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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_in_Shanghai" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_in_Shanghai"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Career in Shanghai</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career_in_Shanghai-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career in Shanghai subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career_in_Shanghai-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_to_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_to_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Rise to power</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_to_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leadership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leadership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Leadership</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Leadership subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Leadership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Economic development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Foreign policy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media_depiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media_depiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Media depiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media_depiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_Represents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_Represents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Three Represents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_Represents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crackdown_on_Falun_Gong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crackdown_on_Falun_Gong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Crackdown on Falun Gong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crackdown_on_Falun_Gong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Retirement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Official_appearances_after_retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Official_appearances_after_retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Official appearances after retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Official_appearances_after_retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Family and personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Jiang Zemin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جيانغ زيمين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيانغ زيمين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tszyan_Tszemin" title="Tszyan Tszemin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tszyan Tszemin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kang_Te%CC%8Dk-b%C3%AEn" title="Kang Te̍k-bîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kang Te̍k-bîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цзян Цзэмінь – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Цзян Цзэмінь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цзян Цзэмінь – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Цзян Цзэмінь" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%94%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Дзян Дзъмин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дзян Дзъмин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%85%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%A9%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="ཅང་རྩེ་མིན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཅང་རྩེ་མིན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A4iang_Ce-min" title="Ťiang Ce-min – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ťiang Ce-min" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA_%CE%A4%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD" title="Τσιάνγκ Τσεμίν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τσιάνγκ Τσεμίν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جیانگ زمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیانگ زمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91" title="江澤民 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="江澤民" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B4ng_Chhe%CC%8Dt-m%C3%ACn" title="Kông Chhe̍t-mìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Kông Chhe̍t-mìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%A5%EC%A9%8C%EB%AF%BC" title="장쩌민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="장쩌민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%93%D7%96%D7%94-%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="ג'יאנג דזה-מין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יאנג דזה-מין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AB%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92_%E1%83%AC%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ძიანგ წემინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ძიანგ წემინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цзян Цзэминь – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Цзян Цзэминь" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цзян Цзэминь – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Цзян Цзэминь" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%87%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ຈຽງເຈີມິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຈຽງເຈີມິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzjans_Dzemi%C5%86s" title="Dzjans Dzemiņs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzjans Dzemiņs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dziang_Dzeminas" title="Dziang Dzeminas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dziang Dzeminas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csiang_C%C3%B6-min" title="Csiang Cö-min – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csiang Cö-min" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB" title="ജിയാങ് സെമിൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജിയാങ് സെമിൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="च्यांग झमिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="च्यांग झमिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC_%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="جيانج زيمين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جيانج زيمين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جیانگ زمین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جیانگ زمین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C5%8Fng_D%C4%95k-m%C3%ACng" title="Gŏng Dĕk-mìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Gŏng Dĕk-mìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Жян Зэминь – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жян Зэминь" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="जियाङ जेमिन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जियाङ जेमिन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B2%A2%E6%B0%91" title="江沢民 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="江沢民" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%84_%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BA%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%93" title="ជាំង ហ្សឺមីន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជាំង ហ្សឺមីន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цзян Цзэминь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Цзян Цзэминь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xhiang_Zemin" title="Xhiang Zemin – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Xhiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A4iang_Ce-min" title="Ťiang Ce-min – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ťiang Ce-min" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEjang_Dzemin" title="Džjang Dzemin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Džjang Dzemin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3_%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Ђанг Цемин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ђанг Цемин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சியான் செமீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சியான் செமீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%A3_%D0%97%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Җияң Зымин – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җияң Зымин" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เจียง เจ๋อหมิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจียง เจ๋อหมิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B7%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%A6%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Цзян Цземінь – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Цзян Цземінь" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="جیانگ زیمین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جیانگ زیمین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7%DA%AD_%D8%B2%DB%90%D9%85%D9%89%D9%86" title="جياڭ زېمىن – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="جياڭ زېمىن" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyangh_Cwzminz" title="Gyangh Cwzminz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Gyangh 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hreflang="war" data-title="Jiang Zemin" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B3%BD%E6%B0%91" title="江泽民 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="江泽民" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%BE%A4%E6%B0%91" title="江澤民 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="江澤民" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%B3%BD%E6%B0%91" title="江泽民 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="江泽民" 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Chinese_name" title="Chinese name">Chinese name</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_surname" title="Chinese surname">family name</a> is <i> <a href="/wiki/Jiang_(surname_%E6%B1%9F)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiang (surname 江)">Jiang</a></i>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Jiang Zemin</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="zh-Hans"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">江泽民</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/220px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/330px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/440px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="622" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Jiang in 2002</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />24 June 1989 – 15 November 2002</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President of China</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />27 March 1993 – 15 March 2003</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rong_Yiren" title="Rong Yiren">Rong Yiren</a></li> <li>Hu Jintao</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Hu Jintao</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>Party Commission:</b></li></ul></div> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">9 November 1989 – 19 September 2004</span></div></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><b>State Commission:</b></li></ul></div> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">19 March 1990 – 8 March 2005</span></div></li></ul> </div></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Cao_Gangchuan" title="Cao Gangchuan">Cao Gangchuan</a> (2002–2005) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Guo_Boxiong" title="Guo Boxiong">Guo Boxiong</a> (2002–2005) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Hu Jintao (1999–2004) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a> (1995–2003) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wannian" title="Zhang Wannian">Zhang Wannian</a> (1995–2003) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a> (1989–1998) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Zhen_(general)" title="Zhang Zhen (general)">Zhang Zhen</a> (1992–1998) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">Yang Shangkun (1989–1993) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1926-08-17</span>)</span>17 August 1926<br /><a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangsu" title="Jiangsu">Jiangsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 November 2022<span style="display:none">(2022-11-30)</span> (aged 96)<br /><a href="/wiki/Jing%27an_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Jing'an District">Jing'an District</a>, Shanghai, China</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Communist Party of China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yeping" title="Wang Yeping">Wang Yeping</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1949)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Mianheng" title="Jiang Mianheng">Jiang Mianheng</a> (son)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_University" title="Nanjing University">National Central University</a> (transferred)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">National Chiao Tung University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical engineer">Electrical engineer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Jiang_Zemin" title="List of awards and honours received by Jiang Zemin">Full list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jiang Zemin's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg/114px-Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="114" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg/171px-Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/32/Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg/228px-Signature_of_Jiang_Zemin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-left listen noprint listen-embedded listen-noimage listen-center"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Zemin_at_press_conference_with_Bill_Clinton_(1997).ogg" title="File:Jiang Zemin at press conference with Bill Clinton (1997).ogg">Jiang Zemin's voice</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="215" style="width:215px;" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="Jiang_Zemin_at_press_conference_with_Bill_Clinton_(1997).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Jiang_Zemin_at_press_conference_with_Bill_Clinton_%281997%29.ogg/Jiang_Zemin_at_press_conference_with_Bill_Clinton_%281997%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Jiang_Zemin_at_press_conference_with_Bill_Clinton_%281997%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Jiang during a press conference with Bill Clinton<br />Recorded 29 October 1997</div></div></div></div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">江泽民</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;">江澤民</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Jiāng Zémín</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Chiang<sup>1</sup> Tzê<sup>2</sup>-min<sup>2</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tɕjáŋ tsɤ̌.mǐn]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gōng Jaahk-màahn</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Gong<sup>1</sup> Zaak<sup>6</sup>-maan<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="yue-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">[kɔŋ˥ tsak̚˨.man˩]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a> <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">POJ</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Min Nan Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="nan-Latn">Kang Tik-bîn</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Central institution membership</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1989–2002: <a href="/wiki/13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>, <a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a> Politburo Standing Committee </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1989–2005: 13th, 14th, 15th, 16th Central Military Commission </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1987–2002: 13th, 14th, 15th Politburo </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1983–2002: <a href="/wiki/12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>, <a href="/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>, <a href="/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a> Central Committee </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1988–2008: <a href="/wiki/7th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="7th National People's Congress">7th</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="8th National People's Congress">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/9th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="9th National People's Congress">9th</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="10th National People's Congress">10th</a>, <a href="/wiki/11th_National_People%27s_Congress" title="11th National People's Congress">11th</a> National People's Congress </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Other political offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1987–89: Communist Party Committee Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shanghai" title="Politics of Shanghai">Shanghai</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1984–87: Mayor, Shanghai </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1983–85: Minister, Ministry of Electronic Industries </li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="center"><b><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount Leader of <br /> the People's Republic of China</a></b><br /> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:120%"><b>←</b></span> <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> <span style="font-size:120%"><b>→</b></span></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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.hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks sidebar-person vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><table><tbody><tr> <td class="sidebar-person-title-image" style="background-color:#DE2910;color:inherit;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Zemin_2002_(3x4_close_cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/75px-Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/113px-Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg/150px-Jiang_Zemin_2002_%283x4_close_cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="424" /></a></span></td> <td class="sidebar-person-title" style="background-color:#DE2910;color: #FFF;"><div><span class="tmp-color" style="color: #FFF">This article is part of <br />a series about</span></div><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: #FFF; text-decoration: inherit;">Jiang Zemin</span></a></span></span></td> </tr></tbody></table></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Personal</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Early_life">Early life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yeping" title="Wang Yeping">Wang Yeping (wife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Mianheng" title="Jiang Mianheng">Jiang Mianheng (son)</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Administration</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1992 reelection as General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1997 reelection as General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Policies and theories</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small" title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small">Grasping the large, letting go of the small</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Stresses_campaign" title="Three Stresses campaign">Three Stresses campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_973" title="Program 973">Program 973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_211" title="Project 211">Project 211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Key events</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_China_floods" title="1998 China floods">1998 China floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover of Macau</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /> <div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="">Diplomatic activities</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align:center;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Jiang_Zemin" title="List of international trips made by Jiang Zemin">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Japan" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan">1998 Japan visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">US Belgrade embassy bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship">2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Germany,_Libya,_Nigeria,_Tunisia_and_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Germany, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran">2002 Germany, Libya, <br />Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran visit</a></li></ul> </div></div> <hr /></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/40px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/60px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/80px-Danghui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/40px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/60px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg/80px-National_Emblem_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_%282%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="976" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jiang_Zemin_sidebar" title="Template:Jiang Zemin sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Jiang_Zemin_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Jiang Zemin sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jiang_Zemin_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jiang Zemin sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jiang Zemin</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (17 August 1926 – 30 November 2022) was a Chinese politician who served as <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">general secretary</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) from 1989 to 2002, as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">chairman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a> from 1989 to 2004, and as <a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">president of China</a> from 1993 to 2003. Jiang was the third <a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">China</a> from 1989 to 2002. He was the <a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">core leader</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Chinese_leadership" title="Generations of Chinese leadership">third generation</a> of Chinese leadership, one of four core leaders alongside <a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>. </p><p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a>, Jiangsu, Jiang joined the CCP while he was in college. After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, he received training at the <a href="/wiki/ZiL" title="ZiL">Stalin Automobile Works</a> in Moscow in the 1950s, later returning to Shanghai in 1962 to serve in various institutes, later being sent between 1970 and 1972 to Romania as part of an expert team to establish machinery manufacturing plants in the country. After 1979, he was appointed as the vice chair of two commissions by vice premier <a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a> to oversee the newly established <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">special economic zones</a> (SEZs). He became the vice minister of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Fourth Ministry of Machine Building">Ministry of Electronics Industry</a> and a member of the CCP Central Committee in 1982. </p><p>Jiang was appointed as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Shanghai" title="List of mayors of Shanghai">mayor of Shanghai</a> in 1985, later being promoted to its <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">Communist Party secretary</a>, as well as a member of the CCP Politburo, in 1987. Jiang came to power unexpectedly as a compromise candidate following the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>, when he replaced <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> as CCP general secretary after Zhao was ousted for his support for the student movement. As the involvement of the <a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a> in Chinese politics steadily declined,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang consolidated his hold on power to become the "paramount leader" in the country during the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urged by <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a> in 1992, Jiang officially introduced the term <a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a> in his speech during the <a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">14th CCP National Congress</a> held later that year, which accelerated <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">opening up and reform</a>. </p><p>Under Jiang's leadership, China experienced substantial economic growth with the continuation of market reforms. The <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">returning of Hong Kong from the United Kingdom</a> in 1997 and of <a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Macau from Portugal</a> in 1999, and entry into the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 2001, were landmark moments of his era. China also witnessed improved relations with the outside world, while the Communist Party maintained its tight control over the state. Jiang faced criticism over <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">human rights abuses</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">crackdown on the Falun Gong movement</a>. His contributions to party doctrine, known as the <a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a>, were written into the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Constitution of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP constitution</a> in 2002. Jiang gradually vacated his official leadership titles from 2002 to 2005, being succeeded in these roles by <a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a>, although he and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">his political faction</a> continued to influence affairs until much later. In 2022, Jiang died at the age of 96 in Shanghai; he was <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jiang_Zemin" title="Death and state funeral of Jiang Zemin">accorded a state funeral</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JZM1947.