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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Franco-Moroccan War</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezel_etre_Bro-C%27hall_ha_Maroko" title="Brezel etre Bro-C'hall ha Maroko – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brezel etre Bro-C'hall ha Maroko" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_franco-marroqu%C3%AD" title="Guerra franco-marroquí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Guerra franco-marroquí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%87_%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%B4" title="جنگ فرانسه و مراکش – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جنگ فرانسه و مراکش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerre_franco-marocaine_(1844)" title="Guerre franco-marocaine (1844) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Guerre franco-marocaine (1844)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Prancis%E2%80%93Maroko" title="Perang Prancis–Maroko – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Prancis–Maroko" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guerra_franco-marocchina" title="Guerra franco-marocchina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Guerra franco-marocchina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%E2%80%93%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95" title="מלחמת צרפת–מרוקו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת צרפת–מרוקו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francia%E2%80%93marokk%C3%B3i_h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA" title="Francia–marokkói háború – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Francia–marokkói 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href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Франко-марокканская война – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Франко-марокканская война" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B-%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD" title="法國-摩洛哥戰爭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="法國-摩洛哥戰爭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3062439#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1844 war between France and Morocco</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Franco-Moroccan_War_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Franco-Moroccan War (disambiguation)">Franco-Moroccan War (disambiguation)</a>.</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Franco-Moroccan War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardement_de_Tanger_en_aout_1844.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bombardement_de_Tanger_en_aout_1844.jpeg/300px-Bombardement_de_Tanger_en_aout_1844.jpeg" decoding="async" width="300" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bombardement_de_Tanger_en_aout_1844.jpeg/450px-Bombardement_de_Tanger_en_aout_1844.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Bombardement_de_Tanger_en_aout_1844.jpeg/600px-Bombardement_de_Tanger_en_aout_1844.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="760" /></a></span><br />Painting of the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tangiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Bombardment of Tangiers">Bombardment of Tangier</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>6 August – 10 September 1844</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>French victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tangier_(1844)" title="Treaty of Tangier (1844)">Treaty of Tangier</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lalla_Maghnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lalla Maghnia">Treaty of Lalla Maghnia</a></li></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">France</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">French Algeria</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">Morocco</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville" title="François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville">François d'Orléans</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud" title="Thomas Robert Bugeaud">Thomas Robert Bugeaud</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Rahman of Morocco">Abd al-Rahman</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco"><img alt="Morocco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Morocco_%281666%E2%80%931915%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_IV_of_Morocco" title="Muhammad IV of Morocco">Mohammed IV</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 15,000 troops<br />15 warships</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 40,000 cavalry<br />300 artillery</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 44 killed<br />180 wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,150 killed<br />~1,900 wounded<br />28 cannons lost</td></tr></tbody></table> 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style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Franco-Moroccan_conflicts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Franco-Moroccan conflicts"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco–Moroccan_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:90%;">Franco–Moroccan conflicts</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire#First_French_colonial_empire_(16th_century_to_1814)" title="French colonial empire">First French colonial empire era</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larache_expedition" title="Larache expedition">Larache expedition (1765)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire#Second_French_colonial_empire_(post-1830)" title="French colonial empire">Second French colonial empire era</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco-Moroccan War (1844)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Bombardment of Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Algeria#South-Oranese_Campaign_(1897–1903)" title="Pacification of Algeria">South-Oranese Campaign (1897–1903)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Conquest of Morocco (1907–34)</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War (1921–26)</a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/History_of_Morocco#Independent_Morocco_(since_1956)" title="History of Morocco">Post-colonial conflicts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ifni_War" title="Ifni War">Ifni War (1957–58)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Franco-Moroccan War</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>: الحرب الفرنسية المغربية, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i>Guerre franco-marocaine</i>) was fought between the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">Kingdom of France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alawi_Sultanate" title="Alawi Sultanate">Sultanate of Morocco</a> from 6 August to 10 September 1844. The principal cause of war was the retreat of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Abdelkader" title="Emirate of Abdelkader">Algerian resistance</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Abd al-Kader</a> into Morocco following French victories