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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early 20th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_exploitation_under_the_Protectorate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>1990s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2000s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2000s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>2000s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2000s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Morocco" title="Category:History of Morocco">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">History of <span class="fn org label">Morocco</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;padding:0.5em 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Morocco"><img alt="Coat of arms of Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="874" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_North_Africa" title="Prehistoric North Africa">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aterian" title="Aterian">Aterian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iberomaurusian" title="Iberomaurusian">Iberomaurusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Capsian</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/North_Africa_during_classical_antiquity" title="North Africa during classical antiquity">Classical to Late Antiquity<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(8th century BC – 7th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthaginian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania" title="Mauretania">Mauretania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Early_Islamic_Morocco" title="History of Morocco">Early Islamic<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(8th–10th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslim conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Revolt" title="Berber Revolt">Berber Revolt</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nekor" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Nekor">Emirate of Nekor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sijilmasa#History" title="Sijilmasa">Emirate of Sijilmasa</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barghawata" title="Barghawata">Barghwata confederacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_dynasty" title="Idrisid dynasty">Idrisid dynasty</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Fatimids,_Umayyads_and_Zenata_warlords_(c._900_–_c._1060)" title="History of Morocco">Territorial fragmentation<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(10th–11th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate_of_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Caliphate of Córdoba">Caliphate of Córdoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid Caliphate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifranids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miknasa" title="Miknasa">Miknasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghrawa" title="Maghrawa">Maghrawas</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Morocco" title="List of rulers of Morocco">Empire<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(beginning 11th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almoravid_dynasty" title="Almoravid dynasty">Almoravids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marinid_dynasty" title="Marinid dynasty">Marinids</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wattasid_dynasty" title="Wattasid dynasty">Wattasids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">Alawis</a><br /></li></ul> <p><small>other political entities<br /></small> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_Dila%27iya" title="Zawiya Dila'iya">Zawiya Dila'iya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Debdou" title="Principality of Debdou">Principality of Debdou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Republic of Salé">Republic of Salé</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#European_influence_(c._1830_–_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Decline<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(beginning 19th century AD)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War" title="Franco-Moroccan War">Franco-Moroccan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Moroccan_Treaty_of_1856" title="Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856">Anglo-Moroccan Treaty of 1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%9360)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)">Hispano-Moroccan War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9_system" title="Protégé system">Protégé system</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wad_Ras" title="Treaty of Wad Ras">Treaty of Wad Ras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Madrid_(1880)" title="Treaty of Madrid (1880)">Treaty of Madrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Algeciras" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Algeciras">Treaty of Algeciras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hafidiya" title="Hafidiya">Hafidiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca_(1907)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)">Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French conquest of Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#European_influence" title="History of Morocco">Protectorate<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1912–56)</span></span></a> </div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fez" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Fez">Treaty of Fez</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="French protectorate of Morocco">French protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish protectorate of Morocco">Spanish protectorate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_Protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tangier Protocol">Tangier Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangier_International_Zone" title="Tangier International Zone">Tangier International Zone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zionism_in_Morocco" title="Zionism in Morocco">Zionism in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_of_Moroccan_Jews_to_Israel" title="Migration of Moroccan Jews to Israel">Emigration of Moroccan Jews</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Opposition_to_European_control" title="History of Morocco">Opposition to European control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_the_King_and_the_People" title="Revolution of the King and the People">Revolution of the King and the People</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div style="line-height: 1.15em; padding-bottom: 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco:_since_1956" title="History of Morocco">Modern<br /><span class="nobold"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1956–present)</span></span></a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_War" title="Sand War">Sand War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccanization" title="Moroccanization">Moroccanization</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1971_Moroccan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Moroccan coup d'état attempt">Coup d'état attempt in 1971</a> / <a href="/wiki/1972_Moroccan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1972 Moroccan coup d'état attempt">in 