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</a> <ul id="toc-Anabaptists_and_New_Jerusalem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_of_Westphalia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_of_Westphalia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Peace of Westphalia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_of_Westphalia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Münster" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Münster"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern Münster</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Münster-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>World War II</span> 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id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschichte_der_Stadt_M%C3%BCnster" title="Geschichte der Stadt Münster – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Geschichte der Stadt Münster" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="היסטוריה של מינסטר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="היסטוריה של מינסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geschiedenis_van_M%C3%BCnster" title="Geschiedenis van Münster – Dutch" lang="nl" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/History_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Special:EditPage/History of Münster">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22History+of+M%C3%BCnster%22">"History of Münster"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22History+of+M%C3%BCnster%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22History+of+M%C3%BCnster%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22History+of+M%C3%BCnster%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22History+of+M%C3%BCnster%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22History+of+M%C3%BCnster%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2008</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a> is a city in the northern part of <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. Münster is a major university town and was the location of several significant historical events. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding">Founding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Founding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 793 <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> sent out as missionary the <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludger" title="Ludger">Liudger</a> (later canonized) to convert the <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> with whom he had been battling, offering as headquarters his recently demolished Frankish stronghold of <b>Mimigernaford</b> ("ford over the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnstersche_Aa" title="Münstersche Aa">Aa river</a>"), at the crossroads of the road from <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and the road to Frisia. Liudger was a product of Utrecht and the York school of <a href="/wiki/Ethelbert_of_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethelbert of York">Ethelbert</a>, which produced many of the clerics who served in Charlemagne's chancelry. He built his church and cloister on the right bank of the Aa, on the height called the <i>Horsteberg</i>: it was the monastery ("monasterium") from which Münster derives its name. In 805 <a href="/wiki/Liudger" class="mw-redirect" title="Liudger">Liudger</a> travelled to Rome to be ordained the first <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_M%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="Bishop of Münster">bishop of Münster</a>, and soon founded a school (The <a href="/wiki/Gymnasium_Paulinum" title="Gymnasium Paulinum">Gymnasium Paulinum</a> is believed to have been founded as the monastery school in 797). The combination of ford and crossroad, marketplace, episcopal administration center, library and school, established Münster as an important center <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090110235446/http://kirchensite.de/index.php?myELEMENT=78003">[1]</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_ages">Middle ages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle ages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> Münster was a leading member of the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League">Hanseatic League</a>. By the beginning of the Sixteenth Century Münster had a population of over 15,000 and had achieved a considerable degree of self-government under its territorial leader, the Bishop of Münster.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_Modern_period">Early Modern period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anabaptists_and_New_Jerusalem">Anabaptists and New Jerusalem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Anabaptists and New Jerusalem"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1532, radical <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> under the leadership of the former <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> priest Bernt Rothmann and the cloth merchant and magistrate <a href="/wiki/Bernhard_Knipperdolling" title="Bernhard Knipperdolling">Bernhard Knipperdolling</a> took control of all of Münster's churches, with the exception of the Bishop's cathedral. By late 1533, these radicals had effective control of the entire town. By this time, they had also been converted to the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabaptist">Anabaptist</a> ideas of <a href="/wiki/Melchior_Hoffman" title="Melchior Hoffman">Melchior Hoffman</a>. </p><p>In 1534 these Anabaptists, led by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Matthys" title="Jan Matthys">Jan Matthys</a> (or Matthijs) and Jan Beukels (often referred to as <a href="/wiki/John_of_Leiden" title="John of Leiden">John of Leiden</a>), took power openly in the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Münster Rebellion">Münster Rebellion</a> and founded a "New Jerusalem." They claimed all property, burned all books except the Bible, and expelled or executed dissenters. John of Leiden believed he would lead the elect from Münster to capture the entire world and purify it of evil with the sword in preparation of Jesus's <a href="/wiki/Second_Coming" title="Second Coming">Second Coming</a> and the beginnings of a New Age. </p><p>However, after a lengthy siege, with associated high mortality due to famine and disease, the town fell to Bishop <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Waldeck" title="Franz von Waldeck">Franz von Waldeck</a> and his Imperial allies on July 24, 1535.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remaining Anabaptists were slaughtered, their corpses were exhibited in cages, which can still be seen hanging on the Tower of <a href="/wiki/St._Lamberti,_M%C3%BCnster" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lamberti, Münster">St. Lamberti</a>'s steeple. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_of_Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Peace of Westphalia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The signing of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a> of 1648 at Münster and <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a> ended the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eighty_Years%27_War" title="Eighty Years' War">Eighty Years' War</a> and was one of the foundations upon which modern Europe was built. It also guaranteed the future of the prince-bishop and the diocese; the area was to be exclusively <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_Münster"><span id="Modern_M.C3.BCnster"></span>Modern Münster</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern Münster"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1780 the <a href="/wiki/University_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="University of Münster">University of Münster</a> (official name: <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> "Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität") was established, now a major European centre for excellence in education and research with large faculties in the arts, humanities, theology, sciences, business and law. Currently there are about 40,000 undergraduate and postgraduate students enrolled. In 1802 Münster was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussia</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. It became the capital of the Prussian <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Westphalia" title="Province of Westphalia">province of Westphalia</a>. A century later in 1899 the city's harbour started operations when the city was linked to the <a href="/wiki/Dortmund-Ems_Canal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dortmund-Ems Canal">Dortmund-Ems Canal</a>. With the spread of radio technology, in 1924 the radio and television organisation <a href="/wiki/Westdeutscher_Rundfunk" title="Westdeutscher Rundfunk">Westdeutscher Rundfunk</a> (WDR) was set up in Münster's harbour area. </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1008px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Muenster_Braun-Hogenberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View from the south-west of Münster in 1570 as seen by Remius Hogenberg. On the left is the Überwasserkiche, in the center is St. Pauls Cathedral and to its right St. Lambert's Church, and on the far right is the Ludgerikirche"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Muenster_Braun-Hogenberg.jpg/1000px-Muenster_Braun-Hogenberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="1000" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Muenster_Braun-Hogenberg.jpg/1500px-Muenster_Braun-Hogenberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Muenster_Braun-Hogenberg.jpg/2000px-Muenster_Braun-Hogenberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3353" data-file-height="890" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Muenster_Braun-Hogenberg.jpg" title="File:Muenster Braun-Hogenberg.jpg"> </a></div>View from the south-west of Münster in 1570 as seen by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Remius_Hogenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Remius Hogenberg (page does not exist)">Remius Hogenberg</a>. On the left is the Überwasserkiche, in the center is St. Pauls Cathedral and to its right St. Lambert's Church, and on the far right is the Ludgerikirche</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> Münster was maintained as the headquarters (Hauptsitz) for the 6th Military District (Wehrkreis) of the German Wehrmacht, under the command of Infantry General (General der Infanterie) <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Glokke" title="Gerhard Glokke">Gerhard Glokke</a>. Originally made up of <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> it was expanded to include the <a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a> - <a href="/wiki/Malmedy" title="Malmedy">Malmedy</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. The headquarters controlled military operations in Münster, <a href="/wiki/Essen" title="Essen">Essen</a>, <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal" title="Wuppertal">Wuppertal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bielefeld" title="Bielefeld">Bielefeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coesfeld" title="Coesfeld">Coesfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minden" title="Minden">Minden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detmold" title="Detmold">Detmold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingen">Lingen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recklinghausen" title="Recklinghausen">Recklinghausen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gelsenkirchen" title="Gelsenkirchen">Gelsenkirchen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>. Münster was the home station for the <a href="/wiki/VI_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="VI Corps (Germany)">VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/XXIII_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="XXIII Corps (Germany)">XXIII Infantry Corps</a> (Armeekorps), as well as the XXXIII and LVI <a href="/wiki/Panzerkorps" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzerkorps">Panzerkorps</a>. Münster was also the home of the <a href="/wiki/1st_Light_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Light Division (Wehrmacht)">6th</a>, <a href="/wiki/16th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="16th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">16th</a> and <a href="/wiki/25th_Panzer_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="25th Panzer Division (Wehrmacht)">25th</a> <a href="/wiki/Panzer_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Panzer Division">Panzer Division</a>; the <a href="/wiki/16th_Panzergrenadier_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Panzergrenadier Division (Wehrmacht)">16th</a> <a href="/wiki/Panzergrenadier" title="Panzergrenadier">Panzergrenadier</a> Division; and the <a href="/wiki/6th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="6th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">6th</a>, <a href="/wiki/26th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="26th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">26th</a>, <a href="/wiki/69th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="69th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">69th</a>, <a href="/wiki/86th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="86th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">86th</a>, <a href="/wiki/106th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="106th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">106th</a>, <a href="/wiki/126th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="126th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">126th</a>, <a href="/wiki/196th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="196th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">196th</a>, <a href="/wiki/199th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="199th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">199th</a>, <a href="/wiki/211th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="211th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">211th</a>, <a href="/wiki/227th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="227th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">227th</a>, <a href="/wiki/253rd_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="253rd Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">253rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/254th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="254th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">254th</a>, <a