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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Andrew Jackson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andrew_Jackson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-John_Tyler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#John_Tyler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>John Tyler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-John_Tyler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_K._Polk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_K._Polk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>James K. Polk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_K._Polk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Millard_Fillmore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Millard_Fillmore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Millard Fillmore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Millard_Fillmore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-James_Buchanan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#James_Buchanan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>James Buchanan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-James_Buchanan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Andrew_Johnson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Andrew_Johnson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Andrew Johnson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Andrew_Johnson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ulysses_S._Grant" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ulysses_S._Grant"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Ulysses S. Grant</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ulysses_S._Grant-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rutherford_B._Hayes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rutherford_B._Hayes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Rutherford B. Hayes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rutherford_B._Hayes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chester_A._Arthur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chester_A._Arthur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>Chester A. Arthur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chester_A._Arthur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grover_Cleveland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grover_Cleveland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.12</span> <span>Grover Cleveland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grover_Cleveland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>20th century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 20th century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Warren_Harding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Warren_Harding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Warren Harding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Warren_Harding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herbert_Hoover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herbert_Hoover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Herbert Hoover</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herbert_Hoover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dwight_D._Eisenhower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dwight_D._Eisenhower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Dwight D. Eisenhower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dwight_D._Eisenhower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lyndon_B._Johnson" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lyndon_B._Johnson"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Lyndon B. Johnson</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lyndon_B._Johnson-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_Nixon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_Nixon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Richard Nixon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_Nixon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ronald_Reagan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ronald_Reagan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Ronald Reagan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ronald_Reagan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>21st century</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle 21st century subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-George_W._Bush" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#George_W._Bush"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>George W. 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216540692">.mw-parser-output .SCOTUS-series .sidebar-heading{background:#ccccff}.mw-parser-output .SCOTUS-series .sidebar-content{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .SCOTUS-series .sidebar-below{border-top:thin solid #aaa}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks SCOTUS-series"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court<br />of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/225px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/300px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> The Court</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="History of the Supreme Court of the United States">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States">Procedures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States">Nomination and confirmation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee_reviews_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Senate Judiciary Committee reviews of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">Judiciary Committee review</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices">Ideological leanings of justices</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Lists of United States Supreme Court cases">Lists of decisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court building</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Current membership</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Retired_justices" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Retired justices</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Lists of justices</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of all justices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_by_court_composition" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition">by court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">by time in office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_by_seat" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat">by seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_attended_by_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court justices">by education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States#List_of_chief_justices" title="Chief Justice of the United States">List of chief justices</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#List_of_associate_justices" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of associate justices</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Specialty lists</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">All nominations</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Unsuccessful nominations</a></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_confirmation_votes_for_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of confirmation votes for the Supreme Court of the United States">Confirmation votes</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Supreme_Court_justices_who_also_served_in_the_U.S._Congress" title="List of U.S. Supreme Court justices who also served in the U.S. Congress">Justices who served in Congress</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of burial places of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Burial places of justices</a></dd></dl></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Court functionaries</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States">Clerks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporter_of_Decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Reporter of Decisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" title="Marshal of the United States Supreme Court">Marshal of the Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Police" title="Supreme Court Police">Supreme Court Police</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:National_supreme_courts" title="Category:National supreme courts">Other countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law Portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_series" title="Template:SCOTUS series"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_series" title="Template talk:SCOTUS series"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_series" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS series"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> is the highest-ranking <a href="/wiki/Court" title="Court">judicial body</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. Established by <a href="/wiki/Article_III_of_the_United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Article III of the United States Constitution">Article III of the Constitution</a>, the detailed structure of the court was laid down by the <a href="/wiki/1st_United_States_Congress" title="1st United States Congress">1st United States Congress</a> in 1789. Congress specified the Court's <a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction" title="Original jurisdiction">original</a> and <a href="/wiki/Appellate_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Appellate jurisdiction">appellate jurisdiction</a>, created 13 judicial districts, and fixed the initial size of the Supreme Court. The number of justices on the Supreme Court changed six times before settling at the present total of nine in 1869.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of June 2022, a total of 116 justices have served on the Supreme Court since 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justices have <a href="/wiki/Life_tenure" title="Life tenure">life tenure</a>, and so they serve until they die in office, resign or retire, or are <a href="/wiki/Federal_impeachment_in_the_United_States" title="Federal impeachment in the United States">impeached</a> and removed from office. </p><p>Justices are nominated by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> and then must be confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>, before being officially appointed. A nomination to the Court is considered to be official when the Senate receives a signed nomination letter from the president naming the nominee, which is then entered in the Senate's record. There have been 37 <b>unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States</b>. Of these, 11 nominees were rejected in Senate <a href="/wiki/Voting_methods_in_deliberative_assemblies#Recorded_vote" title="Voting methods in deliberative assemblies">roll-call votes</a>, 11 were withdrawn by the president, and 15 lapsed at the end of a <a href="/wiki/Legislative_session" title="Legislative session">session</a> of Congress. Six of these unsuccessful nominees were subsequently nominated and confirmed to seats on the Court.<sup id="cite_ref-RL33225_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL33225-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, although confirmed, seven nominees declined office and one died before assuming office.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_Washington">George Washington</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: George Washington"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations">John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations</a></div> <p>Among the six original nominees to the Supreme Court, <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Harrison" title="Robert H. Harrison">Robert H. Harrison</a>, who declined to serve.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The seat remained empty until the confirmation of <a href="/wiki/James_Iredell" title="James Iredell">James Iredell</a> in 1790. </p><p>Washington nominated <a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a> for the Supreme Court on February 27, 1793.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall2001_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nomination was withdrawn by the President the following day. Washington had realized that since the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">law establishing the positions within the Supreme Court</a> had been passed during Paterson's term as a Senator (a post he had resigned in November 1790 after being elected Governor of <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>) the nomination was a violation of <a href="/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause" title="Ineligibility Clause">Article I, Section 6 of the Constitution</a>. Washington re-nominated Paterson to the Court on March 4, 1793, after the expiration of what would have been Paterson's term as Senator had he not resigned, and Paterson was confirmed by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Hall2001_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2001-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a> resigned as Chief Justice on June 29, 1795, after being <a href="/wiki/1795_New_York_gubernatorial_election" title="1795 New York gubernatorial election">elected Governor of New York</a>. The subsequent nomination of <a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a> as Chief Justice was rejected by a vote of 10–14 on December 15, 1795. Rutledge's strident and vocal opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a> may have been the main reason for his rejection. Because he had been a <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a>, Rutledge served as Chief Justice for one term.