1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moulay_Bouazza_plot" title="Moulay Bouazza plot">Moulay Bouazza plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Morocco)" title="Years of Lead (Morocco)">Years of lead</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrid_Accords" title="Madrid Accords">Madrid Accords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_March" title="Green March">Green March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara_conflict" title="Western Sahara conflict">Western Sahara conflict</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Moroccan_protests" title="2011–2012 Moroccan protests">2011–2012 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirak_Rif_Movement" title="Hirak Rif Movement">Hirak Rif Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Accords" title="Abraham Accords">Abraham Accords</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="height:auto;padding-top:0.1em;background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Morocco" title="1970s in Morocco">Morocco in the<br />1970s</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1980s_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1980s in Morocco (page does not exist)">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Morocco" title="1990s in Morocco">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Morocco" title="2000s in Morocco">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:2010s_in_Morocco" title="Category:2010s in Morocco">2010s</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>History by topic</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Morocco" title="History of the Jews in Morocco">Jewish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Morocco" title="Military history of Morocco">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Morocco" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Morocco">Postal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_cities_of_Morocco" title="Imperial cities of Morocco">Imperial cities</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/16px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/24px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Morocco.svg/32px-Flag_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Morocco" title="Portal:Morocco">Morocco portal</a></i></li><li><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></i></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Morocco" title="Template:History of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:History of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Morocco.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Morocco.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Morocco.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Historical GDP per capita development of Morocco</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>economic history of Morocco</b> has largely been charted by the national government through a series of five-year plans. <a href="/wiki/Centralized_planning" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralized planning">Centralized planning</a> has gradually given way to moderate privatization and neoliberal economic reforms. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Saadi_dynasty">Saadi dynasty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Saadi dynasty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The institution of <i><a href="/wiki/Tujjar_as-Sultan" title="Tujjar as-Sultan">Tujjar as-Sultan</a></i>, in which major Jewish merchants were granted long distance trading privileges, was established in the Saadi period.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="18th_century">18th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_III_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad III of Morocco">Muhammad III</a> instated the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maks_(tax)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maks (tax) (page does not exist)"><i>maks</i></a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَكس</span></span>) or <i>mukūs</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مُكوس</span></span>), a non-Quranic tax, and opened his kingdom to commerce with Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="19th_century">19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By mid-century, Morocco was in a <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis" title="Financial crisis">monetary crisis</a> caused by the decline in value of its currency.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup> Traditionally, the monetary system in Morocco consisted of a golden <i><a href="/wiki/Mithqal" title="Mithqal">mithqal</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مثقال</span></span>), divided into ten <a href="/wiki/Uqiyyah" title="Uqiyyah"><i>uqiyyahs</i></a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أوقية</span></span>), each of which was divided into four <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muzuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muzuna (page does not exist)">muzunas</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">موزونة</span></span>), each of which was divided into 48 copper or bronze <a href="/wiki/Fils_(currency)" title="Fils (currency)"><i>fils</i></a> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">فِلس</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup> Foreign coins began to flood the Moroccan market, the <a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a> allowed them to be used as legal tender, and locally minted coins began to lose value against them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup> </p><p>Attempting to stabilize the currency, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_IV_of_Morocco" title="Muhammad IV of Morocco">Muhammad</a> minted a silver <i>muhammadi dirham</i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">درهم محمدي</span></span>) with a fixed exchange rate with bronze coins.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 32">: 32 </span></sup> It only circulated for a short time. Succeeding sultans attempted similar strategies: minting new coins, readjusting the rate of exchange to account for inflation, and imposing new taxes to stabilize income for the Makhzen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup> This dynamic was unfavorable for the less fortunate, who went into debt with rising inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup> In 1864, the price of <a href="/wiki/Food" title="Food">foodstuffs</a> soared to the point where people had to sell their jewelry and goods for a fraction of their value.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p><p>This trend—as well as increasing revenues from ports, cash salaries for the growing bureaucratic class, and calculating national expenses and planning annual budgets—indicate the transformation of the Moroccan economy into a modern <a href="/wiki/Monetarism" title="Monetarism">monetarized</a> cash economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 33">: 33 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1860, the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wad_Ras" title="Treaty of Wad Ras">Treaty of Wad Ras</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Hispano-Moroccan War</a> forced Morocco to pay a <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war indemnity</a> of 20 million <i><a href="/wiki/Spanish_peseta" title="Spanish peseta">duro</a></i> (equivalent to $4 million 1861 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollars</a>)—far greater the balance of the <a href="/wiki/Makhzen" title="Makhzen">Makhzen</a>'s treasury.