href="/wiki/264th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="264th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">264th</a>, <a href="/wiki/306th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="306th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">306th</a>, <a href="/wiki/326th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="326th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">326th</a>, <a href="/wiki/329th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="329th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">329th</a>, <a href="/wiki/336th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" title="336th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">336th</a>, <a href="/wiki/371st_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="371st Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">371st</a>, <a href="/wiki/385th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="385th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">385th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/716th_Infantry_Division_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="716th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht)">716th</a> Infantry Divisions (Infanterie-division). Due to the prominent presence of the military, Münster was a guaranteed Allied target. About 91% of the Old City and 63% of the entire city was destroyed by Allied air raids. In the 1950s the Old City was rebuilt to match its pre-war state, though many of the surrounding buildings were replaced with cheaper modern structures. The Bishop of Münster in the 1940s was Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Clemens_August_Graf_von_Galen" title="Clemens August Graf von Galen">Clemens August Graf von Galen</a>, one of the most prominent critics of the Nazi government. In retaliation for his success, Münster was heavily garrisoned during WWII and five large complexes of barracks are still a feature of the city. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Germania_Brauerei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Germania_Brauerei.jpg/220px-Germania_Brauerei.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Germania_Brauerei.jpg/330px-Germania_Brauerei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Germania_Brauerei.jpg/440px-Germania_Brauerei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2660" data-file-height="1736" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Postwar_period">Postwar period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Postwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1974 onward, the city was the residence of the American artist <a href="/wiki/Moondog" title="Moondog">Moondog</a>, an eccentric individual who idolized postwar Germany. In 2003, Münster hosted the <a href="/wiki/Central_European_Olympiad_in_Informatics" title="Central European Olympiad in Informatics">Central European Olympiad in Informatics</a>. In 2004, Münster won an honorable distinction: the LivCom-Award for the most livable city in the world with a population between 200,000 and 750,000. For more information about the honour, see the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenster.de/stadt/umwelt/pdf/livcom2004.pdf">leaflet (.pdf)</a> and the 10-minute <a href="/wiki/DivX" title="DivX">DivX</a> coded film: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenster.de/stadt/umweltamt/livcom/livcom2004_320.avi">the 48mb-version</a> or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muenster.de/stadt/umweltamt/livcom/livcom2004.avi">the 87mb-version</a> from the official Münster-homepage. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuensterHistorischesRathaus80.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MuensterHistorischesRathaus80.JPG/250px-MuensterHistorischesRathaus80.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MuensterHistorischesRathaus80.JPG/375px-MuensterHistorischesRathaus80.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/MuensterHistorischesRathaus80.JPG/500px-MuensterHistorischesRathaus80.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Town Hall in the Prinzipalmarkt.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muenster,Prinzipalmarkt06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Muenster%2CPrinzipalmarkt06.jpg/250px-Muenster%2CPrinzipalmarkt06.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="376" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Muenster%2CPrinzipalmarkt06.jpg/375px-Muenster%2CPrinzipalmarkt06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Muenster%2CPrinzipalmarkt06.jpg/500px-Muenster%2CPrinzipalmarkt06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1360" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>Münster: the Prinzipalmarkt with St Lambert's church.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bild_Muenster_St_Paulus-Dom.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bild_Muenster_St_Paulus-Dom.jpg/250px-Bild_Muenster_St_Paulus-Dom.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bild_Muenster_St_Paulus-Dom.jpg/375px-Bild_Muenster_St_Paulus-Dom.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Bild_Muenster_St_Paulus-Dom.jpg/500px-Bild_Muenster_St_Paulus-Dom.jpg 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>St. Paul's Cathedral.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Timeline of Münster">Timeline of Münster</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunningham, Andrew & Ole P. Grell (2000), The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe. Cambridge Univ. Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cunningham, Andrew & Ole P. Grell (2000), The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: Religion, War, Famine and Death in Reformation Europe. Cambridge Univ. Press.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_M%C3%BCnster#Bibliography" title="Timeline of Münster">Timeline of Münster § Bibliography</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_M%C3%BCnster&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.7grad.org">7Grad.org - Bunkers in Muenster</a> - History of Muenster's air raid shelters <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Münster (Westphalia)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/M%C3%BCnster_(Westphalia)">"Münster (Westphalia)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=M%C3%BCnster+%28Westphalia%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+M%C3%BCnster" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20091105.shtml">The Siege of Muenster</a> - audio discussion from "In Our Time" BBC</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Münster&oldid=1180565248">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_Münster&oldid=1180565248</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Category:History of Münster">History of Münster</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_February_2008" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from February 2008">Articles needing additional references from February 2008</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:Articles with German-language sources (de)">Articles with German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 October 2023, at 13:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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