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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water-saturated_air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water-saturated_air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Water-saturated air</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-saturated_air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coalescence_and_fragmentation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coalescence_and_fragmentation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Coalescence and fragmentation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coalescence_and_fragmentation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Droplet_size_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Droplet_size_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Droplet size distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Droplet_size_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raindrop_impacts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raindrop_impacts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Raindrop impacts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raindrop_impacts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Virga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Causes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Causes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Causes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Causes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Causes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Frontal_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Frontal_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Frontal activity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Frontal_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Convection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Orographic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orographic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Orographic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orographic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_the_tropics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_the_tropics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Within the tropics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_the_tropics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Human influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Patterns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patterns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Patterns</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Patterns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acidity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acidity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Acidity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acidity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Köppen_climate_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Köppen_climate_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Köppen climate classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Köppen_climate_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Measurement</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Measurement subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Gauges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gauges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Gauges</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gauges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remote_sensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remote_sensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Remote sensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remote_sensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intensity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intensity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Intensity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intensity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Return period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Forecasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Forecasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Forecasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Forecasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Impact</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Agricultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agricultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Agricultural</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agricultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Culture and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_climatology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_climatology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Global climatology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Global_climatology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Global climatology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Global_climatology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Deserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Deserts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polar_deserts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polar_deserts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Polar deserts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polar_deserts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rainforests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rainforests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Rainforests</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rainforests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monsoons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monsoons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Monsoons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monsoons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_the_Westerlies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_the_Westerlies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Impact of the Westerlies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_the_Westerlies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wettest_known_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wettest_known_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Wettest known locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wettest_known_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rain</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 218 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-218" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">218 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ujeuen" title="Ujeuen – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ujeuen" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%89%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Ощхы – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ощхы" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Re%C3%ABn" title="Reën – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Reën" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen" title="Regen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Regen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%9D%E1%8A%93%E1%89%A5" title="ዝናብ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዝናብ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%B0" title="झौर – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="झौर" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B7%D8%B1" title="مطر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مطر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluya" title="Pluya – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pluya" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A1%DC%9B%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܡܛܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܡܛܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploai" title="Ploai – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Ploai" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A3" title="বৰষুণ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বৰষুণ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluvia" title="Lluvia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lluvia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiwon" title="Kimiwon – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Kimiwon" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="बरखा – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बरखा" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ama" title="Ama – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ama" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jallu" title="Jallu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jallu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C4%9F%C4%B1%C5%9F" title="Yağış – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yağış" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B4" title="یاغیش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یاغیش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sabeh" title="Sabeh – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Sabeh" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanji" title="Sanji – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Sanji" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF" title="বৃষ্টি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৃষ্টি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Hujan" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%8D%CD%98" title="Hō͘ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hō͘" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ямғыр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ямғыр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Дождж – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дождж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Дождж – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дождж" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BE" title="बरखा – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बरखा" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D0%B6%D0%B4" title="Дъжд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дъжд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reng" title="Reng – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Reng" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%86%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="ཆར་པ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཆར་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1a" title="Kiša – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Kiša" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glav" title="Glav – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Glav" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Бороо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бороо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluja" title="Pluja – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pluja" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%80" title="Çумăр – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çумăр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulan_(tubig)" title="Ulan (tubig) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Ulan (tubig)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9%C5%A1%C5%A5" title="Déšť – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Déšť" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaw" title="Glaw – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Glaw" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saa" title="Saa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Saa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvi" title="Arvi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Arvi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen" title="Regen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Regen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%A1%C4%87" title="Dešć – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Dešć" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्षा – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="वर्षा" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihm" title="Vihm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vihm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%AE" title="Βροχή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βροχή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B2va" title="Piòva – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Piòva" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5" title="Пиземе – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Пиземе" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluvia" title="Lluvia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lluvia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvo" title="Pluvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pluvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluvia" title="Lluvia – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lluvia" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euri" title="Euri – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Euri" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paani_(barse)" title="Paani (barse) – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Paani (barse)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluie" title="Pluie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pluie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein_(delslach)" title="Rein (delslach) – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rein (delslach)" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/To%C9%93o" title="Toɓo – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Toɓo" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearthainn" title="Fearthainn – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Fearthainn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fliaghey" title="Fliaghey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Fliaghey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uisge-adhair" title="Uisge-adhair – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Uisge-adhair" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuvia" title="Chuvia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Chuvia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0" title="ДогӀа – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ДогӀа" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A4%D9%86" title="وارؤن – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="وارؤن" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%98" title="મેઘ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="મેઘ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%AD" title="Yí – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Yí" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84_(%EB%82%A0%EC%94%A8)" title="비 (날씨) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비 (날씨)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruwan_sama" title="Ruwan sama – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Ruwan sama" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%B1%D6%80%D6%87" title="Անձրև – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անձրև" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्षा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वर्षा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%A1%C4%87" title="Dešć – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Dešć" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1a" title="Kiša – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kiša" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvo" title="Pluvo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pluvo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tudo" title="Tudo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Tudo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hujan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvia" title="Pluvia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pluvia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvie" title="Pluvie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Pluvie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%92%A5%E1%93%82" title="ᒥᓂ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᒥᓂ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sialuk" title="Sialuk – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Sialuk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imvula" title="Imvula – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Imvula" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imvula" title="Imvula – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Imvula" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigning" title="Rigning – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rigning" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioggia" title="Pioggia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pioggia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A9%D7%9D" title="גשם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גשם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Udan" title="Udan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Udan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9B%CA%8B" title="Tɛʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B3%E0%B3%86" title="ಮಳೆ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮಳೆ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="წვიმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წვიმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%B2%D8%B1%D9%90%D8%B4" title="بٲرِش – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="بٲرِش" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Жаңбыр – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жаңбыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaw" title="Glaw – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Glaw" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mvua" title="Mvua – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mvua" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Зэр – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Зэр" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapli" title="Lapli – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lapli" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapli" title="Lapli – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lapli" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baran" title="Baran – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Baran" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Жамгыр – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жамгыр" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luvya" title="Luvya – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Luvya" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9D%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%99" title="ຝົນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ຝົນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pluvia" title="Pluvia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pluvia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietus" title="Lietus – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lietus" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reen" title="Reen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Reen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84" title="Марф – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Марф" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietus" title="Lietus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lietus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raenger" title="Raenger – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Raenger" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mb%C3%BAla_(m%C3%A1i)" title="Mbúla (mái) – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Mbúla (mái)" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eryokanga_n%E2%80%99etonya" title="Eryokanga n’etonya – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Eryokanga n’etonya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioeuva" title="Pioeuva – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pioeuva" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Es%C5%91" title="Eső – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Eső" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ojh%C3%A2n" title="Ojhân – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Ojhân" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्षा – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="वर्षा" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4" title="Дожд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Дожд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orana" title="Orana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Orana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B4" title="മഴ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മഴ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ua" title="Ua – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Ua" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A%E0%A4%B8" title="पाऊस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पाऊस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AD%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ჭვემა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჭვემა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="وارش – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="وارش" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hujan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Hujan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B9%B2%CC%84" title="Ṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Ṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Пиземсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Пиземсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Бороо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бороо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="မိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quiyahuitl" title="Quiyahuitl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Quiyahuitl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uca" title="Uca – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Uca" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen_(neerslag)" title="Regen (neerslag) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Regen (neerslag)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen" title="Regen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Regen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्षा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="वर्षा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE_(%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81)" title="वा (जलवायु) – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="वा (जलवायु)" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pllie" title="Pllie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pllie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plu%C3%A8ja" title="Pluèja – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pluèja" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AC%BE" title="ବର୍ଷା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବର୍ଷା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yomg%CA%BBir" title="Yomgʻir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yomgʻir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%82%E0%A8%B9" title="ਮੀਂਹ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮੀਂਹ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orad" title="Orad – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Orad" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%BE" title="مینھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مینھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باران – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باران" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rien" title="Rien – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Rien" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Зэр – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Зэр" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieuva" title="Pieuva – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pieuva" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regen" title="Regen – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Regen" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deszcz" title="Deszcz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Deszcz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chuva" title="Chuva – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Chuva" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaw%C4%B1n" title="Jawın – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Jawın" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavun" title="Cavun – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Cavun" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploaie" title="Ploaie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ploaie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Para" title="Para – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Para" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Додж – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Додж" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8C" title="Дождь – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дождь" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%85" title="Ардах – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ардах" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/udad" title="udad – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="udad" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="वर्षा – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="वर्षा" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AB" title="ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱟᱹᱯᱩᱫ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="بارش – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="بارش" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proina" title="Proina – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Proina" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rain" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quyux" title="Quyux – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Quyux" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiu" title="Shiu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shiu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiuvuta" title="Chiuvuta – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chiuvuta" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83" title="වැස්ස – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වැස්ස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rain" title="Rain – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rain" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="برسات – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برسات" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A1%C5%BE%C4%8F" title="Dážď – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Dážď" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%C5%BE" title="Dež – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dež" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roob" title="Roob – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Roob" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="باران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="باران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%B0" title="Киша – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Киша" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ki%C5%A1a" title="Kiša – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kiša" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hujan" title="Hujan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Hujan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sade" title="Sade – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sade" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regn" title="Regn – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Regn" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulan" title="Ulan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ulan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%88" title="மழை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மழை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%E1%BA%93ar" title="Anẓar – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Anẓar" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ageffur" title="Ageffur – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ageffur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Яңгыр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яңгыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BD%E1%80%B0%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA" title="ၽူၼ် – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၽူၼ်" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qwalax" title="qwalax – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qwalax" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%82" title="వర్షం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="వర్షం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%99" title="ฝน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฝน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Борон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Борон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBuha" title="ʻuha – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻuha" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%AC" title="ᎠᎦᏍᎬ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎦᏍᎬ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A" title="ಬರ್ಸೊ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಬರ್ಸೊ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C4%9Fmur" title="Yağmur – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yağmur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Dagy%C5%9F" title="Ýagyş – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Ýagyş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nsuo_t%C9%94" title="Nsuo tɔ – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nsuo tɔ" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Za" title="Za – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Za" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%89" title="Дощ – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дощ" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4" title="بارش – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بارش" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%BA%DB%87%D8%B1" title="يامغۇر – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يامغۇر" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fwn" title="Fwn – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Fwn" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B3va" title="Pióva – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pióva" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihm" title="Vihm – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Vihm" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C6%B0a" title="Mưa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mưa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rein" title="Rein – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Rein" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihm" title="Vihm – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Vihm" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plouve" title="Plouve – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Plouve" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juya" title="Juya – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Juya" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uran" title="Uran – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Uran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%A2%D7%92%D7%9F" title="רעגן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="רעגן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92j%C3%B2" title="Òjò – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Òjò" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Var%C4%B1t" title="Varıt – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Varıt" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C4%ABtos" title="Lītos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lītos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%A8" title="雨 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雨" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F%E2%B5%A5%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%95" title="ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵕ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⵏⵥⴰⵕ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7925#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rainfall&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">Rainfall</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Precipitation in the form of water droplets</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Several terms redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rain_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rain (disambiguation)">Rain (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainy_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rainy (disambiguation)">Rainy (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainfall_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rainfall (disambiguation)">Rainfall (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rainwater (disambiguation)">Rainwater (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hard_rain_on_a_roof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hard_rain_on_a_roof.jpg/260px-Hard_rain_on_a_roof.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hard_rain_on_a_roof.jpg/390px-Hard_rain_on_a_roof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Hard_rain_on_a_roof.jpg/520px-Hard_rain_on_a_roof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4737" data-file-height="3078" /></a><figcaption>Heavy rainfall on a roof</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Thunder.ogg" title="File:Thunder.ogg">Rain</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="19" data-mwtitle="Thunder.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Thunder.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/93/Thunder.ogg/Thunder.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Typical sound of rain with <a href="/wiki/Thunder" title="Thunder">thunder</a></div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Weather" title="Category:Weather">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">Temperate and polar seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winter" title="Winter">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_(season)" title="Spring (season)">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">Summer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autumn" title="Autumn">Autumn</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">Tropical seasons</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">Dry season</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">Harmattan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">Storms</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus_cloud" title="Cumulonimbus cloud">Cumulonimbus cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcus_cloud" title="Arcus cloud">Arcus cloud</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downburst" title="Downburst">Downburst</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microburst" class="mw-redirect" title="Microburst">Microburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_burst" title="Heat burst">Heat burst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derecho" title="Derecho">Derecho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightning" title="Lightning">Lightning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_lightning" title="Volcanic lightning">Volcanic lightning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderstorm" title="Thunderstorm">Thunderstorm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air-mass_thunderstorm" title="Air-mass thunderstorm">Air-mass thunderstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thundersnow" title="Thundersnow">Thundersnow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_thunderstorm" title="Dry thunderstorm">Dry thunderstorm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesocyclone" title="Mesocyclone">Mesocyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supercell" title="Supercell">Supercell</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">Tornado</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclonic_tornado" title="Anticyclonic tornado">Anticyclonic tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landspout" title="Landspout">Landspout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterspout" title="Waterspout">Waterspout</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_devil" title="Dust devil">Dust devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_whirl" title="Fire whirl">Fire whirl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticyclone" title="Anticyclone">Anticyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">Cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_low" title="Polar low">Polar low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">Extratropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_windstorm" title="European windstorm">European windstorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nor%27easter" title="Nor'easter">Nor'easter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical_cyclone" title="Subtropical cyclone">Subtropical cyclone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_hurricane" title="Atlantic hurricane">Atlantic hurricane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typhoon" title="Typhoon">Typhoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">Storm surge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_storm" title="Dust storm">Dust storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simoom" title="Simoom">Simoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haboob" title="Haboob">Haboob</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amihan" title="Amihan">Amihan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gale" title="Gale">Gale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirocco" title="Sirocco">Sirocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestorm" title="Firestorm">Firestorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_storm" title="Winter storm">Winter storm</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice_storm" title="Ice storm">Ice storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_blizzard" title="Ground blizzard">Ground blizzard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_squall" title="Snow squall">Snow squall</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">Precipitation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">Drizzle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_drizzle" title="Freezing drizzle">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megacryometeor" title="Megacryometeor">Megacryometeor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">Ice pellets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diamond_dust" title="Diamond dust">Diamond dust</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">Freezing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudburst" title="Cloudburst">Cloudburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rain_and_snow_mixed" title="Rain and snow mixed">Rain and snow mixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_grains" title="Snow grains">Snow grains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_roller" title="Snow roller">Snow roller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slush" title="Slush">Slush</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_meteorology_articles" title="Index of meteorology articles">Topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">Atmosphere</a></li></ul> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_chemistry" title="Atmospheric chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">Convection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_physics" title="Atmospheric physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_river" title="Atmospheric river">River</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Cloud</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_physics" title="Cloud physics">Physics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog" title="Fog">Fog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mist" title="Mist">Mist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fog_season" title="Fog