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25">: 25 </span></sup> Morocco <a href="/wiki/1861_British_loan_to_Morocco" title="1861 British loan to Morocco">borrowed £500,000</a> from Britain—funded by private investors—to help meet the demands of the Spanish. The British loan and the amount owed directly to Spain were to be repaid from tariffs collected at Moroccan ports, to be overseen by Spanish agents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 25">: 25 </span></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, Morocco's expenses grew many times greater than its income.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In paying <a href="/wiki/War_indemnity" class="mw-redirect" title="War indemnity">war indemnities</a>, buying <a href="/wiki/Military_technology" title="Military technology">military equipment</a>, and buying <a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">manufactured goods</a> from Europe, more than half of Morocco's revenue went abroad.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 60–63">: 60–63 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Early 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between 1902 and 1909, Morocco's annual <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_trade" title="Balance of trade">trade deficit</a> reached 14 million Francs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 60–63">: 60–63 </span></sup> </p><p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdelaziz_of_Morocco" title="Abdelaziz of Morocco">Abdelaziz</a> attempted fiscal reform to curb the draining of the treasury by instating a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_taxes" title="Islamic taxes">non-Quranic</a> universal capital tax called the <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tartib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tartib (page does not exist)">tartib</a></i> (<span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">ترتيب</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 60–63">: 60–63 </span></sup> It was applied to everyone—including privileged groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Sharifism" title="Sharifism">shurafa</a>, tribal <a href="/wiki/Qaid" title="Qaid">qaids</a>, those protected by the <a href="/wiki/Prot%C3%A9g%C3%A9_system" title="Protégé system"><i>protégé</i> system</a>, and Europeans, who were for the first time allowed to purchase property at port cities engaged in overseas trade.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 60–63">: 60–63 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the tartib tax was first mentioned at the <a href="/wiki/Madrid_Conference_(1880)" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrid Conference (1880)">Madrid Conference of 1880</a>, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Hassan_I_of_Morocco" title="Hassan I of Morocco">Hassan I of Morocco</a> never implemented it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 60–63">: 60–63 </span></sup> </p><p>Morocco took on a number of loans from European sources: <a href="/w/index.php?title=1901_French_loan_to_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1901 French loan to Morocco (page does not exist)">7.5 million francs from French banks in 1901</a>, loans from England and Belgium, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=1904_French_loan_to_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1904 French loan to Morocco (page does not exist)">62.5 million francs from France June 1904</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 60–63">: 60–63 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Treaty of Algeciras</a> of 1906 formalized France's dominant position in Morocco and established the <a href="/wiki/State_Bank_of_Morocco" title="State Bank of Morocco">State Bank of Morocco</a> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Banque d'État du Maroc</i>) under foreign supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 73">: 73 </span></sup> The bank essentially took over fiscal administration in Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 73">: 73 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_exploitation_under_the_Protectorate">Economic exploitation under the Protectorate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic exploitation under the Protectorate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Agriculture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/220px-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/330px-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg/440px-%D9%81%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D9%82%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="1289" /></a><figcaption>A farmer in a field of <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Chaouia_(Morocco)" title="Chaouia (Morocco)">Chaouia</a>, published 15 August 1917 in the magazine <i>France-Maroc</i></figcaption></figure> <p>With the objective of securing a steady supply of grain for <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a> and transforming North Africa once again into the "granary of Rome," Lyautey solicited a select group of 692 French "gentlemen-farmers"—instead of what he called the "riff-raff" of southern Europe—to serve as an example to <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">les indigènes</i></span> and impart French influence in the rural colonization of Morocco from 1917 to 1925.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Primarily cereals were planted in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Chaouia_(Morocco)" title="Chaouia (Morocco)">Chaouia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gharb-Chrarda-B%C3%A9ni_Hssen" title="Gharb-Chrarda-Béni Hssen">Gharb</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marrakesh-Tensift-El_Haouz" class="mw-redirect" title="Marrakesh-Tensift-El Haouz">Hawz</a>—despite the fact that the region is prone to drought. After a period of minimal profits and a massive locust swarm in 1930, agricultural production shifted toward irrigated, higher-value crops such as citrus fruits and vegetables.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The industrialization of agriculture required capital that many Moroccan farmers didn't have, leading to a <a href="/wiki/Rural_flight" title="Rural flight">rural exodus</a> as many headed to find work <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">in the city</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Infrastructure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1919.jpg/220px-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1919.jpg/330px-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1919.jpg/440px-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8818" data-file-height="6922" /></a><figcaption>Roadmap of Morocco in 1919</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compagnie_franco-espagnole_du_chemin_de_fer_de_Tanger_%C3%A0_Fez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compagnie franco-espagnole du chemin de fer de Tanger à Fez (page does not exist)">Compagnie franco-espagnole du chemin de fer de Tanger à Fez</a></i></span> built a standard gauge railroad connecting Fes and Tangier,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compagnie_des_chemins_de_fer_du_Maroc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compagnie des chemins de fer du Maroc (page does not exist)">Compagnie des chemins de fer du Maroc</a></i></span> (CFM) built <a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway">standard gauge</a> railways connecting Casablanca, Kenitra, and Sidi Kacem, and Casablanca and Marrakech, completed in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compagnie_des_Chemins_de_Fer_du_Maroc_Oriental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compagnie des Chemins de Fer du Maroc Oriental (page does not exist)">Compagnie des Chemins de Fer du Maroc Oriental</a></i></span> created <a href="/wiki/2_ft_and_600_mm_gauge_railways" title="2 ft and 600 mm gauge railways">narrow-gauge</a> railroads east of Fes.