over many of his tribal supporters during the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a> and the refusal of the Sultan of Morocco <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Rahman of Morocco">Moulay Abd al-Rahman</a> to abandon the cause of Abd al-Kader against colonial occupation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHekking2020_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHekking2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shortly after <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Algiers_(1830)" title="Invasion of Algiers (1830)">the French invasion of Algiers</a> in 1830, the <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Emir Abdelkader</a> arose as the leader of the resistance. He called on Moroccan tribesmen of the eastern <a href="/wiki/Rif" title="Rif">Rif Mountains</a> to join his resistance, and he entreated the sultan to help him with military supplies. Abd al-Rahman complied by maintaining a steady stream of horses, arms, and money flowing to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201317_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201317-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1842, after another defeat, Abd al-Kader fled with his followers from the territory of their fathers to Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerPulszky1854367_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerPulszky1854367-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd al-Kader had for some time made the Morocco frontier the basis of his forays into Algeria. He could retire within the Moroccan territory without molestation. The French, in order not to be thus baffled, had at last advanced a strong division to that part of the frontier from whence he made his sallies. Generals <a href="/wiki/Louis_Juchault_de_Lamorici%C3%A8re" title="Louis Juchault de Lamoricière">Louis Juchault de Lamoricière</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Alphonse_Bedeau" title="Marie Alphonse Bedeau">Marie Alphonse Bedeau</a> fixed on their encampment on <a href="/wiki/Maghnia" title="Maghnia">Lalla Maghnia</a>. On 22 May 1844, El-Gennaoui, commander of the Moorish garrison at Oujda, summoned the French to evacuate Lalla Maghnia. On the 30th, the Moorish <i><a href="/wiki/Qaid" title="Qaid">Qaid</a></i>, unable to control the fanatic passions of the contingents assembled around him, gave way to fire into the French entrenchments. Lamoricière and Bedeau quickly defeated and dispersed them, with the Moorish troops falling back upon Oujda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1867233–234_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1867233–234-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884113_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 June, the Moorish troops approached unnoticed, and fired upon the French troops, wounding Captain <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Daumas" title="Eugène Daumas">Eugène Daumas</a> and two men. The Moorish chief declared that the frontier must be set back to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tafna_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tafna River (page does not exist)">Tafna River</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tafna" class="extiw" title="fr:Tafna">fr</a>]</span>, and in case of refusal it was war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884113_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884113-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria" title="List of French governors of Algeria">Governor-General of Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marshal_of_France" title="Marshal of France">French Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud" title="Thomas Robert Bugeaud">Thomas Robert Bugeaud</a> wrote to El-Gennaoui insisting that the border be demarcated along the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kiss_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kiss River (page does not exist)">Kiss River</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oued_Kiss" class="extiw" title="fr:Oued Kiss">fr</a>]</span>, a position further west than the Tafna River, and threatening of war if Morocco would continue receiving and succouring Abd al-Kader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884114_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884114-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marshal was seconded by one of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">King Louis Philippe I</a>'s sons, the young Admiral <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville" title="François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville">François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville</a>, who was commanding the cruisers off the Moorish coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884116_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884116-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 19 June, violating the frontier, Marshal Bugeaud occupied Oujda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884118_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884118-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dispute, thus commenced on the frontier, soon spread into the higher regions of diplomacy. The French Government sent a squadron under Prince de Joinville to the coast of Morocco to support its official reclamations. Marshal Bugeaud received instructions to commence offensive operations by land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1867236_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1867236-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd al-Rahman sent orders to all his provincial Governors for a general levy. Abd al-Kader made his way into <a href="/wiki/Amour_Range" title="Amour Range">Djebel Amour</a>, and endeavoured to raise the southern tribes against the French. They all remained faithful; the Emir only obtained a promise that they would join the Moorish army when it met the infidel forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884118_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884118-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 July, the Moors made an attack on the banks of Isly but fled at the first musket-shots. The French troops ascended the river on the 11th, and on the 13th killed some hundred horsemen of the Moorish tribes, losing only two men and five horses. On the 19th the French troops returned to Lalla Maghnia for refreshment.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884118_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884118-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Prince de Joinville, cruising in the waters of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a> with a flying squadron, received orders to proceed to Tangier. The French Consul in Spain forwarded to the court of <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> Marshal Bugeaud's ultimatum to the <i>Qaid</i> Si el-Gennaoui.