season">Season</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_wave" title="Cold wave">Cold wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_wave" title="Heat wave">Heat wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_stream" title="Jet stream">Jet stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather" title="Severe weather">Severe weather</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_severe_weather_phenomena" title="List of severe weather phenomena">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">Extreme</a></li> <li>Severe weather terminology <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Canada)" title="Severe weather terminology (Canada)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(Japan)" title="Severe weather terminology (Japan)">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severe_weather_terminology_(United_States)" title="Severe weather terminology (United States)">United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_forecasting" title="Weather forecasting">Weather forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_modification" title="Weather modification">Weather modification</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Glossaries</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_meteorology" title="Glossary of meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_climate_change" title="Glossary of climate change">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tornado_terms" title="Glossary of tornado terms">Tornado terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_tropical_cyclone_terms" title="Glossary of tropical cyclone terms">Tropical cyclone terms</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:#ccc 1px solid; border-bottom:#ccc 1px solid;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/16px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/24px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Weather" title="Template:Weather"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Weather" title="Template talk:Weather"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Weather" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Weather"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rain</b> is <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> <a href="/wiki/Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">droplets</a> that have <a href="/wiki/Condensation" title="Condensation">condensed</a> from <a href="/wiki/Water_vapor#In_Earth's_atmosphere" title="Water vapor">atmospheric water vapor</a> and then fall under <a href="/wiki/Gravity" title="Gravity">gravity</a>. Rain is a major component of the <a href="/wiki/Water_cycle" title="Water cycle">water cycle</a> and is responsible for depositing most of the <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a> on the Earth. It provides water for <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric power plants</a>, crop <a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">irrigation</a>, and suitable conditions for many types of <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>. </p><p>The major cause of rain production is moisture moving along three-dimensional zones of temperature and moisture contrasts known as <a href="/wiki/Weather_fronts" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather fronts">weather fronts</a>. If enough moisture and upward motion is present, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> falls from <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convective</a> clouds (those with strong upward vertical motion) such as <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulonimbus">cumulonimbus</a> (thunder clouds) which can organize into narrow <a href="/wiki/Rainbands" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainbands">rainbands</a>. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where <a href="/wiki/Upslope_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Upslope flow">upslope flow</a> is maximized within <a href="/wiki/Windward" class="mw-redirect" title="Windward">windward</a> sides of the <a href="/wiki/Terrain" title="Terrain">terrain</a> at elevation which forces moist air to condense and fall out as rainfall along the sides of mountains. On the <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a> side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by downslope flow which causes heating and drying of the <a href="/wiki/Air_mass" title="Air mass">air mass</a>. The movement of the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_trough" title="Monsoon trough">monsoon trough</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a>, brings <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">rainy seasons</a> to <a href="/wiki/Savannah" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannah">savannah</a> <a href="/wiki/Clime" title="Clime">climes</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">urban heat island</a> effect leads to increased rainfall, both in amounts and intensity, downwind of cities. <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">Global warming</a> is also causing changes in the precipitation pattern, including wetter conditions across eastern North America and drier conditions in the tropics. Antarctica is the driest continent. The globally averaged annual precipitation over land is 715 mm (28.1 in), but over the whole Earth, it is much higher at 990 mm (39 in).<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Climate_classification" title="Climate classification">Climate classification</a> systems such as the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen classification</a> system use average annual rainfall to help differentiate between differing climate regimes. Rainfall is measured using <a href="/wiki/Rain_gauge" title="Rain gauge">rain gauges</a>. Rainfall amounts can be estimated by <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water-saturated_air">Water-saturated air</h3></div> <p>Air contains water vapor, and the amount of water in a given mass of dry air, known as the <i>mixing ratio</i>, is measured in grams of water per kilogram of dry air (g/kg).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of moisture in the air is also commonly reported as <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a>; which is the percentage of the total water vapor air can hold at a particular air temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> How much water vapor a parcel of air can contain before it becomes saturated (100% relative humidity) and forms into a <a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">cloud</a> (a group of visible tiny water or ice <a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a> suspended above the Earth's surface)<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> depends on its temperature. Warmer air can contain more water vapor than cooler air before becoming saturated. Therefore, one way to saturate a parcel of air is to cool it. The <a href="/wiki/Dew_point" title="Dew point">dew point</a> is the temperature to which a parcel must be cooled in order to become saturated.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are four main mechanisms for cooling the air to its dew point: adiabatic cooling, conductive cooling, radiational cooling, and evaporative cooling. <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_lapse_rate#Dry_adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic lapse rate">Adiabatic cooling</a> occurs when air rises and expands.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The air can rise due to <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a>, large-scale atmospheric motions, or a physical barrier such as a mountain (<a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">orographic lift</a>). Conductive cooling occurs when the air comes into contact with a colder surface,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> usually by being blown from one surface to another, for example from a liquid water surface to colder land. Radiational cooling occurs due to the emission of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">infrared radiation</a>, either by the air or by the surface underneath.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evaporative cooling occurs when moisture is added to the air through evaporation, which forces the air temperature to cool to its <a href="/wiki/Wet-bulb_temperature" title="Wet-bulb temperature">wet-bulb temperature</a>, or until it reaches saturation.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main ways water vapor is added to the air are wind convergence into areas of upward motion,<sup id="cite_ref-convection_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-convection-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> precipitation or virga falling from above,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> daytime heating evaporating water from the surface of oceans, water bodies or wet land,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> transpiration from plants,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> cool or dry air moving over warmer water,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and lifting air over mountains.<sup id="cite_ref-MT_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Water vapor normally begins to condense on <a href="/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei" title="Cloud condensation nuclei">condensation nuclei</a> such as dust, ice, and salt in order to form clouds. Elevated portions of weather fronts (which are three-dimensional in nature)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> force broad areas of upward motion within the Earth's atmosphere which form clouds decks such as <a href="/wiki/Altostratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Altostratus">altostratus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cirrostratus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cirrostratus">cirrostratus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DR_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DR-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stratus_cloud" title="Stratus cloud">Stratus</a> is a stable cloud deck which tends to form when a cool, stable air mass is trapped underneath a warm air mass. It can also form due to the lifting of <a href="/wiki/Radiation_fog" class="mw-redirect" title="Radiation fog">advection fog</a> during breezy conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coalescence_and_fragmentation">Coalescence and fragmentation</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raindrops_sizes.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing that very small rain drops are almost spherical in shape. As drops become larger, they become flattened on the bottom, like a hamburger bun. Very large rain drops are split into smaller ones by air resistance which makes them increasingly unstable." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Raindrops_sizes.svg/290px-Raindrops_sizes.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Raindrops_sizes.svg/435px-Raindrops_sizes.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Raindrops_sizes.svg/580px-Raindrops_sizes.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="923" /></a><figcaption>The shape of raindrops depending upon their size: <div><ol style="list-style-type:upper-alpha"><li>Contrary to popular belief, raindrops are never tear-shaped.</li><li>Very small raindrops are almost spherical.</li><li>Larger raindrops become flattened at the bottom due to air resistance.</li><li>Large raindrops have a large amount of air resistance, and begin to become unstable.</li><li>Very large raindrops split into smaller raindrops due to air resistance.</li></ol></div> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Coalescence_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalescence (meteorology)">Coalescence</a> occurs when water droplets fuse to create larger water droplets. Air resistance typically causes the water droplets in a cloud to remain stationary. When air turbulence occurs, water droplets collide, producing larger droplets. </p><p>As these larger water droplets descend, coalescence continues, so that drops become heavy enough to overcome air resistance and fall as rain. Coalescence generally happens most often in clouds above freezing (in their top) and is also known as the warm rain process.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In clouds below freezing, when ice crystals gain enough mass they begin to fall. This generally requires more mass than coalescence when occurring between the crystal and neighboring water droplets. This process is temperature dependent, as supercooled water droplets only exist in a cloud that is below freezing. In addition, because of the great temperature difference between cloud and ground level, these ice crystals may melt as they fall and become rain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raindrops have sizes ranging from 0.1 to 9 mm (0.0039 to 0.3543 in) mean diameter but develop a tendency to break up at larger sizes. Smaller drops are called cloud droplets, and their shape is spherical. As a raindrop increases in size, its shape becomes more oblate, with its largest cross-section facing the oncoming airflow. Large rain drops become increasingly flattened on the bottom, like <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a> buns; very large ones are shaped like <a href="/wiki/Parachute" title="Parachute">parachutes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Villermaux_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villermaux-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrary to popular belief, their shape does not resemble a teardrop.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biggest raindrops on Earth were recorded over Brazil and the <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a> in 2004 — some of them were as large as 10 mm (0.39 in). The large size is explained by condensation on large <a href="/wiki/Smoke" title="Smoke">smoke</a> particles or by collisions between drops in small regions with particularly high content of liquid water.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Raindrops associated with melting hail tend to be larger than other raindrops.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intensity and duration of rainfall are usually inversely related, i.e., high-intensity storms are likely to be of short duration and low-intensity storms can have a long duration.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Droplet_size_distribution">Droplet size distribution</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Raindrop_size_distribution" title="Raindrop size distribution">Raindrop size distribution</a></div> <p>The final droplet size distribution is an <a href="/wiki/Exponential_distribution" title="Exponential distribution">exponential distribution</a>. The number of droplets with diameter between <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle d}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>d</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle d}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e85ff03cbe0c7341af6b982e47e9f90d235c66ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.216ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle d}"></span> and <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle D+dD}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>D</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle D+dD}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c543d9fd275f8035889bc85aff288ac43c43c451" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:7.905ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle D+dD}"></span> per unit volume of space is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle n(d)=n_{0}e^{-d/\langle d\rangle }dD}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>n</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>n</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> <msup> <mi>e</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> </mrow> </msup> <mi>d</mi> <mi>D</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle n(d)=n_{0}e^{-d/\langle d\rangle }dD}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c1fa5db89ff1ed652a70ac8f4e0c730ff8e474b3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.523ex; height:3.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle n(d)=n_{0}e^{-d/\langle d\rangle }dD}"></span>. This is commonly referred to as the Marshall–Palmer law after the researchers who first characterized it.<sup id="cite_ref-Villermaux_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villermaux-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The parameters are somewhat temperature-dependent,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the slope also scales with the rate of rainfall <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \langle d\rangle ^{-1}=41R^{-0.21}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟨</mo> <mi>d</mi> <msup> <mo fence="false" stretchy="false">⟩</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mn>41</mn> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>−</mo> <mn>0.21</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \langle d\rangle ^{-1}=41R^{-0.21}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d9849e9ae5a18e5fcb558d35626c46a2370fac35" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.979ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \langle d\rangle ^{-1}=41R^{-0.21}}"></span> (d in centimeters and R in millimeters per hour).<sup id="cite_ref-Villermaux_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villermaux-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Deviations can occur for small droplets and during different rainfall conditions. The distribution tends to fit averaged rainfall, while instantaneous size spectra often deviate and have been modeled as <a href="/wiki/Gamma_distribution" title="Gamma distribution">gamma distributions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The distribution has an upper limit due to droplet fragmentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Villermaux_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Villermaux-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raindrop_impacts">Raindrop impacts</h3></div> <p>Raindrops impact at their <a href="/wiki/Terminal_velocity" title="Terminal velocity">terminal velocity</a>, which is greater for larger drops due to their larger mass-to-drag ratio. At sea level and without wind, 0.5 mm (0.020 in) <a href="/wiki/Drizzle" title="Drizzle">drizzle</a> impacts at 2 m/s (6.6 ft/s) or 7.2 km/h (4.5 mph), while large 5 mm (0.20 in) drops impact at around 9 m/s (30 ft/s) or 32 km/h (20 mph).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rain falling on loosely packed material such as newly fallen ash can produce dimples that can be fossilized, called <a href="/wiki/Raindrop_impressions" title="Raindrop impressions">raindrop impressions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The air density dependence of the maximum raindrop diameter together with fossil raindrop imprints has been used to constrain the density of the air 2.7 billion years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Droplet#Sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Droplet">sound of raindrops</a> hitting water is caused by bubbles of air <a href="/wiki/Minnaert_resonance" title="Minnaert resonance">oscillating underwater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/METAR" title="METAR">METAR</a> code for rain is RA, while the coding for rain showers is SHRA.<sup id="cite_ref-METAR_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-METAR-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virga">Virga</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virga" title="Virga">Virga</a></div> <p>In certain conditions, precipitation may fall from a cloud but then evaporate or <a href="/wiki/Sublimation_(phase_transition)" title="Sublimation (phase transition)">sublime</a> before reaching the ground. This is termed <a href="/wiki/Virga" title="Virga">virga</a> and is more often seen in hot and dry climates. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Causes">Causes</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Frontal_activity">Frontal activity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Weather_fronts" class="mw-redirect" title="Weather fronts">Weather fronts</a></div> <p>Stratiform (a broad shield of precipitation with a relatively similar intensity) and dynamic precipitation (convective precipitation which is showery in nature with large changes in intensity over short distances) occur as a consequence of slow ascent of air in <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_scale_meteorology" title="Synoptic scale meteorology">synoptic systems</a> (on the order of cm/s), such as in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold fronts</a> and near and poleward of surface <a href="/wiki/Warm_front" title="Warm front">warm fronts</a>. Similar ascent is seen around <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclones</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Eye_(cyclone)" title="Eye (cyclone)">eyewall</a>, and in comma-head precipitation patterns around <a href="/wiki/Mid-latitude_cyclone" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-latitude cyclone">mid-latitude cyclones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Geerts_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geerts-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A wide variety of weather can be found along an occluded front, with thunderstorms possible, but usually, their passage is associated with a drying of the air mass. Occluded fronts usually form around mature low-pressure areas.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What separates rainfall from other precipitation types, such as <a href="/wiki/Ice_pellets" title="Ice pellets">ice pellets</a> and snow, is the presence of a thick layer of air aloft which is above the melting point of water, which melts the frozen precipitation well before it reaches the ground. If there is a shallow near-surface layer that is below freezing, freezing rain (rain which freezes on contact with surfaces in subfreezing environments) will result.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">Hail</a> becomes an increasingly infrequent occurrence when the freezing level within the atmosphere exceeds 3,400 m (11,000 ft) above ground level.<sup id="cite_ref-mesoanal_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mesoanal-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convection">Convection</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konvektionsregen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing that as moist air becomes heated more than its surroundings, it moves upward, resulting in brief rain showers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Konvektionsregen.jpg/220px-Konvektionsregen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Konvektionsregen.jpg/330px-Konvektionsregen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Konvektionsregen.jpg/440px-Konvektionsregen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Convective precipitation</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steigungsregen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Diagram showing how moist air over the ocean rises and flows over the land, causing cooling and rain as it hits mountain ridges." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steigungsregen.jpg/220px-Steigungsregen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steigungsregen.jpg/330px-Steigungsregen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Steigungsregen.jpg/440px-Steigungsregen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="612" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption>Orographic precipitation</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Convection_rain" class="mw-redirect" title="Convection rain">Convective rain</a>, or showery precipitation, occurs from convective clouds (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cumulonimbus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulonimbus">cumulonimbus</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cumulus_congestus" class="mw-redirect" title="Cumulus congestus">cumulus congestus</a>). It falls as showers with rapidly changing intensity. Convective precipitation falls over a certain area for a relatively short time, as convective clouds have limited horizontal extent. Most precipitation in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> appears to be convective; however, it has been suggested that stratiform precipitation also occurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Geerts_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Geerts-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Graupel" title="Graupel">Graupel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a> indicate convection.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-latitudes, convective precipitation is intermittent and often associated with baroclinic boundaries such as <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold fronts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall lines</a>, and warm fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orographic_effects">Orographic effects</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Orographic_lift" title="Orographic lift">Orographic lift</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_types_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation types (meteorology)">Precipitation types (meteorology)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_rainfall_climatology" title="United States rainfall climatology">United States rainfall climatology</a></div> <p>Orographic precipitation occurs on the <a href="/wiki/Windward" class="mw-redirect" title="Windward">windward</a> side of mountains and is caused by the rising air motion of a large-scale flow of moist air across the mountain ridge, resulting in <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic_lapse_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic lapse rate">adiabatic</a> cooling and condensation. In mountainous parts of the world subjected to relatively consistent winds (for example, the <a href="/wiki/Trade_wind" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade wind">trade winds</a>), a more moist <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a> usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the <a href="/wiki/Leeward" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeward">leeward</a> or downwind side. Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier air (see <a href="/wiki/Katabatic_wind" title="Katabatic wind">katabatic wind</a>) on the descending and generally warming, leeward side where a <a href="/wiki/Rain_shadow" title="Rain shadow">rain shadow</a> is observed.<sup id="cite_ref-MT_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MT-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mount_Wai%CA%BBale%CA%BBale" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Waiʻaleʻale">Mount Waiʻaleʻale</a>, on the island of Kauai, is notable for its extreme rainfall, as it is amongst the places in the world with the highest levels of rainfall, with 9,500 mm (373 in).<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systems known as <a href="/wiki/Kona_storm" title="Kona storm">Kona storms</a> affect the state with heavy rains between October and April.<sup id="cite_ref-BIRCH_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BIRCH-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local climates vary considerably on each island due to their topography, divisible into windward (<i>Koʻolau</i>) and leeward (<i>Kona</i>) regions based upon location relative to the higher mountains. Windward sides face the east to northeast <a href="/wiki/Trade_winds" title="Trade winds">trade winds</a> and receive much more rainfall; leeward sides are drier and sunnier, with less rain and less cloud cover.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In South America, the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desert-like climate just downwind across western Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-Andes_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andes-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> range creates the same effect in North America forming the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mojave_Desert" title="Mojave Desert">Mojave Deserts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Within_the_tropics">Within the tropics</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cairns_climate.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chart showing an Australian city with as much as 450 mm of rain in the winter months and less than 50 mm in the summer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cairns_climate.svg/280px-Cairns_climate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cairns_climate.svg/420px-Cairns_climate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cairns_climate.svg/560px-Cairns_climate.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Rainfall distribution by month in <a href="/wiki/Cairns,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cairns, Australia">Cairns, Australia</a>, showing the extent of the wet season at that location</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclone</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wet_season" title="Wet season">Wet season</a></div> <p>The wet, or rainy, season is the time of year, covering one or more months, when most of the average annual rainfall in a region falls.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i>green season</i> is also sometimes used as a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a> by tourist authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas with wet seasons are dispersed across portions of the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savanna</a> climates and areas with <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> regimes have wet summers and dry winters. Tropical rainforests technically do not have dry or wet seasons, since their rainfall is equally distributed through the year.<sup id="cite_ref-Hyde_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hyde-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some areas with pronounced rainy seasons will see a break in rainfall mid-season when the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> or <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_trough" title="Monsoon trough">monsoon trough</a> move poleward of their location during the middle of the warm season.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the wet season occurs during the warm season, or <a href="/wiki/Summer" title="Summer">summer</a>, rain falls mainly during the late afternoon and early evening hours. The wet season is a time when <a href="/wiki/Air_quality" class="mw-redirect" title="Air quality">air quality</a> improves,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Freshwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Freshwater">freshwater</a> quality improves,<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and vegetation grows significantly. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclones</a>, a source of very heavy rainfall, consist of large air masses several hundred miles across with low pressure at the centre and with winds blowing inward towards the centre in either a clockwise direction (southern hemisphere) or counterclockwise (northern hemisphere).<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <a href="/wiki/Cyclone" title="Cyclone">cyclones</a> can take an enormous toll in lives and personal property, they may be important factors in the precipitation regimes of places they impact, as they may bring much-needed precipitation to otherwise dry regions.<sup id="cite_ref-2005_EPac_outlook_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2005_EPac_outlook-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Areas in their path can receive a year's worth of rainfall from a tropical cyclone passage.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_influence">Human influence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="World map of temperature distribution shows the northern hemisphere was warmer than the southern hemisphere during the periods compared." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg/280px-Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg/420px-Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg/560px-Change_in_Average_Temperature_With_Fahrenheit.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Surface air temperature change over the past 50 years<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">Effects of climate change</a>, <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change_on_the_water_cycle" title="Effects of climate change on the water cycle">Effects of climate change on the water cycle</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Urban_heat_island" title="Urban heat island">Urban heat island</a></div> <p>The fine particulate matter produced by car exhaust and other human sources of pollution forms <a href="/wiki/Cloud_condensation_nuclei" title="Cloud condensation nuclei">cloud condensation nuclei</a> leads to the production of clouds and increases the likelihood of rain. As commuters and commercial traffic cause pollution to build up over the course of the week, the likelihood of rain increases: it peaks by Saturday, after five days of weekday pollution has been built up. In heavily populated areas that are near the coast, such as the United States' <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Eastern Seaboard</a>, the effect can be dramatic: there is a 22% higher chance of rain on Saturdays than on Mondays.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The urban heat island effect warms cities 0.6 to 5.6 °C (33.1 to 42.1 °F) above surrounding suburbs and rural areas. This extra heat leads to greater upward motion, which can induce additional shower and thunderstorm activity. Rainfall rates downwind of cities are increased between 48% and 116%. Partly as a result of this warming, monthly rainfall is about 28% greater between 32 and 64 km (20 and 40 mi) downwind of cities, compared with upwind.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cities induce a total precipitation increase of 51%.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Increasing temperatures tend to increase evaporation which can lead to more precipitation. Precipitation generally increased over land north of 30°N from 1900 through 2005 but has declined over the tropics since the 1970s. Globally there has been no statistically significant overall trend in precipitation over the past century, although trends have varied widely by region and over time. Eastern portions of North and South America, northern Europe, and northern and central Asia have become wetter. The Sahel, the Mediterranean, southern Africa and parts of southern Asia have become drier. There has been an increase in the number of heavy precipitation events over many areas during the past century, as well as an increase since the 1970s in the prevalence of droughts—especially in the tropics and subtropics. Changes in precipitation and evaporation over the oceans are suggested by the decreased salinity of mid- and high-latitude waters (implying more precipitation), along with increased salinity in lower latitudes (implying less precipitation and/or more evaporation). Over the contiguous United States, total annual precipitation increased at an average rate of 6.1 percent since 1900, with the greatest increases within the East North Central climate region (11.6 percent per century) and the South (11.1 percent). Hawaii was the only region to show a decrease (−9.25 percent).<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Analysis of 65 years of United States of America rainfall records show the lower 48 states have an increase in heavy downpours since 1950. The largest increases are in the Northeast and Midwest, which in the past decade, have seen 31 and 16 percent more heavy downpours compared to the 1950s. <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> is the state with the largest increase, 104%. <a href="/wiki/McAllen,_Texas" title="McAllen, Texas">McAllen, Texas</a> is the city with the largest increase, 700%. Heavy downpour in the analysis are the days where total precipitation exceeded the top one percent of all rain and snow days during the years 1950–2014.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most successful attempts at influencing weather involve <a href="/wiki/Cloud_seeding" title="Cloud seeding">cloud seeding</a>, which include techniques used to increase <a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">winter precipitation</a> over mountains and suppress <a href="/wiki/Hail" title="Hail">hail</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMSmod_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMSmod-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Patterns">Patterns</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg/220px-Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg/330px-Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg/440px-Sturmfront_auf_Doppler-Radar-Schirm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>Band of thunderstorms seen on a <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a> display</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">Rainband</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Rainband" title="Rainband">Rainbands</a> are cloud and precipitation areas which are significantly elongated. Rainbands can be <a href="/wiki/Stratus_cloud" title="Stratus cloud">stratiform</a> or <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_convection" title="Atmospheric convection">convective</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are generated by differences in temperature. When noted on <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">weather radar</a> imagery, this precipitation elongation is referred to as banded structure.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainbands in advance of warm <a href="/wiki/Occluded_front" title="Occluded front">occluded fronts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warm_front" title="Warm front">warm fronts</a> are associated with weak upward motion,<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tend to be wide and stratiform in nature.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rainbands spawned near and ahead of <a href="/wiki/Cold_front" title="Cold front">cold fronts</a> can be <a href="/wiki/Squall_line" title="Squall line">squall lines</a> which are able to produce <a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornadoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainbands associated with cold fronts can be warped by mountain barriers perpendicular to the front's orientation due to the formation of a low-level <a href="/wiki/Barrier_jet" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier jet">barrier jet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bands of thunderstorms can form with <a href="/wiki/Sea_breeze" title="Sea breeze">sea breeze</a> and <a href="/wiki/Land_breeze" class="mw-redirect" title="Land breeze">land breeze</a> boundaries if enough moisture is present. If sea breeze rainbands become active enough just ahead of a cold front, they can mask the location of the cold front itself.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Once a cyclone occludes an <a href="/wiki/Occluded_front" title="Occluded front">occluded front</a> (a trough of warm air aloft) will be caused by strong southerly winds on its eastern periphery rotating aloft around its northeast, and ultimately northwestern, periphery (also termed the warm conveyor belt), forcing a surface trough to continue into the cold sector on a similar curve to the occluded front. The front creates the portion of an occluded cyclone known as its <i>comma head</i>, due to the <a href="/wiki/Comma_(punctuation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Comma (punctuation)">comma</a>-like shape of the mid-tropospheric cloudiness that accompanies the feature. It can also be the focus of locally heavy precipitation, with thunderstorms possible if the atmosphere along the front is unstable enough for convection.<sup id="cite_ref-TROW_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TROW-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Banding within the comma head precipitation pattern of an <a href="/wiki/Extratropical_cyclone" title="Extratropical cyclone">extratropical cyclone</a> can yield significant amounts of rain.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Behind extratropical cyclones during fall and winter, rainbands can form downwind of relative warm bodies of water such as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. Downwind of islands, bands of showers and thunderstorms can develop due to low-level wind convergence downwind of the island edges. Offshore <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, this has been noted in the wake of cold fronts.