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class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">James Alcock</span></h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/James_Alcock" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:James_Alcock" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button 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menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Edit</span> </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><p><b>James E. Alcock</b> (born 24 December 1942) is Professor emeritus (Psychology) at <a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a> (Canada).<sup id="cite_ref-York_2024_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-York_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcock is a noted critic of <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a> and a Fellow and Member of the Executive Council for the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SI2024_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI2024-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a member of the Editorial Board of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Skeptical_Inquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="The Skeptical Inquirer">The Skeptical Inquirer</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCongress2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCongress2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a frequent contributor to the magazine. He has also been a columnist for <i>Humanist Perspectives</i> Magazine.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1999, a panel of skeptics named him among the two dozen most outstanding skeptics of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2004, <a href="/wiki/CSICOP" class="mw-redirect" title="CSICOP">CSICOP</a> awarded Alcock CSI's highest honor, the In Praise of Reason Award.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The author of several books and peer reviewed journal articles,<sup id="cite_ref-York_2024_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-York_2024-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alcock is also an amateur magician and a member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Brotherhood_of_Magicians" title="International Brotherhood of Magicians">International Brotherhood of Magicians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ToolboxPt1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ToolboxPt1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">James E. Alcock</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Alcock.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/James_Alcock.jpg/220px-James_Alcock.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/James_Alcock.jpg/330px-James_Alcock.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/James_Alcock.jpg/440px-James_Alcock.jpg 2x" data-file-width="491" data-file-height="735"></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Alcock in 2005</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">December 24, 1942<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart bday">1942-12-24</span>)</span> (age <span class="currentage"></span>81)<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Central_Butte,_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Butte, Saskatchewan">Central Butte, Saskatchewan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/McGill_University" title="McGill University">McGill University</a> BSc (Honours Physics) <br> <a href="/wiki/McMaster_University" title="McMaster University">McMaster University</a> PhD</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Karen Hanley</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">May 15, 2004 awarded CSICOP's In Praise of Reason Award</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Social_Psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Social Psychology">Social Psychology</a>; Psychology of Belief; Psychotherapy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/York_University" title="York University">York University</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toolbox_Faculty_Awards.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Toolbox_Faculty_Awards.JPG/250px-Toolbox_Faculty_Awards.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Toolbox_Faculty_Awards.JPG/375px-Toolbox_Faculty_Awards.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Toolbox_Faculty_Awards.JPG/500px-Toolbox_Faculty_Awards.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3461" data-file-height="2478"></a><figcaption>Each of the faculty of 2012's Skeptic's Toolbox is presented by long-time attendees Carl and Ben Baumgartner, with a Honorary <i>In The Trenches</i> Award. <a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Ray Hyman</a>, Lindsay Beyerstein, James Alcock, <a href="/wiki/Harriet_A._Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Harriet A. Hall">Harriet Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Loren_Pankratz" title="Loren Pankratz">Loren Pankratz</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Early life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Education_and_career"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Education and career</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Skepticism_and_skeptical_activism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Skepticism and skeptical activism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Robert_Jahn"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Robert Jahn</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#The_Bem_experiments"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">The Bem experiments</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#The_null_hypothesis"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">The null hypothesis</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Belief"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext"><i>Belief</i></span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Personal_life"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Personal life</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Selected_scholarly_and_professional_memberships"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Selected scholarly and professional memberships</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Selected_publications"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Selected publications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p>Alcock grew up in an observant Protestant household and regularly went to <a href="/wiki/Sunday_school" title="Sunday school">Sunday school</a>. His mother was "very religious" and his father, though not outwardly observant, "never criticized religion". "When I started university, it was difficult, over a period of a couple of years, to give up my belief". As a 19-year-old undergraduate, he attended a <a href="/wiki/Stage_hypnosis" title="Stage hypnosis">stage hypnosis</a> show hosted by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Reveen" title="Peter Reveen">Reveen the Impossibilist</a>. He took part in the show as a volunteer and was asked to interlace his hands. He was surprised that at the hypnotist's <a href="/wiki/Suggestion#Hypnosis" title="Suggestion">suggestion</a> he could not separate his hands. "It really freaked me out at the time. It got me really interested in hypnosis. But it's just suggestion."