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884119_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884119-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War">War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombardment_of_Tangier">Bombardment of Tangier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Bombardment of Tangier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tangier" title="Bombardment of Tangier">Bombardment of Tangier</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bombardement_de_Tanger_par_le_prince_de_Joinville_en_1844.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bombardement_de_Tanger_par_le_prince_de_Joinville_en_1844.jpeg/220px-Bombardement_de_Tanger_par_le_prince_de_Joinville_en_1844.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bombardement_de_Tanger_par_le_prince_de_Joinville_en_1844.jpeg/330px-Bombardement_de_Tanger_par_le_prince_de_Joinville_en_1844.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Bombardement_de_Tanger_par_le_prince_de_Joinville_en_1844.jpeg/440px-Bombardement_de_Tanger_par_le_prince_de_Joinville_en_1844.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1003" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption>Painting of <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville" title="François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville">Prince of Joinville</a> bombarding <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tangier</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The war began on August 6, 1844, at eight in the morning, when a French fleet under the command of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_lords_and_princes_of_Joinville" title="List of lords and princes of Joinville">Prince of Joinville</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville" title="François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville">François d'Orléans</a>, in his first action as a squadron commander, conducted a naval <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Tangier" title="Bombardment of Tangier">Bombardment of Tangier</a>. In an hour's time all the outer batteries were destroyed; two works held out longer, the battery of the <a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a> and that of the marine fort. At eleven the fire ceased, the Prince commanding the squadron had executed the order of the Ministry, the exterior fortifications were in ruins, the town had been respected. The squadron, then, went into the Atlantic, passed along the coast of Morocco, and, though the weather was very bad, anchored before Mogador on 11 August. The condition of the sea would not allow of the vessels at once taking up their fighting positions. For three days they had to lie at anchor without being able to communicate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884119–120_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884119–120-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Isly">Battle of Isly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Battle of Isly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isly" title="Battle of Isly">Battle of Isly</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anonymous_-_Tente_du_chef_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e_marocaine_(Sidi-Mohammed_ben_Abd-el-Rahman,_fils_de_l%27empereur_du_Maroc),_p_-_P2008_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Anonymous_-_Tente_du_chef_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e_marocaine_%28Sidi-Mohammed_ben_Abd-el-Rahman%2C_fils_de_l%27empereur_du_Maroc%29%2C_p_-_P2008_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/220px-Anonymous_-_Tente_du_chef_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e_marocaine_%28Sidi-Mohammed_ben_Abd-el-Rahman%2C_fils_de_l%27empereur_du_Maroc%29%2C_p_-_P2008_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Anonymous_-_Tente_du_chef_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e_marocaine_%28Sidi-Mohammed_ben_Abd-el-Rahman%2C_fils_de_l%27empereur_du_Maroc%29%2C_p_-_P2008_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/330px-Anonymous_-_Tente_du_chef_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e_marocaine_%28Sidi-Mohammed_ben_Abd-el-Rahman%2C_fils_de_l%27empereur_du_Maroc%29%2C_p_-_P2008_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Anonymous_-_Tente_du_chef_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e_marocaine_%28Sidi-Mohammed_ben_Abd-el-Rahman%2C_fils_de_l%27empereur_du_Maroc%29%2C_p_-_P2008_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg/440px-Anonymous_-_Tente_du_chef_de_l%27arm%C3%A9e_marocaine_%28Sidi-Mohammed_ben_Abd-el-Rahman%2C_fils_de_l%27empereur_du_Maroc%29%2C_p_-_P2008_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Carnavalet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5144" data-file-height="3158" /></a><figcaption>Exposition of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_IV_of_Morocco" title="Muhammad IV of Morocco">Moulay Mohammed</a>'s tent in the <a href="/wiki/Tuileries_Garden" title="Tuileries Garden">Tuileries Garden</a>.</figcaption></figure><p>The <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_of_Morocco" title="Abd al-Rahman of Morocco">Emperor Abd al-Rahman</a>'s son and heir presumptive, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_IV_of_Morocco" title="Muhammad IV of Morocco">Sidi Mohammed</a>, advanced towards <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a>, contrary to the orders of his father, with the intention of turning the French out of <a href="/wiki/Maghnia" title="Maghnia">Lalla Maghnia</a>. He was deceived by the reports of fanatic personages around him, and perhaps influenced by <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Abd al-Kader</a>'s agents, Sidi Mohammed even talked of a plan of conquering the <a href="/wiki/Western_Beylik" title="Western Beylik">province of Oran</a>. Moulay Mohammed found the number of his soldiers increasing every day. All the Berber and Arab tribes that inhabit the vast territory extending from <a href="/wiki/Fez,_Morocco" title="Fez, Morocco">Fez</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a> came to take part in the war against the infidels, and many Algerian tribes prayed for the success of the holy enterprise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884121_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884121-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict peaked on August 14, 1844, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Isly" title="Battle of Isly">Battle of Isly</a>, which took place near <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHekking2020_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHekking2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large Moroccan force led by the Sultan's son Sidi Mohammed, was defeated by a smaller French royal force under the <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_governors_of_Algeria" title="List of French governors of Algeria">Governor-General of Algeria</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Robert_Bugeaud" title="Thomas Robert Bugeaud">Thomas Robert Bugeaud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennell200049_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennell200049-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a consequence of the battle, Sidi Mohammed retreated to <a href="/wiki/Taza" title="Taza">Taza</a> and the Marshal spread his emissaries that he would pursue him there. Abd al-Rahman sent orders to his son to stay the Marshal's march, by making proposals of peace to him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884125_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884125-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For his victory, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I">King Louis Philippe I</a> conferred the title of Duke of Isly upon Marshal Bugeaud. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884133_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884133-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombardment_of_Mogador">Bombardment of Mogador</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bombardment of Mogador"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Mogador" title="Bombardment of Mogador">Bombardment of Mogador</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FMIB_47780_Vaisseau_le_Suffren,_portant_90_canons,_construit_a_Cherbourg_en_1831.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/FMIB_47780_Vaisseau_le_Suffren%2C_portant_90_canons%2C_construit_a_Cherbourg_en_1831.jpeg/220px-FMIB_47780_Vaisseau_le_Suffren%2C_portant_90_canons%2C_construit_a_Cherbourg_en_1831.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/FMIB_47780_Vaisseau_le_Suffren%2C_portant_90_canons%2C_construit_a_Cherbourg_en_1831.jpeg/330px-FMIB_47780_Vaisseau_le_Suffren%2C_portant_90_canons%2C_construit_a_Cherbourg_en_1831.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/FMIB_47780_Vaisseau_le_Suffren%2C_portant_90_canons%2C_construit_a_Cherbourg_en_1831.jpeg/440px-FMIB_47780_Vaisseau_le_Suffren%2C_portant_90_canons%2C_construit_a_Cherbourg_en_1831.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>Painting of the <a href="/wiki/French_ship_Suffren_(1829)" title="French ship Suffren (1829)"><i>Suffren</i></a>, which took part in the Tangier and <a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Mogador</a> affairs.</figcaption></figure> <p>The weather cleared up on the 15th. Mogador (<a href="/wiki/Essaouira" title="Essaouira">Essaouira</a>), Morocco's main <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> trade port, was attacked in the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Mogador" title="Bombardment of Mogador">Bombardment of Mogador</a> and briefly occupied by Joinville on August 16, 1844.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterson1844520_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterson1844520-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoutsma1987550_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoutsma1987550-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Suffren_(1829)" title="French ship Suffren (1829)">Suffren</a></i>, the <i><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Jemmapes_(1840)" title="French ship Jemmapes (1840)">Jemmapes</a></i>, and the <i><a href="/wiki/French_ship_Triton_(1823)" title="French ship Triton (1823)">Triton</a></i>, opened fire upon the fortifications. The <i><a href="/wiki/French_frigate_Belle_Poule_(1834)" title="French frigate Belle Poule (1834)">Belle Poule</a></i> and the other vessels of lighter draught entered the harbour and engaged the batteries of the Marina and those of the <a href="/wiki/Mogador_Island" title="Mogador Island">island</a> defending the port. At first the Moors made a vigorous reply, but gradually slackened and then ceased their fire, being crushed by the projectiles from the squadron. The batteries fell into ruins, the guns were dismounted, and the gunners driven off. The island alone held out, being defended by a detachment of three hundred and twenty men. The steam-vessels <i>Pluton</i>, <i>Gassendi</i> and <i>Phare</i>, landed five hundred marines, who carried the position under a sharp fire and drive the defenders out of their last entrenchments. Next day a landing party completed the destruction of the works spared by shot. All the guns not dismounted were spiked, the powder drowned, and all the goods found in the custom-house burnt or thrown into the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884120_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884120-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While steamships played an important part in the operations at Tangier and Mogador, Joinville commanded both bombardments from the <a href="/wiki/Ship_of_the_line" title="Ship of the line">ship of the line</a> <i>Suffren</i>, and the three ships of the line in his force provided most of the firepower.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French lost no ships in the shelling, which Joinville called “much more of a political act than an act of warfare”, but suffered a significant casualty afterward, when the paddle steamer <i>Groenland</i> ran aground near <a href="/wiki/Larache" title="Larache">Larache</a> on 26 August and could not be saved.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French Government gave a pledge to the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> that Tangier, as a quasi-European town, would be spared from hostilities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterson1844474_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterson1844474-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British had warships on hand at both Tangier and Mogador, and protested the bombardments. The Moroccan campaign, combined with concurrent <a href="/wiki/Franco-Tahitian_War" title="Franco-Tahitian War">Anglo-French tensions over Tahiti</a>, fuelled a mild war scare.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Tangier">Treaty of Tangier</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treaty of Tangier"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tangier_(1844)" title="Treaty of Tangier (1844)">Treaty of Tangier (1844)</a></div> <p>The war formally ended on September 10, 1844, with the signing of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tangier_(1844)" title="Treaty of Tangier (1844)">Treaty of Tangier</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a> agreed to recognize <a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria as part of the French Empire</a>, reduce the size of its garrison at <a href="/wiki/Oujda" title="Oujda">Oujda</a>, and establish a commission to demarcate the border.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHekking2020_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHekking2020-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The peace treaty imposed on the Moroccan monarchy to abandon its support of <a href="/wiki/Emir_Abdelkader" title="Emir Abdelkader">Abd al-Kader</a> and brand him an “outlaw”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene2012212_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene2012212-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene201264_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene201264-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 4th article of the treaty of peace stipulated that “<i>Hajj</i> Abd al-Kader is placed beyond the pale of the law throughout the entire extent of the Empire of Morocco, as well as in Algeria. He will, consequently, be pursued by main force, by the French on the territory of Algeria, and by the Moroccans on their own territory, till he is expelled therefrom, or falls into the power of one or other nation”.