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_Transports_au_Maroc" title="Compagnie de Transports au Maroc">La Compagnie de Transports au Maroc</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Compagnie_de_Transports_au_Maroc" title="Compagnie de Transports au Maroc">CTM</a>) was founded 30 November 1919 with the goal of accessing "all of Morocco." Its services ran along a new colonial road system planned with the aim of linking all major towns and cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_Resources">Natural Resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Natural Resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1928.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1928.jpg/220px-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1928.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1928.jpg/330px-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1928.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1928.jpg/440px-%D8%AE%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A8_1928.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7920" data-file-height="6712" /></a><figcaption>An economic map of Morocco produced by the French protectorate in 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>The <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Office_Ch%C3%A9rifien_des_Phosphates" class="mw-redirect" title="Office Chérifien des Phosphates">Office Chérifien des Phosphates</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/OCP_Group" title="OCP Group">OCP</a>) was created in 1920 to mine <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Khouribga" title="Khouribga">Khouribga</a>, which was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Casablanca" title="Port of Casablanca">Port of Casablanca</a> by a direct rail line.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1921, 39,000 tons of phosphate were extracted, while almost 2 million tons were extracted in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moroccan laborers working in the mines benefited from no social protections, were forbidden from unionizing, and earned a tiny fraction of what Europeans earned.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry">Industry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Industry during the early period of the protectorate on focused food processing for local consumption: there were canneries, a sugar refinery (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Compagnie_Sucriere_Marocaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Compagnie Sucriere Marocaine (page does not exist)">Compagnie Sucriere Marocaine</a></i></span>, COSUMA),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a brewing company (<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_Brasseries_du_Maroc&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Société des Brasseries du Maroc (page does not exist)">Société des Brasseries du Maroc</a></i></span>, SBM),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and flourmills.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manufacturing and heavy industry, however, were not embraced for fears of competing with <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">Metropolitan France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_the_1960s">Before the 1960s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Before the 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 20th century a lot of firms in the Arabic world were run by the government. This was due to the objective to mitigate the influence of foreigners and minorities that frequently ran the firms. Other reasons included the lack of <a href="/wiki/Human_capital" title="Human capital">human capital</a> as well as the special characteristics of oil production economies. Regarding the human skills Morocco lagged behind; the years of schooling as a representation of the level of human capital did not increase much in Morocco in the beginning of the 20th century (from almost 0 years of schooling in 1880 to around 1.6 in 1950). Even compared to other North African countries Morocco was worse off. So this lack of school education was a difficult barrier for developing a class of entrepreneurs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1960s">1960s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1960s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Morocco instituted a series of development plans to modernize the economy and increase production during the 1960s. Net investment under the five-year plan for 1960 to 1964 was about $1.3 billion. The plan called for a growth rate of 6.2%, but by 1964 the growth rate had only reached 3%. A new three-year plan (1965 to 1967) targeted an annual growth rate of 3.7%. The plan emphasized the development and modernization of Morocco's agricultural sector. The five-year development plan for 1968 to 1972 called for increased agriculture and irrigation. The development of the tourist industry also figured prominently in the plan. The objective was to attain an annual 5% growth rate in GDP; the real growth rate actually exceeded 6%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1970s">1970s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1970s_in_Morocco" title="1970s in Morocco">1970s in Morocco</a></div> <p>On March 3, 1973, King <a href="/wiki/Hassan_II_of_Morocco" title="Hassan II of Morocco">Hassan II</a> enacted the domestic economic policy of <a href="/wiki/Moroccanization" title="Moroccanization">Moroccanization</a>, in which major segments of the private sector were transferred to Moroccan ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Investment during the 1970s included industry and tourism development. The five-year plan for 1973 to 1977 envisaged a real economic growth of 7.5% annually. Industries singled out for development included chemicals (especially phosphoric acid), phosphate production, paper products, and metal fabrication. Tourist development was also stressed. In 1975, King Hassan II announced a 50% increase in investment targets to allow for the effects of inflation. The 1978 to 1980 plan was one of stabilization and retrenchment, designed to improve Morocco's balance-of payments position, but the 4% annual growth rate achieved was disappointing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1980s">1980s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ambitious five-year plan for 1981 to 1985, estimated to cost more than $18 billion, aimed for a growth rate of 6.5% annually. The plan's principal priority was to create some 900,000 new jobs and to train managers and workers in modern agricultural and industrial techniques. Other major goals were to increase production in agriculture and fisheries to make the country self-sufficient in food, and to develop energy (by building more hydroelectric installations and by finding more petroleum and other fossil fuels), industry, and tourism to enable Morocco to lessen its dependence on foreign loans. The plan called for significant expansion of irrigated land, for increased public works projects such as hospitals and schools, and for economic decentralization and regional development through the construction of 25 new industrial parks outside the crowded Casablanca-Kénitra coastal area. Proposed infrastructural improvements included the $2-billion rail line from Marrakech to El Aaiún; a new fishing port at Ad-Dakhla, near Argoub in the Western Sahara; and a bridge-tunnel complex across the Strait of Gibraltar to link Morocco directly with Spain. Large industrial projects included phosphoric acid plants, sugar refineries, mines to exploit <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> deposits, and <a href="/wiki/Oil_shale" title="Oil shale">oil-shale</a> development.