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rainbands within tropical cyclones are curved in orientation. Tropical cyclone rainbands contain showers and thunderstorms that, together with the eyewall and the eye, constitute a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">hurricane or tropical storm</a>. The extent of rainbands around a tropical cyclone can help determine the cyclone's intensity.<sup id="cite_ref-ODT_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODT-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Acidity">Acidity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Origins_of_acid_rain.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Origins_of_acid_rain.svg/280px-Origins_of_acid_rain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Origins_of_acid_rain.svg/420px-Origins_of_acid_rain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Origins_of_acid_rain.svg/560px-Origins_of_acid_rain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="303" /></a><figcaption>Sources of acid rain</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">Acid rain</a></div> <p>The phrase <i>acid rain</i> was first used by Scottish chemist Robert Augus Smith in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> of rain varies, especially due to its origin. On America's East Coast, rain that is derived from the Atlantic Ocean typically has a pH of 5.0–5.6; rain that comes across the continental from the west has a pH of 3.8–4.8; and local thunderstorms can have a pH as low as 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rain becomes acidic primarily due to the presence of two strong acids, <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> (H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) and <a href="/wiki/Nitric_acid" title="Nitric acid">nitric acid</a> (HNO<sub>3</sub>). Sulfuric acid is derived from natural sources such as volcanoes, and wetlands (sulfate-reducing bacteria); and anthropogenic sources such as the combustion of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, and mining where H<sub>2</sub>S is present. Nitric acid is produced by natural sources such as lightning, soil bacteria, and natural fires; while also produced anthropogenically by the combustion of fossil fuels and from power plants. In the past 20 years, the concentrations of nitric and sulfuric acid has decreased in presence of rainwater, which may be due to the significant increase in ammonium (most likely as ammonia from livestock production), which acts as a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_solution" title="Buffer solution">buffer</a> in acid rain and raises the pH.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Köppen_climate_classification"><span id="K.C3.B6ppen_climate_classification"></span>Köppen climate classification</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_(with_authors).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg/390px-World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg/585px-World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg/780px-World_K%C3%B6ppen_Classification_%28with_authors%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Updated Köppen–Geiger climate map<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <table> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0000FE; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Equatorial_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Equatorial climate">Af</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#0077FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Am</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#46A9FA; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna_climate" title="Tropical savanna climate">Aw</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FE0000; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">BWh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FE9695; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">BWk</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F5A301; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">BSh</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFDB63; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">BSk</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FFFF00; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Csa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C6C700; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Csb</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#96FF96; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cwa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#63C764; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cwb</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C6FF4E; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#66FF33; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#33C701; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">Cfc</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FF00FE; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Dsa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#C600C7; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Dsb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#963295; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Dsc</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#966495; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Continental_climate" title="Continental climate">Dsd</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#ABB1FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dwa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#5A77DB; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dwb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4C51B5; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dwc</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#320087; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dwd</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00FFFF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dfa</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#38C7FF; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dfb</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#007E7D; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dfc</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#00455E; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Dfd</a></div> </td> <td width="5"> </td> <td> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#B2B2B2; color:black;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate">ET</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#686868; color:white;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap_climate" title="Ice cap climate">EF</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></div> <p>The Köppen classification depends on average monthly values of temperature and precipitation. The most commonly used form of the Köppen classification has five primary types labeled A through E. Specifically, the primary types are A, tropical; B, dry; C, mild mid-latitude; D, cold mid-latitude; and E, polar. The five primary classifications can be further divided into secondary classifications such as <a href="/wiki/Rain_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain forest">rain forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical savanna">tropical savanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">humid subtropical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid continental">humid continental</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar ice cap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a>. </p><p>Rain forests are characterized by high rainfall, with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1,750 and 2,000 mm (69 and 79 in).<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A tropical savanna is a <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a> <a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">biome</a> located in <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a> to <a href="/wiki/Humid" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid">semi-humid</a> climate regions of <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> <a href="/wiki/Latitudes" class="mw-redirect" title="Latitudes">latitudes</a>, with rainfall between 750 and 1,270 mm (30 and 50 in) a year. They are widespread on Africa, and are also found in India, the northern parts of South America, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-SAVWOOD_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SAVWOOD-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The humid subtropical climate zone is where winter rainfall is associated with large <a href="/wiki/Storm" title="Storm">storms</a> that the <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">westerlies</a> steer from west to east. Most summer rainfall occurs during thunderstorms and from occasional tropical cyclones.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humid subtropical climates lie on the east side continents, roughly between <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitudes</a> 20° and 40° degrees away from the equator.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An oceanic (or maritime) climate is typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes of all the world's continents, bordering cool oceans, as well as southeastern Australia, and is accompanied by plentiful precipitation year-round.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mediterranean climate regime resembles the climate of the lands in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean Basin</a>, parts of western North America, parts of <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, in southwestern <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> and in parts of central <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>. The climate is characterized by hot, dry summers and cool, wet winters.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A steppe is a dry <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grassland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subarctic climates are cold with continuous <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a> and little precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-subritter_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-subritter-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <span class="anonymous-show"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ARain&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Protected+edit+request+on+20+January+2025&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+fully-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Rain">making an edit request</a></span></span><span class="user-show"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rain&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> </span>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2022</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances#Prevalence_in_rain,_soil,_water_bodies,_and_air" title="Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances">Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances § Prevalence in rain, soil, water bodies, and air</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>In 2022, levels of at least four perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in rain water worldwide greatly exceeded the EPA's lifetime <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a> health advisories as well as comparable Danish, Dutch, and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> safety standards, leading to the conclusion that "the global spread of these four PFAAs in the atmosphere has led to the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundary" class="mw-redirect" title="Planetary boundary">planetary boundary</a> for chemical pollution being exceeded".<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It had been thought that PFAAs would eventually end up in the oceans, where they would be diluted over decades, but a field study published in 2021 by researchers at <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_University" title="Stockholm University">Stockholm University</a> found that they are often transferred from water to air when waves reach land, are a significant source of <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a>, and eventually get into rain. The researchers concluded that pollution may impact large areas.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2024, a worldwide study of 45,000 groundwater samples found that 31% of samples contained levels of PFAS that were harmful to human health; these samples were taken from areas not near any obvious source of contamination.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Soil is also contaminated and the chemicals have been found in remote areas such as <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Soil_contamination" title="Soil contamination">Soil contamination</a> can result in higher levels of PFAs found in foods such as white rice, coffee, and animals reared on contaminated ground.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances_:0_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Per-_and_polyfluoroalkyl_substances_:0-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Measurement">Measurement</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Precipitation#Rate" title="Precipitation">Precipitation § Rate</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gauges">Gauges</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rain_gauge" title="Rain gauge">Rain gauge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disdrometer" title="Disdrometer">Disdrometer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snow_gauge" title="Snow gauge">Snow gauge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg/120px-250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg/180px-250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg/240px-250mm_Rain_Gauge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="544" data-file-height="1156" /></a><figcaption>Standard rain gauge</figcaption></figure> <p>Rain is measured in units of length per unit time, typically in millimeters per hour,<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in countries where <a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">imperial units</a> are more common, inches per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The "length", or more accurately, "depth" being measured is the depth of rain water that would accumulate on a flat, horizontal and impermeable surface during a given amount of time, typically an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One millimeter of rainfall is the equivalent of one liter of water per square meter.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The standard way of measuring rainfall or snowfall is the standard rain gauge, which can be found in 100-mm (4-in) plastic and 200-mm (8-in) metal varieties.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inner cylinder is filled by 25 mm (0.98 in) of rain, with overflow flowing into the outer cylinder. Plastic gauges have markings on the inner cylinder down to 0.25 mm (0.0098 in) resolution, while metal gauges require use of a stick designed with the appropriate 0.25 mm (0.0098 in) markings. After the inner cylinder is filled, the amount inside it is discarded, then filled with the remaining rainfall in the outer cylinder until all the fluid in the outer cylinder is gone, adding to the overall total until the outer cylinder is empty.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other types of gauges include the popular wedge gauge (the cheapest rain gauge and most fragile), the tipping bucket rain gauge, and the weighing rain gauge.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For those looking to measure rainfall the most inexpensively, a can that is cylindrical with straight sides will act as a rain gauge if left out in the open, but its accuracy will depend on what ruler is used to measure the rain with. Any of the above rain gauges can be made at home, with enough know-how.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a precipitation measurement is made, various networks exist across the United States and elsewhere where rainfall measurements can be submitted through the Internet, such as <a href="/wiki/Community_Collaborative_Rain,_Hail_and_Snow_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Community Collaborative Rain, Hail and Snow network">CoCoRAHS</a> or GLOBE.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If a network is not available in the area where one lives, the nearest local weather or met office will likely be interested in the measurement.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Remote_sensing">Remote sensing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Weather_radar" title="Weather radar">Weather radar</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Radar-accumulations_eng.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Radar-accumulations_eng.png/220px-Radar-accumulations_eng.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Radar-accumulations_eng.png/330px-Radar-accumulations_eng.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Radar-accumulations_eng.png/440px-Radar-accumulations_eng.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption>Twenty-four-hour rainfall accumulation on the Val d'Irène radar in Eastern Canada. Zones without data in the east and southwest are caused by beam blocking from mountains (source: Environment Canada).</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the main uses of weather radar is to be able to assess the amount of precipitations fallen over large basins for <a href="/wiki/Hydrology" title="Hydrology">hydrological</a> purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, river <a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">flood control</a>, sewer management and dam construction are all areas where planners use rainfall accumulation data. Radar-derived rainfall estimates complement surface station data which can be used for calibration. To produce radar accumulations, rain rates over a point are estimated by using the value of reflectivity data at individual grid points. A radar equation is then used, which is <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-display mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math display="block" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z=AR^{b},}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>Z</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>A</mi> <msup> <mi>R</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>b</mi> </mrow> </msup> <mo>,</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z=AR^{b},}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/3fe12b31d86d76530243a748c186e9ef22bf041c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-display mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.87ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z=AR^{b},}"></span> where Z represents the radar reflectivity, R represents the rainfall rate, and A and b are constants.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Satellite-derived rainfall estimates use passive <a href="/wiki/Microwave" title="Microwave">microwave</a> instruments aboard <a href="/wiki/Polar_orbit" title="Polar orbit">polar orbiting</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Geostationary_orbit" title="Geostationary orbit">geostationary</a> <a href="/wiki/Weather_satellite" title="Weather satellite">weather satellites</a> to indirectly measure rainfall rates.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If one wants an accumulated rainfall over a time period, one has to add up all the accumulations from each grid box within the images during that time. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/300px--1988_US_Rain.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="91" data-mwtitle="1988_US_Rain.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/1988_US_Rain.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/1988_US_Rain.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/1988_US_Rain.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/1988_US_Rain.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/1988_US_Rain.ogv/1988_US_Rain.