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1867236_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1867236-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd al-Kader would eventually surrender on 24 December 1847 to <a href="/wiki/Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Aumale" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale">Henri d'Orléans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene201268_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene201268-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Convention of Tangier also stipulated that the boundaries existing between the Turks and Moors at the moment of the conquest should be preserved,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884173_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884173-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that the Algero-Moroccan boundary agreement that was to follow was to use as its basis the territorial limits of Algeria as they had existed at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Turkish rule</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrout196920_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrout196920-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treaty_of_Lalla_Maghnia">Treaty of Lalla Maghnia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Treaty of Lalla Maghnia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lalla_Maghnia" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Lalla Maghnia">Treaty of Lalla Maghnia</a>, signed on March 18, 1845, established a topographic border between Algeria and Morocco, but only from the Mediterranean coast to Teniet el-Sassi, some seventy miles inland.<sup id="cite_ref-Ronald_A_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ronald_A-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gorton_Carruth_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gorton_Carruth-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty designated that the <a href="/wiki/Ksar" title="Ksar"><i>ksour</i></a> of Yich and <a href="/wiki/Figuig" title="Figuig">Figuig</a> belong to Morocco, while the <i>ksour</i> of <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFn_S%C3%A9fra" title="Aïn Séfra">Aïn Séfra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sfissifa" title="Sfissifa">Sfissifa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asla,_Algeria" title="Asla, Algeria">Asla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiout,_Algeria" title="Tiout, Algeria">Tiout</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chellala" title="Chellala">Chellala</a>, <a href="/wiki/El_Bayadh" title="El Bayadh">El Bayadh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Boussemghoun" title="Boussemghoun">Boussemghoun</a> belong to Algeria.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClercq1865274_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClercq1865274-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The French refused to delineate the frontier to the south of Figuig on the ground that a frontier was superfluous in uninhabited desert land.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr1987307_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr1987307-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_expedition_(1843-45)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan expedition (1843-45)">Moroccan expedition (1843-45)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="France–Morocco relations">France–Morocco relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Bombardment of Salé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Hispano-Moroccan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">French conquest of Morocco</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESondhaus200472_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSondhaus2004">Sondhaus 2004</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHekking2020-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHekking2020_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHekking2020_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHekking2020_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHekking2020">Hekking 2020</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller201317-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller201317_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2013">Miller 2013</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWagnerPulszky1854367-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWagnerPulszky1854367_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWagnerPulszky1854">Wagner & Pulszky 1854</a>, p. 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1867233–234-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1867233–234_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurchill1867">Churchill 1867</a>, pp. 233–234.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884113-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884113_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884113_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIdeville1884">Ideville 1884</a>, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884114-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884114_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIdeville1884">Ideville 1884</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884116-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884116_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIdeville1884">Ideville 1884</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884118-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884118_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884118_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884118_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIdeville1884">Ideville 1884</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChurchill1867236-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1867236_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChurchill1867236_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChurchill1867">Churchill 1867</a>, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884119-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884119_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIdeville1884">Ideville 1884</a>, p. 119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884119–120-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884119–120_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIdeville1884">Ideville 1884</a>, pp. 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884121-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884121_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIdeville1884">Ideville 1884</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPennell200049-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPennell200049_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPennell2000">Pennell 2000</a>, p. 49.