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/JZM1947.jpg/130px-JZM1947.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/JZM1947.jpg/195px-JZM1947.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/JZM1947.jpg/260px-JZM1947.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1430" /></a><figcaption>Graduation photo of Jiang, taken in 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>Jiang Zemin was born in the city of Yangzhou, Jiangsu, on 17 August 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His ancestral home was the Jiangcun Village (<span lang="zh">江村</span>) in <a href="/wiki/Jingde_County" title="Jingde County">Jingde County</a>, Anhui. This was also the hometown of a number of prominent figures in Chinese academic and intellectual establishments.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang grew up during the years of <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Japanese occupation</a>. His uncle and foster father, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Shangqing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Shangqing (page does not exist)">Jiang Shangqing</a>, died fighting the Japanese and was considered in Jiang Zemin's time to be a national hero.<sup id="cite_ref-:322_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 40">: 40 </span></sup> After Shangqing's death, Zemin became his male heir.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jiang attended the Department of Electrical Engineering at the <a href="/wiki/National_Central_University" title="National Central University">National Central University</a> in Japanese-occupied <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> before transferring to National Chiao Tung University (now <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jiao_Tong_University" title="Shanghai Jiao Tong University">Shanghai Jiao Tong University</a>). He graduated there in 1947 with a bachelor's degree in <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-time_obituary_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time_obituary-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang joined the Chinese Communist Party when he was in college.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the establishment of the People's Republic of China, Jiang received his training at the <a href="/wiki/Zavod_Imeni_Likhacheva" class="mw-redirect" title="Zavod Imeni Likhacheva">Stalin Automobile Works</a> in Moscow in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn200466_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200466-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also worked for Changchun's <a href="/wiki/FAW_Group" title="FAW Group">First Automobile Works</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004609_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004609-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Jiang became increasingly involved in the Communist Party, his main work shifted from the technical side of engineering to administrative and political tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-:322_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:322-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 140">: 140 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JZM1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/JZM1962.jpg/140px-JZM1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/JZM1962.jpg/210px-JZM1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/JZM1962.jpg/280px-JZM1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Jiang in 1962</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1962, he returned to Shanghai and became the deputy director of the Shanghai Electric Research Institute. In 1966, he was appointed as the director and deputy party secretary of a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_engineering" title="Thermal engineering">thermal engineering</a> research institute in <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>, which was established by the <a href="/wiki/First_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="First Ministry of Machine Building">First Ministry of Machine Building</a>. When the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> began in the same year, he did not suffer greatly during the turmoil, but was pulled down from his position as director of the institute and was sent to a <a href="/wiki/May_Seventh_Cadre_School" title="May Seventh Cadre School">May Seventh Cadre School</a>. In 1970, after leaving the cadre school, he became the deputy director of the Foreign Affairs Bureau of the ministry and was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a>, where he served as head of the expert team to establish fifteen machinery manufacturing plants in the country. After the completion of his mission in 1972, he returned to China.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn200476_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200476-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn200482_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200482-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn200484_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200484-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1979, following a thawing of <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">diplomatic relations between China and the United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> decided to encourage <a href="/wiki/Special_economic_zone" title="Special economic zone">special economic zones</a> (SEZs) as part of his <a href="/wiki/Four_Modernizations" title="Four Modernizations">Four Modernizations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004101_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004101-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's <a href="/wiki/State_Council_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="State Council of the People's Republic of China">State Council</a> established two ministerial commissions to increase trade and foreign investment. The commissions were headed by vice premier <a href="/wiki/Gu_Mu" title="Gu Mu">Gu Mu</a>, who appointed Jiang as vice chairman of both commissions, a position equivalent to vice minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004102_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang's role was to ensure these SEZs increased economic prosperity without becoming "conduits" for foreign ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004102_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004102-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1980, Jiang headed a delegation which toured other SEZs in twelve countries; upon his return, he issued a radical report which recommended allowing local authorities to issue tax breaks and land leases, and increasing the power of <a href="/wiki/International_joint_venture" title="International joint venture">foreign joint ventures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004103_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004103-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report initially "caused consternation" among party leaders, but his pragmatic and empirical presentation appealed to Deng Xiaoping. His proposals were approved at the National People's Congress, cementing Jiang as an "early implementer" of <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004104_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004104-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1982, he was pushed out as vice chairman of two commissions. After pressure from premier Gu and Shanghai mayor <a href="/wiki/Wang_Daohan" title="Wang Daohan">Wang Daohan</a>, "ardent reformist" Zhao Ziyang appointed Jiang as the first vice minister and party secretary of the newly established <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Ministry_of_Machine_Building" title="Fourth Ministry of Machine Building">Ministry of Electronics Industry.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004105_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004105-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">12th Party Congress</a> held in September 1982, Jiang became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Central Committee of the CCP</a>, which determines policy and elects the members of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004105_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004105-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_in_Shanghai">Career in Shanghai</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career in Shanghai"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1985, a political reshuffle took place in Shanghai. Party Secretary <a href="/wiki/Chen_Guodong" title="Chen Guodong">Chen Guodong</a> and Mayor <a href="/wiki/Wang_Daohan" title="Wang Daohan">Wang Daohan</a> were both removed due to age issues. Instead, <a href="/wiki/Rui_Xingwen" title="Rui Xingwen">Rui Xingwen</a> became the new Party Secretary of Shanghai, and Jiang became new <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Shanghai" title="List of mayors of Shanghai">mayor of Shanghai</a>. Jiang received mixed reviews as mayor. Many of his critics dismissed him as a "flower pot", a Chinese term for someone who only seems useful, but actually gets nothing done.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC:_Profile:_Jiang_Zemin_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC:_Profile:_Jiang_Zemin-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many credited Shanghai's growth during the period to <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang was an ardent believer, during this period, in Deng Xiaoping's economic reforms. In an attempt to curb <a href="/wiki/1986_Chinese_student_demonstrations" title="1986 Chinese student demonstrations">student discontent in 1986</a>, Jiang recited the <a href="/wiki/Gettysburg_Address" title="Gettysburg Address">Gettysburg Address</a> in English in front of a group of student protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004133_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004133-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">13th National Congress of the CCP</a> held in October 1987, Jiang was promoted from mayor to Shanghai <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party_Committee_Secretary" title="Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary">party secretary</a>, the most powerful position in the city, reporting directly to the central government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004138_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004138-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also joined the Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party, in accordance with customs for party secretaries of major cities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004138_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004138-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre">Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tiananmen Square protests and massacre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 1989, former general secretary <a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> died; he had previously been forced to resign in January 1987 and accused of supporting "bourgeois liberalization".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004133_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004133-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death catalyzed the <a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004148–149_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004148–149-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading to an ideological crisis between "liberals" (who supported aggressive reforms) and "conservatives" (who favored slower change).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004147"In_fact,_no_one_of_importance_disagreed_fundamentally_with_the_necessity_of_Chapter_9_reform_to_spur_economic_development._The_fault_line_between_the_so-called_"liberals"_and_"conservatives"_was_the_speed_and_style_of_the_reforms._Still,_the_division_was_seismic,_and_the_epicenter_would_soon_be_Tiananmen_Square."_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004147"In_fact,_no_one_of_importance_disagreed_fundamentally_with_the_necessity_of_Chapter_9_reform_to_spur_economic_development._The_fault_line_between_the_so-called_"liberals"_and_"conservatives"_was_the_speed_and_style_of_the_reforms._Still,_the_division_was_seismic,_and_the_epicenter_would_soon_be_Tiananmen_Square."-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Shanghai-based <i><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Herald" title="World Economic Herald">World Economic Herald</a></i> tried to publish a eulogy rehabilitating Hu and praising his reformist stance, Jiang took control of the newspaper's editorial board.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004133–134,_149_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004133–134,_149-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the protests continued to grow, the Party imposed martial law and deployed troops in Beijing in May.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004161_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004161-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Shanghai, 100,000 protestors marched in the streets, and 450 students went on a hunger strike.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004160_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004160-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the third day, Jiang personally met with them to assure them that the Party shared their goals, and to promise future dialogue. He simultaneously sent a telegram to the Central Committee firmly supporting their martial law declaration.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004161_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004161-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His careful public appeals were well received by both pro-democracy students and socialist party elders.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004162_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004162-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 May 1989, paramount leader Deng Xiaoping decided to appoint Jiang as the new general secretary, replacing Zhao Ziyang,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004162_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004162-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who had supported the protestors.<sup id="cite_ref-Pomfret_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pomfret-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PPan_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PPan-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang was selected as a compromise candidate over <a href="/wiki/Tianjin" title="Tianjin">Tianjin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a>, premier <a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a>, elders <a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a>, and the retired elders to become the new general secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004163_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004163-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before that, he had been considered to be an unlikely candidate.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise to power"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jiang was appointed as general secretary at the fourth plenum of the Thirteenth Central Committee on 24 June 1989 with a fairly small power base inside the party, and thus, very little actual power.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most reliable allies were the powerful party elders Chen Yun and Li Xiannian. He was believed to be simply a transitional figure until a more stable successor government to Deng could be put in place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn20043_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn20043-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other prominent Party and military figures like President <a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a> and his brother <a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a> were believed to be planning a coup.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004219_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004219-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the first meeting of the new <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">CCP Politburo Standing Committee</a>, after the Tiananmen Square massacre of 1989, Jiang criticized the previous period as "hard on the economy, soft on politics" and advocated increasing political thought work.<sup id="cite_ref-brady08_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brady08-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anne-Marie_Brady" title="Anne-Marie Brady">Anne-Marie Brady</a> wrote that "Jiang Zemin was a long time political cadre with a nose for ideological work and its importance. This meeting marked the beginning of a new era in propaganda and political thought work in China." Soon after, the Central Propaganda Department was given more resources and power, "including the power to go in to the propaganda-related work units and cleanse the ranks of those who had been supportive of the democracy movement."<sup id="cite_ref-brady08_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brady08-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Politburo also issued a list of "seven things" regarding "matters of universal concern to the masses", with party corruption as the top priority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004181_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004181-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang was also appointed as the chairman of the Central Military Commission on 9 November 1989, succeeding Deng,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and president of the PRC on 27 March 1993;<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this marked the start of the arrangement in which the paramount leader of China simultaneously serves as Party leader, president and chair of the CMC.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leadership">Leadership</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Leadership"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1989%E2%80%932002)" title="History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)">History of the People's Republic of China (1989–2002)</a></div><p>In the first few years, Jiang depended on the support of Deng Xiaoping to remain in power,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004220"Though_Jiang_had_spent_the_preceding_two_years_diligently_building_his_relations_with_the_military,_his_position_remained_dependent_on_Deng."_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004220"Though_Jiang_had_spent_the_preceding_two_years_diligently_building_his_relations_with_the_military,_his_position_remained_dependent_on_Deng."-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs additional references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">additional citation(s) needed</span></a></i>]</sup> which forced Jiang into an "ultranationalist stance" towards Taiwan and the US.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang had supported Deng's calls against "bourgeois liberalization", but while Jiang was seen as a "thoughtful reformer",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004134,_180"We_must_enhance_socialist_ideology_while_carrying_out_to_the_end_the_struggle_against_bourgeois_liberalization."_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004134,_180"We_must_enhance_socialist_ideology_while_carrying_out_to_the_end_the_struggle_against_bourgeois_liberalization."-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he "[skewed] to the more conservative views of the elders and his Politburo colleagues".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004214_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004214-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deng was far more supportive of reforms, saying that "deviating to the Left is an even greater danger" than deviating to the right.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004213_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004213-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deng grew critical of Jiang's leadership in 1992. During <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng's southern tour</a>, he subtly suggested that the pace of reform was not fast enough.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004212_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004212-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang grew ever more cautious, and rallied behind Deng's reforms completely.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004682_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004682-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang coined the new "<a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">socialist market economy</a>" to move China's centrally-planned socialist economy into essentially a government-regulated <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004216–222_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004216–222-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a huge step to take in the realization of Deng's "socialism with Chinese characteristics".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004220–222_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004220–222-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Jiang elevated many of his supporters from Shanghai to high government positions, after regaining Deng's confidence. He abolished the outdated <a href="/wiki/Central_Advisory_Commission" title="Central Advisory Commission">Central Advisory Commission</a> in 1992, an advisory body composed of revolutionary party elders. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_development">Economic development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Economic development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early 1990s, post-Tiananmen economic reforms by Vice Premier and later Premier Zhu Rongji with Jiang's support had stabilized and the country was on a consistent growth trajectory. At the same time, China faced myriad economic and social problems. At Deng's state funeral in 1997, Jiang delivered the elder statesman's eulogy. Jiang had inherited a China rampant with political corruption, and regional economies growing too rapidly for the stability of the entire country. Deng's policy that "some areas can get rich before others" led to an opening wealth gap between coastal regions and the interior provinces. </p><p>Jiang and Zhu initiated major reforms to <a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_China" title="State-owned enterprises of China">state-owned enterprises</a> (SOEs) during their tenure. Per the concept of <a href="/wiki/Grasping_the_large,_letting_go_of_the_small" title="Grasping the large, letting go of the small">grasping the large, letting go of the small</a>, a number of heavy industries were deregulated and many small- and medium-sized SOEs were closed down or privatized, initially removing as many as 40 million jobs from SOEs.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang also oversaw the breaking of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_rice_bowl" title="Iron rice bowl">iron rice bowl</a>, allowing China to join the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the reforms, unemployment rates skyrocketed, rising as high as 40% in some urban areas, and stock markets fluctuated greatly. The scale of rural migration into urban areas was unprecedented anywhere, and little was being done to address an ever-increasing urban-rural wealth gap. Official reports put the figure on the percentage of China's GDP being moved and abused by corrupt officials at 10%.