<sup id="cite_ref-UrofskyUrofsky2015_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UrofskyUrofsky2015-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington nominated Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">William Cushing</a> to replace him as Chief Justice, but Cushing declined the role. Washington then successfully appointed <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> to serve as the next Chief Justice.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Adams">John Adams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: John Adams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Ellsworth" title="Oliver Ellsworth">Oliver Ellsworth</a> decided to resign from the position of Chief Justice, President <a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> sought to replace Ellsworth with John Jay, who had been the first Chief Justice. Jay was formally nominated, but turned down the position. Adams then successfully nominated his Secretary of State, <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall" title="John Marshall">John Marshall</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-schwartz1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schwartz1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_Madison">James Madison</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: James Madison"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">William Cushing</a> died, <a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a> on January 2, 1811. Lincoln declined the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-Conley2015_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conley2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wolcott" title="Alexander Wolcott">Alexander Wolcott</a> was then nominated, but was rejected by a vote of 9–24 on February 13, 1811.<sup id="cite_ref-Conley2015_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conley2015-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After <a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> declined a nomination, Madison was finally successful in filling the seat with his appointment of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Quincy_Adams">John Quincy Adams</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: John Quincy Adams"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a> on December 18, 1828. The Senate postponed the vote on his confirmation, by a vote of 23–17, on February 12, 1829. The Senate did not explicitly vote to "postpone indefinitely", but the resolution did have that effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Beth2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beth2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Andrew Jackson instead filled the position with <a href="/wiki/John_McLean" title="John McLean">John McLean</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andrew_Jackson">Andrew Jackson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Andrew Jackson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a> on January 15, 1835, to be an Associate Justice. A resolution was passed by a Senate vote of 24–21 on March 3, 1835, to postpone the nomination indefinitely.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelman2014_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelman2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson nominated Taney again on December 28, 1835. After the political composition of the Senate changed the next year, Taney was confirmed as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> March 15, 1836.<sup id="cite_ref-Finkelman2014_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Finkelman2014-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1837, Jackson nominated <a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">William Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">John Catron</a> to newly created seats. Both were confirmed, but Smith declined to serve. Later that year, Jackson's successor <a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> appointed <a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">John McKinley</a> to fill the vacancy.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Tyler">John Tyler</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: John Tyler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> experienced extreme difficulty in obtaining approval of his nominees due to his lack of political support in the Senate. Tyler took office in 1841 after the death of <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig</a> President <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a>. Tyler had been Harrison's running mate in the <a href="/wiki/1840_United_States_presidential_election" title="1840 United States presidential election">1840 election</a>, but Tyler clashed with the Congressional Whigs over issues such as the <a href="/wiki/Second_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Second Bank of the United States">national bank</a>, and these clashes extended to judicial nominees.<sup id="cite_ref-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">John Canfield Spencer</a> was nominated on January 9, 1844, and his nomination was defeated by a vote of 21–26 on January 31, 1844. <a href="/wiki/Reuben_H._Walworth" title="Reuben H. Walworth">Reuben H. Walworth</a> was nominated on March 13, 1844, and a resolution to table the nomination passed on a 27–20 vote on June 15, 1844. The nomination was withdrawn from the Senate on June 17, 1844. <a href="/wiki/Edward_King_(jurist)" title="Edward King (jurist)">Edward King</a> was nominated on June 5, 1844. A resolution to table the nomination passed by a vote of 29–18 on June 15, 1844. No other action was taken on this nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same day that Walworth's nomination was withdrawn, Spencer was re-submitted, but there is no record of debate and a letter from the President withdrawing the nomination was received on the same day. Walworth was then re-nominated later that same day, but the motion to act on the nomination in the Senate was objected to, and no further action was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Walworth and King were re-nominated on December 10, 1844, but both nominations were tabled on January 21, 1845. Walworth's nomination was withdrawn on February 6, 1845, and King's two days later. <a href="/wiki/John_M._Read" title="John M. Read">John M. Read</a> was nominated on February 8, 1845, and there was a motion to consider the nomination in the Senate on January 21, 1845, but the motion was unsuccessful and no other action was taken.<sup id="cite_ref-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 14, 1845, the Senate voted to confirm <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nelson" title="Samuel Nelson">Samuel Nelson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_K._Polk">James K. Polk</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: James K. Polk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After <a href="/wiki/Henry_Baldwin_(judge)" title="Henry Baldwin (judge)">Henry Baldwin</a>'s death in 1844, <a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>, who declined the nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-Press2012_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polk then nominated <a href="/wiki/George_W._Woodward" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Woodward">George W. Woodward</a>, but the Senate rejected him by a vote of 20–29.<sup id="cite_ref-Press2012_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Press2012-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baldwin was finally replaced by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Cooper_Grier" title="Robert Cooper Grier">Robert Cooper Grier</a> in 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Millard_Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Millard Fillmore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a>, the last member of the <a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a> to serve as president, made three nominations to replace <a href="/wiki/John_McKinley" title="John McKinley">John McKinley</a>, nominating <a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Bradford" title="Edward A. Bradford">Edward A. Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Badger" title="George Edmund Badger">George Edmund Badger</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_C._Micou" title="William C. Micou">William C. Micou</a>, but the Senate, controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a>, did not take action on any of the nominees. Democratic President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> filled the vacancy with <a href="/wiki/John_Archibald_Campbell" title="John Archibald Campbell">John Archibald Campbell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="James_Buchanan">James Buchanan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: James Buchanan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a> to the court in early February 1861 to replace <a href="/wiki/Peter_Vivian_Daniel" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Vivian Daniel">Peter Vivian Daniel</a>. A motion to bring the nomination up for discussion was defeated 25–26 on February 21, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His successor, <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>, filled the seat with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel Freeman Miller</a> in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Andrew_Johnson">Andrew Johnson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Andrew Johnson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> took office after the death of <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Abraham Lincoln in 1865. Johnson, a former <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a>, had been Lincoln's running mate on the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union ticket</a> of 1864, but Johnson disagreed with Congressional Republicans on several issues, including judicial nominees. </p><p>Two justices died in office during Johnson's administration, <a href="/wiki/James_Moore_Wayne" class="mw-redirect" title="James Moore Wayne">James Moore Wayne</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Catron" title="John Catron">John Catron</a>. Johnson had, in April 1866, nominated <a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Henry Stanbery</a> to be an Associate Justice. The following July, however, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Circuits_Act" title="Judicial Circuits Act">Judicial Circuits Act</a> of 1866, which provided for a gradual elimination of seats until only seven were left.<sup id="cite_ref-Medécigo2015_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Medécigo2015-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the reduction of seats, Stanbery's nomination was nullified.<sup id="cite_ref-Geyh2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geyh2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Justice <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> had urged for this reduction in the hopes that it would result in an increase of the justices' salaries, which, ironically, did not happen until Congress restored the size of the court to nine members in 1871. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ulysses_S._Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ulysses S. Grant"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">Ebenezer R. Hoar</a> to a new seat on the court. The Senate rejected this nomination by a vote of 24–33.<sup id="cite_ref-GrantSimon1994_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrantSimon1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 54">: 54 </span></sup> Grant successfully nominated <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bradley" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Bradley">Joseph Bradley</a> for the seat.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant also nominated <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a>, former <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> to the court.<sup id="cite_ref-GrantSimon1994_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrantSimon1994-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 79">: 79 </span></sup> The nomination was eventually confirmed, but Stanton died before he was commissioned.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant then successfully nominated <a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">William Strong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grant nominated <a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Williams" title="George Henry Williams">George Henry Williams</a> to be <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice of the United States</a> in 1873, but he later withdrew from consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-doj_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doj-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to withdrawal of consideration, the <a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate Judiciary Committee">Senate Judiciary Committee</a> declined to recommend confirmation to the entire Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Oregon_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oregon-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant then nominated <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Caleb Cushing</a> for Chief Justice on January 9, 1874, but despite Cushing's great learning and eminence at the bar, his anti-war record and the feeling of distrust experienced by many members of the U.S. Senate on account of his inconsistency, aroused such vigorous opposition that his nomination was withdrawn on January 13, 1874.