<sup id="cite_ref-nationsencyclopedia.com_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationsencyclopedia.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1990s">1990s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1990s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1990s_in_Morocco" title="1990s in Morocco">1990s in Morocco</a></div> <p>Moroccan economic policies brought macroeconomic stability to the country in the early 1990s but did not spur enough growth to reduce unemployment despite Moroccan Government's ongoing efforts to diversify the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the early 1990s, Morocco has embarked on a major economic restructuring programme aimed at raising living standards, cutting unemployment and boosting growth. In pursuit of these goals, successive governments have made efforts to attract domestic and overseas investment, which has obliged them to tackle a string of other problems - such as reducing red tape and corruption, updating the financial system and privatizing telecommunications, water and power. </p><p>Meanwhile, rolling back the state in terms of cutting public expenditure has also been a priority, alongside labour market reform. Both of these have been praised by international bodies such as the IMF and World Bank, but have led to frequent confrontation between the unions and the government, which since 1998 has been centre-left dominated. </p><p>The IMF, World Bank and Paris Club backed structural adjustment programmes followed by the administration first seeing dirham convertibility established for current account transactions in 1993. This marked the beginning of a phased restructuring of the financial sector, which from 1994 was joined by a phased liberalisation of basic item imports. In 1995, the investment code was reformed, and in 1996 an Association Accord was signed with the European Union (EU). This came into force in 2000, with the EU long established as the country's main trading partner - taking some 75% of Morocco's exports and providing 60% of its imports. France alone accounts for about a quarter of the country's imports and a third of its exports. </p><p>Meanwhile, the privatisation programme gained momentum in 1999 and 2000 with the sale of a 35% stake in Maroc Telecom (MT), the telecommunications provider. Morocco was one of the first Arab countries to begin a programme of state sell offs, and it has one of the most ambitious programmes, with 114 enterprises identified for sale in 1993. However, progress has been slow since then, and the programme stalled again soon after the MT stake sell off. It is now hoped that the sale of a further 16% stake in MT, the state tobacco company, several sugar firms and a clutch of power generation and water management facilities will revitalize the programme.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a> conditions depressed activity in the key agricultural sector, and contributed to an economic slowdown in 1999. Favourable rainfalls have led Morocco to a growth of 6% for 2000. Formidable long-term challenges included: servicing the <a href="/wiki/External_debt" title="External debt">external debt</a>; preparing the economy for freer trade with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>; and improving education and attracting foreign investment to improve living standards and job prospects for Morocco's youthful population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2000s">2000s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2000s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Morocco" title="2000s in Morocco">2000s in Morocco</a></div> <table style="width: 22em; font-size: 85%; text-align: left;" class="infobox"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center" bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="2">Macroeconomic indicators </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/100px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Morocco.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="854" data-file-height="874" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;" align="left" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>) </th> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US $</a>148.1 billion (2009 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left" valign="top">GDP growth </th> <td valign="top">5.7% (2009 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;" align="left" valign="top">GDP per capita <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a> </th> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;" valign="top">US $4,725 (2009 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;" align="left" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Gross_national_income" title="Gross national income">GNI</a>(PPP) per capita </th> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;" valign="top">US $3,990 (2009 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;" align="left" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">Inflation</a> (CPI) </th> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;" valign="top">4,6% (2009 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Gini_index" class="mw-redirect" title="Gini index">Gini index</a> </th> <td valign="top">40.0 (2005) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;" align="left" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a> </th> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;" valign="top">2,1% (2008) </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left" valign="top"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> </th> <td valign="top"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.646 (2007) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#f0f0f0;" align="left" valign="top">Labor force </th> <td style="background:#f0f0f0;" valign="top">11.5 million (2008 est.) </td></tr> <tr> <th align="left" valign="top">Pop. in poverty </th> <td valign="top">15% (2008) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center" bgcolor="lightblue" colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic">Macroeconomic</a> stability coupled with relatively slow <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> characterized the Moroccan economy from 2000 to 2005. The government introduced a number of important economic reforms in that period. The economy, however, remained overly dependent on the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> sector. Morocco's primary economic challenge was to accelerate growth in order to reduce high levels of <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Morocco#Labour" title="Economy of