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jiang's biggest aim in the economy was stability, and he believed that a stable government with highly centralized power would be a prerequisite, choosing to postpone political reform, which in many facets of governance exacerbated the ongoing problems.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the coastal regions and SEZs were sufficiently developed, Jiang worked to reduce geographic disparities by encouraging richer cities to "provide financial, technological, and managerial assistance to the poorer, western ones."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004405_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004405-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang put forward the plan for <a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China's western development</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 401">: 401 </span></sup> Construction of various infrastructure projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Qinghai%E2%80%93Tibet_railway" title="Qinghai–Tibet railway">Qinghai–Tibet railway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a> began under Jiang's leadership.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jiang launched the <a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Going Global</a> policy in 1999, a national strategy which sought to develop <a href="/wiki/National_champions" title="National champions">national champion</a> firms, increase foreign demand for Chinese goods and services, and secure energy and resources.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 123">: 123 </span></sup> This policy greatly expanded Chinese investment and influence in the <a href="/wiki/Global_North_and_Global_South" title="Global North and Global South">global South</a>, particularly in Africa and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 124">: 124 </span></sup> </p><p>During Jiang's tenure, China adopted policies to expand <a href="/wiki/Trade_policy_of_China" title="Trade policy of China">its trade</a> and economic relations with other countries through the Maritime Commerce Law (1993), Anti-Subsidy Rules (1997), and 2001 revisions to the Foreign Investment Law.<sup id="cite_ref-:025_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:025-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 190">: 190 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Foreign policy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Jiang_Zemin" title="List of international trips made by Jiang Zemin">List of international trips made by Jiang Zemin</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Clinton_greets_Chinese_President_Jiang_Zemin_for_their_bilateral_meeting_at_Government_House,_Aukland,_New_Zealand_on_11_September_1999_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/President_Clinton_greets_Chinese_President_Jiang_Zemin_for_their_bilateral_meeting_at_Government_House%2C_Aukland%2C_New_Zealand_on_11_September_1999_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-President_Clinton_greets_Chinese_President_Jiang_Zemin_for_their_bilateral_meeting_at_Government_House%2C_Aukland%2C_New_Zealand_on_11_September_1999_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/President_Clinton_greets_Chinese_President_Jiang_Zemin_for_their_bilateral_meeting_at_Government_House%2C_Aukland%2C_New_Zealand_on_11_September_1999_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="260" /></a><figcaption>Jiang with US president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> in 1999</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-11.jpg/220px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-11.jpg/330px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-11.jpg/440px-Vladimir_Putin_at_APEC_Summit_in_China_19-21_October_2001-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Jiang with <a href="/wiki/President_of_Russia" title="President of Russia">President of Russia</a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> at <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a> summit in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> (2001)</figcaption></figure> <p>Under Jiang's leadership, China continued its style of developmental diplomacy which had been adopted under Deng Xiaoping.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China's international behavior was generally both pragmatic and predictable.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During Jiang's presidency, serious flare-ups between China and the United States occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, Jiang's foreign policy was for the most part passive and non-confrontational. Foreign policy under Jiang inherited from that of Deng Xiaoping, that is, <i>taoguang yanghui</i>, or "hide one's talent and bide one's time", which emphasized the use of cooperative rhetoric and the avoidance of controversy.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1993, the United States Navy stopped a Chinese container ship, the <i>Yinhe</i>, based on the incorrect suspicion that it was carrying chemical weapon precursors bound for Iran.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although China denied the allegation, the United States cut off the <i>Yinhe</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s GPS, causing it to lose direction and anchor on the high seas for twenty-four days until it acceded to an inspection.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were no chemical precursors on the ship.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although China sought a formal apology, the United States refused to apologize and refused to pay compensation.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the humiliation of the <a href="/wiki/Yinhe_incident" title="Yinhe incident"><i>Yinhe</i> incident</a>, Jiang took a stance of goodwill towards the United States and adopted the "sixteen-characters formula" for working with the United States: "enhancing confidence, reducing troubles, expanding cooperation, and avoiding confrontation."<sup id="cite_ref-:1_67-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jiang oversaw <a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">a series of missile tests in the waters surrounding Taiwan</a> in 1996 in protest to the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> government under President <a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a>, who had been seen as moving its foreign policy away from the <a href="/wiki/One_China" title="One China">One-China policy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:054_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:054-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 224–225">: 224–225 </span></sup> The United States sent two carrier groups to the vicinity of Taiwan, and the PRC de-escalated.<sup id="cite_ref-:054_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:054-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 225">: 225 </span></sup> As a result of the United States response, Jiang ordered the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> to begin a ten-year modernization program.<sup id="cite_ref-:054_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:054-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 225">: 225 </span></sup> </p><p>Jiang went on a <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visit</a> to the United States in 1997, drawing various crowds in protest from the Tibet Independence Movement to supporters of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_democracy_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese democracy movement">Chinese democracy movement</a>. He made a speech at Harvard University, part of it in English, but could not escape questions on democracy and freedom. In the official summit meeting with president <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, the tone was relaxed as they sought common ground while largely ignoring areas of disagreement. Clinton would visit China in June 1998, and vowed that China and the United States were partners in the world, and not adversaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004358_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004358-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a> in 1999, Jiang seemed to have put up a harsh stance for show at home, but in reality only performed symbolic gestures of protest, and no solid action.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang deemed the United States-China bilateral relation too important to be harmed in the emotion of the moment and sought to soothe the Chinese public's outrage.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan island incident</a> was another tense event in the China-United States relations which occurred during Jiang's presidency.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On April 1, 2001, a United States US <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_EP-3" title="Lockheed EP-3">EP-3</a> surveillance aircraft collided mid-air with a Chinese <a href="/wiki/Shenyang_J-8" title="Shenyang J-8">Shenyang J-8</a> jet fighter over the South China Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> China sought a formal apology, and accepted United States Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Colin Powell</a>'s expression of "very sorry" as sufficient.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incident nonetheless created negative feelings towards the United States by the Chinese public and increased public feelings of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A personal friend of former Canadian prime minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang strengthened China's economic stature abroad, attempting to establish cordial relations with countries whose trade is largely confined to the American economic sphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media_depiction">Media depiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Media depiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EA%B0%95%ED%83%9D%EB%AF%BC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%9D_%EC%97%B0%EC%84%A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/%EA%B0%95%ED%83%9D%EB%AF%BC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%9D_%EC%97%B0%EC%84%A4.jpg/220px-%EA%B0%95%ED%83%9D%EB%AF%BC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%9D_%EC%97%B0%EC%84%A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/%EA%B0%95%ED%83%9D%EB%AF%BC_%EC%A4%91%EA%B5%AD_%EA%B5%AD%EA%B0%80%EC%A3%BC%EC%84%9D_%EC%97%B0%EC%84%A4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Jiang Zemin delivered a speech at the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">South Korean National Assembly</a> in 1995</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">CCTV</a>'s 7 pm <i><a href="/wiki/Xinwen_Lianbo" title="Xinwen Lianbo">Xinwen Lianbo</a></i> each had Jiang-related events as the front-page or top stories, a fact that remained until Hu Jintao's media administrative changes in 2006. Jiang appeared casual in front of Western media, and gave an unprecedented interview with <a href="/wiki/Mike_Wallace" title="Mike Wallace">Mike Wallace</a> of CBS in 2000 at <a href="/wiki/Beidaihe" class="mw-redirect" title="Beidaihe">Beidaihe</a>. He would often use foreign languages in front of the camera; once, he gave a 40-minute speech entirely in Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn200492–93,_371,_437_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200492–93,_371,_437-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an encounter with Hong Kong reporter <a href="/wiki/Sharon_Cheung" title="Sharon Cheung">Sharon Cheung</a> in 2000 regarding the central government's apparent "imperial order" of supporting <a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung Chee-hwa</a> to seek a second term as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Executive_of_Hong_Kong" title="Chief Executive of Hong Kong">Chief Executive of Hong Kong</a>, Jiang scolded the Hong Kong journalists as "too simple, sometimes naive" in English.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_Represents">Three Represents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Three Represents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></div> <p>On 25 February 2000, Jiang introduced the theory of <a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a>, which was later enshrined in both Party and State constitutions as an "important thought", following in the footsteps of <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a>, Mao Zedong Thought and Deng Xiaoping Theory.<sup id="cite_ref-datong_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datong-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:022_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 474–475">: 474–475 </span></sup> Officially termed as the latest development of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">socialism with Chinese characters</a> under Jiang's tenure,<sup id="cite_ref-:4_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Three Represents justified the incorporation of the new capitalist business class into the party, and changed the founding ideology of the CCP from protecting the interests of the peasantry and workers to that of the "overwhelming majority of the people", a euphemism aimed at placating the growing entrepreneurial class. Conservative critics within the party, such as hardline leftist <a href="/wiki/Deng_Liqun" title="Deng Liqun">Deng Liqun</a>, denounced this as betrayal of "true" communist ideology.<sup id="cite_ref-datong_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-datong-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before he transferred power to a younger generation of leaders, Jiang had his theory of Three Represents written into the Party's constitution, alongside Marxism–Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, and Deng Xiaoping Theory at the 16th CCP Congress in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crackdown_on_Falun_Gong">Crackdown on Falun Gong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crackdown on Falun Gong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></div> <p>In June 1999, Jiang established an extralegal department, the <a href="/wiki/610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a>, to crack down on <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a>. Cook and Lemish state this was because Jiang was worried that the popular new religious movement was "quietly infiltrating the CCP and state apparatus."<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 July, security forces arrested thousands of Falun Gong organizers they identified as leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-Tong_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tong-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The persecution that followed was characterized as a nationwide campaign of propaganda, as well as the large-scale arbitrary imprisonment and coercive reeducation of Falun Gong organizers, sometimes resulting in death due to mistreatment in detention.<sup id="cite_ref-HRW_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HRW-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_and_First_Lady_Laura_Bush_welcome_Chinese_President_Jiang_Zemin_and_his_wife_Wang_Yeping_to_their_home_in_Crawford,_Texas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/President_George_W._Bush_and_First_Lady_Laura_Bush_welcome_Chinese_President_Jiang_Zemin_and_his_wife_Wang_Yeping_to_their_home_in_Crawford%2C_Texas.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_and_First_Lady_Laura_Bush_welcome_Chinese_President_Jiang_Zemin_and_his_wife_Wang_Yeping_to_their_home_in_Crawford%2C_Texas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/President_George_W._Bush_and_First_Lady_Laura_Bush_welcome_Chinese_President_Jiang_Zemin_and_his_wife_Wang_Yeping_to_their_home_in_Crawford%2C_Texas.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_and_First_Lady_Laura_Bush_welcome_Chinese_President_Jiang_Zemin_and_his_wife_Wang_Yeping_to_their_home_in_Crawford%2C_Texas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/President_George_W._Bush_and_First_Lady_Laura_Bush_welcome_Chinese_President_Jiang_Zemin_and_his_wife_Wang_Yeping_to_their_home_in_Crawford%2C_Texas.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_and_First_Lady_Laura_Bush_welcome_Chinese_President_Jiang_Zemin_and_his_wife_Wang_Yeping_to_their_home_in_Crawford%2C_Texas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>Jiang with his wife and <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> with his wife in <a href="/wiki/Crawford,_Texas" title="Crawford, Texas">Crawford, Texas</a>, 25 October 2002</figcaption></figure> <p>In the run-up to the <a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th National Congress of the CCP</a>, Hu Jintao had "almost unanimous support" to become the new CCP general secretary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004483_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004483-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To maintain China's image as a stable and respected country, Jiang and Hu emphasized their unity, striving to make this transition the first "smooth and harmonious" one in the PRC's history.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004496_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004496-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang stepped down as general secretary and left the Politburo Standing Committee, but retained the chairmanship of the Central Military Commission,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004521_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004521-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which controlled the army and the nation's foreign policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004522_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004522-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang would continue counselling Hu from "behind the curtain", and it was formally agreed that Jiang would be "consulted on all matters of state importance".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004522_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004522-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both men also reached a "tacit understanding" that Hu would not be considered a "<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">core</a>" leader like Jiang, Deng and Mao.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004497_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004497-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the 16th Party Congress, the majority of new members for Standing Committee were considered part of Jiang's so-called "<a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a>", the most prominent being vice president <a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a>, who had served as Jiang's chief of staff for many years, and vice premier <a href="/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a>, a former party secretary of Shanghai.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Hu succeeded Jiang as general secretary, the latter continued to "[dominate] public life" for several years.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004527_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004527-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>South China Morning Post</i> announced that "a new era has begun in China. But it is not that of Vice President Hu Jintao [...] Rather, it is a new era of President Jiang Zemin, who has just stepped down as the Party's general secretary."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004521_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004521-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the 2003 <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a> crisis, Jiang remained conspicuously silent, and observers were divided over whether it signified his waning influence, or respect for Hu.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004540_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004540-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been argued that the institutional arrangements created by the 16th Congress left Jiang in a position where he could not exercise much influence.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although Jiang retained the chairmanship of the CMC, most members of the commission were professional military men. <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Daily" title="People's Liberation Army Daily">People's Liberation Army Daily</a></i>, a publication thought to represent the views of the CMC majority, printed an article on 11 March 2003 which quotes two army delegates as saying, "Having one center is called 'loyalty', while having two centers will result in 'problems.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>" This was interpreted as a criticism of Jiang's attempt to exercise dual leadership with Hu on the model of Deng Xiaoping.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 September 2004, after the 4th Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee, Jiang, at the age of 78, relinquished his post as chairman of the party's Central Military Commission, his last post in the party. Six months later in March 2005, Jiang resigned his last significant post, chairman of the Central Military Commission of the state, which marked the end of Jiang's political career.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="See talk page (November 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This followed weeks of speculation that forces inside the party were pressing Jiang to step aside. Jiang's term was supposed to have lasted until 2007. Hu also succeeded Jiang as the CMC chairman, but, in an apparent political defeat for Jiang, General <a href="/wiki/Xu_Caihou" title="Xu Caihou">Xu Caihou</a>, and not Zeng Qinghong was appointed to succeed Hu as vice chairman, as was initially speculated. This power transition formally marked the end of Jiang's era in China, which roughly lasted from 1989 to 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2008, Jiang published an academic article on China's clean energy resources and another on China's information technology development.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 100">: 100 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Official_appearances_after_retirement">Official appearances after retirement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Official appearances after retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jiang continued to make official appearances after giving up his last title in 2005. In China's <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in China">strictly defined protocol sequence</a>, Jiang's name always appeared immediately after Hu Jintao's and in front of the remaining sitting members of the CCP Politburo Standing Committee. In 2007, Jiang was seen with Hu Jintao on stage at a ceremony celebrating the 80th anniversary of the founding of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and toured the Military Museum of the Chinese People's Revolution with Li Peng, Zhu Rongji, and other former senior officials.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 8 August 2008, Jiang appeared at the opening ceremony of the Beijing Olympics.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stood beside Hu Jintao during the mass parade celebrating the <a href="/wiki/60th_anniversary_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China">60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China</a> in October 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beginning in July 2011, false reports of Jiang's death began circulating on the news media outside of mainland China and on the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Jiang may indeed have been ill and receiving treatment, the rumors were denied by official sources.<sup id="cite_ref-time_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-time-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 October 2011, Jiang made his first public appearance since his premature obituary in Beijing at a celebration to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang reappeared at the <a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th Party Congress</a> in October 2012, and took part in the 65th Anniversary banquet of the founding of the People's Republic of China in October 2014. At the banquet he sat next to <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a>, who had then succeeded Hu Jintao as CCP general secretary. In September 2015, Jiang attended the <a href="/wiki/2015_China_Victory_Day_Parade" title="2015 China Victory Day Parade">parade celebrating 70 years since end of World War II</a>; there, Jiang again sat next to Xi Jinping and Hu Jintao.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appeared on 29 May 2017 at Shanghai Technology University.