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grant was successful with his third nomination of <a href="/wiki/Morrison_Waite" title="Morrison Waite">Morrison Waite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rutherford_B._Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Rutherford B. Hayes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early in 1881, President <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Thomas Stanley Matthews</a> for the position of Associate Justice. Matthews was a controversial nominee due to his close ties to the railroad industry,<sup id="cite_ref-hhogue_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhogue-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as the nomination came near the end of Hayes's term, the Senate did not act on it. However, upon succeeding Hayes, incoming President <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield">James A. Garfield</a> (who, like Hayes, was a Republican) renominated Matthews, and the Senate confirmed him by a vote of 24 to 23, the narrowest confirmation for a successful U.S. Supreme Court nominee in history. He served on the Court until his death in 1889.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hall2001-2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall2001-2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chester_A._Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chester A. Arthur"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1882, <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a> to serve as an Associate Justice after <a href="/wiki/Ward_Hunt" title="Ward Hunt">Ward Hunt</a> resigned.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conkling was confirmed,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then declined the position.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Conkling declined, Arthur nominated <a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a>, who twice declined to serve.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arthur then nominated <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Samuel Blatchford</a>, who was confirmed and accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grover_Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Grover Cleveland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Samuel Blatchford</a> died in 1893, during the second term of <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This seat was traditionally held by a <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New Yorker</a>. Cleveland's first two nominees were not confirmed by the Senate; the nomination of <a href="/wiki/William_Hornblower" class="mw-redirect" title="William Hornblower">William Hornblower</a> was rejected by the Senate by a vote of 24–30 on January 15, 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cleveland's follow-up nominee <a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham" title="Wheeler Hazard Peckham">Wheeler Hazard Peckham</a> was also rejected by the Senate, 32–41, on February 16, 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a>, other Senators generally deferred to a nominee's home state senators when evaluating a presidential nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senators from New York were <a href="/wiki/Edward_Murphy_Jr." title="Edward Murphy Jr.">Edward Murphy Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">David B. Hill</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hill objected to Cleveland's nominations, and most other Senators supported Hill.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hill was a rival of Cleveland's who had lost the <a href="/wiki/1892_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1892 Democratic National Convention">Democratic nomination for President</a> to him in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cleveland finally overcame Hill's opposition by nominating <a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> of Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White was a sitting Senator, and <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">Senatorial courtesy</a> dictated that the Senate not reject one of its own.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White's nomination was approved; he served as an Associate Justice until 1910,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as Chief Justice until his death in 1921.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="20th_century">20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Warren_Harding">Warren Harding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Warren Harding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Warren G. Harding Supreme Court candidates">Warren G. Harding Supreme Court candidates</a></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Butler (justice)">Pierce Butler</a> to the Supreme Court in 1922, but the Senate refused to consider his nomination, in part due to Butler's advocacy for railroad interests. However, Harding re-submitted the nomination later in the year, and Butler was confirmed in a 61–8 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-hhogue_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhogue-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herbert_Hoover">Herbert Hoover</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Herbert Hoover"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates">Herbert Hoover Supreme Court candidates</a></div> <p>On May 7, 1930, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s nomination of Appellate Judge <a href="/wiki/John_J._Parker" title="John J. Parker">John J. Parker</a> for the Supreme Court was rejected by a vote of 39–41.<sup id="cite_ref-Goings1990_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Goings1990-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parker was nominated to replace <a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Edward Terry Sanford</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> opposed Parker for his rulings that were favorable towards <a href="/wiki/Yellow_dog_contract" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow dog contract">yellow dog contracts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> opposed Parker due to concerns about Parker's racial views.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover attempted to appeal to Southern Democratic senators to vote for Parker, who was from North Carolina, but Hoover was unable to win enough Democratic votes to make up for Republican defections.<sup id="cite_ref-watson_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watson-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hoover's second nominee, <a href="/wiki/Owen_J._Roberts" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen J. Roberts">Owen J. Roberts</a>, was confirmed by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dwight_D._Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Dwight D. Eisenhower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Court candidates">Dwight D. Eisenhower Supreme Court candidates</a></div> <p>President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">John Marshall Harlan II</a> in 1954, but his nomination was not reported out of the judiciary committee, in part due to opposition to his purported "ultra-liberal" views. Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in 1955, and the Senate confirmed him in a 71–11 vote.<sup id="cite_ref-hhogue_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhogue-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lyndon_B._Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lyndon B. Johnson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates">Lyndon B. Johnson Supreme Court candidates</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Abe Fortas</a>, then an associate justice, for Chief Justice. Fortas would have succeeded <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>, who had decided to retire. Controversy ensued regarding Fortas's extrajudicial activities, and at Fortas's request, Johnson withdrew the nomination prior to a vote of the full Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-Massaro1990_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Massaro1990-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortas's nomination was also opposed by many senators who opposed the rulings of the <a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a>, especially <i><a href="/wiki/Miranda_v._Arizona" title="Miranda v. Arizona">Miranda v. Arizona</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hhogue_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhogue-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fortas's nomination was also injured after Johnson withdrew from the <a href="/wiki/1968_United_States_presidential_election" title="1968 United States presidential election">1968 presidential election</a>, leaving himself as a <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame duck</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> President Nixon instead filled the vacancy caused by Warren's retirement with <a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Warren Burger</a>. </p><p>When Johnson nominated Fortas, he also nominated <a href="/wiki/Homer_Thornberry" title="Homer Thornberry">Homer Thornberry</a> to fill Fortas' seat. Since Fortas withdrew his name from the Chief Justice nomination, but maintained his seat as an Associate Justice (with Earl Warren continuing as Chief Justice), the nomination of Thornberry was void. He was never voted on by the Senate.<sup id="cite_ref-IIIWayne2013_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IIIWayne2013-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richard_Nixon">Richard Nixon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Richard Nixon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates">Richard Nixon Supreme Court candidates</a></div> <p>After the Republicans scuttled Fortas's nomination as Supreme Court Chief Justice, Democrats retaliated by interfering with Nixon's plans to nominate a <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> conservative justice as part of the Republican Party's <a href="/wiki/Southern_strategy" title="Southern strategy">Southern Strategy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Abe Fortas</a> resigned in 1969 because of a scandal separate from his Chief Justice bid, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Clement_Haynsworth" title="Clement Haynsworth">Clement Haynsworth</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> jurist. His nomination was rejected by the Senate by a vote of 45–55 on November 21, 1969,<sup id="cite_ref-Huff1995_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huff1995-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> due to concerns about Haynsworth's civil rights record and perceived ethical lapses.<sup id="cite_ref-hhogue_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hhogue-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Nixon nominated <a href="/wiki/Harold_Carswell" class="mw-redirect" title="Harold Carswell">G. Harrold Carswell</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Floridian</a> with a history of supporting <a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Racial segregation in the United States">segregation</a> and opposing <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rights in the United States">women's rights</a>. The Senate rejected his nomination 45 to 51 on April 8, 1970, following much pressure from the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movements</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dean2002_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dean2002-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nixon's third nominee for the Fortas vacancy was <a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Harry Blackmun</a>, who was confirmed by the Senate with no opposition on May 17, 1970. </p><p>Nixon was soon faced with two more Supreme Court vacancies when <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">John Harlan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> retired in the fall of 1971. Nixon considered nominating Arkansas lawyer <a href="/wiki/Hershel_Friday" class="mw-redirect" title="Hershel Friday">Hershel Friday</a> and California intermediate appellate judge <a href="/wiki/Mildred_Lillie" title="Mildred Lillie">Mildred Lillie</a> to the high court. By tradition at the time, potential Supreme Court nominees were first disclosed to the <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>'s standing committee on the federal judiciary. When it became apparent that this 12-member committee would find that both were unqualified, Nixon passed over Friday and Lillie,<sup id="cite_ref-Hayes2009_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hayes2009-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and nominated <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Franklin_Powell_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Franklin Powell Jr.">Lewis Powell</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">William Rehnquist</a>. Powell was confirmed by an 89–1 vote, and Rehnquist was confirmed 68–26.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ronald_Reagan">Ronald Reagan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ronald Reagan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates">Ronald Reagan Supreme Court candidates</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination">Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Franklin_Powell_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Franklin Powell Jr.">Lewis Powell</a> retired in July 1987, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a>. Bork was a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_District_of_Columbia_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit">Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia</a> at the time and known as a proponent of constitutional <a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">originalism</a>. Bork lost confirmation by a Senate vote of 42 to 58, largely due to Bork's conservative opinions on constitutional issues and his role in the <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre" title="Saturday Night Massacre">Saturday Night Massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VieiraGross1998_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VieiraGross1998-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Reagan then announced his intention to nominate <a href="/wiki/Douglas_H._Ginsburg" title="Douglas H. Ginsburg">Douglas H. Ginsburg</a> to the court. Before Ginsburg could be officially nominated, he withdrew himself from consideration under heavy pressure after revealing that he had smoked <a href="/wiki/Cannabis_(drug)" title="Cannabis (drug)">marijuana</a> with his students while a professor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_School" title="Harvard Law School">Harvard Law School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee2013_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee2013-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reagan then nominated <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a>, who was confirmed by a Senate vote of 97–0.