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1988 rain in the U.S. The heaviest rain is seen in reds and yellows.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/300px--1993_US_Rain.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="300" height="169" data-durationhint="91" data-mwtitle="1993_US_Rain.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/1993_US_Rain.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="960" data-height="540" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/1993_US_Rain.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/1993_US_Rain.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/1993_US_Rain.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f6/1993_US_Rain.ogv/1993_US_Rain.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1993 rain in the U.S.</div></div></div></div></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intensity">Intensity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_3" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Lluvia_intensa.ogg/220px--Lluvia_intensa.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="34" data-mwtitle="Lluvia_intensa.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Lluvia_intensa.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Lluvia_intensa.ogg/Lluvia_intensa.ogg.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Lluvia_intensa.ogg/Lluvia_intensa.ogg.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Lluvia_intensa.ogg/Lluvia_intensa.ogg.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8d/Lluvia_intensa.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Lluvia_intensa.ogg/Lluvia_intensa.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Lluvia_intensa.ogg/Lluvia_intensa.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Lluvia_intensa.ogg/Lluvia_intensa.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/8d/Lluvia_intensa.ogg/Lluvia_intensa.ogg.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Heavy rain in <a href="/wiki/Zapopan" title="Zapopan">Zapopan</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132"><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Heavy_rain_in_Glenshaw,_PA.ogg" title="File:Heavy rain in Glenshaw, PA.ogg">Heavy rain in Glenshaw, Pennsylvania</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_4" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="337" data-mwtitle="Heavy_rain_in_Glenshaw,_PA.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Heavy_rain_in_Glenshaw%2C_PA.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cb/Heavy_rain_in_Glenshaw%2C_PA.ogg/Heavy_rain_in_Glenshaw%2C_PA.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The sound of heavy rainfall in a suburban neighborhood</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>Rainfall intensity is classified according to the rate of precipitation, which depends on the considered time.<sup id="cite_ref-Monjo1_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monjo1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following categories are used to classify rainfall intensity: </p> <ul><li>Light rain — when the precipitation rate is < 2.5 mm (0.098 in) per hour</li> <li>Moderate rain — when the precipitation rate is between 2.5–7.6 mm (0.098–0.299 in) or 10 mm (0.39 in) per hour<sup id="cite_ref-rainint_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rainint-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UKint_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKint-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Heavy rain — when the precipitation rate is > 7.6 mm (0.30 in) per hour,<sup id="cite_ref-rainint_116-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rainint-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or between 10 and 50 mm (0.39 and 1.97 in) per hour<sup id="cite_ref-UKint_117-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKint-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Violent rain — when the precipitation rate is > 50 mm (2.0 in) per hour<sup id="cite_ref-UKint_117-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UKint-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Terms used for a heavy or violent rain include gully washer, trash-mover and toad-strangler.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intensity can also be expressed by rainfall erosivity <i>R-factor</i><sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or in terms of the rainfall time-structure <i>n-index</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Monjo1_115-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monjo1-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_period">Return period</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year flood</a></div> <p>The average time between occurrences of an event with a specified intensity and duration is called the <a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">return period</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-glossary_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glossary-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intensity of a storm can be predicted for any return period and storm duration, from charts based on historic data for the location.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The return period is often expressed as an <i>n</i>-year event. For instance, a 10-year storm describes a rare rainfall event occurring on average once every 10 years. The rainfall will be greater and the flooding will be worse than the worst storm expected in any single year. A 100-year storm describes an extremely rare rainfall event occurring on average once in a century. The rainfall will be extreme and flooding worse than a 10-year event. The probability of an event in any year is the inverse of the return period (assuming the probability remains the same for each year).<sup id="cite_ref-glossary_120-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glossary-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, a 10-year storm has a probability of occurring of 10 percent in any given year, and a 100-year storm occurs with a 1 percent probability in a year. As with all probability events, it is possible, though improbable, to have multiple 100-year storms in a single year.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forecasting">Forecasting</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_precipitation_forecast" title="Quantitative precipitation forecast">Quantitative precipitation forecast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rita5dayqpf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rita5dayqpf.png/280px-Rita5dayqpf.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rita5dayqpf.png/420px-Rita5dayqpf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rita5dayqpf.png/560px-Rita5dayqpf.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="295" /></a><figcaption>Example of a five-day rainfall forecast from the <a href="/wiki/Hydrometeorological_Prediction_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrometeorological Prediction Center">Hydrometeorological Prediction Center</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Quantitative Precipitation Forecast (abbreviated QPF) is the expected amount of liquid precipitation accumulated over a specified time period over a specified area.<sup id="cite_ref-SERFC_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SERFC-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A QPF will be specified when a measurable precipitation type reaching a minimum threshold is forecast for any hour during a QPF valid period. Precipitation forecasts tend to be bound by synoptic hours such as 0000, 0600, 1200 and 1800 <a href="/wiki/GMT" class="mw-redirect" title="GMT">GMT</a>. Terrain is considered in QPFs by use of topography or based upon climatological precipitation patterns from observations with fine detail.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the mid to late 1990s, QPFs were used within hydrologic forecast models to simulate impact to rivers throughout the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Numerical_weather_prediction" title="Numerical weather prediction">Forecast models</a> show significant sensitivity to humidity levels within the <a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundary_layer" title="Planetary boundary layer">planetary boundary layer</a>, or in the lowest levels of the atmosphere, which decreases with height.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> QPF can be generated on a quantitative, forecasting amounts, or a qualitative, forecasting the probability of a specific amount, basis.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Radar imagery forecasting techniques show higher <a href="/wiki/Forecast_skill" title="Forecast skill">skill</a> than model forecasts within 6 to 7 hours of the time of the radar image. The forecasts can be verified through use of rain gauge measurements, weather radar estimates, or a combination of both. Various skill scores can be determined to measure the value of the rainfall forecast.<sup id="cite_ref-Canada_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Canada-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agricultural">Agricultural</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heavy_Rains_in_Southern_Japan.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Heavy_Rains_in_Southern_Japan.gif/220px-Heavy_Rains_in_Southern_Japan.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cd/Heavy_Rains_in_Southern_Japan.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>Rainfall estimates for southern Japan and the surrounding region from 20 to 27 July 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Precipitation, especially rain, has a dramatic effect on agriculture. All plants need at least some water to survive, therefore rain (being the most effective means of watering) is important to agriculture. While a regular rain pattern is usually vital to healthy plants, too much or too little rainfall can be harmful, even devastating to crops. <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a> can kill crops and increase erosion,<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while overly wet weather can cause harmful <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungus</a> growth.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants need varying amounts of rainfall to survive. For example, certain <a href="/wiki/Cactus" title="Cactus">cacti</a> require small amounts of water,<sup id="cite_ref-131" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while tropical plants may need up to hundreds of inches of rain per year to survive. </p><p>In areas with wet and dry seasons, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> nutrients diminish and erosion increases during the wet season.<sup id="cite_ref-JS_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JS-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Animals have adaptation and survival strategies for the wetter regime. The previous dry season leads to food shortages into the wet season, as the crops have yet to mature.<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developing countries have noted that their populations show seasonal weight fluctuations due to food shortages seen before the first harvest, which occurs late in the wet season.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rain may be <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvested</a> through the use of <a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">rainwater tanks</a>; treated to potable use or for non-potable use indoors or for irrigation.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Excessive rain during short periods of time can cause <a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">flash floods</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Culture_and_religion">Culture and religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rain_deities" title="List of rain deities">List of rain deities</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harar_Dance.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="photograph" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Harar_Dance.jpg/220px-Harar_Dance.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Harar_Dance.jpg/330px-Harar_Dance.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Harar_Dance.jpg/440px-Harar_Dance.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="307" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Rainmaking_(ritual)" title="Rainmaking (ritual)">rain dance</a> being performed in <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Cultural attitudes towards rain differ across the world. In <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climates</a>, people tend to be more stressed when the weather is unstable or cloudy, with its impact greater on men than women.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rain can also bring joy, as some consider it to be soothing or enjoy the aesthetic appeal of it. In dry places, such as India,<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or during periods of <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">drought</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rain lifts people's moods. In <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Setswana" class="mw-redirect" title="Setswana">Setswana</a> word for rain, <i>pula</i>, is used as <a href="/wiki/Botswana_pula" title="Botswana pula">the name of the national currency</a>, in recognition of the economic importance of rain in its country, since it has a desert climate.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several cultures have developed means of dealing with rain and have developed numerous protection devices such as <a href="/wiki/Umbrella" title="Umbrella">umbrellas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raincoat" title="Raincoat">raincoats</a>, and diversion devices such as <a href="/wiki/Rain_gutter" title="Rain gutter">gutters</a> and <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drains</a> that lead rains to sewers.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many people find the scent during and immediately after rain pleasant or distinctive. The source of this scent is <a href="/wiki/Petrichor" title="Petrichor">petrichor</a>, an oil produced by plants, then absorbed by rocks and soil, and later released into the air during rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-Bear1964_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bear1964-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuremberg_Chronicle_f_029r_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nuremberg_Chronicle_f_029r_2.png/130px-Nuremberg_Chronicle_f_029r_2.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Nuremberg_Chronicle_f_029r_2.png/195px-Nuremberg_Chronicle_f_029r_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Nuremberg_Chronicle_f_029r_2.png 2x" data-file-width="202" data-file-height="236" /></a><figcaption>Rain, depicted in the 1493 <i><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Chronicle" title="Nuremberg Chronicle">Nuremberg Chronicle</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>Rain holds an important religious significance in many cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-Mersereau_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mersereau-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerians</a> believed that rain was the <a href="/wiki/Semen" title="Semen">semen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sky_deity" title="Sky deity">sky god</a> <a href="/wiki/Anu" title="Anu">An</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NemetNajat1996_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NemetNajat1996-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which fell from the heavens to inseminate his consort, the <a href="/wiki/Earth_goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth goddess">earth goddess</a> <a href="/wiki/Ki_(goddess)" title="Ki (goddess)">Ki</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-NemetNajat1996_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NemetNajat1996-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> causing her to give birth to all the plants of the earth.<sup id="cite_ref-NemetNajat1996_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NemetNajat1996-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadians</a> believed that the clouds were the breasts of Anu's consort <a href="/wiki/Antu_(goddess)" title="Antu (goddess)">Antu</a><sup id="cite_ref-NemetNajat1996_143-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NemetNajat1996-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that rain was milk from her breasts.<sup id="cite_ref-NemetNajat1996_143-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NemetNajat1996-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Jewish tradition, in the first century BC, the Jewish miracle-worker <a href="/wiki/Honi_ha-M%27agel" class="mw-redirect" title="Honi ha-M'agel">Honi ha-M'agel</a> ended a three-year drought in <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Judaea</a> by drawing a circle in the sand and praying for rain, refusing to leave the circle until his prayer was granted.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i><a href="/wiki/Meditations" title="Meditations">Meditations</a></i>, the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> preserves a prayer for rain made by the <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athenians</a> to the Greek sky god <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mersereau_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mersereau-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> tribes are known to have historically conducted <a href="/wiki/Rainmaking_(ritual)" title="Rainmaking (ritual)">rain dances</a> in effort to encourage rainfall.<sup id="cite_ref-Mersereau_142-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mersereau-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rainmaking rituals are also important in many African cultures.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the present-day United States, various <a href="/wiki/Governor_(United_States)" title="Governor (United States)">state governors</a> have held <a href="/wiki/Day_of_Prayer" title="Day of Prayer">Days of Prayer</a> for rain, including the <a href="/wiki/Days_of_Prayer_for_Rain_in_the_State_of_Texas" title="Days of Prayer for Rain in the State of Texas">Days of Prayer for Rain in the State of Texas</a> in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-Mersereau_142-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mersereau-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_climatology">Global climatology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Earth_rainfall_climatology" title="Earth rainfall climatology">Earth rainfall climatology</a></div> <p>Approximately 505,000 km<sup>3</sup> (121,000 cu mi) of water falls as precipitation each year across the globe with 398,000 km<sup>3</sup> (95,000 cu mi) of it over the oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-chow_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chow-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the Earth's surface area, that means the globally averaged annual precipitation is 990 mm (39 in). Deserts are defined as areas with an average annual precipitation of less than 250 mm (10 in) per year,<sup id="cite_ref-usgsdesert_147-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgsdesert-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or as areas where more water is lost by <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiration" title="Evapotranspiration">evapotranspiration</a> than falls as precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-brittanica_149-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brittanica-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deserts">Deserts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deserts.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Deserts.png/300px-Deserts.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Deserts.png/450px-Deserts.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Deserts.png/600px-Deserts.png 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="728" /></a><figcaption>Largest deserts</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/220px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/330px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg/440px-Towering_Verticle_Thunderhead.