr)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Element 103 (Lawrencium Lr)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IUPAC ratified the name <b>lawrencium</b> (<b>Lr</b>) in honor of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Ernest Lawrence</a> during a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>; the name was preferred by the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_104_(Rutherfordium_Rf)"><span id="Element_104_.28Rutherfordium_Rf.29"></span>Element 104 (<a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">Rutherfordium</a> Rf)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Element 104 (Rutherfordium Rf)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a> (then <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>, today Russia) named element 104 <b>kurchatovium</b> (<b>Ku</b>) in honor of <a href="/wiki/Igor_Kurchatov" title="Igor Kurchatov">Igor Kurchatov</a>, father of the Soviet atomic bomb, while the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, US, named element 104 <b>rutherfordium</b> (<b>Rf</b>) in honor of <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford,_1st_Baron_Rutherford_of_Nelson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ernest Rutherford, 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson">Ernest Rutherford</a>. In 1997, a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 104 be named <b>rutherfordium</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_105_(Dubnium_Db)"><span id="Element_105_.28Dubnium_Db.29"></span>Element 105 (<a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">Dubnium</a> Db)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Element 105 (Dubnium Db)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a> (a Russian city north of Moscow), proposed naming element 105 <b>nielsbohrium</b> (<b>Ns</b>) after <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> suggested the name <b>hahnium</b> (<b>Ha</b>) in honor of <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>. IUPAC recommended that element 105 be named <b>dubnium</b>, after Dubna. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_106_(Seaborgium_Sg)"><span id="Element_106_.28Seaborgium_Sg.29"></span>Element 106 (<a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium</a> Sg)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Element 106 (Seaborgium Sg)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The element was discovered almost simultaneously by two laboratories. In June 1974, a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> team led by <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Flyorov" title="Georgy Flyorov">G. N. Flyorov</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Institute_for_Nuclear_Research" title="Joint Institute for Nuclear Research">Joint Institute for Nuclear Research</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dubna" title="Dubna">Dubna</a> reported producing the isotope <sup>259</sup>106, and in September 1974, an American research team led by <a href="/wiki/Albert_Ghiorso" title="Albert Ghiorso">Albert Ghiorso</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Radiation_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Radiation Laboratory">Lawrence Radiation Laboratory</a> at the University of California, Berkeley reported creating the isotope <sup>263</sup>106. Because their work was independently confirmed first, the Americans suggested the name <b>seaborgium</b> (<b>Sg</b>) in honor of <a href="/wiki/Glenn_T._Seaborg" title="Glenn T. Seaborg">Glenn T. Seaborg</a>, an American chemist. This name was extremely controversial because Seaborg was still alive. </p><p>An international committee decided in 1992 that the Berkeley and Dubna laboratories should share credit for the discovery. An element naming controversy erupted and as a result IUPAC adopted <b>unnilhexium</b> (<b>Unh</b>) as a temporary systematic element name. </p><p>In 1994, a committee of IUPAC adopted a rule that no element can be named after a living person.<sup id="cite_ref-Yarris_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yarris-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This ruling was fiercely objected to by the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a>. </p><p>Seaborg and Ghiorso pointed out that precedents had been set in the naming of elements 99 and 100 as <b><a href="/wiki/Einsteinium" title="Einsteinium">einsteinium</a></b> (<b>Es</b>) and <b><a href="/wiki/Fermium" title="Fermium">fermium</a></b> (<b>Fm</b>) during the lives of <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, although these names were not publicly announced until after Einstein and Fermi's deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997, as part of a compromise involving elements 104 to 108, the name <b>seaborgium</b> for element 106 was recognized internationally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_107_(Bohrium_Bh)"><span id="Element_107_.28Bohrium_Bh.29"></span>Element 107 (<a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">Bohrium</a> Bh)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Element 107 (Bohrium Bh)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some suggested the name <b>nielsbohrium</b> (<b>Ns</b>), in honor of <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (this was separate from the proposal of the same name for element 105). IUPAC adopted <b>unnilseptium</b> (<b>Uns</b>) as a temporary systematic element name. In 1994, a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 107 be named <b>bohrium</b> (<b>Bh</b>), also in honor of Niels Bohr but using his surname only. While this conforms to the names of other elements honoring individuals where only the surname is taken, it was opposed by many who were concerned that it could be confused with <a href="/wiki/Boron" title="Boron">boron</a>, which is called <i>borium</i> in some languages including Latin. Despite this, the name bohrium for element 107 was recognized internationally in 1997. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_108_(Hassium_Hs)"><span id="Element_108_.28Hassium_Hs.29"></span>Element 108 (<a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">Hassium</a> Hs)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Element 108 (Hassium Hs)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IUPAC adopted <b>unniloctium</b> (<b>Uno</b>) as a temporary systematic element name. In 1997, a committee of IUPAC recommended that element 108 be named <b>hassium</b> (<b>Hs</b>), in honor of the German state of <a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> (or Hassia in Latin). This state includes the city of <a href="/wiki/Darmstadt" title="Darmstadt">Darmstadt</a>, which is home to the <a href="/wiki/GSI_Helmholtz_Centre_for_Heavy_Ion_Research" title="GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research">GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research</a> where several new elements were discovered or confirmed. The element name was accepted internationally. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Element_109_(Meitnerium_Mt)"><span id="Element_109_.28Meitnerium_Mt.29"></span>Element 109 (<a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">Meitnerium</a> Mt)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Element 109 (Meitnerium Mt)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IUPAC adopted <b>unnilennium</b> (<b>Une</b>) as a temporary systematic element name. While <i>meitnerium</i> was discussed in the naming controversy, it was the only proposal and thus never disputed. In 1997, a committee of IUPAC adopted the name <b>meitnerium</b> in honor of <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a> (<b>Mt</b>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements_101–112"><span id="Elements_101.E2.80.93112"></span>Elements 101–112</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elements 101–112"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">This section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a>. <span class="plainlinks" style="font-style: normal; font-size:85%;">(<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfermium_Wars&action=edit">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transfermium_Wars&action=history">history</a>)</span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:0; font-size:85%; white-space:nowrap;"> <caption>Summary of element naming proposals and final decisions for elements 101–112 (those covered in the TWG report)<sup id="cite_ref-transuranium_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-transuranium-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><abbr title="Atomic number">Z</abbr></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">Mendeleev</a></th> <th>Systematic</th> <th>American</th> <th>Russian</th> <th>German</th> <th>Compromise 92</th> <th>IUPAC 94</th> <th><abbr title="American Chemical Society">ACS</abbr> 94</th> <th>IUPAC 95</th> <th>IUPAC 97</th> <th><b>Present</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">101</td> <td>eka-thulium</td> <td>(unnilunium)</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>mendelevium</b></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>mendelevium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>mendelevium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>mendelevium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>mendelevium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>mendelevium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Mendelevium" title="Mendelevium">mendelevium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">102</td> <td>eka-ytterbium</td> <td>(unnilbium)</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>nobelium</b></td> <td>joliotium</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td>joliotium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>nobelium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>nobelium</b></td> <td style="background: #FF9;">flerovium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>nobelium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Nobelium" title="Nobelium">nobelium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">103</td> <td>eka-lutetium</td> <td>(unniltrium)</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>lawrencium</b></td> <td style="background: #FF9;">rutherfordium</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>lawrencium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>lawrencium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>lawrencium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>lawrencium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>lawrencium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Lawrencium" title="Lawrencium">lawrencium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">104</td> <td>eka-hafnium</td> <td>unnilquadium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>rutherfordium</b></td> <td>kurchatovium</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #FF9;">meitnerium</td> <td style="background: #FF9;">dubnium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>rutherfordium</b></td> <td style="background: #FF9;">dubnium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>rutherfordium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Rutherfordium" title="Rutherfordium">rutherfordium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">105</td> <td>eka-tantalum</td> <td>unnilpentium</td> <td>hahnium</td> <td>nielsbohrium</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td>kurchatovium</td> <td>joliotium</td> <td>hahnium</td> <td>joliotium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>dubnium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Dubnium" title="Dubnium">dubnium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">106</td> <td>eka-tungsten</td> <td>unnilhexium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>seaborgium</b></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #FF9;">rutherfordium</td> <td style="background: #FF9;">rutherfordium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>seaborgium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>seaborgium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>seaborgium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium" title="Seaborgium">seaborgium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">107</td> <td>eka-rhenium</td> <td>unnilseptium</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td>nielsbohrium</td> <td>nielsbohrium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>bohrium</b></td> <td>nielsbohrium</td> <td>nielsbohrium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>bohrium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Bohrium" title="Bohrium">bohrium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">108</td> <td>eka-osmium</td> <td>unniloctium</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>hassium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>hassium</b></td> <td>hahnium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>hassium</b></td> <td>hahnium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>hassium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Hassium" title="Hassium">hassium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">109</td> <td>eka-iridium</td> <td>unnilennium</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>meitnerium</b></td> <td>hahnium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>meitnerium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>meitnerium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>meitnerium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>meitnerium</b></td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Meitnerium" title="Meitnerium">meitnerium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">110</td> <td>eka-platinum</td> <td>ununnilium</td> <td>hahnium</td> <td>becquerelium</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>darmstadtium</b></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Darmstadtium" title="Darmstadtium">darmstadtium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">111</td> <td>eka-gold</td> <td>unununium</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>roentgenium</b></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Roentgenium" title="Roentgenium">roentgenium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;">112</td> <td>eka-mercury</td> <td>ununbium</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><b>copernicium</b></td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td data-sort-value="" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center" class="table-na">—</td> <td style="background: #DFD;"><a href="/wiki/Copernicium" title="Copernicium">copernicium</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DFD; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> proposal eventually accepted.