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Xi Jinping assumed power in 2012, Jiang's position in the protocol sequence of leaders retreated; while he was often seated next to Xi Jinping at official events, his name was often reported after all standing members of the Communist Party's Politburo.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang reappeared at the <a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">19th Party Congress</a> on 18 October 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He appeared on 29 July 2019 at the funeral of former premier Li Peng.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also attended the <a href="/wiki/70th_anniversary_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="70th anniversary of the People's Republic of China">70th anniversary of the founding of the People's Republic of China</a> mass parade in October 2019, marking his last public appearance prior to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He did not attend the <a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th Party Congress</a> in October 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_personal_life">Family and personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Family and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jiang married <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yeping" title="Wang Yeping">Wang Yeping</a>, also a native of Yangzhou, in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was his cousin, as Jiang's adoptive mother was Wang's aunt. Wang graduated from <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Studies_University" title="Shanghai International Studies University">Shanghai International Studies University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pd_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pd-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had two sons together, <a href="/wiki/Jiang_Mianheng" title="Jiang Mianheng">Jiang Mianheng</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Miankang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Miankang (page does not exist)">Jiang Miankang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang Mianheng went on to be an academic and businessman, working within the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_space_program" title="Chinese space program">Chinese space program</a>, and founded Grace Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that Jiang had a long-running friendship with the singer <a href="/wiki/Song_Zuying" title="Song Zuying">Song Zuying</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhili" title="Chen Zhili">Chen Zhili</a>, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the rise of Xi Jinping, Song and other Jiang loyalists, including her brother Song Zuyu, fell under investigation for corruption.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jiang had a passable command of several foreign languages,<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2001_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2001-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including English and Russian. Jiang remains the only paramount leader of China known to be able to speak in English.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2001_125-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2001-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enjoyed engaging foreign visitors in small talk on arts and literature in their native language, in addition to singing foreign songs in their original languages. In 1987, he sang <i>When We Were Young</i> and danced with <a href="/wiki/Dianne_Feinstein" title="Dianne Feinstein">Dianne Feinstein</a>, who was mayor of San Francisco at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jiang also played the <a href="/wiki/Ukulele" title="Ukulele">ukulele</a> during his 1997 visit to Hawai'i.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_126-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chinese_State_Funeral_for_Jiang_Zemin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chinese_State_Funeral_for_Jiang_Zemin.png/220px-Chinese_State_Funeral_for_Jiang_Zemin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chinese_State_Funeral_for_Jiang_Zemin.png/330px-Chinese_State_Funeral_for_Jiang_Zemin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Chinese_State_Funeral_for_Jiang_Zemin.png/440px-Chinese_State_Funeral_for_Jiang_Zemin.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Memorial Service for Jiang Zemin at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hall_of_the_People" title="Great Hall of the People">Great Hall of the People</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jiang_Zemin" title="Death and state funeral of Jiang Zemin">Death and state funeral of Jiang Zemin</a></div> <p>Jiang died on 30 November 2022, at the age of 96, in Shanghai. According to the Chinese state media <a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News_Agency" title="Xinhua News Agency">Xinhua News Agency</a>, he died at 12:13 pm from <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> and multiple organ failures.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the day of Jiang's death, the government released a notice that the national flags would be flown half-staff in key locations of Beijing and diplomatic missions abroad. Foreigners were not invited to attend official mourning activities.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jiang's body was cremated at <a href="/wiki/Babaoshan_Revolutionary_Cemetery" title="Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery">Babaoshan Revolutionary Cemetery</a> and his ashes were scattered near the mouth of the Yangtze River.<sup id="cite_ref-:Chatwin_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:Chatwin-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 129">: 129 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yangzhou_-_Wenchang_Square_-_Jiang_Zemin_inscription_-_P1070047.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yangzhou_-_Wenchang_Square_-_Jiang_Zemin_inscription_-_P1070047.JPG/220px-Yangzhou_-_Wenchang_Square_-_Jiang_Zemin_inscription_-_P1070047.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yangzhou_-_Wenchang_Square_-_Jiang_Zemin_inscription_-_P1070047.JPG/330px-Yangzhou_-_Wenchang_Square_-_Jiang_Zemin_inscription_-_P1070047.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Yangzhou_-_Wenchang_Square_-_Jiang_Zemin_inscription_-_P1070047.JPG/440px-Yangzhou_-_Wenchang_Square_-_Jiang_Zemin_inscription_-_P1070047.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Jiang's inscription engraved on a stone in his hometown, <a href="/wiki/Yangzhou" title="Yangzhou">Yangzhou</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The policies of his successors, Hu Jintao and <a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a>, have widely been seen as efforts to address perceived imbalances and move away from a sole focus on economic growth toward a broader view of development which incorporates non-economic factors such as health and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Domestically, Jiang's legacy and reputation is mixed. While some people attributed the period of relative stability and growth in the 1990s to Jiang's term,<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> others argue that Jiang did little to correct systemic imbalance and an accumulation of problems which resulted from years of breakneck-pace economic reforms, leaving the next administration facing innumerable challenges, some of which may have been too late to solve.<sup id="cite_ref-tairenxing_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tairenxing-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The fact that Jiang rose to power as the direct beneficiary of the political aftermath of Tiananmen has shaped the perception of his rule. Following the Tiananmen protests, Jiang threw his support behind elder Chen Yun's conservative economic policies, but subsequently changed his allegiance to Deng Xiaoping's reform-oriented agenda following the latter's "Southern Tour". This shift was not only seen as the exercise of a political opportunist, it also sowed confusion among party loyalists in regards to what direction the party was headed or what the party truly believed in.<sup id="cite_ref-miles_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-miles-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While continued economic reforms resulted in an explosion of wealth around the country, it also led to the formation of special interest groups in many sectors of the economy, and the exercise of state power without any meaningful oversight. This opened the way for the sub-optimal distribution of the fruits of growth, and an expanding culture of corruption among bureaucrats and party officials.<sup id="cite_ref-tairenxing_133-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tairenxing-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian and former Xinhua journalist <a href="/wiki/Yang_Jisheng_(journalist)" title="Yang Jisheng (journalist)">Yang Jisheng</a> wrote that Jiang might well have been given a positive historical assessment had it not been for his decision to 'overstay his welcome' by remaining in the Central Military Commission post after Hu had formally assumed the party leadership. Moreover, Jiang took credit for all the gains made during the 13 years "between 1989 and 2002", which not only evoked the memories of Jiang being a beneficiary of Tiananmen, but also neglected the economic foundations laid by Deng, whose authority was still paramount until the mid-1990s. Additionally, Jiang was also criticized for his insistence on writing the "Three Represents" into the party and state constitutions (see below), which Yang called Jiang's attempt at "self-deification", i.e., that he saw himself as a visionary along the same lines as Deng and Mao. Yang contended, "The 'Three Represents' is just common sense. It is not a proper theoretical framework. It's what any ruler would tell the people to justify the continued rule of the governing party."<sup id="cite_ref-jisheng_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jisheng-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jiang did not specialize in economics, and in 1997 handed most of the economic governance of the country to premier Zhu Rongji and remained in office through the <a href="/wiki/Asian_financial_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian financial crisis">Asian financial crisis</a>. Under their joint leadership, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland China</a> sustained an average of 8% GDP growth annually, achieving the highest rate of per capita economic growth in major world economies, raising eyebrows around the world with its astonishing speed. This was mostly achieved by continuing the process of a transition to a market economy. Additionally, he helped increase China's international standing with China joining the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 2001 and Beijing winning the bid to host the <a href="/wiki/2008_Summer_Olympics" title="2008 Summer Olympics">2008 Summer Olympics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some have also associated Jiang with the widespread corruption and cronyism that had become a notable feature of the Communist power apparatus since Jiang's years in power. In the military, the two vice-chairmen who sat atop the Central Military Commission hierarchy – nominally as assistants to then chairman Hu Jintao – Vice Chairmen Xu Caihou and <a href="/wiki/Guo_Boxiong" title="Guo Boxiong">Guo Boxiong</a>, were said to have obstructed Hu Jintao's exercise of power in the military. Xu and Guo were characterized as "Jiang's proxies in the military". Eventually, both men were reported to have taken massive bribes, and both fell under the axe of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-corruption_campaign_under_Xi_Jinping" title="Anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping">anti-corruption campaign under Xi Jinping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-weakgrip_137-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-weakgrip-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time, many biographers of Jiang have noted his government resembled an oligarchy as opposed to an autocratic dictatorship.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the policies of his era had been attributed to others in government, notably premier Zhu Rongji. Jiang was also characterized as a leader who was mindful to seek the opinion of his close advisers. Jiang is often credited with the improvement in foreign relations during his term,<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but at the same time many Chinese have criticized him for being too conciliatory towards the United States and Russia. The issue of <a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a> between the mainland and Taiwan gained ground during Jiang's term.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJiang2010" class="citation book cs1">Jiang Zemin (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206005501/http://book.theorychina.org/upload/9912d625-487c-4b71-bc52-c514d6037af2/"><i>Selected Works of Jiang Zemin</i></a>. Vol. I (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-06025-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-119-06025-5"><bdi>978-7-119-06025-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.theorychina.org/upload/9912d625-487c-4b71-bc52-c514d6037af2/">the original</a> on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Jiang+Zemin&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-7-119-06025-5&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Zemin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.theorychina.org%2Fupload%2F9912d625-487c-4b71-bc52-c514d6037af2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiang2012" class="citation book cs1">— (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201206011157/http://book.theorychina.org/upload/388036ce-a4ae-4eec-ab04-85254ea5b72f/"><i>Selected Works of Jiang Zemin</i></a>. Vol. II (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-07383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-119-07383-5"><bdi>978-7-119-07383-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.theorychina.org/upload/388036ce-a4ae-4eec-ab04-85254ea5b72f/">the original</a> on 6 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Jiang+Zemin&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-7-119-07383-5&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Zemin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.theorychina.org%2Fupload%2F388036ce-a4ae-4eec-ab04-85254ea5b72f%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJiang2013" class="citation book cs1">— (2013). <i>Selected Works of Jiang Zemin</i>. Vol. III (1st ed.). Beijing: Foreign Languages Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-119-07978-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-119-07978-3"><bdi>978-7-119-07978-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Works+of+Jiang+Zemin&rft.place=Beijing&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Foreign+Languages+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-7-119-07978-3&rft.aulast=Jiang&rft.aufirst=Zemin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:China" title="Portal:China">China portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toad_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Toad worship">Toad worship</a>, an internet meme spoofing Jiang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Japan" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan">State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/dʒ/: 'j' in 'jam'">dʒ</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'z' in 'zoom'">z</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">江泽民</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Jiāng Zémín</span></i>, traditionally romanized as <b>Chiang Tze-min</b></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leader</a>" is not a formal title; it is a reference occasionally used by media outlets and scholars to refer to the foremost political leader in China at a given time. For example, there is no consensus on when Hu Jintao became the paramount leader (2002–2012), as Jiang held the most powerful office in the military (i.e., Central Military Commission chairman) and did not relinquish all positions until 2005 to his successor, while Hu was the General Secretary of the Communist Party since 2002 and President of China since 2003.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolley1992" class="citation news cs1">Holley, David (12 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-12-mn-393-story.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Eight Elders' Wield Power Behind the Scenes in China"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=%27Eight+Elders%27+Wield+Power+Behind+the+Scenes+in+China&rft.date=1992-01-12&rft.aulast=Holley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-01-12-mn-393-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThackerayFindling2012" class="citation book cs1">Thackeray, Frank W.; Findling, John E. (31 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BRl1sWYShpcC&pg=RA4-PA339"><i>Events That Formed the Modern World</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-901-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-901-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-901-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018190103/https://books.google.com/books?id=BRl1sWYShpcC&pg=RA4-PA339">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2017</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Events+That+Formed+the+Modern+World&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012-05-31&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-901-1&rft.aulast=Thackeray&rft.aufirst=Frank+W.&rft.au=Findling%2C+John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBRl1sWYShpcC%26pg%3DRA4-PA339&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiLaiFeng2007" class="citation journal cs1">Li, Yiping; Lai, Kun; Feng, Xuegang (May 2007). "The Problem of ' Guanxi ' for Actualizing Community Tourism: A Case Study of Relationship Networking in China". <i>Tourism Geographies</i>. <b>9</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">117–</span>119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14616680701278489">10.1080/14616680701278489</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153691620">153691620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tourism+Geographies&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+%27+Guanxi+%27+for+Actualizing+Community+Tourism%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Relationship+Networking+in+China&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E119&rft.date=2007-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14616680701278489&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153691620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Yiping&rft.au=Lai%2C+Kun&rft.au=Feng%2C+Xuegang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:322-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:322_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:322_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammond2023" class="citation book cs1">Hammond, Ken (2023). <i>China's Revolution and the Quest for a Socialist Future</i>. New York, NY: 1804 Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781736850084" title="Special:BookSources/9781736850084"><bdi>9781736850084</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+Revolution+and+the+Quest+for+a+Socialist+Future&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=1804+Books&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781736850084&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/95/1229/feat4.html">"The New Emperor"</a>. <i>Asia NOW</i>. 29 December 1995<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asia+NOW&rft.atitle=The+New+Emperor&rft.date=1995-12-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FASIANOW%2Fasiaweek%2F95%2F1229%2Ffeat4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time_obituary-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time_obituary_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald2022" class="citation magazine cs1">McDonald, Joe (30 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130090507/https://time.com/6237657/jiang-zemin-dies/">"Former Chinese President Jiang Zemin Has Reportedly Died"</a>. <i>Time</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/6237657/jiang-zemin-dies/">the original</a> on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Former+Chinese+President+Jiang+Zemin+Has+Reportedly+Died&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft.aulast=McDonald&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2F6237657%2Fjiang-zemin-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cengage.com/">"Cengage Learning"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212194545/https://www.cengage.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 February 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cengage+Learning&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cengage.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200466-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn200466_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004609-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004609_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 609.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200476-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn200476_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200482-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn200482_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn200484-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn200484_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004101-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004101_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004102-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004102_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004102_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004103-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004103_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004104-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004104_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004105-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004105_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004105_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC:_Profile:_Jiang_Zemin-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC:_Profile:_Jiang_Zemin_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1832448.stm">"BBC: Profile: Jiang Zemin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a></i>. 19 September 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529080200/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1832448.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=BBC%3A+Profile%3A+Jiang+Zemin&rft.date=2004-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F1832448.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolley1993" class="citation news cs1">Holley, David (31 July 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-07-31-mn-18906-story.html">"China Leans Heavily on Trouble-Shooter: Politics: Vice Premier Zhu Rongji's assignment is to cope with economic troubles, corruption, rural anger"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140715000828/http://articles.latimes.com/1993-07-31/news/mn-18906_1_zhu-rongji">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=China+Leans+Heavily+on+Trouble-Shooter%3A+Politics%3A+Vice+Premier+Zhu+Rongji%27s+assignment+is+to+cope+with+economic+troubles%2C+corruption%2C+rural+anger.&rft.date=1993-07-31&rft.aulast=Holley&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-07-31-mn-18906-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004133-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004133_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004133_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chinaview.wordpress.com/2006/08/25/book-real-story-of-jiang-zemin-introduction4/">"Book: Real Story of Jiang Zemin: Introduction(4)"</a>. Chinaview.wordpress.com. 25 August 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718094837/http://chinaview.wordpress.com/2006/08/25/book-real-story-of-jiang-zemin-introduction4/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Book%3A+Real+Story+of+Jiang+Zemin%3A+Introduction%284%29&rft.pub=Chinaview.wordpress.com&rft.date=2006-08-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchinaview.wordpress.com%2F2006%2F08%2F25%2Fbook-real-story-of-jiang-zemin-introduction4%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_Wei_Ling" title="Lee Wei Ling">Lee, Wei Ling</a> (2015). <i>A Hakka Woman's Singapore</i> (1st ed.). Straits Times Press. p. 124. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4642-47-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4642-47-7"><bdi>978-981-4642-47-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Hakka+Woman%27s+Singapore&rft.pages=124&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Straits+Times+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-981-4642-47-7&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Wei+Ling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004138-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004138_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004138_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004148–149-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004148–149_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004147"In_fact,_no_one_of_importance_disagreed_fundamentally_with_the_necessity_of_Chapter_9_reform_to_spur_economic_development._The_fault_line_between_the_so-called_"liberals"_and_"conservatives"_was_the_speed_and_style_of_the_reforms._Still,_the_division_was_seismic,_and_the_epicenter_would_soon_be_Tiananmen_Square."-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004147"In_fact,_no_one_of_importance_disagreed_fundamentally_with_the_necessity_of_Chapter_9_reform_to_spur_economic_development._The_fault_line_between_the_so-called_"liberals"_and_"conservatives"_was_the_speed_and_style_of_the_reforms._Still,_the_division_was_seismic,_and_the_epicenter_would_soon_be_Tiananmen_Square."_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 147, "In fact, no one of importance disagreed fundamentally with the necessity of Chapter 9 reform to spur economic development. The fault line between the so-called "liberals" and "conservatives" was the speed and style of the reforms. Still, the division was seismic, and the epicenter would soon be Tiananmen Square.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright1990" class="citation journal cs1">Wright, Kate (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2158797">"The Political Fortunes of Shanghai's 'World Economic Herald'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Australian Journal of Chinese Affairs</i> (23): <span class="nowrap">121–</span>132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2158797">10.2307/2158797</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0156-7365">0156-7365</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2158797">2158797</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:157680075">157680075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Australian+Journal+of+Chinese+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Political+Fortunes+of+Shanghai%27s+%27World+Economic+Herald%27&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0156-7365&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A157680075%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2158797%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2158797&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Kate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2158797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004133–134,_149-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004133–134,_149_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, pp. 133–134, 149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004161-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004161_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004161_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004160-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004160_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 160.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004162-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004162_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004162_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pomfret-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pomfret_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pomfret, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/05/14/AR2009051400942.html?sid=ST2009051401023">"In Posthumous Memoir, China's Zhao Ziyang Details Tiananmen Debate, Faults Party"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 15 May 2009. p.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PPan-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PPan_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_P._Pan2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Pan" title="Philip Pan">Philip P. Pan</a> (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/outofmaosshadows00panp"><i>Out of Mao's shadow</i></a></span>. Simon & Schuster. pp. <span class="nowrap">4–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3705-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-3705-2"><bdi>978-1-4165-3705-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1150955831">1150955831</a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+Mao%27s+shadow&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1150955831&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-3705-2&rft.au=Philip+P.+Pan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foutofmaosshadows00panp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004163-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004163_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-09-19-china-military_x.htm">"USATODAY.com – China completes military power transfer"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121102160834/http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-09-19-china-military_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=USATODAY.com+%E2%80%93+China+completes+military+power+transfer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2F2004-09-19-china-military_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackerrasMcMillenWatson2003" class="citation book cs1">Mackerras, Colin; McMillen, Donald H.; Watson, Andrew (16 December 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYmBAgAAQBAJ"><i>Dictionary of the Politics of the People's Republic of China</i></a>. Routledge. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-53175-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-53175-2"><bdi>978-1-134-53175-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+the+Politics+of+the+People%27s+Republic+of+China&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003-12-16&rft.isbn=978-1-134-53175-2&rft.aulast=Mackerras&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft.au=McMillen%2C+Donald+H.&rft.au=Watson%2C+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYmBAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn20043-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn20043_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004219-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004219_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brady08-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brady08_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brady08_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Anne-Marie Brady, Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China, Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004181-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004181_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1356788041071">"China's military leadership"</a>. <i>Strategic Comments</i>. <b>10</b> (7): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>2. 1 September 2004. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1356788041071">10.1080/1356788041071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:219695239">219695239</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Jiang+Zemin+to+Have+Lower+Rank+in+Communist+Party&rft.date=2013-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F9823478%2FJiang-Zemin-to-have-lower-rank-in-Communist-party.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004220"Though_Jiang_had_spent_the_preceding_two_years_diligently_building_his_relations_with_the_military,_his_position_remained_dependent_on_Deng."-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004220"Though_Jiang_had_spent_the_preceding_two_years_diligently_building_his_relations_with_the_military,_his_position_remained_dependent_on_Deng."_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 220, "Though Jiang had spent the preceding two years diligently building his relations with the military, his position remained dependent on Deng.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1996" class="citation journal cs1">Miller, Lyman (1 June 1996). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Big+ideas+drive+China%27s+quest+for+super+status&rft.date=2000-10-19&rft.aulast=Gittings&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2000%2Foct%2F19%2Fchina.johngittings&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_62-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_62-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarlick2024" class="citation book cs1">Garlick, Jeremy (2024). <i>Advantage China: Agent of Change in an Era of Global Disruption</i>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloomsbury Academic">Bloomsbury Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-350-25231-8"><bdi>978-1-350-25231-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advantage+China%3A+Agent+of+Change+in+an+Era+of+Global+Disruption&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-350-25231-8&rft.aulast=Garlick&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:025-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:025_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi2018" class="citation book cs1">Li, Xiaobing (2018). <i>The Cold War in East Asia</i>. Abingdon, Oxon: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-65179-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-65179-1"><bdi>978-1-138-65179-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+in+East+Asia&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-138-65179-1&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Xiaobing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951"><i>The dragon roars back : transformational leaders and dynamics of Chinese foreign policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1332788951">1332788951</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+dragon+roars+back+%3A+transformational+leaders+and+dynamics+of+Chinese+foreign+policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1332788951&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1332788951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckleyWines2022" class="citation news cs1">Buckley, Chris; Wines, Michael (30 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/30/obituaries/jiang-zemin-dead.html">"Jiang Zemin, Leader Who Guided China into Global Market, Dies at 96"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jiang+Zemin%2C+Leader+Who+Guided+China+into+Global+Market%2C+Dies+at+96&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Wines%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F11%2F30%2Fobituaries%2Fjiang-zemin-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoshi" class="citation web cs1">Doshi, Rush. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brookings.edu/articles/hus-to-blame-for-chinas-foreign-assertiveness/">"Hu's to blame for China's foreign assertiveness?"</a>. <i>Brookings</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brookings&rft.atitle=Hu%27s+to+blame+for+China%27s+foreign+assertiveness%3F&rft.aulast=Doshi&rft.aufirst=Rush&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brookings.edu%2Farticles%2Fhus-to-blame-for-chinas-foreign-assertiveness%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_67-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781503634152"><i>The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503634152">10.1515/9781503634152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back%3A+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:054-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:054_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:054_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:054_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLampton2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_M._Lampton" title="David M. Lampton">Lampton, David M.</a> (2024). <i>Living U.S.-China Relations: From Cold War to Cold War</i>. Lanham, MD: <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-8725-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5381-8725-8"><bdi>978-1-5381-8725-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+U.S.-China+Relations%3A+From+Cold+War+to+Cold+War&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=978-1-5381-8725-8&rft.aulast=Lampton&rft.aufirst=David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004358-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004358_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 358.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781503634152"><i>The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics and Chinese Foreign Policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">63–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503634152">10.1515/9781503634152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back%3A+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+and+Chinese+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_71-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhao2023" class="citation book cs1">Zhao, Suisheng (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781503634152"><i>The Dragon Roars Back: Transformational Leaders and Dynamics of Chinese Foreign Policy</i></a>. Stanford, California: <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9781503634152">10.1515/9781503634152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5036-3415-2"><bdi>978-1-5036-3415-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dragon+Roars+Back%3A+Transformational+Leaders+and+Dynamics+of+Chinese+Foreign+Policy&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rft.isbn=978-1-5036-3415-2&rft.aulast=Zhao&rft.aufirst=Suisheng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1515%2F9781503634152&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F97A5C48B7AFFEC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">"NewsLibrary.com – newspaper archive, clipping service – newspapers and other news sources"</a>. <i>Nl.newsbank.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171107015724/http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=NewsLibrary&p_multi=BBAB&d_place=BBAB&p_theme=newslibrary2&p_action=search&p_maxdocs=200&p_topdoc=1&p_text_direct-0=0F97A5C48B7AFFEC&p_field_direct-0=document_id&p_perpage=10&p_sort=YMD_date:D&s_trackval=GooglePM">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Chinese Factional Politics Under Jiang Zemin". <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of East Asian Studies">Journal of East Asian Studies</a></i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">97–</span>128. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1598240800001132">10.1017/S1598240800001132</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1598-2408">1598-2408</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23417742">23417742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155266344">155266344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+East+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Chinese+Factional+Politics+Under+Jiang+Zemin&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E97-%3C%2Fspan%3E128&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=1598-2408&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155266344%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23417742%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1598240800001132&rft.aulast=Dittmer&rft.aufirst=Lowell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tomoyuki Kojima. China's <i>Omnidirectional Diplomacy</i>: Cooperation with all, Emphasis on Major Powers. Asia-Pacific Review, 1469–2937, Volume 8, Issue 2, 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sarah Cook and Leeshai Lemish, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38411&cHash=2dff246d80ffd78112de97e280ce9725">'The 610 Office:Policing the Chinese Spirit'</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127030409/http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=38411&cHash=2dff246d80ffd78112de97e280ce9725">Archived</a> 27 January 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, China Brief, Volume 11 Issue 17 (9 November 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tong-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tong_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Tong. <i><a href="/wiki/Revenge_of_the_Forbidden_City:_The_suppression_of_the_Falungong_in_China,_1999%E2%80%932005" class="mw-redirect" title="Revenge of the Forbidden City: The suppression of the Falungong in China, 1999–2005">Revenge of the Forbidden City: The suppression of the Falungong in China, 1999–2005</a></i>. (New York, NY: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2009); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-537728-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-537728-1">0-19-537728-1</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PyxCVRB-De8C&pg=PP6">Link at</a> <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HRW-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HRW_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpiegel2002" class="citation book cs1">Spiegel, Mickey (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fromhouseholdtof00huma"><i>Dangerous Meditation: China's Campaign Against Falungong</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-269-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56432-269-6"><bdi>1-56432-269-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dangerous+Meditation%3A+China%27s+Campaign+Against+Falungong&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-56432-269-6&rft.aulast=Spiegel&rft.aufirst=Mickey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffromhouseholdtof00huma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amnesty International <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b83b6e00.html">"China: The crackdown on Falun Gong and other so-called 'heretical organization'"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150518074828/http://www.refworld.org/docid/3b83b6e00.html">Archived</a> 18 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 23 March 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Denis_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Ian Denis Johnson">Ian Denis Johnson</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/6472">"Death Trap – How One Chinese City Resorted to Atrocities To Control Falun Dafa"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120406133845/http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/6472">Archived</a> 6 April 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i>, Pulitzer.org, 26 December 2000.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004483-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004483_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 483.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004496-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004496_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYongnianFook2003" class="citation journal cs1">Yongnian, Zheng; Fook, Lye Liang (1 September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02876950">"Elite politics and the fourth generation of chinese leadership"</a>. <i>Journal of Chinese Political Science</i>. <b>8</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF02876950">10.1007/BF02876950</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6357">1874-6357</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144696105">144696105</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chinese+Political+Science&rft.atitle=Elite+politics+and+the+fourth+generation+of+chinese+leadership&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2003-09-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144696105%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1874-6357&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF02876950&rft.aulast=Yongnian&rft.aufirst=Zheng&rft.au=Fook%2C+Lye+Liang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252FBF02876950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004521-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004521_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004521_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 521.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004522-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004522_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004522_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 522.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004497-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004497_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 497.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLam2002" class="citation news cs1">Lam, Willy Wo-Lap (17 December 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221130172306/https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/12/16/willy.column/index.html">"Hu strikes back at Jiang"</a>. CNN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2002/WORLD/asiapcf/east/12/16/willy.column/index.html">the original</a> on 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hu+strikes+back+at+Jiang&rft.date=2002-12-17&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Willy+Wo-Lap&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2002%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2Feast%2F12%2F16%2Fwilly.column%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004527-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004527_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 527.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004540-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKuhn2004540_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKuhn2004">Kuhn 2004</a>, p. 540.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cecc.gov/publications/issue-papers/information-control-and-self-censorship-in-the-prc-and-the-spread-of-sars">"Information Control and Self-Censorship in the PRC and the Spread of SARS – Congressional-Executive Commission on China"</a>. <i>cecc.gov</i>. 6 May 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221018190108/https://www.cecc.gov/publications/issue-papers/information-control-and-self-censorship-in-the-prc-and-the-spread-of-sars">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cecc.gov&rft.atitle=Information+Control+and+Self-Censorship+in+the+PRC+and+the+Spread+of+SARS+%E2%80%93+Congressional-Executive+Commission+on+China&rft.date=2003-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cecc.gov%2Fpublications%2Fissue-papers%2Finformation-control-and-self-censorship-in-the-prc-and-the-spread-of-sars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Mulvenon" class="citation web cs1">James Mulvenon. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://media.hoover.org/documents/clm7_jm.pdf">"Reduced Budgets, the "Two Centers," and Other Mysteries of the 2003 National People's Congress"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Media.hoover.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080626175840/http://media.hoover.org/documents/clm7_jm.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 26 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Media.hoover.org&rft.atitle=Reduced+Budgets%2C+the+%22Two+Centers%2C%22+and+Other+Mysteries+of+the+2003+National+People%27s+Congress&rft.au=James+Mulvenon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmedia.hoover.org%2Fdocuments%2Fclm7_jm.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCabestan2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cabestan, Jean-Pierre (8 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/files/journals/3/articles/61/public/61-61-1-PB.pdf">"China's Foreign- and Security-policy Decision-making Processes under Hu Jintao"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Current Chinese Affairs</i>. <b>38</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">63–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F186810260903800304">10.1177/186810260903800304</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212083814/http://journals.sub.uni-hamburg.de/giga/files/journals/3/articles/61/public/61-61-1-PB.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 12 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Current+Chinese+Affairs&rft.atitle=China%27s+Foreign-+and+Security-policy+Decision-making+Processes+under+Hu+Jintao&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=2009-10-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F186810260903800304&rft.aulast=Cabestan&rft.aufirst=Jean-Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjournals.sub.uni-hamburg.de%2Fgiga%2Ffiles%2Fjournals%2F3%2Farticles%2F61%2Fpublic%2F61-61-1-PB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHu2023" class="citation book cs1">Hu, Richard (2023). <i>Reinventing the Chinese City</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21101-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-21101-7"><bdi>978-0-231-21101-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reinventing+the+Chinese+City&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-231-21101-7&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/01/asia/AS-GEN-China-Politics.php">China's leadership makes show of unity ahead of key Communist Party congress</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013113305/http://iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/01/asia/AS-GEN-China-Politics.php">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>International Herald Tribune</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/changzheng/185612.htm">"Former Leaders Visit Exhibition Marking 70th Anniversary of Long March – china.org.cn"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Xinhua_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhua News">Xinhua News</a></i>. 