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century">21st century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: 21st century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="George_W._Bush">George W. Bush</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: George W. Bush"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates">George W. Bush Supreme Court candidates</a></div> <p>In October 2005, <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> nominated <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_lawyer" title="Corporate lawyer">corporate attorney</a> from <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> who had served as Bush's private attorney and as <a href="/wiki/White_House_Counsel" title="White House Counsel">White House Counsel</a>, as an Associate Justice to replace retiring Justice <a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a>. Miers was widely perceived as unqualified for the position, and it later emerged that she had allowed her law license to lapse for a time. The nomination was immediately attacked by politicians and commentators from across the political spectrum. At Miers's request, Bush withdrew the nomination on October 27, ostensibly to avoid violating <a href="/wiki/Executive_privilege" title="Executive privilege">executive privilege</a> by disclosing details of her work at the White House.<sup id="cite_ref-WroeHerbert2009_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WroeHerbert2009-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four days later, Bush nominated <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a> to the seat. Alito was confirmed by a vote of 58–42 on January 31, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barack_Obama">Barack Obama</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Barack Obama"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination</a></div> <p>In February 2016, Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> died. The following month, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> nominated D.C. Circuit Judge <a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a> to replace Scalia. However, the Senate was controlled by the Republican Party, which argued that the next president should instead appoint Scalia's successor.<sup id="cite_ref-NYT_2016_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYT_2016-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Republicans</a> refused to hold hearings on Garland, and Garland's nomination remained before the Senate longer than any other Supreme Court nomination.<sup id="cite_ref-lhurley_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lhurley-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Garland's nomination expired with the end of the <a href="/wiki/114th_United_States_Congress" title="114th United States Congress">114th United States Congress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jbravin1_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jbravin1-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The vacancy caused by Scalia's death remained unfilled for 422 days, making it just the second Supreme Court vacancy since the end of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> to remain unfilled for more than one year.<sup id="cite_ref-desilver1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-desilver1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 31, 2017, President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, who succeeded Obama, nominated federal appeals court Judge <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a> to replace Justice Scalia. Justice Gorsuch was sworn in on April 10, 2017, after being confirmed by a vote of 54–45. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_unsuccessful_nominations">List of unsuccessful nominations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: List of unsuccessful nominations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following is a list of the 37 unsuccessful Supreme Court nominations. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Unsuccessful Supreme Court nominations<sup id="cite_ref-RL33225_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL33225-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominee</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Nominated by</th> <th>Outcome </th></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Paterson"><a href="/wiki/William_Paterson_(judge)" title="William Paterson (judge)">William Paterson</a><sup id="cite_ref-Later_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Later-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1793</td> <td data-sort-value="Washington">Washington</td> <td>Withdrawn </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Rutledge"><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge" title="John Rutledge">John Rutledge</a><sup id="cite_ref-Recess_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Recess-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>B<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1795</td> <td data-sort-value="Washington">Washington</td> <td data-sort-value="Rejected, 1795">Rejected, 10–14 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Wolcott"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Wolcott" title="Alexander Wolcott">Alexander Wolcott</a></td> <td>1811</td> <td data-sort-value="Madison">Madison</td> <td data-sort-value="Rejected, 1811">Rejected, 9–24 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Crittenden"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Crittenden" title="John J. Crittenden">John J. Crittenden</a></td> <td>1828</td> <td data-sort-value="Adams, JQ">J. Q. Adams</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Taney"><a href="/wiki/Roger_B._Taney" title="Roger B. Taney">Roger B. Taney</a><sup id="cite_ref-Later_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Later-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1835</td> <td data-sort-value="Jackson">Jackson</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Spencera"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">John C. Spencer</a></td> <td>1844</td> <td data-sort-value="Tyler">Tyler</td> <td data-sort-value="Rejected, 1844">Rejected, 21–26 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Walwortha"><a href="/wiki/Reuben_H._Walworth" title="Reuben H. Walworth">Reuben H. Walworth</a></td> <td>1844</td> <td data-sort-value="Tyler">Tyler</td> <td>Withdrawn </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Kinga"><a href="/wiki/Edward_King_(jurist)" title="Edward King (jurist)">Edward King</a></td> <td>1844</td> <td data-sort-value="Tyler">Tyler</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Spencerb"><a href="/wiki/John_C._Spencer" class="mw-redirect" title="John C. Spencer">John C. Spencer</a></td> <td>1844</td> <td data-sort-value="Tyler">Tyler</td> <td>Withdrawn </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Walworthb"><a href="/wiki/Reuben_H._Walworth" title="Reuben H. Walworth">Reuben H. Walworth</a></td> <td>1844</td> <td data-sort-value="Tyler">Tyler</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Walworthc"><a href="/wiki/Reuben_H._Walworth" title="Reuben H. Walworth">Reuben H. Walworth</a></td> <td>1844</td> <td data-sort-value="Tyler">Tyler</td> <td>Withdrawn </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Kingb"><a href="/wiki/Edward_King_(jurist)" title="Edward King (jurist)">Edward King</a></td> <td>1844</td> <td data-sort-value="Tyler">Tyler</td> <td>Withdrawn </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Read"><a href="/wiki/John_M._Read" title="John M. Read">John M. Read</a></td> <td>1845</td> <td data-sort-value="Tyler">Tyler</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Woodward"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Woodward" class="mw-redirect" title="George W. Woodward">George W. Woodward</a></td> <td>1845</td> <td data-sort-value="Polk">Polk</td> <td data-sort-value="Rejected, 1845">Rejected, 20–29 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Bradford"><a href="/wiki/Edward_A._Bradford" title="Edward A. Bradford">Edward A. Bradford</a></td> <td>1852</td> <td data-sort-value="Fillmore">Fillmore</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Badger"><a href="/wiki/George_E._Badger" class="mw-redirect" title="George E. Badger">George E. Badger</a></td> <td>1853</td> <td data-sort-value="Fillmore">Fillmore</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Micou"><a href="/wiki/William_C._Micou" title="William C. Micou">William C. Micou</a></td> <td>1853</td> <td data-sort-value="Fillmore">Fillmore</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Black"><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_S._Black" title="Jeremiah S. Black">Jeremiah S. Black</a></td> <td>1861</td> <td data-sort-value="Buchanan">Buchanan</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Stanbery"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Stanbery" title="Henry Stanbery">Henry Stanbery</a></td> <td>1866</td> <td data-sort-value="Johnson, A">A. Johnson</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hoar"><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_R._Hoar" title="Ebenezer R. Hoar">Ebenezer R. Hoar</a></td> <td>1869</td> <td data-sort-value="Grant">Grant</td> <td data-sort-value="Rejected, 1869">Rejected, 24–33 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Williams"><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Williams" title="George Henry Williams">George Henry Williams</a></td> <td>1873</td> <td data-sort-value="Grant">Grant</td> <td>Withdrawn </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Cushing"><a href="/wiki/Caleb_Cushing" title="Caleb Cushing">Caleb Cushing</a></td> <td>1874</td> <td data-sort-value="Grant">Grant</td> <td>Withdrawn </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Matthews"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a><sup id="cite_ref-Later_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Later-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1881</td> <td data-sort-value="Hayes">Hayes</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hornblowera"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Hornblower" title="William B. Hornblower">William B. Hornblower</a></td> <td>1893</td> <td data-sort-value="Cleveland">Cleveland</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Hornblowerb"><a href="/wiki/William_B._Hornblower" title="William B. Hornblower">William B. Hornblower</a></td> <td>1893</td> <td data-sort-value="Cleveland">Cleveland</td> <td data-sort-value="Rejected, 1893">Rejected, 24–30 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Peckham"><a href="/wiki/Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham" title="Wheeler Hazard Peckham">Wheeler Hazard Peckham</a></td> <td>1894</td> <td data-sort-value="Cleveland">Cleveland</td> <td data-sort-value="Rejected, 1894">Rejected, 32–41 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Butler"><a href="/wiki/Pierce_Butler_(justice)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierce Butler (justice)">Pierce Butler</a><sup id="cite_ref-Later_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Later-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1922</td> <td data-sort-value="Harding">Harding</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Parker"><a href="/wiki/John_J._Parker" title="John J. Parker">John J. Parker</a></td> <td>1930</td> <td data-sort-value="Hoover">Hoover</td> <td data-sort-value="Rejected, 1930">Rejected, 39–41 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="HarlanII"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">John Marshall Harlan II</a><sup id="cite_ref-Later_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Later-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1954</td> <td data-sort-value="Eisenhower">Eisenhower</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Fortas"><a href="/wiki/Abe_Fortas" title="Abe Fortas">Abe Fortas</a><sup id="cite_ref-ajcj_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajcj-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1968</td> <td data-sort-value="Johnson, LB">L. B. Johnson</td> <td>Withdrawn </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Thornberry"><a href="/wiki/Homer_Thornberry" title="Homer Thornberry">Homer Thornberry</a></td> <td>1968</td> <td data-sort-value="Johnson, LB">L. B. Johnson</td> <td>Withdrawn </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Haynsworth"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Haynsworth" title="Clement Haynsworth">Clement Haynsworth</a></td> <td>1969</td> <td data-sort-value="Nixon">Nixon</td> <td data-sort-value="Rejected, 1969">Rejected, 45–55 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Carswell"><a href="/wiki/G._Harrold_Carswell" title="G. Harrold Carswell">G. Harrold Carswell</a></td> <td>1970</td> <td data-sort-value="Nixon">Nixon</td> <td data-sort-value="Rejected, 1970">Rejected, 45–51 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Bork"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Robert Bork</a></td> <td>1987</td> <td data-sort-value="Reagan">Reagan</td> <td data-sort-value="Rejected, 1987">Rejected, 42–58 </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Roberts"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a><sup id="cite_ref-Later_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Later-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>A<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2005</td> <td data-sort-value="Bush, GW">G. W. Bush</td> <td>Withdrawn </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Miers"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers" title="Harriet Miers">Harriet Miers</a></td> <td>2005</td> <td data-sort-value="Bush, GW">G. W. Bush</td> <td>Withdrawn </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Garland"><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland" title="Merrick Garland">Merrick Garland</a></td> <td>2016</td> <td data-sort-value="Obama">Obama</td> <td>Lapsed </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Following is a list of the eight confirmed supreme Court nominees who never served on the Court. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Confirmed Supreme Court nominees who did not serve<sup id="cite_ref-RL33225_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RL33225-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sen_4-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <th>Nominee</th> <th>Year</th> <th>Nominated by</th> <th>Reason </th></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Harrison"><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Harrison" title="Robert H. Harrison">Robert H. Harrison</a></td> <td>1789</td> <td data-sort-value="Washington">Washington</td> <td>Declined </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Cushing"><a href="/wiki/William_Cushing" title="William Cushing">William Cushing</a><sup id="cite_ref-ajcj_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajcj-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>C<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1796</td> <td data-sort-value="Washington">Washington</td> <td>Declined </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Jay"><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a></td> <td>1800</td> <td data-sort-value="Adams, J">J. Adams</td> <td>Declined </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Lincoln"><a href="/wiki/Levi_Lincoln_Sr." title="Levi Lincoln Sr.">Levi Lincoln Sr.</a></td> <td>1811</td> <td data-sort-value="Madison">Madison</td> <td>Declined </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Adams"><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a></td> <td>1811</td> <td data-sort-value="Madison">Madison</td> <td>Declined </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Smith"><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(South_Carolina_senator)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Smith (South Carolina senator)">William Smith</a></td> <td>1837</td> <td data-sort-value="Jackson">Jackson</td> <td>Declined </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Stanton"><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a></td> <td>1869</td> <td data-sort-value="Grant">Grant</td> <td>Died </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="Conkling"><a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a></td> <td>1882</td> <td data-sort-value="Arthur">Arthur</td> <td>Declined </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-upper-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Later-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Later_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Later_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Later_55-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Later_55-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Later_55-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Later_55-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nominee was later re-nominated and confirmed to a position on the Court.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Recess-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Recess_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nominee was the incumbent chief justice, serving under a <a href="/wiki/Recess_appointment" title="Recess appointment">recess appointment</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajcj-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ajcj_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ajcj_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nominee was an incumbent associate justice nominated for chief justice.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurmond_rule" title="Thurmond rule">Thurmond rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States">Unsuccessful nominations to the Cabinet of the United States</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/institution.aspx">"The Court as an Institution"</a>. <i>supremecourt.gov</i>. Washington, D.C.: Supreme Court of the United States<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=supremecourt.gov&rft.atitle=The+Court+as+an+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fabout%2Finstitution.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/faq_justices.aspx#:~:text=FAQs%20%2D%20Supreme%20Court%20Justices,there%20have%20been%20116%20Justices">"Frequently Asked Questions on Justices - Supreme Court of the United States"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Frequently+Asked+Questions+on+Justices+-+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.supremecourt.gov%2Fabout%2Ffaq_justices.aspx%23%3A~%3Atext%3DFAQs%2520%252D%2520Supreme%2520Court%2520Justices%2Cthere%2520have%2520been%2520116%2520Justices&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RL33225-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RL33225_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL33225_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RL33225_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMillion2022" class="citation report cs1">McMillion, Barry J. (March 8, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL33225.pdf">Supreme Court Nominations, 1789 to 2020: Actions by the Senate, the Judiciary Committee, and the President</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Washington, D.C.: Congressional Research Service<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations%2C+1789+to+2020%3A+Actions+by+the+Senate%2C+the+Judiciary+Committee%2C+and+the+President&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.date=2022-03-08&rft.aulast=McMillion&rft.aufirst=Barry+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsgp.fas.org%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRL33225.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sen_4-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.senate.gov/legislative/nominations/SupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm">"Supreme Court Nominations (1789-Present)"</a>. <i>senate.gov</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 28,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=senate.gov&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations+%281789-Present%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.senate.gov%2Flegislative%2Fnominations%2FSupremeCourtNominations1789present.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFore" class="citation web cs1">Fore, Samuel K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mountvernon.org/library/digitalhistory/digital-encyclopedia/article/robert-hanson-harrison/">"Robert Hanson Harrison"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 8,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robert+Hanson+Harrison&rft.place=Mount+Vernon%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=Mount+Vernon+Ladies%27+Association&rft.aulast=Fore&rft.aufirst=Samuel+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mountvernon.org%2Flibrary%2Fdigitalhistory%2Fdigital-encyclopedia%2Farticle%2Frobert-hanson-harrison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall2001-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hall2001_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hall2001_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_L._Hall2001" class="citation book cs1">Timothy L. Hall (January 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8AJ7__ph3rgC&pg=PA30"><i>Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 30–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0817-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0817-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-0817-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=30-&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0817-9&rft.au=Timothy+L.+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8AJ7__ph3rgC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UrofskyUrofsky2015-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-UrofskyUrofsky2015_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMelvin_Urofsky2015" class="citation book cs1">Melvin Urofsky (November 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kv3uCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA389"><i>The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Routledge. pp. 389–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74747-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-74747-2"><bdi>978-1-136-74747-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=389-&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015-11-17&rft.isbn=978-1-136-74747-2&rft.au=Melvin+Urofsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkv3uCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA389&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schwartz1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-schwartz1_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1993" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Bernard (1993). <i>A History of the Supreme Court</i>. 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Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. pp. 419–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5765-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5765-8"><bdi>978-1-4422-5765-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+the+U.S.+Presidency&rft.pages=419-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield+Publishers&rft.date=2015-12-14&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5765-8&rft.au=Richard+S.+Conley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8qfTCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beth2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beth2009_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_S._Beth2009" class="citation book cs1">Richard S. Beth (December 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=izYXWfC1FbEC&pg=PA5"><i>Supreme Court Nominations: Senate Floor Procedure and Practice, 1789-2009</i></a>. DIANE Publishing. pp. 5–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-1994-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-1994-3"><bdi>978-1-4379-1994-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations%3A+Senate+Floor+Procedure+and+Practice%2C+1789-2009&rft.pages=5-&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2009-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-1994-3&rft.au=Richard+S.+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizYXWfC1FbEC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Finkelman2014-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelman2014_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Finkelman2014_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Finkelman2014" class="citation book cs1">Paul Finkelman (January 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JZB_AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA191"><i>The Supreme Court: Controversies, Cases, and Characters from John Jay to John Roberts [4 Volumes]: Controversies, Cases, and Characters from John Jay to John Roberts</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 191–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-395-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-395-0"><bdi>978-1-61069-395-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court%3A+Controversies%2C+Cases%2C+and+Characters+from+John+Jay+to+John+Roberts+%26%2391%3B4+Volumes%26%2393%3B%3A+Controversies%2C+Cases%2C+and+Characters+from+John+Jay+to+John+Roberts&rft.pages=191-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-61069-395-0&rft.au=Paul+Finkelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJZB_AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Beth2009-Tyler-nominees_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_S._Beth2009" class="citation book cs1">Richard S. 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DIANE Publishing. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-1994-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4379-1994-3"><bdi>978-1-4379-1994-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations%3A+Senate+Floor+Procedure+and+Practice%2C+1789-2009&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=DIANE+Publishing&rft.date=2009-12&rft.isbn=978-1-4379-1994-3&rft.au=Richard+S.+Beth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DizYXWfC1FbEC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Press2012-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Press2012_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Press2012_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCQ_Press2012" class="citation book cs1">CQ Press (September 25, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iqN2AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA350"><i>Guide to Congress</i></a>. SAGE Publications. pp. 350–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-3532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4522-3532-5"><bdi>978-1-4522-3532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guide+to+Congress&rft.pages=350-&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2012-09-25&rft.isbn=978-1-4522-3532-5&rft.au=CQ+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiqN2AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://voteview.com/rollcall/RS0360515">"36th Congress Senate Vote 515 (1861)"</a>. <i>voteview.