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF9; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> name eventually used for a different element. <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Flerovium</a>, IUPAC 1995 proposal for element 102, was adopted uncontroversially for element 114 (eka-lead).</div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In some countries, as Poland, Denmark,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> India,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indonesia<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to 1997 element 104 had a Soviet proposal kurchatovium and element 105 had an American proposal hahnium. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">List of chemical element name etymologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaborgium#History" title="Seaborgium">Seaborgium § History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol_(chemistry)#Symbols_and_names_not_currently_used" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbol (chemistry)">Symbol (chemistry) § Symbols and names not currently used</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IUPAC/IUPAP_Joint_Working_Party" title="IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party">IUPAC/IUPAP Joint Working Party</a> (considers claims for discovery and naming of new elements)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_chemical_element_naming_controversies&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRayner-CanhamZheng2007" class="citation journal cs1">Rayner-Canham, Geoff; Zheng, Zheng (2007). "Naming elements after scientists: an account of a controversy". <i>Foundations of Chemistry</i>. <b>10</b> (1): 13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10698-007-9042-1">10.1007/s10698-007-9042-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:96082444">96082444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foundations+of+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Naming+elements+after+scientists%3A+an+account+of+a+controversy&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=13&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10698-007-9042-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A96082444%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rayner-Canham&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rft.au=Zheng%2C+Zheng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+naming+controversies" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolden2004" class="citation web cs1">Holden, N. 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"Niobium for Steelmaking". <i>Metallurgist</i>. <b>45</b> (<span class="nowrap">11–</span>12): <span class="nowrap">477–</span>480. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1014897029026">10.1023/A:1014897029026</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137569464">137569464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metallurgist&rft.atitle=Niobium+for+Steelmaking&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E477-%3C%2Fspan%3E480&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1014897029026&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137569464%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Patel&rft.aufirst=Zh.&rft.au=Khul%27ka+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+naming+controversies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gree-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gree_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gree_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_N.2003" class="citation journal cs1">Norman N., Greenwood (2003). "Vanadium to dubnium: from confusion through clarity to complexity". <i>Catalysis Today</i>. <b>78</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">5–</span>11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0920-5861%2802%2900318-8">10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00318-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Catalysis+Today&rft.atitle=Vanadium+to+dubnium%3A+from+confusion+through+clarity+to+complexity&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0920-5861%2802%2900318-8&rft.aulast=Norman+N.&rft.aufirst=Greenwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+naming+controversies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=twwAAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA5">"The Transfermium Wars"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists</i>. <b>51</b> (1). Educational Foundation for Nuclear Science, Inc: 5. 1995. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0096-3402">0096-3402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Atomic+Scientists&rft.atitle=The+Transfermium+Wars&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1995&rft.issn=0096-3402&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtwwAAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+naming+controversies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFox2009" class="citation magazine cs1">Fox, Stuart (2009-06-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.popsci.com/scitech/article/2009-06/whats-it-name-element-periodic-table">"What's It Like to Name An Element on the Periodic Table?"</a>. <i>Popular Science</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=What%27s+It+Like+to+Name+An+Element+on+the+Periodic+Table%3F&rft.date=2009-06-29&rft.aulast=Fox&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fscitech%2Farticle%2F2009-06%2Fwhats-it-name-element-periodic-table&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+naming+controversies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yarris-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yarris_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.lbl.gov/Science-Articles/Archive/seaborgium-dispute.html">Naming of element 106 disputed by international committee</a> Lynn Yarris, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> (LBL) Science Articles Archive, 1994 Oct.14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-10-12-mn-49337-story.html">Out of His Element : Discovery Won't Be Named for Chemist--Because He's Alive</a> Thomas H. Maugh II, Los Angeles Times, 1994 Oct.