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884125-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884125_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIdeville1884">Ideville 1884</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884133-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884133_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIdeville1884">Ideville 1884</a>, p. 133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterson1844520-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterson1844520_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaterson1844">Paterson 1844</a>, p. 520.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoutsma1987550-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoutsma1987550_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoutsma1987">Houtsma 1987</a>, p. 550.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884120-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884120_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIdeville1884">Ideville 1884</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPaterson1844474-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPaterson1844474_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPaterson1844">Paterson 1844</a>, p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene2012212-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene2012212_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouyerdene2012">Bouyerdene 2012</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene201264-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene201264_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouyerdene2012">Bouyerdene 2012</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene201268-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBouyerdene201268_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBouyerdene2012">Bouyerdene 2012</a>, p. 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884173-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIdeville1884173_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFIdeville1884">Ideville 1884</a>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrout196920-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrout196920_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrout1969">Trout 1969</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ronald_A-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ronald_A_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRonald_A._Messier,_James_A._Miller2015" class="citation book cs1">Ronald A. Messier, James A. Miller (2015). <i>The Last Civilized Place Sijilmasa and Its Saharan Destiny</i>. University of Texas Press. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76667-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76667-9"><bdi>978-0-292-76667-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Last+Civilized+Place+Sijilmasa+and+Its+Saharan+Destiny&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76667-9&rft.au=Ronald+A.+Messier%2C+James+A.+Miller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorton_Carruth-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gorton_Carruth_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorton_Carruth1993" class="citation book cs1">Gorton Carruth (1993). <i>The Encyclopedia of World Facts and Dates</i>. HarperCollins, 1993. p. 446. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270012-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-270012-4"><bdi>978-0-06-270012-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+Facts+and+Dates&rft.pages=446&rft.pub=HarperCollins%2C+1993&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-06-270012-4&rft.au=Gorton+Carruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaghraoui2013" class="citation book cs1">Maghraoui, Driss (2013-07-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dBgFaDLcGbwC&dq=treaty+of+lalla+maghnia&pg=PT60"><i>Revisiting the Colonial Past in Morocco</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06174-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06174-7"><bdi>978-1-134-06174-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revisiting+the+Colonial+Past+in+Morocco&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft.isbn=978-1-134-06174-7&rft.aulast=Maghraoui&rft.aufirst=Driss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdBgFaDLcGbwC%26dq%3Dtreaty%2Bof%2Blalla%2Bmaghnia%26pg%3DPT60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClercq1865274-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClercq1865274_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClercq1865">Clercq 1865</a>, p. 274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr1987307-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAbun-Nasr1987307_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987">Abun-Nasr 1987</a>, p. 307.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbun-Nasr1987" class="citation book cs1">Abun-Nasr, Jamil M. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jdlKbZ46YYkC&q=battle+wadi+al-laban"><i>A History of the Maghrib in the Islamic Period</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521337670" title="Special:BookSources/9780521337670"><bdi>9780521337670</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Maghrib+in+the+Islamic+Period&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780521337670&rft.aulast=Abun-Nasr&rft.aufirst=Jamil+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjdlKbZ46YYkC%26q%3Dbattle%2Bwadi%2Bal-laban&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBouyerdene2012" class="citation book cs1">Bouyerdene, Ahmed (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mSDczf5iy4IC"><i>Emir Abd El-Kader: Hero and Saint of Islam</i></a>. World Wisdom, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781936597178" title="Special:BookSources/9781936597178"><bdi>9781936597178</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emir+Abd+El-Kader%3A+Hero+and+Saint+of+Islam&rft.pub=World+Wisdom%2C+Inc&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781936597178&rft.aulast=Bouyerdene&rft.aufirst=Ahmed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmSDczf5iy4IC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownlie1979" class="citation book cs1">Brownlie, Ian (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A8Du4k0udx4C"><i>African Boundaries: A Legal and Diplomatic Encyclopaedia</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780903983877" title="Special:BookSources/9780903983877"><bdi>9780903983877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Boundaries%3A+A+Legal+and+Diplomatic+Encyclopaedia&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=9780903983877&rft.aulast=Brownlie&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8Du4k0udx4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill1867" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Charles Henry (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=inkoAAAAYAAJ"><i>The Life of Abdel Kader, Ex-sultan of the Arabs of Algeria: Written from His Own Dictation, and Comp. from Other Authentic Sources</i></a>. Chapman and Hall.