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2471" /></a><figcaption>Isolated towering vertical desert shower</figcaption></figure> <p>The northern half of Africa is dominated by the world's most extensive hot, dry region, the <a href="/wiki/Sahara_Desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahara Desert">Sahara Desert</a>. Some deserts also occupy much of southern Africa: the <a href="/wiki/Namib" title="Namib">Namib</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kalahari" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalahari">Kalahari</a>. Across Asia, a large annual rainfall minimum, composed primarily of deserts, stretches from the <a href="/wiki/Gobi_Desert" title="Gobi Desert">Gobi Desert</a> in Mongolia west-southwest through western Pakistan (<a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>) and Iran into the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Desert" title="Arabian Desert">Arabian Desert</a> in Saudi Arabia. Most of Australia is semi-arid or desert,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making it the world's driest inhabited continent. In South America, the <a href="/wiki/Andes" title="Andes">Andes</a> mountain range blocks Pacific moisture that arrives in that continent, resulting in a desert-like climate just downwind across western Argentina.<sup id="cite_ref-Andes_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Andes-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The drier areas of the United States are regions where the <a href="/wiki/Sonoran_Desert" title="Sonoran Desert">Sonoran Desert</a> overspreads the Desert Southwest, the Great Basin, and central Wyoming.<sup id="cite_ref-USatl_151-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USatl-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polar_deserts">Polar deserts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">Polar desert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar climate</a></div> <p>Since rain only falls as liquid, it rarely falls when surface temperatures are below freezing unless there is a layer of warm air aloft, in which case it becomes <a href="/wiki/Freezing_rain" title="Freezing rain">freezing rain</a>. Due to the entire atmosphere being below freezing, frigid climates usually see very little rainfall and are often known as <a href="/wiki/Polar_desert" title="Polar desert">polar deserts</a>. A common biome in this area is the <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, which has a short summer thaw and a long frozen winter. <a href="/wiki/Ice_caps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice caps">Ice caps</a> see no rain at all, making <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> the world's driest continent. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rainforests">Rainforests</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">Rainforest</a></div> <p>Rainforests are areas of the world with very high rainfall. Both <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest" title="Tropical rainforest">tropical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Temperate_rainforest" title="Temperate rainforest">temperate</a> rainforests exist. Tropical rainforests occupy a large band of the planet, mainly along the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a>. Most temperate rainforests are located on mountainous west coasts between 45 and 55 degrees latitude but are often found in other areas. </p><p>Around 40–75% of all biotic life is found in rainforests. Rainforests are also responsible for 28% of the world's oxygen turnover. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monsoons">Monsoons</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">Monsoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monsoon_trough" title="Monsoon trough">Monsoon trough</a></div> <p>The equatorial region near the <a href="/wiki/Intertropical_Convergence_Zone" title="Intertropical Convergence Zone">Intertropical Convergence Zone</a> (ITCZ), or monsoon trough, is the wettest portion of the world's continents. Annually, the rain belt within the tropics marches northward by August, then moves back southward into the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> by February and March.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within Asia, rainfall is favored across its southern portion from India east and northeast across the Philippines and southern China into Japan due to the monsoon advecting moisture primarily from the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> into the region.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monsoon trough can reach as far north as the <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40th parallel</a> in East Asia during August before moving southward after that. Its poleward progression is accelerated by the onset of the summer monsoon, which is characterized by the development of lower air pressure (a <a href="/wiki/Thermal_low" title="Thermal low">thermal low</a>) over the warmest part of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-NCFMRF_154-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCFMRF-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar, but weaker, monsoon circulations are present over North America and Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the summer, the Southwest monsoon combined with <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a> moisture moving around the <a href="/wiki/Subtropical_ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical ridge">subtropical ridge</a> in the Atlantic Ocean brings the promise of afternoon and evening thunderstorms to the southern tier of the United States as well as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-JHorel_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHorel-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eastern half of the contiguous United States east of the <a href="/wiki/98th_meridian_west" title="98th meridian west">98th meridian</a>, the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Nevada_(U.S.)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada</a> range are the wetter portions of the nation, with average rainfall exceeding 760 mm (30 in) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">Tropical cyclones</a> enhance precipitation across southern sections of the United States,<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_of_the_Westerlies">Impact of the Westerlies</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Westerlies" title="Westerlies">Westerlies</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MeanMonthlyP.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MeanMonthlyP.gif/300px-MeanMonthlyP.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MeanMonthlyP.gif/450px-MeanMonthlyP.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/MeanMonthlyP.gif/600px-MeanMonthlyP.gif 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Long-term mean precipitation by month</figcaption></figure> <p>Westerly flow from the mild North Atlantic leads to wetness across western Europe, in particular Ireland and the United Kingdom, where the western coasts can receive between 1,000 mm (39 in), at sea level and 2,500 mm (98 in), on the mountains of rain per year. <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, Norway is one of the more famous European rain-cities with its yearly precipitation of 2,250 mm (89 in) on average. During the fall, winter, and spring, Pacific storm systems bring most of <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and the western United States much of their precipitation.<sup id="cite_ref-JHorel_158-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JHorel-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the top of the ridge, the jet stream brings a summer precipitation maximum to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a>. Large thunderstorm areas known as <a href="/wiki/Mesoscale_convective_complex" title="Mesoscale convective complex">mesoscale convective complexes</a> move through the Plains, Midwest, and Great Lakes during the warm season, contributing up to 10% of the annual precipitation to the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_163-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/El_Ni%C3%B1o-Southern_Oscillation" class="mw-redirect" title="El Niño-Southern Oscillation">El Niño-Southern Oscillation</a> affects the precipitation distribution by altering rainfall patterns across the western United States,<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Midwest,<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Southeast,<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and throughout the tropics. There is also evidence that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> leads to increased precipitation in the eastern portions of North America, while droughts are becoming more frequent in the tropics and subtropics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wettest_known_locations">Wettest known locations</h3></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cherrapunji" title="Cherrapunji">Cherrapunji</a>, situated on the southern slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Himalaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Himalaya">Eastern Himalaya</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shillong" title="Shillong">Shillong</a>, India is the confirmed wettest place on Earth, with an average annual rainfall of 11,430 mm (450 in). The highest recorded rainfall in a single year was 22,987 mm (905.0 in) in 1861. The 38-year average at nearby <a href="/wiki/Mawsynram" title="Mawsynram">Mawsynram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>, India is 11,873 mm (467.4 in).<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The wettest spot in Australia is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bellenden_Ker" title="Mount Bellenden Ker">Mount Bellenden Ker</a> in the north-east of the country which records an average of 8,000 mm (310 in) per year, with over 12,200 mm (480.3 in) of rain recorded during 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Big_Bog,_Maui" title="Big Bog, Maui">Big Bog</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a> has the highest average annual rainfall in the Hawaiian Islands, at 10,300 mm (404 in).<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Waialeale" title="Mount Waialeale">Mount Waiʻaleʻale</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Kaua%CA%BBi" class="mw-redirect" title="Kauaʻi">Kauaʻi</a> achieves similar <span class="anchor" id="Torrential_rain"></span>torrential rains, while slightly lower than that of the Big Bog, at 9,500 mm (373 in)<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of rain per year over the last 32 years, with a record 17,340 mm (683 in) in 1982. Its summit is considered one of the rainiest spots on earth, with a reported 350 days of rain per year. <br /> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Llor%C3%B3" title="Lloró">Lloró</a>, a town situated in <a href="/wiki/Choc%C3%B3_Department" title="Chocó Department">Chocó</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, is probably the place with the largest rainfall in the world, averaging 13,300 mm (523.6 in) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-NCDCxrain_172-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCDCxrain-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Department of Chocó is extraordinarily humid. Tutunendaó, a small town situated in the same department, is one of the wettest estimated places on Earth, averaging 11,394 mm (448.6 in) per year; in 1974 the town received 26,303 mm (86 ft 3.6 in), the largest annual rainfall measured in Colombia. Unlike Cherrapunji, which receives most of its rainfall between April and September, Tutunendaó receives rain almost uniformly distributed throughout the year.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Quibd%C3%B3" title="Quibdó">Quibdó</a>, the capital of Chocó, receives the most rain in the world among cities with over 100,000 inhabitants: 9,000 mm (354 in) per year.<sup id="cite_ref-NCDCxrain_172-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NCDCxrain-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Storms in Chocó can drop 500 mm (20 in) of rainfall in a day. This amount is more than what falls in many cities in a year. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Continent </th> <th colspan="2">Highest average </th> <th rowspan="2">Place </th> <th colspan="2">Elevation </th> <th rowspan="2">Years of record </th></tr> <tr> <th>in</th> <th>mm </th> <th>ft</th> <th>m </th></tr> <tr> <td> South America  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">523.6 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">13,299  </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Llor%C3%B3" title="Lloró">Lloró</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> (estimated)<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_aa"><a href="#endnote_aa">[a]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_bnone"><a href="#endnote_bnone">[b]</a></sup>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">520 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">158<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_cnone"><a href="#endnote_cnone">[c]</a></sup>  </td> <td> 29  </td></tr> <tr> <td> Asia  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">467.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,872  </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Mawsynram" title="Mawsynram">Mawsynram</a>, India<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_ab"><a href="#endnote_ab">[a]</a></sup><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_dnone"><a href="#endnote_dnone">[d]</a></sup>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,597 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,401 </td> <td> 39  </td></tr> <tr> <td> Africa  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">405.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,287  </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Debundscha" title="Debundscha">Debundscha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">30 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9.1 </td> <td> 32  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">404.3 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">10,269  </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Big_Bog,_Maui" title="Big Bog, Maui">Big Bog, Maui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaii Islands">Hawaii (US)</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><sup class="citation nobold" id="ref_ac"><a href="#endnote_ac">[a]</a></sup>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,148 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,569  </td> <td> 30  </td></tr> <tr> <td> South America  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">354.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,992  </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Quibdo" class="mw-redirect" title="Quibdo">Quibdo</a>, Colombia  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">120 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">36.6  </td> <td> 16  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Australia</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">340.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,636  </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bellenden_Ker" title="Mount Bellenden Ker">Mount Bellenden Ker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,102 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,555  </td> <td> 9  </td></tr> <tr> <td> North America  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">256.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">6,502  </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Hucuktlis_Lake" title="Hucuktlis Lake">Hucuktlis Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">12 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3.66  </td> <td> 14  </td></tr> <tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">183.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,648  </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Crkvice" title="Crkvice">Crkvice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a>  </td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,337 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,017  </td> <td> 22  </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="text-align:center;"><b>Source</b> (without conversions): <i>Global Measured Extremes of Temperature and Precipitation</i>, <a href="/wiki/National_Climatic_Data_Center" title="National Climatic Data Center">National Climatic Data Center</a>. 9 August 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2">Continent </th> <th rowspan="2">Place </th> <th colspan="2">Highest rainfall </th></tr> <tr> <th>in</th> <th>mm </th></tr> <tr> <th>Highest average annual rainfall<sup id="cite_ref-Global_extremes_175-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_extremes-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> Asia </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Mawsynram,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Mawsynram, India">Mawsynram, India</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">467.4 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">11,870  </td></tr> <tr> <th>Highest in one year<sup id="cite_ref-Global_extremes_175-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_extremes-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> Asia </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Cherrapunji,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherrapunji, India">Cherrapunji, India</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,042 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">26,470  </td></tr> <tr> <th>Highest in one calendar month<sup id="cite_ref-extremes_176-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extremes-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> Asia </td> <td> Cherrapunji, India </td> <td style="text-align:right;">366 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">9,296 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Highest in 24 hours<sup id="cite_ref-Global_extremes_175-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_extremes-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> </td> <td> Foc Foc, <a href="/wiki/La_R%C3%A9union" class="mw-redirect" title="La Réunion">La Réunion</a> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">71.8 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,820 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Highest in 12 hours<sup id="cite_ref-Global_extremes_175-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_extremes-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> Indian Ocean </td> <td> Foc Foc, La Réunion </td> <td style="text-align:right;">45.0 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,140 </td></tr> <tr> <th>Highest in one minute<sup id="cite_ref-Global_extremes_175-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Global_extremes-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <td> North America </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Unionville,_Talbot_County,_Maryland" title="Unionville, Talbot County, Maryland">Unionville, Maryland</a>, US </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1.23 </td> <td style="text-align:right;">31.2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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title="Portal:Water">Water portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/32px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/48px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg/64px-Cumulus_clouds_in_fair_weather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Weather" title="Portal:Weather">Weather portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output 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(ritual)">Rainmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_management" title="Rainwater management">Rainwater management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rain" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rain">Red rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rain_in_Kerala" title="Red rain in Kerala">Red rain in Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer_overflow" title="Sanitary sewer overflow">Sanitary sewer overflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_precipitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediment precipitation">Sediment precipitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_filter" title="Vortex filter">Vortex filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_aa"><a href="#ref_aa"><b><sup>a</sup></b></a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ab"><a href="#ref_ab"><b><sup>b</sup></b></a></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_ac"><a href="#ref_ac"><b><sup>c</sup></b></a></span> The value given is the continent's highest, and <i>possibly</i> the world's, depending on measurement practices, procedures and period of record variations.