22 October 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Communist+China+celebrates+60th+anniversary+with+instruments+of+war+and+words+of+peace&rft.date=2009-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-2009-oct-02-fg-china-parade2-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2011/07/01/ccp-birthday-gala-wheres-jiang-zemin/">"Where is Jiang Zemin?"</a>. <i>Financial Times</i>. 1 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110708055426/http://blogs.ft.com/beyond-brics/2011/07/01/ccp-birthday-gala-wheres-jiang-zemin/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Where+is+Jiang+Zemin%3F&rft.date=2011-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.ft.com%2Fbeyond-brics%2F2011%2F07%2F01%2Fccp-birthday-gala-wheres-jiang-zemin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nikkei.com/news/headline/article/g=96958A9C9381959FE2E4E2E6978DE2E4E2E5E0E2E3E39494E3E2E2E2">"Jiang's Rumours of Death Spread"</a>. <i>Nihon Keizai Shimbun</i>. 6 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709223113/http://www.nikkei.com/news/headline/article/g=96958A9C9381959FE2E4E2E6978DE2E4E2E5E0E2E3E39494E3E2E2E2">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nihon+Keizai+Shimbun&rft.atitle=Jiang%27s+Rumours+of+Death+Spread&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nikkei.com%2Fnews%2Fheadline%2Farticle%2Fg%3D96958A9C9381959FE2E4E2E6978DE2E4E2E5E0E2E3E39494E3E2E2E2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-time-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-time_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://world.time.com/2011/07/06/is-chinas-ex-leader-jiang-zemin-dead-local-censors-dont-want-any-speculation/">"Is China's Ex-Leader Jiang Zemin Dead? Local Censors Don't Want Any Speculation"</a>. <i>Time</i>. 6 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110706113058/http://globalspin.blogs.time.com/2011/07/06/is-chinas-ex-leader-jiang-zemin-dead-local-censors-dont-want-any-speculation/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Is+China%27s+Ex-Leader+Jiang+Zemin+Dead%3F+Local+Censors+Don%27t+Want+Any+Speculation&rft.date=2011-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworld.time.com%2F2011%2F07%2F06%2Fis-chinas-ex-leader-jiang-zemin-dead-local-censors-dont-want-any-speculation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-10-09/china-former-president-jiang-zemin-appears-at-beijing-event-xinhua-says.html">"Jiang Zemin Appears in Public Three Months After Media Reports of Death"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Jiang+Zemin+Appears+in+Public+Three+Months+After+Media+Reports+of+Death&rft.date=2011-10-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2011-10-09%2Fchina-former-president-jiang-zemin-appears-at-beijing-event-xinhua-says.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-china-politics-jiang-idUKKCN0R306V20150903">"Former Chinese president at war parade amid infighting rumours"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 3 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E4%B8%80%E5%A6%82%E7%8C%9C%E6%B5%8B%E6%B1%9F%E6%B3%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%8E%B0%E8%BA%AB%E4%B8%8A%E6%B5%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%A4%A7%E6%83%9F%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%8D%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%98%E7%96%91&rft.date=2017-05-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fm.cn.rfi.fr%2F%25E4%25B8%25AD%25E5%259B%25BD%2F20170529-%25E4%25B8%2580%25E5%25A6%2582%25E7%258C%259C%25E6%25B5%258B%25E6%25B1%259F%25E6%25B3%25BD%25E6%25B0%2591%25E7%258E%25B0%25E8%25BA%25AB%25E4%25B8%258A%25E6%25B5%25B7%25E7%25A7%2591%25E5%25A4%25A7%25E6%2583%259F%25E5%25BD%25B1%25E5%2593%258D%25E5%258A%259B%25E5%25AD%2598%25E7%2596%2591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinas-former-leader-jiang-zemin-at-military-parade-amid-infighting-rumours">"China's former leader Jiang Zemin at military parade amid infighting rumours"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 3 September 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170925132547/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/chinas-former-leader-jiang-zemin-at-military-parade-amid-infighting-rumours">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=China%27s+former+leader+Jiang+Zemin+at+military+parade+amid+infighting+rumours&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Feast-asia%2Fchinas-former-leader-jiang-zemin-at-military-parade-amid-infighting-rumours&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/19th-party-congress-former-president-jiang-zemins-appearance-quashes-death-rumour">"19th Party Congress: Former president Jiang Zemin's appearance quashes death rumour"</a>. <i>The Straits Times</i>. 18 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171020160035/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/19th-party-congress-former-president-jiang-zemins-appearance-quashes-death-rumour">Archived</a> from the original on 20 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=19th+Party+Congress%3A+Former+president+Jiang+Zemin%27s+appearance+quashes+death+rumour&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Feast-asia%2F19th-party-congress-former-president-jiang-zemins-appearance-quashes-death-rumour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.dwnews.com/china/news/2019-07-29/60143097.html"><bdi lang="zh">【李鹏逝世】中共七常委出席李鹏告别式江泽民现身[图]</bdi></a> (in Chinese (China)). 29 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729113150/http://news.dwnews.com/china/news/2019-07-29/60143097.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E3%80%90%E6%9D%8E%E9%B9%8F%E9%80%9D%E4%B8%96%E3%80%91%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%83%E5%B8%B8%E5%A7%94%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E6%9D%8E%E9%B9%8F%E5%91%8A%E5%88%AB%E5%BC%8F+%E6%B1%9F%E6%B3%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%8E%B0%E8%BA%AB%26%2391%3B%E5%9B%BE%26%2393%3B&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.dwnews.com%2Fchina%2Fnews%2F2019-07-29%2F60143097.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3020548/former-chinese-leader-jiang-zemin-joins-communist-party-chiefs">"Ex-president Jiang joins mourners at Tiananmen premier's funeral"</a>. 29 July 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190729194840/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/politics/article/3020548/former-chinese-leader-jiang-zemin-joins-communist-party-chiefs">Archived</a> from the original on 29 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ex-president+Jiang+joins+mourners+at+Tiananmen+premier%27s+funeral&rft.date=2019-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Fpolitics%2Farticle%2F3020548%2Fformer-chinese-leader-jiang-zemin-joins-communist-party-chiefs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/92-year-old-Jiang-Zemin-makes-rare-appearance-at-Li-Peng-funeral">"92-year-old Jiang Zemin makes rare appearance at Li Peng funeral"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730124031/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/92-year-old-Jiang-Zemin-makes-rare-appearance-at-Li-Peng-funeral">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=92-year-old+Jiang+Zemin+makes+rare+appearance+at+Li+Peng+funeral&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FPolitics%2F92-year-old-Jiang-Zemin-makes-rare-appearance-at-Li-Peng-funeral&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/china-jiang-zemin-obituary-idAFKBN2SK0NI">"China's Jiang confounded doubters, mended U.S. ties"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 30 November 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=China%27s+Jiang+confounded+doubters%2C+mended+U.S.+ties&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fchina-jiang-zemin-obituary-idAFKBN2SK0NI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.euronews.com/2022/10/22/former-leader-removed-from-chinas-party-congress-as-xi-is-set-to-secure-third-term-as-pres">"Ex-leader removed from China party congress as Xi eyes more power"</a>. <i>euronews</i>. 22 October 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=euronews&rft.atitle=Ex-leader+removed+from+China+party+congress+as+Xi+eyes+more+power&rft.date=2022-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.euronews.com%2F2022%2F10%2F22%2Fformer-leader-removed-from-chinas-party-congress-as-xi-is-set-to-secure-third-term-as-pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The-Cambridge Handbook Contemporary China</i>. 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New York: New York Review of Books. p. 164. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59017-046-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59017-046-6"><bdi>1-59017-046-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/media/doc/2010/02/09/china-new-ruler-chapter.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%27s+New+Rulers%3A+The+Secret+Files&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=164&rft.pub=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-59017-046-6&rft.aulast=Nathan&rft.aufirst=Andrew+J.&rft.au=Bruce%2C+Gilley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Fmedia%2Fdoc%2F2010%2F02%2F09%2Fchina-new-ruler-chapter.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11167360/Singer-who-disappeared-six-years-ago-resurfaces-married-to-China-presidents-brother.html">"Singer who disappeared six years ago resurfaces married to China president's brother"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>. 16 October 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180420010358/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/11167360/Singer-who-disappeared-six-years-ago-resurfaces-married-to-China-presidents-brother.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Singer+who+disappeared+six+years+ago+resurfaces+married+to+China+president%27s+brother&rft.date=2014-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworldnews%2Fasia%2Fchina%2F11167360%2FSinger-who-disappeared-six-years-ago-resurfaces-married-to-China-presidents-brother.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=409&Itemid=31">"Asia Sentinel"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100124021002/http://asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=409&Itemid=31">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=SINGING+FOR+CHINA%3A+SONG+ZUYING+IN+NEW+YORK&rft.aulast=Fan&rft.aufirst=Jiayang&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fonline%2Fblogs%2Fnewsdesk%2F2013%2F03%2Fsinging-for-chinas-leaders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1880137/humble-hometown-hesitant-talk-about-peng-liyuan-chinas-first">"Humble hometown hesitant to talk about Peng Liyuan, China's first lady"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180911191640/https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1880137/humble-hometown-hesitant-talk-about-peng-liyuan-chinas-first">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Humble+hometown+hesitant+to+talk+about+Peng+Liyuan%2C+China%27s+first+lady&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fmagazines%2Fpost-magazine%2Farticle%2F1880137%2Fhumble-hometown-hesitant-talk-about-peng-liyuan-chinas-first&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeAeth2018" class="citation news cs1">DeAeth, Duncan (21 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3346297">"Chinese starlet Song Zuying, many others, under investigation for corruption by CCP"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_News" title="Taiwan News">Taiwan News</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180814103448/https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3346297">Archived</a> from the original on 14 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+News&rft.atitle=Chinese+starlet+Song+Zuying%2C+many+others%2C+under+investigation+for+corruption+by+CCP&rft.date=2018-01-21&rft.aulast=DeAeth&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.taiwannews.com.tw%2Fen%2Fnews%2F3346297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNakazawa" class="citation news cs1">Nakazawa, Katsuji. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/China-up-close/Downfall-of-a-diva-mirrors-Beijing-s-backstage-politics">"Downfall of a diva mirrors Beijing's backstage politics"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Nikkei" title="The Nikkei">The Nikkei</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180813163637/https://asia.nikkei.com/Editor-s-Picks/China-up-close/Downfall-of-a-diva-mirrors-Beijing-s-backstage-politics">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Nikkei&rft.atitle=Downfall+of+a+diva+mirrors+Beijing%27s+backstage+politics&rft.aulast=Nakazawa&rft.aufirst=Katsuji&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fasia.nikkei.com%2FEditor-s-Picks%2FChina-up-close%2FDownfall-of-a-diva-mirrors-Beijing-s-backstage-politics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2001-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2001_125-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2001_125-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKissinger2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Kissinger, Henry</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onchina00kiss_0">"Chapter 17"</a>. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onchina00kiss_0"><i>On China</i></a></span>. Penguin Press HC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59420-271-1"><bdi>978-1-59420-271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+17&rft.btitle=On+China&rft.pub=Penguin+Press+HC&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-59420-271-1&rft.aulast=Kissinger&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fonchina00kiss_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_126-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_126-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquisQiao2022" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Marquis" title="Christopher Marquis">Marquis, Christopher</a>; Qiao, Kunyuan (2022). <i>Mao and Markets: The Communist Roots of Chinese Enterprise</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Former+Chinese+leader+Jiang+Zemin+dies+aged+96&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft.aulast=McDonell&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft.au=Wong%2C+Tessa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-china-63805991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/11/30/obituaries/jiang-zemin-dead.html">"Jiang Zemin, Leader Who Guided China into Global Market, Dies at 96"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (in Chinese). 30 November 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jiang+Zemin%2C+Leader+Who+Guided+China+into+Global+Market%2C+Dies+at+96&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F11%2F30%2Fobituaries%2Fjiang-zemin-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinese-papers-go-black-mourning-late-leader-jiang-zemin-2022-12-01">"China mourns former leader Jiang Zemin with bouquets, black front pages"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></i>. 1 December 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Chinese Politics in the Hu Jintao era. pp. 44–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-20038774">"Profile: Jiang Zemin"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. BBC. 23 October 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171203054404/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-china-20038774">Archived</a> from the original on 3 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duowei+News&rft.atitle=%E6%B1%9F%E6%B3%BD%E6%B0%91%22%E5%A4%AA%E4%BB%BB%E6%80%A7%22+%E4%B9%A0%E8%BF%91%E5%B9%B3%E5%86%8D%E9%80%A0%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchina.dwnews.com%2Fnews%2F2015-02-05%2F59634125.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-miles-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-miles_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles1997" class="citation book cs1">Miles, James A. R. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legacyoftiananme00jame/page/59"><i>The Legacy of Tiananmen: China in Disarray</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/legacyoftiananme00jame/page/59">59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08451-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-08451-7"><bdi>978-0-472-08451-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Tiananmen%3A+China+in+Disarray&rft.pages=59&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-472-08451-7&rft.aulast=Miles&rft.aufirst=James+A.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flegacyoftiananme00jame%2Fpage%2F59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jisheng-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-jisheng_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://history.dwnews.com/news/2015-06-20/59661964.html"><bdi lang="zh">杨继绳：江泽民三件蠢事声望大大下降</bdi></a>. <i>Duowei News</i> (in Chinese (China)). 20 June 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622210632/http://history.dwnews.com/news/2015-06-20/59661964.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Duowei+News&rft.atitle=%E6%9D%A8%E7%BB%A7%E7%BB%B3%EF%BC%9A%E6%B1%9F%E6%B3%BD%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%B6%E8%A0%A2%E4%BA%8B%E5%A3%B0%E6%9C%9B%E5%A4%A7%E5%A4%A7%E4%B8%8B%E9%99%8D&rft.date=2015-06-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory.dwnews.com%2Fnews%2F2015-06-20%2F59661964.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenHuangMai2022" class="citation news cs1">Chen, Stella; Huang, Cary; Mai, Jun (30 November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/3201571/jiang-zemin-president-who-took-china-tiananmen-pariah-rising-power">"Jiang Zemin: the president who took China from Tiananmen pariah to rising power"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Jiang+Zemin%3A+the+president+who+took+China+from+Tiananmen+pariah+to+rising+power&rft.date=2022-11-30&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Stella&rft.au=Huang%2C+Cary&rft.au=Mai%2C+Jun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Farticle%2F3201571%2Fjiang-zemin-president-who-took-china-tiananmen-pariah-rising-power&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-weakgrip-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-weakgrip_137-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1734663/hu-jintaos-weak-grip-chinas-army-inspired-president-xi-jinpings-military">"Hu Jintao's weak grip on China's army inspired Xi Jinping's military shake-up: sources"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. 11 March 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119195808/http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1734663/hu-jintaos-weak-grip-chinas-army-inspired-president-xi-jinpings-military">Archived</a> from the original on 19 November 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Hu+Jintao%27s+weak+grip+on+China%27s+army+inspired+Xi+Jinping%27s+military+shake-up%3A+sources&rft.date=2015-03-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fchina%2Farticle%2F1734663%2Fhu-jintaos-weak-grip-chinas-army-inspired-president-xi-jinpings-military&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuhn, 2004; Lam, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101123022821/http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=76&catid=2&subcatid=7">"China under Jiang Zemin"</a>. Facts and Details. 1 October 1928. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factsanddetails.com/china.php?itemid=76&catid=2&subcatid=7">the original</a> on 23 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+under+Jiang+Zemin&rft.pub=Facts+and+Details&rft.date=1928-10-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactsanddetails.com%2Fchina.php%3Fitemid%3D76%26catid%3D2%26subcatid%3D7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilly_Wo-Lap_Lam" class="citation news cs1">Willy Wo-Lap Lam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/09/25/willy.column/">"Smoke clears over China's U.S. strategy"</a>. CNN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131211211944/http://edition.cnn.com/2001/WORLD/asiapcf/east/09/25/willy.column/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Smoke+clears+over+China%27s+U.S.+strategy&rft.au=Willy+Wo-Lap+Lam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2001%2FWORLD%2Fasiapcf%2Feast%2F09%2F25%2Fwilly.column%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhn2004" class="citation book cs1">Kuhn, Robert Lawrence (2004). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b4VxAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Man who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin</i></a></span>. Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5474-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-5474-9"><bdi>978-1-4000-5474-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+who+Changed+China%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Jiang+Zemin&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-5474-9&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Robert+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db4VxAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Jiang Zemin</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Jiang+Zemin">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Jiang+Zemin&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Gilley, Bruce. <i>Tiger on the Brink: Jiang Zemin and China's New Elite.</i> Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 395pp. This was the first biography of Jiang to appear in the West. A comprehensive and highly readable journalistic account of Jiang's early years, his ascendancy within the Party bureaucracy, and his ultimate rise to power as Deng Xiaoping's successor in the wake of Tiananmen.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Lawrence_Kuhn" title="Robert Lawrence Kuhn">Kuhn, Robert Lawrence</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Changed_China:_The_Life_and_Legacy_of_Jiang_Zemin" class="mw-redirect" title="The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin">The Man Who Changed China: The Life and Legacy of Jiang Zemin</a></i>, Random House (English edition) 2005. Century Publishing Group, Shanghai (Chinese edition) 2005. The book is a general biography of Jiang with a more favorable stance towards him.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2005-03/02/content_420886.htm">"Bringing true story of China to the world"</a>. <i>China Daily</i>. 2 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=China+Daily&rft.atitle=Bringing+true+story+of+China+to+the+world&rft.date=2005-03-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chinadaily.com.cn%2Fenglish%2Fdoc%2F2005-03%2F02%2Fcontent_420886.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willy_Lam" class="mw-redirect" title="Willy Lam">Lam, Willy Wo-Lap</a>. "The Era of Jiang Zemin"; Prentice Hall, Singapore: 1999. General Jiang-era background information and analysis, not comprehensive biography.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeba_R._Mohanty1998" class="citation journal cs1">Deba R. Mohanty (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/09700169808458805?journalCode=rsan20">"Power struggle in China: The post-Deng scenario and Jiang Zemin as the "first among equals"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Strategic Analysis</i>. <b>22</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">249–</span>261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09700169808458805">10.1080/09700169808458805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Strategic+Analysis&rft.atitle=Power+struggle+in+China%3A+The+post-Deng+scenario+and+Jiang+Zemin+as+the+%22first+among+equals%22&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E249-%3C%2Fspan%3E261&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09700169808458805&rft.au=Deba+R.