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+Abdel+Kader%2C+Ex-sultan+of+the+Arabs+of+Algeria%3A+Written+from+His+Own+Dictation%2C+and+Comp.+from+Other+Authentic+Sources&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Churchill&rft.aufirst=Charles+Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DinkoAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClercq1865" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Clercq, Alexandre J.H. (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BvYWAQAAIAAJ"><i>Recueil des traites de la France, publié sous les auspices du Ministère des affaires étrangères</i></a> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recueil+des+traites+de+la+France%2C+publi%C3%A9+sous+les+auspices+du+Minist%C3%A8re+des+affaires+%C3%A9trang%C3%A8res&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Clercq&rft.aufirst=Alexandre+J.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBvYWAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma1987" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, Martijn Theodoor (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iJQ3AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA550"><i>E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936</i></a>. Vol. 9. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004082654" title="Special:BookSources/9004082654"><bdi>9004082654</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.J.+Brill%27s+First+Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+1913-1936&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9004082654&rft.aulast=Houtsma&rft.aufirst=Martijn+Theodoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiJQ3AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIdeville1884" class="citation book cs1">Ideville, Henri (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JGAIAAAAQAAJ"><i>Memoirs of marshal Bugeaud, from his private correspondence and original documents, 1784-1849, ed. from the Fr. by C.M. Yonge</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+marshal+Bugeaud%2C+from+his+private+correspondence+and+original+documents%2C+1784-1849%2C+ed.+from+the+Fr.+by+C.M.+Yonge&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Ideville&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJGAIAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2013" class="citation book cs1">Miller, Susan Gilson (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=peGyku_eREkC"><i>A History of Modern Morocco</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521810708" title="Special:BookSources/9780521810708"><bdi>9780521810708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Morocco&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780521810708&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Susan+Gilson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpeGyku_eREkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaterson1844" class="citation book cs1">Paterson, Alexander (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvDVAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA520"><i>The Anglo American</i></a>. Vol. 3.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anglo+American&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Paterson&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvvDVAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA520&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPennell2000" class="citation book cs1">Pennell, C. R. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QtBazz0I7uYC"><i>Morocco Since 1830: A History</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781850654261" title="Special:BookSources/9781850654261"><bdi>9781850654261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morocco+Since+1830%3A+A+History&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9781850654261&rft.aulast=Pennell&rft.aufirst=C.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQtBazz0I7uYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSondhaus2004" class="citation book cs1">Sondhaus, Lawrence (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ka-1eQRnXMUC"><i>Navies in Modern World History</i></a>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781861892027" title="Special:BookSources/9781861892027"><bdi>9781861892027</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Navies+in+Modern+World+History&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781861892027&rft.aulast=Sondhaus&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKa-1eQRnXMUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrout1969" class="citation book cs1">Trout, Frank E. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IO69HppDTDgC"><i>Morocco's Saharan Frontiers</i></a>. Librairie Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782600044950" title="Special:BookSources/9782600044950"><bdi>9782600044950</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morocco%27s+Saharan+Frontiers&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=9782600044950&rft.aulast=Trout&rft.aufirst=Frank+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIO69HppDTDgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagnerPulszky1854" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Moritz; Pulszky, Ferencz Aurelius (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yu5AAQAAMAAJ"><i>The Tricolor on the Atlas: Or, Algeria and the French Conquest</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Tricolor+on+the+Atlas%3A+Or%2C+Algeria+and+the+French+Conquest&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Moritz&rft.au=Pulszky%2C+Ferencz+Aurelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dyu5AAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Websites">Websites</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHekking2020" class="citation web cs1">Hekking, Morgan (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/08/315455/the-battle-of-isly-remembering-moroccos-solidarity-with-algeria">"The Battle of Isly: Remembering Morocco's Solidarity With Algeria"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Morocco_World_News" title="Morocco World News">Morocco World News</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Morocco+World+News&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Isly%3A+Remembering+Morocco%27s+Solidarity+With+Algeria&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Hekking&rft.aufirst=Morgan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.moroccoworldnews.com%2F2020%2F08%2F315455%2Fthe-battle-of-isly-remembering-moroccos-solidarity-with-algeria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranco-Moroccan+War" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franco-Moroccan_War&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/archives.gb/dossiers/140ministres.gb/monarjui/chrono.html">Chronology: The July Monarchy 1830 - 1848</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120208091650/http://www.onwar.com/aced/nation/fax/france/ffrancemorocco1911.htm">Armed Conflict Events Database: Franco-Moroccan War 124 B.C. - 1912 A.D.