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=voteview.com&rft.atitle=36th+Congress+Senate+Vote+515+%281861%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvoteview.com%2Frollcall%2FRS0360515&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Medécigo2015-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Medécigo2015_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfredo_Narváez_Medécigo2015" class="citation book cs1">Alfredo Narváez Medécigo (November 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vtLjCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA102"><i>Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights: Critical Comparative Analysis of Constitutional Review in the United States, Germany and Mexico</i></a>. Springer. pp. 102–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24562-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-24562-1"><bdi>978-3-319-24562-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rule+of+Law+and+Fundamental+Rights%3A+Critical+Comparative+Analysis+of+Constitutional+Review+in+the+United+States%2C+Germany+and+Mexico&rft.pages=102-&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2015-11-21&rft.isbn=978-3-319-24562-1&rft.au=Alfredo+Narv%C3%A1ez+Med%C3%A9cigo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvtLjCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geyh2006-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Geyh2006_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_Gardner_Geyh2006" class="citation book cs1">Charles Gardner Geyh (March 2, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWDmOJ2UMY8C&pg=PA194"><i>When Courts and Congress Collide: The Struggle for Control of America's Judicial System</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 194–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-09922-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-09922-1"><bdi>0-472-09922-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Courts+and+Congress+Collide%3A+The+Struggle+for+Control+of+America%27s+Judicial+System&rft.pages=194-&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2006-03-02&rft.isbn=0-472-09922-1&rft.au=Charles+Gardner+Geyh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlWDmOJ2UMY8C%26pg%3DPA194&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrantSimon1994-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GrantSimon1994_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GrantSimon1994_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUlysses_Simpson_GrantJohn_Y._Simon1994" class="citation book cs1">Ulysses Simpson Grant; John Y. Simon (December 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h2ETxC83sdsC&pg=PA54"><i>November 1, 1869-October 31, 1870</i></a>. SIU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1965-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-1965-7"><bdi>978-0-8093-1965-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=November+1%2C+1869-October+31%2C+1870&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=1994-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-1965-7&rft.au=Ulysses+Simpson+Grant&rft.au=John+Y.+Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh2ETxC83sdsC%26pg%3DPA54&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/about/members.pdf">Members of the Supreme Court of the United States</a>, Official list on SCOTUS website</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doj-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doj_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/ls/agbiographies.htm">Department of Justice biography: George Henry Williams</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oregon-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Oregon_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Corning, Howard M. <i>Dictionary of Oregon History</i>. Binfords & Mort Publishing, 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K4s3AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA259"><i>United States Congressional serial set</i></a>. US Government Printing Office. 1895. pp. 259–.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+States+Congressional+serial+set&rft.pages=259-&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1895&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK4s3AQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hhogue-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hhogue_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hhogue_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hhogue_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hhogue_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hhogue_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogue" class="citation web cs1">Hogue, Henry B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL31171.pdf">"Supreme Court Nominations Not Confirmed, 1789-August 2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Congressional Research Service</i>. Federation of American Scientists<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Congressional+Research+Service&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations+Not+Confirmed%2C+1789-August+2010&rft.aulast=Hogue&rft.aufirst=Henry+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffas.org%2Fsgp%2Fcrs%2Fmisc%2FRL31171.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/supreme/judges/matthews/matthews.html">Stanley Matthews biography at Sixth Circuit</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090827031222/http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/lib_hist/Courts/supreme/judges/matthews/matthews.html">Archived</a> August 27, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Court of Appeals">United States Court of Appeals</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall2001-2-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall2001-2_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_L._Hall2001" class="citation book cs1">Timothy L. Hall (January 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8AJ7__ph3rgC&pg=PA182"><i>Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 182–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0817-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0817-9"><bdi>978-1-4381-0817-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Justices%3A+A+Biographical+Dictionary&rft.pages=182-&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0817-9&rft.au=Timothy+L.+Hall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8AJ7__ph3rgC%26pg%3DPA182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/79882505/">"President Arthur has appointed ex-Senator Roscoe Conkling to be an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court"</a></span>. <i>Donaldsonville Chief</i>. Donaldsonville, LA. February 25, 1882. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Donaldsonville+Chief&rft.atitle=President+Arthur+has+appointed+ex-Senator+Roscoe+Conkling+to+be+an+Associate+Justice+of+the+Supreme+Court&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1882-02-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F79882505%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/67638045/">"The Senate has confirmed the following nominations"</a></span>. <i>Valley Falls New Era</i>. Valley Falls, KS. March 11, 1882. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Valley+Falls+New+Era&rft.atitle=The+Senate+has+confirmed+the+following+nominations&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1882-03-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F67638045%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/64416152/">"Blatchford Nominated: Mr. Conkling's Letter"</a></span>. <i>Topeka Daily Capital</i>. Topeka, KS. March 14, 1882. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Topeka+Daily+Capital&rft.atitle=Blatchford+Nominated%3A+Mr.+Conkling%27s+Letter&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1882-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F64416152%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/174116362/">"News by Telegraph: George F. Edmunds Letter of Refusal; Edmunds' Second Refusal"</a></span>. <i>Las Vegas Gazette</i>. Las Vegas, NM. March 14, 1882. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Gazette&rft.atitle=News+by+Telegraph%3A+George+F.+Edmunds+Letter+of+Refusal%3B+Edmunds%27+Second+Refusal&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1882-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F174116362%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/77002912/">"Judge Samuel Blatchford: The New Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States"</a></span>. <i>Leavenworth Times</i>. Leavenworth, KS. March 22, 1882. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leavenworth+Times&rft.atitle=Judge+Samuel+Blatchford%3A+The+New+Justice+of+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1882-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F77002912%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/53338328/">"Justice Blatchford Dead"</a></span>. <i>Philadelphia Times</i>. Philadelphia, PA. July 8, 1893. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philadelphia+Times&rft.atitle=Justice+Blatchford+Dead&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1893-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F53338328%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-nVSlBss29oC&pg=PA88"><i>Supreme Court Nominations: Presidential Nomination, the Judiciary Committee, Proper Scope of Questioning Nominees, Senate Consideration, Cloture, and the Use of the Filibuster</i></a>. TheCapitol.Net: Alexandria, VA. 2010. p. 88. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58733-158-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58733-158-9"><bdi>978-1-58733-158-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Nominations%3A+Presidential+Nomination%2C+the+Judiciary+Committee%2C+Proper+Scope+of+Questioning+Nominees%2C+Senate+Consideration%2C+Cloture%2C+and+the+Use+of+the+Filibuster&rft.place=TheCapitol.Net&rft.pages=88&rft.pub=Alexandria%2C+VA&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-58733-158-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-nVSlBss29oC%26pg%3DPA88&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/50349256/">"The Buffalo Evening Times Remarks"</a></span>. <i>Brooklyn Daily Eagle</i>. Brooklyn, NY. January 28, 1894. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brooklyn+Daily+Eagle&rft.atitle=The+Buffalo+Evening+Times+Remarks&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1894-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F50349256%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/167026359/">"Hornblower is Out; Majority of the Senate Committee Against Confirmation"</a></span>. <i>Dakota Farmers' Leader</i>. Canton, SD. January 12, 1894. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dakota+Farmers%27+Leader&rft.atitle=Hornblower+is+Out%3B+Majority+of+the+Senate+Committee+Against+Confirmation&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1894-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F167026359%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/173852075/">"Cleveland and Stevenson: The Ticket Nominated by the National Democratic Convention at Chicago"</a></span>. <i>Weekly Star</i>. Plymouth, PA. June 30, 1892. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Weekly+Star&rft.atitle=Cleveland+and+Stevenson%3A+The+Ticket+Nominated+by+the+National+Democratic+Convention+at+Chicago&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1892-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F173852075%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/92939156/">"Justice White: Cleveland Springs a Surprise"</a></span>. <i>San Francisco Call</i>. San Francisco, CA. February 20, 1894. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Call&rft.atitle=Justice+White%3A+Cleveland+Springs+a+Surprise&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1894-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F92939156%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPratt1999" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Walter F. (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtunde00prat_0"><i>The Supreme Court Under Edward Douglass White, 1910-1921</i></a></span>. Columbia, SC: University of South Carolina Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/supremecourtunde00prat_0/page/17">17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-309-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-309-4"><bdi>978-1-57003-309-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Supreme+Court+Under+Edward+Douglass+White%2C+1910-1921&rft.place=Columbia%2C+SC&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-309-4&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Walter+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsupremecourtunde00prat_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/143254482/">"Today Took Office: Edward Douglass White is now Chief Justice"</a></span>. <i>Evening Telegram</i>. Garden City, KS. December 19, 1910. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Telegram&rft.atitle=Today+Took+Office%3A+Edward+Douglass+White+is+now+Chief+Justice&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1910-12-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F143254482%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/161223709/">"Chief Justice Dead; Served 21 Years on Supreme Bench"</a></span>. <i>Evening News Journal</i>. Wilmington, DE. May 19, 1921. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+News+Journal&rft.atitle=Chief+Justice+Dead%3B+Served+21+Years+on+Supreme+Bench&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1921-05-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F161223709%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goings1990-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Goings1990_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKenneth_W._Goings1990" class="citation book cs1">Kenneth W. Goings (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KhN2AAAAMAAJ"><i>The "Naacp Comes of Age": The Defeat of Judge John J. Parker</i></a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32585-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-32585-3"><bdi>978-0-253-32585-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%22Naacp+Comes+of+Age%22%3A+The+Defeat+of+Judge+John+J.+Parker&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-253-32585-3&rft.au=Kenneth+W.