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_bnone"><a href="#ref_bnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> The official greatest average annual precipitation for South America is 900 cm (354 in) at Quibdó, Colombia. The 1,330 cm (523.6 in) average at Lloró [23 km (14 mi) SE and at a higher elevation than Quibdó] is an estimated amount.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_cnone"><a href="#ref_cnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> Approximate elevation.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_dnone"><a href="#ref_dnone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> Recognized as "The Wettest place on Earth" by the <i><a href="/wiki/Guinness_Book_of_World_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness Book of World Records">Guinness Book of World Records</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-wett_177-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wett-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_enone"><a href="#ref_enone"><b><sup>^</sup></b></a></span> This is the highest figure for which records are available. The summit of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Snowdon" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Snowdon">Mount Snowdon</a>, about 500 yards (460 m) from Glaslyn, is estimated to have at least 200.0 inches (5,080 mm) per year.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111226143942/http://www.planetguide.net/book/chapter_2/water_cycle.html">"The Water Cycle"</a>. 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Routledge. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-551115-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-551115-0"><bdi>978-0-04-551115-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mid-latitude+Weather+Systems&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-04-551115-0&rft.au=Toby+N.+Carlson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2lIVAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wrcc.dri.edu/cgi-bin/cliMAIN.pl?hi6565">"Mt Waialeale 1047, Hawaii (516565)"</a>. <i>WRCC</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WRCC&rft.atitle=Mt+Waialeale+1047%2C+Hawaii+%28516565%29&rft.date=2008-08-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwrcc.dri.edu%2Fcgi-bin%2FcliMAIN.pl%3Fhi6565&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BIRCH-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BIRCH_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Steven Businger and Thomas Birchard Jr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/MET/Faculty/businger/PDF/BowEchoPPR.pdf">A Bow Echo and Severe Weather Associated with a Kona Low in Hawaii.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070617001753/http://www.soest.hawaii.edu/MET/Faculty/businger/PDF/BowEchoPPR.pdf">Archived</a> 17 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Retrieved on 22 May 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestern_Regional_Climate_Center2002" class="citation web cs1">Western Regional Climate Center (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/HAWAII.htm">"Climate of Hawaii"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080314190922/http://www.wrcc.dri.edu/narratives/HAWAII.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Rowman & Littlefield. p. 333. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86598-119-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86598-119-5"><bdi>978-0-86598-119-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Climate+of+the+Earth&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-86598-119-5&rft.au=Paul+E.+Lydolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbBjIuXHEgZ4C%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_A._Mares1999" class="citation book cs1">Michael A. Mares (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g3CbqZtaF4oC&pg=PA252"><i>Encyclopedia of Deserts</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oklahoma" title="University of Oklahoma">University of Oklahoma</a> Press. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3146-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-3146-7"><bdi>978-0-8061-3146-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Deserts&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-3146-7&rft.au=Michael+A.+Mares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3CbqZtaF4oC%26pg%3DPA252&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Ganson2003" class="citation web cs1">Adam Ganson (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indiana.edu/~sierra/papers/2003/Ganson.html">"Geology of Death Valley"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Indiana_University" title="Indiana University">Indiana University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091214072022/http://www.indiana.edu/~sierra/papers/2003/Ganson.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://amsglossary.allenpress.com/glossary/search?id=rainy-season1">the original</a> on 15 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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PhysicalGeography.net. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090101052056/http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/9k.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CHAPTER+9%3A+Introduction+to+the+Biosphere&rft.pub=PhysicalGeography.net&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Michael+Pidwirny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physicalgeography.net%2Ffundamentals%2F9k.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyde-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hyde_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElisabeth_M._Benders-Hyde2003" class="citation web cs1">Elisabeth M. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Climates&rft.pub=Blue+Planet+Biomes&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Elisabeth+M.+Benders-Hyde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.blueplanetbiomes.org%2Fclimate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMei_Zheng2000" class="citation thesis cs1">Mei Zheng (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI9989458/"><i>The sources and characteristics of atmospheric particulates during the wet and dry seasons in Hong Kong</i></a> (PhD dissertation). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rhode_Island" title="University of Rhode Island">University of Rhode Island</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>378. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PhDT........13Z">2000PhDT........13Z</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304619312">304619312</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217060038/http://digitalcommons.uri.edu/dissertations/AAI9989458/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Akporhonor (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/6445/1/ja05036.pdf">"Seasonal Variations of Physico-chemical Characteristics in Water Resources Quality in Western Niger Delta Region, Nigeria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Applied Scientific Environmental Management</i>. <b>9</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">191–</span>195. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1119-8362">1119-8362</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205200137/https://tspace.library.utoronto.ca/bitstream/1807/6445/1/ja05036.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 5 February 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Scientific+Environmental+Management&rft.atitle=Seasonal+Variations+of+Physico-chemical+Characteristics+in+Water+Resources+Quality+in+Western+Niger+Delta+Region%2C+Nigeria&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E191-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=1119-8362&rft.au=S.+I.+Efe&rft.au=F.+E.+Ogban&rft.au=M.+J.+Horsfall&rft.au=E.+E.+Akporhonor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftspace.library.utoronto.ca%2Fbitstream%2F1807%2F6445%2F1%2Fja05036.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._D._HaynesM._G._RidpathM._A._J._Williams1991" class="citation book cs1">C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NOAA%27s+National+Weather+Service+Main+Page&rft.date=2009&rft.au=National+Weather+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nws.noaa.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKang-Tsung_Chang,_Jr-Chuan_HuangShuh-Ji_KaoShou-Hao_Chiang2009" class="citation book cs1">Kang-Tsung Chang, Jr-Chuan Huang; Shuh-Ji Kao & Shou-Hao Chiang (2009). 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World Meteorological Organization. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213113854/http://wmo.asu.edu/#global">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Weather+%26+Climate+Extremes&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwmo.asu.edu%2F%23global&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-extremes-176"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-extremes_176-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/worldrf.html">"World Rainfall Extremes"</a>. Members.iinet.net.au. 2 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103161544/http://members.iinet.net.au/~jacob/worldrf.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clas.ufl.edu/users/jsouthwo/web/6-per-page-Wettest-Mawsynram-in-India.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 30 January 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UFL+%E2%80%93+Dispute+between+Mawsynram+and+Cherrapunji+for+the+rainiest+place+in+the+world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clas.ufl.edu%2Fusers%2Fjsouthwo%2Fweb%2F6-per-page-Wettest-Mawsynram-in-India.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARain" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os 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title="Wood">wood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangeland" title="Rangeland">Rangeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_bank" title="Seed bank">Seed bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">Wildlife</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_conservation" title="Wildlife conservation">conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_management" title="Wildlife management">management</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">Water</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Types / location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer" title="Aquifer">Aquifer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquifer_storage_and_recovery" title="Aquifer storage and recovery">storage and recovery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">Drinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">Fresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">Groundwater</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_pollution" title="Groundwater pollution">pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_remediation" title="Groundwater remediation">remediation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosphere" title="Hydrosphere">Hydrosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">Ice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iceberg" title="Iceberg">bergs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_ice_cap" title="Polar ice cap">polar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Huerta" title="Huerta">huerta</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_resources" title="Marine resources">Marine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">harvesting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">Surface water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">reclaimed water</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Watershed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desalination" title="Desalination">Desalination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Water law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leaching_(agriculture)" title="Leaching (agriculture)">Leaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_sanitation" title="Improved sanitation">improved</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">Supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_efficiency" title="Water efficiency">Efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict" title="Water conflict">Conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peak_water" title="Peak water">Peak water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">Pollution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_privatization" title="Water privatization">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_quality" title="Water quality">Quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_right" title="Water right">Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources" title="Water resources">Resources</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Improved_water_source" title="Improved water source">improved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resource_policy" title="Water resource policy">policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commons" title="Commons">Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enclosure" title="Enclosure">enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_commons" title="Global commons">global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_land" title="Common land">land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">tragedy of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_economics" title="Natural resource economics">Economics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_(economics)" title="Land (economics)">land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecosystem services">Ecosystem services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_natural_resources" title="Exploitation of natural resources">Exploitation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Overexploitation" title="Overexploitation">overexploitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptive_management" title="Adaptive management">adaptive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">Natural capital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_capital_accounting" title="Natural capital accounting">accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_good" title="Environmental good">good</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_heritage" title="Natural heritage">Natural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">Nature reserve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remnant_natural_area" title="Remnant natural area">remnant natural area</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_ecology" title="Systems ecology">Systems ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_ecology" title="Urban ecology">Urban ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Resource" title="Resource">Resource</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common-pool_resource" title="Common-pool resource">Common-pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflict_resource" class="mw-redirect" title="Conflict resource">Conflict <span style="font-size:85%;">(perpetuation)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_curse" title="Resource curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_depletion" title="Resource depletion">Depletion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_extraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Resource extraction">Extraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_nationalism" title="Resource nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">Renewable</a> / <a href="/wiki/Non-renewable_resource" title="Non-renewable resource">Non-renewable</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;font-weight:normal;">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oil_war" title="Oil war">Oil war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrostate" title="Petrostate">Petrostate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_war" title="Resource war">Resource war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Natural_resources" title="Category:Natural resources">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Elements_of_nature" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nature" title="Template:Nature"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nature" title="Template talk:Nature"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nature" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nature"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_nature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Universe" title="Universe">Universe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time" title="Time">Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matter" title="Matter">Matter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Particle" title="Particle">particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">chemical elements</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculus" title="Calculus">Change</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Earth" title="History of Earth">History</a> (<a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_structure_of_Earth" title="Internal structure of Earth">Structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Oceans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaia_hypothesis" title="Gaia hypothesis">Gaia hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_of_Earth" title="Future of Earth">Future</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">Weather</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">Meteorology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_of_Earth" title="Atmosphere of Earth">Atmosphere <span style="font-size:85%;">(Earth)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud" title="Cloud">Clouds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonlight" title="Moonlight">Moonlight</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow" title="Snow">Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">Sunlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind" title="Wind">Wind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tornado" title="Tornado">tornado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_cyclone" title="Tropical cyclone">tropical cyclone</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">Natural environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">Ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_(physics)" title="Field (physics)">Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation" title="Radiation">Radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilderness" title="Wilderness">Wilderness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfire" title="Wildfire">Wildfires</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">Life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiogenesis" title="Abiogenesis">Origin <span style="font-size:85%;">(abiogenesis)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_life" title="History of life">Evolutionary history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_organisation" title="Biological organisation">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Astrobiology" title="Astrobiology">astrobiology</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">Organism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protist" title="Protist">protista</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryote" title="Prokaryote">Prokaryotes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Viruses</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">Nature-based solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Nature" title="Category:Nature">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7925#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7925#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7925#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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