</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco_(1844–1934)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Template:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Template talk:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Franco-Spanish_conquest_of_Morocco_(1844–1934)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Franco-Spanish conquest of Morocco (1844–1934)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">French protectorate in Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="Spanish protectorate in Morocco">Spanish protectorate in Morocco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Wars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">First Franco-Moroccan War (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispano-Moroccan_War_(1859%E2%80%931860)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–1860)">Hispano-Moroccan War (1859–60)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Melillan_campaign" title="First Melillan campaign">First Melilla War (1893–94)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Morocco" title="French conquest of Morocco">Second Franco-Moroccan War (1907–12)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Melillan_campaign" title="Second Melillan campaign">Second Melilla War (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaian_War" title="Zaian War">Zaian War (1914–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rif_War" title="Rif War">Rif War (1921–26)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Battles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Sal%C3%A9" title="Bombardment of Salé">Bombardment of Salé (1851)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Casablanca" title="Bombardment of Casablanca">Bombardment of Casablanca (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolf_Ravine" title="Battle of Wolf Ravine">Battle of Wolf Ravine (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Fez_riots" title="1912 Fez riots">Bloody Days of Fes (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sidi_Bou_Othman" title="Battle of Sidi Bou Othman">Battle of Sidi Bou Othman (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Ksiba" title="Battle of El Ksiba">Battle of El Ksiba (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_El_Herri" title="Battle of El Herri">Battle of El Herri (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Annual" title="Battle of Annual">Battle of Annual (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_landing" title="Alhucemas landing">Alhucemas Landing (1925)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Moroccans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Ameziane" title="Mohammed Ameziane">Mohammed Ameziane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulai_Ahmed_er_Raisuni" title="Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni">Mulai Ahmed er Raisuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouha_ou_Hammou_Zayani" title="Mouha ou Hammou Zayani">Mouha ou Hammou Zayani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moha_ou_Said" title="Moha ou Said">Moha ou Said</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mhand_n%27Ifrutant" title="Mhand n'Ifrutant">Mhand n'Ifrutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Amhaouch" title="Ali Amhaouch">Ali Amhaouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_al-Hiba" title="Ahmed al-Hiba">Sidi Ahmed El Hiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_al-%27Aynayn" title="Ma al-'Aynayn">Ma al-'Aynayn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_el-Krim" title="Abd el-Krim">Abd el-Krim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assou_Oubasslam" title="Assou Oubasslam">Assou Oubasslam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFt_Atta" title="Aït Atta">Aït Atta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayanes" title="Zayanes">Zayanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ait_Ouriaghel" title="Ait Ouriaghel">Beni Ouryaghel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Mangin" title="Charles Mangin">Charles Mangin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Lyautey" title="Hubert Lyautey">Hubert Lyautey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Prosper_Henrys" title="Paul Prosper Henrys">Paul Prosper Henrys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Poeymirau" title="Joseph-François Poeymirau">Joseph-François Poeymirau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain" title="Philippe Pétain">Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_de_Bournazel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry de Bournazel (page does not exist)">Henry de Bournazel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">French allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thami_El_Glaoui" title="Thami El Glaoui">Thami El Glaoui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Spaniards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Garc%C3%ADa_y_Margallo" title="Juan García y Margallo">Juan García y Margallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsenio_Mart%C3%ADnez-Campos_y_Ant%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsenio Martínez-Campos y Antón">Arsenio Martínez-Campos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Marina_Vega" title="José Marina Vega">José Marina Vega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Fern%C3%A1ndez_Silvestre" title="Manuel Fernández Silvestre">Manuel Fernández Silvestre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Berenguer" title="Dámaso Berenguer">Dámaso Berenguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mill%C3%A1n-Astray" title="José Millán-Astray">José Millán-Astray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sanjurjo" title="José Sanjurjo">José Sanjurjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Spanish allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Meziane" title="Mohamed Meziane">Mohamed Meziane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tangier_(1844)" title="Treaty of Tangier (1844)">Treaty of Tangier (1844)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wad_Ras" title="Treaty of Wad Ras">Treaty of Wad Ras (1860)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Fes_(1894)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Fes (1894) (page does not exist)">Treaty of Fes (1894)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_Conference" title="Algeciras Conference">Algeciras Conference (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Cartagena" title="Pact of Cartagena">Pact of Cartagena (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93Congo_Treaty" title="Morocco–Congo Treaty">Morocco–Congo Treaty (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fes" title="Treaty of Fes">Treaty of Fes (1912)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Between_France_and_Spain_Regarding_Morocco" title="Treaty Between France and Spain Regarding Morocco">Franco-Spanish Treaty (1912)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Crises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Moroccan_Crisis" title="First Moroccan Crisis">Tangier Crisis (1905–06)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agadir_Crisis" title="Agadir Crisis">Agadir Crisis (1911)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved 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