+Goings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKhN2AAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watson-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-watson_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-watson_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson_Jr.1963" class="citation journal cs1">Watson Jr., Richard L. (September 1963). "The Defeat of Judge Parker: A Study in Pressure Groups and Politics". <i>The Mississippi Valley Historical Review</i>. <b>50</b> (2): 213–234. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1902754">10.2307/1902754</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1902754">1902754</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:158872255">158872255</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Mississippi+Valley+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Defeat+of+Judge+Parker%3A+A+Study+in+Pressure+Groups+and+Politics&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=213-234&rft.date=1963-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A158872255%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1902754%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1902754&rft.aulast=Watson+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Richard+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Massaro1990-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Massaro1990_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Massaro1990" class="citation book cs1">John Massaro (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ohUqkcQNFIC&pg=PA36"><i>Supremely Political: The Role of Ideology and Presidential Management in Unsuccessful Supreme Court Nominations</i></a>. SUNY Press. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0301-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-0301-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-0301-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supremely+Political%3A+The+Role+of+Ideology+and+Presidential+Management+in+Unsuccessful+Supreme+Court+Nominations&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-0301-3&rft.au=John+Massaro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ohUqkcQNFIC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGould2010" class="citation book cs1">Gould, Lewis L. (2010). <i>1968: The Election that Changed America</i> (2 ed.). Chicago: Ivan R. Dee. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-910-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56663-910-1"><bdi>978-1-56663-910-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/694792997">694792997</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1968%3A+The+Election+that+Changed+America&rft.place=Chicago&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Ivan+R.+Dee&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F694792997&rft.isbn=978-1-56663-910-1&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=Lewis+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robenalt, James D. (2015). <i>January 1973: Watergate, Roe v. Wade, Vietnam, and the Month that Changed America Forever</i>. Chicago, Ill.: Chicago Review Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61374-967-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61374-967-8">978-1-61374-967-8</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/906705247">906705247</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IIIWayne2013-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IIIWayne2013_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_C._Edwards_IIIStephen_J._Wayne2013" class="citation book cs1">George C. Edwards III; Stephen J. Wayne (July 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=--1uCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA384"><i>Presidential Leadership: Politics and Policy Making</i></a>. Cengage Learning. pp. 384–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-285-96118-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-285-96118-7"><bdi>978-1-285-96118-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Presidential+Leadership%3A+Politics+and+Policy+Making&rft.pages=384-&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2013-07-03&rft.isbn=978-1-285-96118-7&rft.au=George+C.+Edwards+III&rft.au=Stephen+J.+Wayne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D--1uCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huff1995-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huff1995_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchie_Vernon_Huff1995" class="citation book cs1">Archie Vernon Huff (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LyTPK09CgbgC&pg=PA410"><i>Greenville: The History of the City and County in the South Carolina Piedmont</i></a>. Univ of South Carolina Press. pp. 410–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-045-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-045-1"><bdi>978-1-57003-045-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greenville%3A+The+History+of+the+City+and+County+in+the+South+Carolina+Piedmont&rft.pages=410-&rft.pub=Univ+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-045-1&rft.au=Archie+Vernon+Huff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLyTPK09CgbgC%26pg%3DPA410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dean2002-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dean2002_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_W._Dean2002" class="citation book cs1">John W. Dean (February 1, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zkBC5CnRcUkC&pg=PA19"><i>The Rehnquist Choice: The Untold Story of the Nixon Appointment That Redefined the Supreme Court</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. 19–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2979-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-2979-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-2979-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rehnquist+Choice%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Nixon+Appointment+That+Redefined+the+Supreme+Court&rft.pages=19-&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2002-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-2979-1&rft.au=John+W.+Dean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzkBC5CnRcUkC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayes2009-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hayes2009_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnna_R._Hayes2009" class="citation book cs1">Anna R. Hayes (June 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v7Bx2K4UQ90C&pg=PA316"><i>Without Precedent: The Life of Susie Marshall Sharp</i></a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 316–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-8781-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-8781-3"><bdi>978-0-8078-8781-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Without+Precedent%3A+The+Life+of+Susie+Marshall+Sharp&rft.pages=316-&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-8781-3&rft.au=Anna+R.+Hayes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv7Bx2K4UQ90C%26pg%3DPA316&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VieiraGross1998-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VieiraGross1998_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman_VieiraLeonard_Gross1998" class="citation book cs1">Norman Vieira; Leonard Gross (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g5eoFhCmFIEC"><i>Supreme Court Appointments: Judge Bork and the Politicization of Senate Confirmations</i></a>. SIU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2204-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8093-2204-6"><bdi>978-0-8093-2204-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Supreme+Court+Appointments%3A+Judge+Bork+and+the+Politicization+of+Senate+Confirmations&rft.pub=SIU+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8093-2204-6&rft.au=Norman+Vieira&rft.au=Leonard+Gross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg5eoFhCmFIEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2013-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2013_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin_A._Lee2013" class="citation book cs1">Martin A. Lee (August 13, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8XE-AAAAQBAJ"><i>Smoke Signals: A Social History of Marijuana - Medical, Recreational and Scientific</i></a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-0261-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4391-0261-9"><bdi>978-1-4391-0261-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smoke+Signals%3A+A+Social+History+of+Marijuana+-+Medical%2C+Recreational+and+Scientific&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2013-08-13&rft.isbn=978-1-4391-0261-9&rft.au=Martin+A.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8XE-AAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WroeHerbert2009-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WroeHerbert2009_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_WroeJon_Herbert2009" class="citation book cs1">Andrew Wroe; Jon Herbert (November 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu6qBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA47"><i>Assessing the George W. Bush Presidency: A Tale of Two Terms</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 47–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3149-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3149-0"><bdi>978-0-7486-3149-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Assessing+the+George+W.+Bush+Presidency%3A+A+Tale+of+Two+Terms&rft.pages=47-&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009-11-18&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3149-0&rft.au=Andrew+Wroe&rft.au=Jon+Herbert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMu6qBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT_2016-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NYT_2016_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/03/21/us/politics/where-republican-senators-stand-on-the-supreme-court-nomination.html">"Where Republican Senators Stand on the Supreme Court Nomination"</a>, <i>The New York Times</i>, March 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Where+Republican+Senators+Stand+on+the+Supreme+Court+Nomination&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Finteractive%2F2016%2F03%2F21%2Fus%2Fpolitics%2Fwhere-republican-senators-stand-on-the-supreme-court-nomination.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lhurley-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lhurley_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHurley2016" class="citation news cs1">Hurley, Lawrence (July 19, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-election-garland-idUSKCN0ZZ17L">"Supreme Court nominee out in cold as election heats up"</a>. Reuters<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 19,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Supreme+Court+nominee+out+in+cold+as+election+heats+up&rft.date=2016-07-19&rft.aulast=Hurley&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-usa-election-garland-idUSKCN0ZZ17L&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jbravin1-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jbravin1_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jess Bravin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/president-obamas-supreme-court-nomination-of-merrick-garland-expires-1483463952">President Obama's Supreme Court Nomination of Merrick Garland Expires</a>, <i>Wall Street Journal</i> (January 3, 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-desilver1-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-desilver1_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeSilver2017" class="citation news cs1">DeSilver, Drew (February 26, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/02/26/long-supreme-court-vacancies-used-to-be-more-common/">"Long Supreme Court vacancies used to be more common"</a>. Gallup<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Long+Supreme+Court+vacancies+used+to+be+more+common&rft.date=2017-02-26&rft.aulast=DeSilver&rft.aufirst=Drew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewresearch.org%2Ffact-tank%2F2016%2F02%2F26%2Flong-supreme-court-vacancies-used-to-be-more-common%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sgp.fas.org/crs/misc/RL31171.pdf">Supreme Court Nominations Not Confirmed, 1789–August 2010</a>, Congressional Research Service (RL31171).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobsteinMersky1993" class="citation book cs1">Jacobstein, J. Myron; Mersky, Roy M. (1993). <i>The Rejected: Sketches of the 26 Men Nominated for the Supreme Court but Not Confirmed by the Senate</i>. Toucan Valley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9634017-4-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9634017-4-8"><bdi>978-0-9634017-4-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rejected%3A+Sketches+of+the+26+Men+Nominated+for+the+Supreme+Court+but+Not+Confirmed+by+the+Senate&rft.pub=Toucan+Valley&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-9634017-4-8&rft.aulast=Jacobstein&rft.aufirst=J.