+Mohanty&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1080%2F09700169808458805%3FjournalCode%3Drsan20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJiang+Zemin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Jiang_Zemin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Jiang Zemin (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jiang_Zemin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jiang Zemin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jiang_Zemin445" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Zemin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President of China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies<br />and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Leadership core</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">paramount leader</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_market_economy" title="Socialist market economy">Socialist market economy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Stresses_campaign" title="Three Stresses campaign">Three Stresses campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Program_973" title="Program 973">Program 973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_211" title="Project 211">Project 211</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_985" title="Project 985">Project 985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Western_Development" title="China Western Development">China Western Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_Out_policy" title="Go Out policy">Go Out policy</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/120px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/180px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg/240px-Jiang_Zemin_2002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="622" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1992 reelection as Party general secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1997 reelection as Party general secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping%27s_southern_tour" title="Deng Xiaoping's southern tour">Deng Xiaoping's southern tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Gorges_Dam" title="Three Gorges Dam">Three Gorges Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Third Taiwan Strait Crisis">Third Taiwan Strait Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Hong_Kong" title="Handover of Hong Kong">Handover of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1998_China_floods" title="1998 China floods">1998 China floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/610_Office" title="610 Office">610 Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/50th_anniversary_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="50th anniversary of the People's Republic of China">1999 China 50th National Day grand parade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handover_of_Macau" title="Handover of Macau">Handover of Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Jiang_Zemin" title="List of international trips made by Jiang Zemin">International trips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Russia,_Ukraine_and_France" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Russia, Ukraine and France">1994 Russia, Ukraine and France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Japan" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Japan">1998 Japan visit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_bombing_of_the_Chinese_embassy_in_Belgrade" title="United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade">United States bombing of the Chinese embassy in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_Island_incident" title="Hainan Island incident">Hainan Island incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Sino-Russian_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship">2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Jiang_Zemin_to_Germany,_Libya,_Nigeria,_Tunisia_and_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="State visit by Jiang Zemin to Germany, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran">2020 Germany, Libya, Nigeria, Tunisia and Iran visit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yeping" title="Wang Yeping">Wang Yeping</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Mianheng" title="Jiang Mianheng">Jiang Mianheng</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honours_received_by_Jiang_Zemin" title="List of awards and honours received by Jiang Zemin">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Changed_China" title="The Man Who Changed China">The Man Who Changed China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toad_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Toad worship">Toad worship</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Herald" title="World Economic Herald">World Economic Herald</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Jiang_Zemin" title="Death and state funeral of Jiang Zemin">Death and state funeral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Jiang_Zemin" title="Category:Jiang Zemin">Category:Jiang Zemin</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rui_Xingwen" title="Rui Xingwen">Rui Xingwen</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Shanghai" title="Party Secretary of Shanghai">Party Secretary of Shanghai</a> </b><br />1987–1989 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a> </b><br />1989–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Chairman of the Central Military Commission (China)">Chairman of the Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party</a> </b><br />1989–2004 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Ting_(politician)" title="Zhang Ting (politician)">Zhang Ting</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Electronics_Industry_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of the Electronics Industry (China)">Minister of the Electronics Industry</a> </b><br />1983–1985 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Daohan" title="Wang Daohan">Wang Daohan</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Shanghai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Shanghai">Mayor of Shanghai</a> </b><br />1985–1988 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President of China</a> </b><br />1993–2003 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hassanal_Bolkiah" title="Hassanal Bolkiah">Hassanal Bolkiah</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairperson of <a href="/wiki/APEC" class="mw-redirect" title="APEC">APEC</a> </b><br />2001 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Vicente_Fox" title="Vicente Fox">Vicente Fox</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;">Order of precedence </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="2">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">First</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Orders_of_precedence_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China">Orders of precedence in the People's Republic of China</a><br />(General Secretary of the Communist Party; 1st ranked) </b><br />1989–1993 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a>, 2nd ranked)</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Orders of precedence in the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo Standing Committee">Politburo Standing Committee</a><br />(General Secretary of the Communist Party; 1st ranked) </b><br />1989–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a><br />(2nd randed)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20px&#124;link=Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Chinese_Communist_Party430" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #be0c00; color: white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="20px&#124;link=Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_Chinese_Communist_Party430" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/20px-Danghui_golden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/30px-Danghui_golden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Danghui_golden.svg/40px-Danghui_golden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Chinese Communist Party</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Central Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Leader of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Leader</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Duxiu" title="Chen Duxiu">Chen Duxiu</a> (1921–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Zhongfa" title="Xiang Zhongfa">Xiang Zhongfa</a> (1928–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo_Gu" title="Bo Gu">Bo Gu</a> (1931–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wentian" title="Zhang Wentian">Zhang Wentian</a> (1935–1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (1943–1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a> (1976–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> (1981–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> (1987–1989)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Zemin</a> (1989–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a> (2002–2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> (2012–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Decision-making bodies</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">Politburo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)">Central Military Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Departments</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Organization_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Organization Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Organization Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Publicity Department of the Chinese Communist Party">Publicity Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Front_Work_Department" title="United Front Work Department">United Front Work Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Department_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="International Department of the Chinese Communist Party">International Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Work_Department" title="Social Work Department">Social Work Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Political_and_Legal_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Political and Legal Affairs Commission">Political and Legal Affairs Commission</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Directly administered</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Office_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Office of the Chinese Communist Party">General Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Office of the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">Office of the General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Bureau" title="Central Guard Bureau">Central Guard Bureau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guard_Regiment" title="Central Guard Regiment">Central Guard Unit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection" title="National Administration of State Secrets Protection">Secrecy Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Cryptography_Administration" title="State Cryptography Administration">Cryptography Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Archives_Administration_of_China" title="National Archives Administration of China">Central Archives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Policy_Research_Office" title="Central Policy Research Office">Policy Research Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Commissions<br />for co-ordination</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Auditing_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Auditing Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">Auditing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensively_Deepening_Reforms_Commission" title="Central Comprehensively Deepening Reforms Commission">Comprehensively Deepening Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Comprehensive_Law-based_Governance_Commission" title="Central Comprehensive Law-based Governance Commission">Comprehensive Law-based Governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_Commission" title="Central Financial Commission">Financial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_and_Economic_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Financial and Economic Affairs Commission">Financial and Economic Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Foreign_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Foreign Affairs Commission">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Cyberspace_Affairs_Commission" title="Central Cyberspace Affairs Commission">Cyberspace Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cyberspace_Administration_of_China" title="Cyberspace Administration of China">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Military-Civil_Fusion_Development_Committee" title="Central Military-Civil Fusion Development Committee">Integrated Military and Civilian Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Security Commission of the Chinese Communist Party">National Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Science_and_Technology_Commission" title="Central Science and Technology Commission">Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Guidance_Commission_on_Building_Spiritual_Civilization" title="Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization">Spiritual Civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Institutional_Organization_Commission" title="Central Institutional Organization Commission">Institutional Organization</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Office_of_Public_Sector_Reform&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Office of Public Sector Reform (page does not exist)">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Secrecy_Commission" title="Central Secrecy Commission">Secrecy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Administration_of_State_Secrets_Protection" title="National Administration of State Secrets Protection">Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Dispatched institutions<br />for co-ordination</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Working_Committee_of_Central_and_State_Organs" title="Working Committee of Central and State Organs">Working Committee of Central and State Organs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Financial_Work_Commission" title="Central Financial Work Commission">Central Financial Work Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Liaison_Office" title="Hong Kong Liaison Office">Hong Kong Work Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_Liaison_Office" title="Macau Liaison Office">Macau Work Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_for_Safeguarding_National_Security" title="Office for Safeguarding National Security">Office for Safeguarding National Security</a> in Hong Kong</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Leading_small_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Leading small group"><span style="color: white">Leading groups</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Leading_Group_for_Cryptography_Work&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Leading Group for Cryptography Work (page does not exist)">Cryptography Work</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Cryptography_Administration" title="State Cryptography Administration">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Education_Work_Leading_Group" title="Central Education Work Leading Group">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Rural_Work_Leading_Group" title="Central Rural Work Leading Group">Rural Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Inspection_Work" title="Central Leading Group for Inspection Work">Inspection Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Military_Reform" title="Central Leading Group for Military Reform">Military Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Propaganda,_Ideology_and_Culture" title="Central Leading Group for Propaganda, Ideology and Culture">Propaganda, Ideology and Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_United_Front_Work" title="Central Leading Group for United Front Work">United Front Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_for_Taiwan_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group for Taiwan Affairs">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Affairs_Office" title="Taiwan Affairs Office">Office</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Leading_Group_on_Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs" title="Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs">Hong Kong and Macau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_and_Macau_Affairs_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong and Macau Affairs Office">Office</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Party_School" title="Central Party School">Central Party School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Governance" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Academy of Governance">Chinese Academy of Governance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Party_History_and_Literature" title="Institute of Party History and Literature">Institute of Party History and Literature</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Daily" title="People's Daily">People's Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiushi" title="Qiushi">Qiushi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guangming_Daily" title="Guangming Daily">Guangming Daily</a></i></li> <li>Executive Leadership Academies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Pudong" title="China Executive Leadership Academy Pudong">Pudong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Yan%27an" title="China Executive Leadership Academy Yan'an">Yan'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Executive_Leadership_Academy_Jinggangshan" title="China Executive Leadership Academy Jinggangshan">Jinggangshan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">National Congress</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">1st (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd (1922)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">4th (1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">5th (1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">6th (1928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">7th (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">8th (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">9th (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">10th (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">11th (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">12th (1982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">13th (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">14th (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">15th (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">16th (2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">17th (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">18th (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">19th (2017)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_National_Congress_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th National Congress of the Chinese Communist Party">20th (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Leadership sittings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Elected by the<br />Central Committee</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Politburo Standing Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Politburo</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Leading_Organisation_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd Central Leading Organisation of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd: 1923–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1925–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Military_Commission_(China)" title="Central Military Commission (China)"><span style="color: white">Military Commission</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Central_Revolutionary_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Central Revolutionary Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">7th: 1945–1949 & 1954–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=16th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="16th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Central_Military_Commission_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th Central Military Commission of the Chinese Communist Party (page does not exist)">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color: white">Approved by the<br />Central Committee</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Secretariat</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1980–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Secretariat_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Secretariat of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><span style="color: white">CCDI Standing Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">7th 1949–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Presidium_of_the_8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Presidium of the 8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th: 1978–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Standing_Committee_of_the_17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Standing Committee of the 17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Committee_of_the_20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Standing Committee of the 20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><span style="color: white">CCDI Secretary</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a> (1949–55)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a> (1955–68)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yun" title="Chen Yun">Chen Yun</a> (1978–87)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a> (1987–92)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a> (1992–2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a> (2002–07)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Guoqiang" title="He Guoqiang">He Guoqiang</a> (2007–12)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Qishan" title="Wang Qishan">Wang Qishan</a> (2012–17)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Leji" title="Zhao Leji">Zhao Leji</a> (2017–22)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Xi_(politician)" title="Li Xi (politician)">Li Xi</a> (2022–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Secretary_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Deputy Secretary of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">Secretary General of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Elected by<br />National Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Central Committee</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Central_Bureau_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="1st Central Bureau of the Chinese Communist Party">1st: 1921–1922</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="2nd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">2nd: 1922–1923</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="3rd Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">3rd: 1923–1925</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Central_Executive_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="4th Central Executive Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">4th: 1925–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="5th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="6th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">6th: 1928–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="7th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">7th: 1945–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="8th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="9th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">9th: 1969–1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="10th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">10th: 1973–1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="11th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">11th: 1977–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="12th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">15th: 1997–2002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="16th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="18th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="19th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="20th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="Central Commission for Discipline Inspection"><span style="color: white">Discipline Inspection</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">5th: 1927–1928</a></li> <li>6th: <a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Central_Review_Committee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Central Review Committee (page does not exist)">1928–1933</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Party_Affairs_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Party Affairs Commission (page does not exist)">1933–1945</a></li> <li>7th: <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">1949–1955</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">1955–1956</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_Central_Supervisory_Commission&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th Central Supervisory Commission (page does not exist)">8th: 1956–1969</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">11th: 1978–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=12th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="12th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">12th: 1982–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">13th: 1987–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">14th: 1992–1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection (page does not exist)">15th: 1997–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="16th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">16th: 