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-transuranium-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-transuranium_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoffmanGhiorsoSeaborg2000" class="citation book cs1">Hoffman, D. C.; Ghiorso, A.; Seaborg, G. T. (2000). <i>The Transuranium People: The Inside Story</i>. Imperial College Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">369–</span>399. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-087-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86094-087-3"><bdi>978-1-86094-087-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Transuranium+People%3A+The+Inside+Story&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E369-%3C%2Fspan%3E399&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-86094-087-3&rft.aulast=Hoffman&rft.aufirst=D.+C.&rft.au=Ghiorso%2C+A.&rft.au=Seaborg%2C+G.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+naming+controversies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zLEt6Adu5l0C&dq=%22104+kurchatovium+105+hahnium%22&pg=PA240"><i>Gyldendals Minilex. Biologi</i></a>. Gyldendal Uddannelse. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788702028096" title="Special:BookSources/9788702028096"><bdi>9788702028096</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gyldendals+Minilex.+Biologi&rft.pub=Gyldendal+Uddannelse&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9788702028096&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzLEt6Adu5l0C%26dq%3D%2522104%2Bkurchatovium%2B105%2Bhahnium%2522%26pg%3DPA240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+naming+controversies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CdZ2rQ8rNlAC&dq=%22kurchatovium+hahnium%22&pg=PP1"><i>Inorganic Chemistry</i></a>. Mittal Publications. 1984. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788170998280" title="Special:BookSources/9788170998280"><bdi>9788170998280</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pub=Mittal+Publications&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9788170998280&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCdZ2rQ8rNlAC%26dq%3D%2522kurchatovium%2Bhahnium%2522%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+naming+controversies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1dlZZkx_pYoC&dq=%22Kurchatovium+hahnium%22&pg=PA12"><i>Biology</i></a>. Erlangga. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789797817138" title="Special:BookSources/9789797817138"><bdi>9789797817138</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biology&rft.pub=Erlangga&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9789797817138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1dlZZkx_pYoC%26dq%3D%2522Kurchatovium%2Bhahnium%2522%26pg%3DPA12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AList+of+chemical+element+naming+controversies" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output 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class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Template talk:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_periodic_table" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox periodic table"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Periodic_table421" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table" title="Periodic table">Periodic table</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Periodic table forms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_periodic_tables" title="Types of periodic tables">Alternatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">Extended periodic table</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Names_for_sets_of_chemical_elements" title="Names for sets of chemical elements">Sets of elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By periodic table structure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_(periodic_table)" title="Group (periodic table)">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1 (<a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">Hydrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alkali_metal" title="Alkali metal">alkali metals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkaline_earth_metal" title="Alkaline earth metal">2 (Alkaline earth metals)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_3_element" title="Group 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_4_element" title="Group 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_5_element" title="Group 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_6_element" title="Group 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_7_element" title="Group 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_8_element" title="Group 8 element">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_9_element" title="Group 9 element">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_10_element" title="Group 10 element">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_11_element" title="Group 11 element">11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_12_element" title="Group 12 element">12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boron_group" title="Boron group">13 (Triels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group">14 (Tetrels)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pnictogen" title="Pnictogen">15 (Pnictogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcogen" title="Chalcogen">16 (Chalcogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17 (Halogens)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">18 (Noble gases)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Period_(periodic_table)" title="Period (periodic table)">Periods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Period_1_element" title="Period 1 element">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_2_element" title="Period 2 element">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_3_element" title="Period 3 element">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_4_element" title="Period 4 element">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_5_element" title="Period 5 element">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_6_element" title="Period 6 element">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Period_7_element" title="Period 7 element">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table" title="Extended periodic table">8+</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Aufbau_model" title="Extended periodic table">Aufbau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Fricke" title="Extended periodic table">Fricke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_periodic_table#Pyykkö" title="Extended periodic table">Pyykkö</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Block_(periodic_table)" title="Block (periodic table)">Blocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufbau_principle" title="Aufbau principle">Aufbau principle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">By <a