Morocco">unemployment</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>External debt stood at around $19 billion in 2002, but the country had strong <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange reserves</a> and active external debt management, which was allowing it to service its debts. The government continued liberalizing the telecommunications sector in 2002, as well as the rules for <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil</a> and gas exploration. This process started with the sale of a second GSM license in 1999. The government in 2003 was using revenue from <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatizations</a> to finance increased spending. Although Morocco's economy grew in the early <a href="/wiki/2000s_in_Morocco" title="2000s in Morocco">2000s</a>, it was not enough to significantly reduce <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nationsencyclopedia.com_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationsencyclopedia.com-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through a foreign <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rate</a> anchor and well-managed monetary policy, Morocco has held <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> rates to <a href="/wiki/Developed_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developed countries">industrial country</a> levels over the past decade. Inflation in 2000 and 2001 were below 2%. Despite criticism among exporters that the <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_dirham" title="Moroccan dirham">dirham</a> has become badly overvalued, the current account deficit remains modest. <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">Foreign exchange reserves</a> were strong, with more than $7 billion in reserves at the end of 2001. The combination of strong foreign exchange reserves and active external debt management gives Morocco the capacity to service its debt. Current external debt stands at about $16.6 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">Economic growth</a>, however, has been erratic and relatively slow, partially because of an over-reliance on the agricultural sector. Agriculture production is extremely susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a> levels and ranges from 13% to 20% of <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>. Given that 36% of Morocco's <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Morocco" title="Demographics of Morocco">population</a> depends directly on agriculture production, <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a> have a severe knock-on effect to the economy. Two successive years of drought led to a 1% incline in real GDP in 1999 and stagnation in 2000. Better rains during the 2000 to 2001 growing season led to a 6.5% growth rate in 2001. Growth in 2006 exceeded 9% thanks to a booming <a href="/wiki/Real-estate" class="mw-redirect" title="Real-estate">real-estate</a> market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The strongest point of Moroccan industry is <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphate</a> mining near <a href="/wiki/Khouribga" title="Khouribga">Khouribga</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Western_Sahara" title="Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a>. Morocco has approximately two thirds of the world's phosphate reserves. Phosphate mining companies employ only 2% of the population, but phosphate mining is responsible for half of the nation's income.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The national government introduced a series of structural reforms in the first decade of the 21st century. The most promising reforms have been in the liberalization of the telecommunications sector. In 2001, the process continued with the privatization of 35% of the state operator <a href="/wiki/Maroc_Telecom" title="Maroc Telecom">Maroc Telecom</a>. Morocco has announced plans to sell two fixed licenses in 2002. <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> also has liberalized rules for <a href="/wiki/Oil_and_gas_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil and gas exploration">oil and gas exploration</a> and has granted concessions for many <a href="/wiki/Public_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Public services">public services</a> in major cities. The tender process in Morocco is becoming increasingly transparent. Many believe, however, that the process of economic reform must be accelerated in order to reduce urban unemployment below the current rates above 20%.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a> ratified the U.S.-Morocco Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act by a vote of 85 to 13 on July 21, 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morocco has also signed a free trade agreement with the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> which is to take effect by 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the last 30 years, Morocco has embarked on a gradual but solid program of human development and political liberalization. Since the 1970s, gross national income per person more than quadrupled from $550 to $2,770. The average life expectancy has increased from 55 years in 1970 to 72.5 in 2007. During the same period, the average number of births per woman has seen a dramatic decline from 6.3 to 2.3 while the number of children dying before age one has dropped from 115 to 38 (per 100,000 live births). Substantial educational improvements during the past 30 years include a primary school net enrollment increase from 47 to 93.5 percent in 2007/08. Access to safe water is expanding particularly rapidly with quasi-universal access to potable water in urban areas where 83 percent of households are connected to reliable network service and the rest rely on standpipes and vendors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Stewart, Charles F. <i>The Economy of Morocco, 1912-1962</i>. Harvard University Press: 1967.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Arab_world" title="Economic history of the Arab world">Economic history of the Arab world</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:02-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:02_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGottreich2020" class="citation book cs1">Gottreich, Emily (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9781838603601"><i>Jewish Morocco</i></a>. I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5040%2F9781838603601">10.5040/9781838603601</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-849-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-849-6"><bdi>978-1-78076-849-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:213996367">213996367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jewish+Morocco&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A213996367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5040%2F9781838603601&rft.isbn=978-1-78076-849-6&rft.aulast=Gottreich&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.5040%2F9781838603601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Morocco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/855022840"><i>A history of modern Morocco</i></a>. New York: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62469-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-62469-5"><bdi>978-1-139-62469-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/855022840">855022840</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+modern+Morocco&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F855022840&rft.isbn=978-1-139-62469-5&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Susan+Gilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F855022840&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Morocco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histgeo.net/fichiers/articles_fichiers/alawiya_fichiers/maroc20.html">"المغرب في مطلع القرن العشرين"</a>. <i>www.histgeo.