2002–2007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="17th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">17th: 2007–2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="18th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">18th: 2012–2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="19th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">19th: 2017–2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Commission_for_Discipline_Inspection" title="20th Central Commission for Discipline Inspection">20th: 2022–2027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Wider organisation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_CCP" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the CCP">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Armed_Police" title="People's Armed Police">People's Armed Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_(China)" title="Militia (China)">Militia (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Youth_League_of_China" title="Communist Youth League of China">Communist Youth League of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Pioneers_of_China" title="Young Pioneers of China">Young Pioneers of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_front_(China)" title="United front (China)">United front (China)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_organization" title="People's organization">People's organization</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white">Ideologies</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxism–Leninism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong_Thought" class="mw-redirect" title="Mao Zedong Thought">Mao Zedong Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping_Theory" title="Deng Xiaoping Theory">Deng Xiaoping Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_Outlook_on_Development" title="Scientific Outlook on Development">Scientific Outlook on Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;"><span style="color:white">Groupings</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_clique" title="Shanghai clique">Shanghai clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuanpai" title="Tuanpai">Tuanpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsinghua_clique" title="Tsinghua clique">Tsinghua clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Elders" title="Eight Elders">Eight Elders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princelings" title="Princelings">Princelings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_clique" title="Fujian clique">Fujian clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zhijiang_Army" title="New Zhijiang Army">New Zhijiang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xishan_Society" title="Xishan Society">Xishan Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four" title="Gang of Four">Gang of Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/28_Bolsheviks" title="28 Bolsheviks">28 Bolsheviks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #be0c00; color: white;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shuanggui" title="Shuanggui">Shuanggui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_campaigns_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party">List of campaigns of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longest-serving_members_of_the_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Longest-serving members of the Politburo Standing Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party">Emblem of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #be0c00; color: white;"><div><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Category:Chinese Communist Party"><span style="color: white;">Category</span></a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paramount_leaders_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China1151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paramount_leaders_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China1151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_leader" title="Paramount leader">Paramount leaders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party">Chairman of the Chinese Communist Party</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 1</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua_Guofeng" title="Hua Guofeng">Hua Guofeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 2</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Zemin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core 3</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leadership_core" title="Leadership core">Core</a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Xi Jinping Administration">4</a>)</li></ol> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of the People's Republic of China"><img alt="Flag of the People's Republic of China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/100px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Template:Jin emperors (1115–1234)">Jīn</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Yuan_emperors" title="Template:Yuan emperors">Yuan</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Ming_emperors" title="Template:Ming emperors">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Qing_emperors" title="Template:Qing emperors">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the Republic of China">ROC</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Paramount_leaders_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Paramount leaders of the People's Republic of China">PRC</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="State_representative_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China551" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template:Presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Template talk:Presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of the People's Republic of China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="State_representative_of_the_People&#039;s_Republic_of_China551" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_representatives_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="List of state representatives of the People's Republic of China">State representative of the People's Republic of China</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_China" title="Vice President of China">Vice President</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Program" title="Common Program">Common Program</a><br />(1949–1954)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Central_People%27s_Government_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China_(1949%E2%80%9354)" class="mw-redirect" title="Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China (1949–54)">CPG Chairman</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></dd></dl> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1954_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1954 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1954 Constitution</a><br />(1954–1975)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Chairperson</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shaoqi" title="Liu Shaoqi">Liu Shaoqi</a></dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Song Qingling</a> & <a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></i> (co-acting)</dd> <dd><i><a href="/wiki/Dong_Biwu" title="Dong Biwu">Dong Biwu</a></i> (acting)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/1975_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1975</a> & <a href="/wiki/1978_Constitution_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="1978 Constitution of the People's Republic of China">1978</a> Constitutions<br />(1975–1982)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Standing_Committee_of_the_National_People%27s_Congress" title="Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress">NPCSC Chairperson</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Zhu_De" title="Zhu De">Zhu De</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling"><i>Song Qingling</i></a> (acting)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ye_Jianying" title="Ye Jianying">Ye Jianying</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_China" title="Constitution of China">1982 Constitution</a><br />(1982–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/President_of_China" title="President of China">President</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Li_Xiannian" title="Li Xiannian">Li Xiannian</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Zemin</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission105" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Template:Chairmen of the Central Military Commission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Chairmen_of_the_Central_Military_Commission" title="Template talk:Chairmen of the Central Military Commission"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Emblem_PLA.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army"><img alt="Emblem of the People's Liberation Army" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/60px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/90px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/China_Emblem_PLA.svg/120px-China_Emblem_PLA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="757" data-file-height="720" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">PRC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1997–2002)1147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1997–2002)1147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1997–2002)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/15th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="15th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Zemin</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanqing" title="Li Lanqing">Li Lanqing</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangen" title="Ding Guangen">Ding Guangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Changchun" title="Li Changchun">Li Changchun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Guanzheng" title="Wu Guanzheng">Wu Guanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi_Haotian" title="Chi Haotian">Chi Haotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Wannian" title="Zhang Wannian">Zhang Wannian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_Gan" title="Luo Gan">Luo Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jia_Qinglin" title="Jia Qinglin">Jia Qinglin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fei_(politician)" title="Xie Fei (politician)">Xie Fei</a> <small>(died 1999)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Zeng_Qinghong" title="Zeng Qinghong">Zeng Qinghong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Yi_(politician)" title="Wu Yi (politician)">Wu Yi</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1992–1997)1147" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1992–1997)1147" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1992–1997)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="14th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Zemin</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Huaqing" title="Liu Huaqing">Liu Huaqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu Jintao</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangen" title="Ding Guangen">Ding Guangen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Lanqing" title="Li Lanqing">Li Lanqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Baibing" title="Yang Baibing">Yang Baibing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Jiahua" title="Zou Jiahua">Zou Jiahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Xitong" title="Chen Xitong">Chen Xitong</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(expelled 1995)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Chunyun" title="Jiang Chunyun">Jiang Chunyun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Qichen" title="Qian Qichen">Qian Qichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Jianxing" title="Wei Jianxing">Wei Jianxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Fei_(politician)" title="Xie Fei (politician)">Xie Fei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Shaowen" title="Tan Shaowen">Tan Shaowen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(died 1993)</span> → <a href="/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(added 1994)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Jiabao" title="Wen Jiabao">Wen Jiabao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Hanbin" title="Wang Hanbin">Wang Hanbin</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1987–1992)1146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template talk:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Special:EditPage/Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party_(1987–1992)1146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party</a> (1987–1992)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/13th_Politburo_Standing_Committee_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="13th Politburo Standing Committee of the Chinese Communist Party">Standing Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected at 1st Plenary Session</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a> (<a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party">General Secretary</a>, dismissed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Qili" title="Hu Qili">Hu Qili</a> (dismissed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected at 4th Plenary Session</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Zemin</a> (General Secretary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Peng" title="Li Peng">Li Peng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiao_Shi" title="Qiao Shi">Qiao Shi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Yilin" title="Yao Yilin">Yao Yilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Ping" title="Song Ping">Song Ping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other members<br /><small><i>in <a href="/wiki/Surname_stroke_order" title="Surname stroke order">surname stroke order</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wan_Li" title="Wan Li">Wan Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tian_Jiyun" title="Tian Jiyun">Tian Jiyun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Zemin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(to PSC 1989)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Tieying" title="Li Tieying">Li Tieying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ruihuan" title="Li Ruihuan">Li Ruihuan</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(to PSC 1989)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ximing" title="Li Ximing">Li Ximing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Rudai" title="Yang Rudai">Yang Rudai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Shangkun" title="Yang Shangkun">Yang Shangkun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Xueqian" title="Wu Xueqian">Wu Xueqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Ping" title="Song Ping">Song Ping</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(to PSC 1989)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Yaobang" title="Hu Yaobang">Hu Yaobang</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(died Apr 1989)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qin_Jiwei" title="Qin Jiwei">Qin Jiwei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Alternate member</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ding_Guangen" title="Ding Guangen">Ding Guangen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:7th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:7th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">7th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:8th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:8th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">8th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:9th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:9th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">9th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:10th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:10th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">10th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:11th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:11th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">11th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:12th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:12th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">12th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:13th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:13th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">13th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:14th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:14th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">14th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:15th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:15th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">15th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:16th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:16th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">16th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:17th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">17th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:18th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">18th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:19th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">19th</a>→<a href="/wiki/Template:20th_Politburo_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Template:20th Politburo of the Chinese Communist Party">20th</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Political_leaders_of_Shanghai_since_1949392" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_leaders" title="Template:Shanghai leaders"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_leaders" title="Template talk:Shanghai leaders"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_leaders" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai leaders"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Political_leaders_of_Shanghai_since_1949392" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Shanghai" title="Politics of Shanghai">Political leaders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> since 1949</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_Secretary_of_Shanghai" title="Party Secretary of Shanghai">Party committee<br />secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rao_Shushi" title="Rao Shushi">Rao Shushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Pixian" title="Chen Pixian">Chen Pixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhenhua" title="Su Zhenhua">Su Zhenhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Guodong" title="Chen Guodong">Chen Guodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rui_Xingwen" title="Rui Xingwen">Rui Xingwen</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Bangguo" title="Wu Bangguo">Wu Bangguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Liangyu" title="Chen Liangyu">Chen Liangyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a> <small>(acting)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi Jinping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Zhengsheng" title="Yu Zhengsheng">Yu Zhengsheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Qiang" title="Li Qiang">Li Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Jining" title="Chen Jining">Chen Jining</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_People%27s_Congress" title="Shanghai Municipal People's Congress">Congress<br />chairpersons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yan_Youmin" title="Yan Youmin">Yan Youmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Lijiao" title="Hu Lijiao">Hu Lijiao</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ye_Gongqi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ye Gongqi (page does not exist)">Ye Gongqi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Tiedi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Tiedi (page does not exist)">Chen Tiedi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gong_Xueping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gong Xueping (page does not exist)">Gong Xueping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yungeng" title="Liu Yungeng">Liu Yungeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yin_Yicui" title="Yin Yicui">Yin Yicui</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zhuoqing" title="Jiang Zhuoqing">Jiang Zhuoqing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yunhu" title="Dong Yunhu">Dong Yunhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Lixin" title="Huang Lixin">Huang Lixin</a> ♀</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Shanghai" title="List of mayors of Shanghai">Mayors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yi_(marshal)" title="Chen Yi (marshal)">Chen Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cao_Diqiu" title="Cao Diqiu">Cao Diqiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Chunqiao" title="Zhang Chunqiao">Zhang Chunqiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Su_Zhenhua" title="Su Zhenhua">Su Zhenhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Daohan" title="Wang Daohan">Wang Daohan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Jiang Zemin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Rongji" title="Zhu Rongji">Zhu Rongji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Ju" title="Huang Ju">Huang Ju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Kuangdi" title="Xu Kuangdi">Xu Kuangdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Liangyu" title="Chen Liangyu">Chen Liangyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Zheng" title="Han Zheng">Han Zheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xiong_(politician)" title="Yang Xiong (politician)">Yang Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ying_Yong" title="Ying Yong">Ying Yong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gong_Zheng" title="Gong Zheng">Gong Zheng</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_People%27s_Political_Consultative_Conference" title="Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference">Conference</a><br />chairpersons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ke_Qingshi" title="Ke Qingshi">Ke Qingshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Pixian" title="Chen Pixian">Chen Pixian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peng_Chong" title="Peng Chong">Peng Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Yiping&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Yiping (page does not exist)">Wang Yiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Guohao" title="Li Guohao">Li Guohao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xie_Xide" title="Xie Xide">Xie Xide</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chen_Tiedi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chen Tiedi (page does not exist)">Chen Tiedi</a> ♀</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wang_Liping_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wang Liping (politician) (page does not exist)">Wang Liping</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Yiren&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiang Yiren (page does not exist)">Jiang Yiren</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Feng_Guoqin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Feng Guoqin (page does not exist)">Feng Guoqin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wu_Zhiming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wu Zhiming (page does not exist)">Wu Zhiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Yunhu" title="Dong Yunhu">Dong Yunhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Wenrong" title="Hu Wenrong">Hu Wenrong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Supervisory_Commission" title="Shanghai Municipal Supervisory Commission">Supervisory</a><br />directors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liao_Guoxun" title="Liao Guoxun">Liao Guoxun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Xuexin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Xuexin (page does not exist)">Liu Xuexin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Yangzhe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Yangzhe (page does not exist)">Li Yangzhe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16597#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2607" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16597#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2607" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16597#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/055676537">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68h0brg">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&oldid=1276750342">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jiang_Zemin&oldid=1276750342</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jiang_Zemin" title="Category:Jiang Zemin">Jiang Zemin</a></li><li><a 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