href="/wiki/Properties_of_metals,_metalloids_and_nonmetals" title="Properties of metals, metalloids and nonmetals">metallicity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">Metals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lanthanide" title="Lanthanide">Lanthanides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Actinide" title="Actinide">Actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_metal" title="Transition metal">Transition metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-transition_metal" title="Post-transition metal">Post-transition metals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metalloid" title="Metalloid">Metalloids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_metalloids" title="Lists of metalloids">Lists of metalloids by source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividing_line_between_metals_and_nonmetals" title="Dividing line between metals and nonmetals">Dividing line</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonmetal" title="Nonmetal">Nonmetals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noble_gas" title="Noble gas">Noble gases</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">Other sets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platinum_group" title="Platinum group">Platinum-group metals (PGM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare-earth_element" title="Rare-earth element">Rare-earth elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refractory_metals" title="Refractory metals">Refractory metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coinage_metals" title="Coinage metals">Coinage metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_metal" title="Noble metal">Noble metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal element">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_metal" title="Native metal">Native metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transuranium_element" title="Transuranium element">Transuranium elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheavy_element" title="Superheavy element">Superheavy elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_actinide" title="Major actinide">Major actinides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minor_actinide" title="Minor actinide">Minor actinides</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">Elements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements" title="List of chemical elements">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>By: <a href="/wiki/Abundance_of_the_chemical_elements" title="Abundance of the chemical elements">Abundance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Composition_of_the_human_body" title="Composition of the human body">in humans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_atomic_properties" title="List of elements by atomic properties">Atomic properties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elements_by_stability_of_isotopes" title="List of elements by stability of isotopes">Nuclear stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_symbol" title="Chemical symbol">Symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element#Properties" title="Chemical element">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aqueous_ions_by_element" title="List of aqueous ions by element">Aqueous chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(crystal_structure)" title="Periodic table (crystal structure)">Crystal structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periodic_table_(electron_configurations)" title="Periodic table (electron configurations)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativity" title="Electronegativity">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldschmidt_classification" title="Goldschmidt classification">Goldschmidt classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Term_symbol" title="Term symbol">Term symbol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;white-space: normal;">Data pages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abundances_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Abundances of the elements (data page)">Abundance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_radii_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Atomic radii of the elements (data page)">Atomic radius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Boiling points of the elements (data page)">Boiling point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Critical points of the elements (data page)">Critical point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Densities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Densities of the elements (data page)">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Elastic properties of the elements (data page)">Elasticity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_resistivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electrical resistivities of the elements (data page)">Electrical resistivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_affinity_(data_page)" title="Electron affinity (data page)">Electron affinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_configurations_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electron configurations of the elements (data page)">Electron configuration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronegativities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Electronegativities of the elements (data page)">Electronegativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardnesses_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Hardnesses of the elements (data page)">Hardness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_capacities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heat capacities of the elements (data page)">Heat capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_fusion_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of fusion of the elements (data page)">Heat of fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heats_of_vaporization_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Heats of vaporization of the elements (data page)">Heat of vaporization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionization_energies_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Ionization energies of the elements (data page)">Ionization energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melting_points_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Melting points of the elements (data page)">Melting point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxidation_state" title="Oxidation state">Oxidation state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speeds_of_sound_of_the_elements" title="Speeds of sound of the elements">Speed of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivities_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Thermal conductivities of the elements (data page)">Thermal conductivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansivities_of_the_elements" title="Thermal