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senator+Chuck+Grassley%3B+Statement+on+the+U.S.-Central+America+Free+Trade+Agreement%3B+July+22%2C+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrassley.senate.gov%2Freleases%2F2004%2Fp04r07-22b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEconomic+history+of+Morocco" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afrol.com/News2003/mor002_eu_us_trade.htm">Morocco must choose between US and EU trade deals</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; font-size:smaller;"><div id="Industries_and_sectors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:116%;">Industries and sectors</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:lavender;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Morocco" title="Agriculture in Morocco">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Morocco" title="Automotive industry in Morocco">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance_in_Morocco" title="Finance in Morocco">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Morocco" title="Fishing industry in Morocco">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Morocco" title="Tourism in Morocco">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:lavender;">Energy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Morocco" title="Energy policy of Morocco">Energy policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desertec" title="Desertec">Desertec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgrid" title="Medgrid">Medgrid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_in_Morocco" title="Renewable energy in Morocco">Renewable energy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wind_power_in_Morocco" title="Wind power in Morocco">Wind power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_power_in_Morocco" title="Solar power in Morocco">Solar power</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:lavender;">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_technology_in_Morocco" title="Information technology in Morocco">Information technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Morocco" title="Science and technology in Morocco">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Morocco" title="Telecommunications in Morocco">Telecommunications</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:lavender;">Trade and investment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Stock_Exchange" title="Casablanca Stock Exchange">Casablanca Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MADEX_index" title="MADEX index">MADEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MASI_index" title="MASI index">MASI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Finance_City" title="Casablanca Finance City">Casablanca Finance City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="List of companies of Morocco">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_in_Morocco" title="Investment in Morocco">Investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_in_Morocco" title="Trade in Morocco">Trade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:lavender;">Transportation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Morocco" title="Transport in Morocco">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autoroutes_of_Morocco" title="Autoroutes of Morocco">Autoroutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_Nationale_des_Autoroutes_du_Maroc" title="Société Nationale des Autoroutes du Maroc">ADM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Morocco" title="Rail transport in Morocco">Rail transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ONCF" title="ONCF">ONCF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Morocco" title="List of airlines of Morocco">Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanger-Med" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanger-Med">Tanger-Med port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Casablanca" title="Port of Casablanca">Casablanca port</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:lavender; font-size:smaller;"><div id="Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-size:116%;">Related topics</span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:lavender;">Regional economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Casablanca" title="Economy of Casablanca">Casablanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Tangier" title="Economy of Tangier">Tangier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Western_Sahara" title="Economy of Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:lavender;">Free trade agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arab_Economic_Unity#Agadir_Agreement" title="Council of Arab Economic Unity">Agadir Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro-Mediterranean_free_trade_area" title="Euro-Mediterranean free trade area">Euro-Med FTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Arab_Economic_Unity#Greater_Arab_Free_Trade_Area" title="Council of Arab Economic Unity">GAFTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Morocco–United States Free Trade Agreement">Morocco–United States FTA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:lavender;">Government policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Economy_and_Finance_(Morocco)" title="Ministry of Economy and Finance (Morocco)">Ministry of Economy and Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_Al-Maghrib" title="Bank Al-Maghrib">Bank Al-Maghrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plan_Azur" title="Plan Azur">Plan Azur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plan_Emergence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plan Emergence (page does not exist)">Plan Emergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Morocco" title="Privatization in Morocco">Privatization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.5em;background:lavender;">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falus" title="Falus">Falus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trade_history_of_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trade history of Morocco (page does not exist)">Trade history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><i>Currency: <a href="/wiki/Moroccan_dirham" title="Moroccan dirham">Moroccan dirham</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_histories_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_history" title="Template:Economic history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_history" title="Template talk:Economic history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_histories_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_world" title="Economic history of the world">Economic histories by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Africa" title="Economic history of Africa">Africa</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Angola" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Botswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economic history of