+Myron&rft.au=Mersky%2C+Roy+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUnsuccessful+nominations+to+the+Supreme+Court+of+the+United+States" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States">Nominations</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Individual nominations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Rutledge Supreme Court nominations">John Rutledge (1789; 1795)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Brandeis_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Louis Brandeis Supreme Court nomination">Louis Brandeis (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlan_F._Stone_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="Harlan F. Stone Supreme Court nominations">Harlan F. Stone (1925; 1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiley_Rutledge_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Wiley Rutledge Supreme Court nomination">Wiley Rutledge (1943)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherman_Minton_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sherman Minton Supreme Court nomination">Sherman Minton (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Thurgood Marshall Supreme Court nomination">Thurgood Marshall (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination">Robert Bork (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Clarence Thomas Supreme Court nomination">Clarence Thomas (1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts_Supreme_Court_nominations" title="John Roberts Supreme Court nominations">John Roberts (2005; 2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Miers_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Harriet Miers Supreme Court nomination">Harriet Miers (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Samuel Alito Supreme Court nomination">Samuel Alito (2005–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Sonia Sotomayor Supreme Court nomination">Sonia Sotomayor (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Elena Kagan Supreme Court nomination">Elena Kagan (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrick_Garland_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Merrick Garland Supreme Court nomination">Merrick Garland (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Neil Gorsuch Supreme Court nomination">Neil Gorsuch (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Brett Kavanaugh Supreme Court nomination">Brett Kavanaugh (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Amy Coney Barrett Supreme Court nomination">Amy Coney Barrett (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson_Supreme_Court_nomination" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination">Ketanji Brown Jackson (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Judiciary_Committee_reviews_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Senate Judiciary Committee reviews of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">Senate Judiciary Committee reviews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">List of all nominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">List of confirmed justices</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">List of unsuccessful nominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_confirmation_votes_for_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of confirmation votes for the Supreme Court of the United States">List of confirmation votes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:SCOTUS_horizontal" title="Template:SCOTUS horizontal"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:SCOTUS_horizontal" title="Template talk:SCOTUS horizontal"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS_horizontal" title="Special:EditPage/Template:SCOTUS horizontal"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">The court</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Lists of United States Supreme Court cases">Lists of cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States">Court demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideological_leanings_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="Ideological leanings of United States Supreme Court justices">Ideological leanings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_and_confirmation_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Nomination and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States">Nomination and confirmation</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Procedures_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States">Procedures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amicus_curiae#United_States_Supreme_Court_rules" title="Amicus curiae"><i>Amicus curiae</i> brief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certiorari#United_States" title="Certiorari"><i>Certiorari</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Certiorari_before_judgment" title="Certiorari before judgment">Cert. before judgment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dismissed_as_improvidently_granted" title="Dismissed as improvidently granted">Cert. dismissed as improvidently granted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant,_vacate,_remand" title="Grant, vacate, remand">Grant, vacate, remand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_docket" title="Shadow docket">Shadow docket</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In-chambers_opinion" title="In-chambers opinion">In-chambers opinion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justice</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Neil Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Brett Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Amy Coney Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketanji_Brown_Jackson" title="Ketanji Brown Jackson">Ketanji Brown Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#Retired_justices" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Retired justices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Souter" title="David Souter">David Souter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="History of the Supreme Court of the United States">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Court" title="Jay Court">Jay Court</a> (1789–1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutledge_Court" title="Rutledge Court">Rutledge Court</a> (1795)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Court" title="Ellsworth Court">Ellsworth Court</a> (1796–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Court" title="Marshall Court">Marshall Court</a> (1801–1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taney_Court" title="Taney Court">Taney Court</a> (1836–1864)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chase_Court" title="Chase Court">Chase Court</a> (1864–1873)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waite_Court" title="Waite Court">Waite Court</a> (1874–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuller_Court" title="Fuller Court">Fuller Court</a> (1888–1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Court_(judges)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Court (judges)">White Court</a> (1910–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taft_Court" title="Taft Court">Taft Court</a> (1921–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Court" title="Hughes Court">Hughes Court</a> (1930–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Court" title="Stone Court">Stone Court</a> (1941–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinson_Court" title="Vinson Court">Vinson Court</a> (1946–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Court" title="Warren Court">Warren Court</a> (1953–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burger_Court" title="Burger Court">Burger Court</a> (1969–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rehnquist_Court" title="Rehnquist Court">Rehnquist Court</a> (1986–2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberts_Court" title="Roberts Court">Roberts Court</a> (2005–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of justices<br />and nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States#List_of_chief_justices" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States#list_of_associate_justices" title="Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Associate justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">All justices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_by_court_composition" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition">court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_schools_attended_by_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices" title="List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court justices">education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_by_seat" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by seat">seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_justices_by_time_in_office" title="List of United States Supreme Court justices by time in office">time in office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">All nominations</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">unsuccessful</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._Supreme_Court_justices_who_also_served_in_the_U.S._Congress" title="List of U.S. Supreme Court justices who also served in the U.S. Congress">Justices who served in Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_places_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="List of burial places of justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Burial places of justices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Statutes affecting<br />court size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1789" title="Judiciary Act of 1789">Judiciary Act of 1789</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midnight_Judges_Act" title="Midnight Judges Act">Judiciary Act of 1801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1802" title="Judiciary Act of 1802">Judiciary Act of 1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Circuit_Act_of_1807" title="Seventh Circuit Act of 1807">Seventh Circuit Act of 1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_and_Ninth_Circuits_Act_of_1837" title="Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837">Eighth and Ninth Circuits Act of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_Circuit_Act_of_1863" title="Tenth Circuit Act of 1863">Tenth Circuit Act of 1863</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Circuits_Act" title="Judicial Circuits Act">Judicial Circuits Act of 1866</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_Act_of_1869" title="Judiciary Act of 1869">Judiciary Act of 1869</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States">Clerk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" title="Marshal of the United States Supreme Court">Marshal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_Police" title="Supreme Court Police">Supreme Court Police</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reporter_of_Decisions_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States">Reporter of Decisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_clerk_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Law clerk of the Supreme Court of the United States">Law clerk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Lists of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States">lists</a>: <a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Chief_Justice)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Chief Justice)">Chief Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_1)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 1)">Seat 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_2)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 2)">Seat 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_3)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 3)">Seat 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_4)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 4)">Seat 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_6)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 6)">Seat 6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_8)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 8)">Seat 8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_9)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 9)">Seat 9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_law_clerks_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_(Seat_10)" title="List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States (Seat 10)">Seat 10</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Supreme Court Building</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Former: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Exchange_(New_York_City)" title="Royal Exchange (New York City)">Royal Exchange, New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_City_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Old City Hall (Philadelphia)">Old City Hall, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Supreme_Court_Chamber" title="Old Supreme Court Chamber">Old Supreme Court Chamber, U.S. Capitol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber, U.S. Capitol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III, U.S. Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Original_jurisdiction_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Original jurisdiction of the Supreme Court of the United States">original jurisdiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameras_in_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Cameras in the Supreme Court of the United States">Camera policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_of_Conduct_for_Justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Code of Conduct for Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States">Code of Conduct for Justices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Procedures_Reform_Bill_of_1937" title="Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937">Judicial Procedures Reform Bill of 1937</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochner_era" title="Lochner era"><i>Lochner</i> era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Samuel_Chase" title="Impeachment of Samuel Chase">Impeachment of Samuel Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court of the United States">Presidential Commission on the Supreme Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States_in_fiction" title="Supreme Court of the United States in fiction">Supreme Court in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_leaks" title="List of United States Supreme Court leaks">Supreme Court leaks</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">United States Reports</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Lawyers%27_Edition" title="Lawyers' Edition">Lawyers' Edition</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solicitor_General_of_the_United_States" title="Solicitor General of the United States">United States Solicitor General</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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