expansivities of the elements">Thermal expansion coefficient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_pressures_of_the_elements_(data_page)" title="Vapor pressures of the elements (data page)">Vapor pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">Element discoveries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev#Periodic_table" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">1871 table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendeleev%27s_predicted_elements" title="Mendeleev's predicted elements">1869 predictions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_of_chemical_elements" title="Naming of chemical elements">Naming</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_element_name_etymologies" title="List of chemical element name etymologies">etymology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_places" title="List of chemical elements named after places">for places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">for people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_elements_in_East_Asian_languages" title="Chemical elements in East Asian languages">in East Asian languages</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group wraplinks" style="width:1%;white-space: normal !important;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_nomenclature" title="Chemical nomenclature">nomenclature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_element_name" title="Systematic element name">systematic element name</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivial_name" title="Trivial name">Trivial name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Periodic_table" title="Category:Periodic table">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Elements" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Elements">WikiProject</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_chemistry_(timeline)349" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_chemistry" title="Template:History of chemistry"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:History_of_chemistry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:History of chemistry (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_chemistry" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of chemistry"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_chemistry_(timeline)349" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_chemistry" title="History of chemistry">History of chemistry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_chemistry" title="Timeline of chemistry">timeline</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By branch</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physical chemistry (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_physical_chemistry" title="Timeline of physical chemistry">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_atomic_theory" title="History of atomic theory">Atomic theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_molecular_theory" title="History of molecular theory">Molecular theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electrochemistry" title="History of electrochemistry">Electrochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_spectroscopy" title="History of spectroscopy">Spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_thermodynamics" title="History of thermodynamics">Thermodynamics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_thermodynamics" title="Timeline of thermodynamics">timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organic chemistry (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_biochemistry" title="History of biochemistry">Biochemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nuclear chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_nuclear_fission" title="Discovery of nuclear fission">Fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_fusion" title="History of nuclear fusion">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_power" title="History of nuclear power">Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nuclear_weapons" title="History of nuclear weapons">Weapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied chemistry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_materials_science" title="History of materials science">Material science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_nanotechnology" title="History of nanotechnology">Nanotechnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_pharmacy" title="History of pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_alchemy" title="Chinese alchemy">Chinese alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval Islamic World alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_metallurgy_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="History of metallurgy in the Indian subcontinent">Indian metallurgy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_periodic_table" title="History of the periodic table">Periodic table</a> (<a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_chemical_elements" title="Discovery of chemical elements">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="By_elements11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fluorine" title="History of fluorine">F</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_aluminium" title="History of aluminium">Al</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On specific discoveries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_battery" title="History of the battery">Battery</a></li> <li>Carbon nanotubes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_carbon_nanotubes" title="Timeline of carbon nanotubes">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electrophoresis" title="History of electrophoresis">Electrophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manufactured_fuel_gases" title="History of manufactured fuel gases">Gaseous fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_graphene" title="Discovery of graphene">Graphene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Haber_process" title="History of the Haber process">Haber process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientific disputes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Element naming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drexler%E2%80%93Smalley_debate_on_molecular_nanotechnology" title="Drexler–Smalley debate on molecular nanotechnology">Drexler–Smalley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_equivalent_of_heat" title="Mechanical equivalent of heat">Joule–von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfermium_Wars" title="Transfermium Wars">Transfermium Wars</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_chemistry" title="Women in chemistry">Women in chemistry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_chemistry" title="Category:History of chemistry">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" 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