the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ethiopia" title="Economic history of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Eritrea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ghana" title="Economic history of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ivory_Coast" title="Economic history of Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Madagascar" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mozambique" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nigeria" title="Economic history of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Rwanda" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Somalia" title="Economic history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Africa" title="Economic history of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sudan" title="Economic history of Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uganda" title="Economic history of Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Zimbabwe" title="Economic history of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Argentina" title="Economic history of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Chile" title="Economic history of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Colombia" title="Economic history of Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cuba" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ecuador" title="Economic history of Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Jamaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mexico" title="Economic history of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Nicaragua" title="Economic history of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Panama" title="Economic history of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Peru" title="Economic history of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Economic history of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Uruguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Arab_world" title="Economic history of the Arab world">Arab world</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Azerbaijan" title="Economic history of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Cambodia" title="Economic history of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China" title="Economic history of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_East_Timor" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_India" title="Economic history of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Indonesia" title="Economic history of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan" title="Economic history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Malaysia" title="Economic history of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_North_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Mongolia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Pakistan" title="Economic history of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Philippines" title="Economic history of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan" title="Economic history of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Turkey" title="Economic history of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Vietnam" title="Economic history of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Europe">Europe</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Denmark" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_France" title="Economic history of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Germany" title="Economic history of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Greece_and_the_Greek_world" title="Economic history of Greece and the Greek world">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of Ireland">Ireland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Economic history of the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Netherlands_(1500%E2%80%931815)" title="Economic history of the Netherlands (1500–1815)">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Portugal" title="Economic history of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Economic history of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Spain" title="Economic history of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Sweden" title="Economic history of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Switzerland" title="Economic history of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Economic history of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Scotland" title="Economic history of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Wales" title="Economic history of Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_New_Zealand" title="Economic history of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former industrialized<br />economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Economy of Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Communist_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of Communist Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the German Democratic Republic">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Brazil" title="Economy of the Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Economy of the Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolian People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Economy of Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Economy of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Economy of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical economies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ashanti_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Ashanti Empire"> Ashanti Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_economy" title="Byzantine economy">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Economy of the Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Song_dynasty" title="Economy of the Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ming_dynasty" title="Economy of the Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Economic history of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Confederate_States_of_America" title="Economy of the Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_history_of_the_Dutch_Republic" title="Financial history of the Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_England_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of England in the Middle Ages">England in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Ethiopian_Empire" title="Economy of the Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_feudal_Japan" title="Economics of feudal Japan">Feudal Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Habsburg_monarchy" title="Economy of the Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Inca_Empire" title="Economy of the Inca Empire">Inca Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Iroquois" title="Economy of the Iroquois">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Mongol_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of the Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_economy" title="Muisca economy">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Economic history of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_economy" title="Roman economy">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Scotland_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Economy of Scotland in the Middle Ages">Scotland in the Middle 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