<sup id="cite_ref-502vid_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-502vid-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Education_and_career">Education and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Education and career" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p>Alcock has a degree in physics from McGill University. After completion of that degree he was extended admission to the graduate program in physics but instead chose to accept a job at IBM as a Systems Engineer. He then developed an interest in psychology, and subsequently earned a Ph.D. in social psychology from McMaster University. Throughout his career Alcock was a professor of psychology at Glendon College, York University, Toronto, Canada; a clinical psychologist with a private practice; a Fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association; and a member of the American Psychological Association and the Association for Psychological Science. His research concentrated on the psychology of belief, and he participated in a special research project for the National Academy of Sciences regarding the critical evaluation of parapsychology.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was chosen as a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Psychological_Association" title="Canadian Psychological Association">Canadian Psychological Association</a> for making "a distinguished contribution to the advancement of the science or profession of psychology".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Skepticism_and_skeptical_activism">Skepticism and skeptical activism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Skepticism and skeptical activism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <p>James Alcock is a prominent skeptic and a Fellow and Member of the Executive Council for the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a>. His first television appearance was in 1974 when he appeared on the Toronto <a href="/wiki/TVOntario" class="mw-redirect" title="TVOntario">TVOntario</a> magazine show, <i>The Education of Mike McManus,</i>. He sat on a panel discussing current paranormal research with a parapsychologist and a psychic healer. When asked if he was closed-minded to the possibility of <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">psi</a>, Alcock responded that there is no good research out there that would change his position. "The experiments that have been done... are filled with flaws... they just don't satisfy the canons of science. Until the parapsychologists can present evidence that satisfies the criteria of science there's nothing to investigate, there's no phenomenon there."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1976, Alcock attended the organizing conference at which the Committee for the Scientific Investigation of Claims of the Paranormal was founded, and was invited to be a Fellow of CSICOP at that time. He was appointed to the Executive Council a few years later.<sup id="cite_ref-SimonFraser_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SimonFraser-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alcock's 1981 book, "Parapsychology-Science Or Magic?: A Psychological Perspective," was instrumental in transforming Professor <a href="/wiki/Chris_French" title="Chris French">Chris French</a>'s skeptical understanding of paranormal events and explaining unusual experiences: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I kind of fell into this trap myself...I used to be a believer, a <i>true</i> believer until quite well into my adulthood. And it was reading one particular book by James Alcock, called 'Parapsychology-Science or Magic?' that made me realize there was another way of explaining all these unusual experiences, and one that actually made a lot of sense to me! ... I can turn 'round to him [James Alcock] and say, 'You are the bastard that got me to where I am today! You've got a lot to answer for!<sup id="cite_ref-GerbicAlcock_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GerbicAlcock-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SkepticZone292_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SkepticZone292-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A long–time member of the <a href="/wiki/Skeptic%27s_Toolbox" title="Skeptic's Toolbox">Skeptic's Toolbox</a> faculty, Alcock lectured at the 4-day workshops that taught attendees critical thinking skills for their daily lives. Alcock told a <i><a href="/wiki/The_Register-Guard" title="The Register-Guard">Register-Guard</a></i> reporter who attended the 2003 conference, "Science has many voices... We encourage people to listen to scientific evidence, but how (in the case of expert testimony in American courts) do we determine who to listen to?" And in the case of printed media, "There are lots of things published that are sheer nonsense." Learning to evaluate evidence is why workshops like the Toolbox are important.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i> asked Alcock to comment on <a href="/wiki/Electronic_voice_phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic voice phenomena">EVP</a> and ghost-hunter instruments. He suggested "several explanations for so-called voices from the dead. One theory is that the recording devices are picking up snatches of radio broadcasts. Another is called '<a href="/wiki/Apophenia" title="Apophenia">apophenia</a>,' which means that people tend to perceive patterns even when there are none. If we play the same piece of tape over and over ... we maximize the opportunity for the perceptual apparatus in our brain to 'construct' voices that do not exist."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 2004 Alcock spoke at the World Skeptics Congress in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-WorldCongress2004_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorldCongress2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a member of the executive council of CFI, he addressed the opening session of the 2012 6th World Skeptic Congress in Berlin. He outlined the history of the modern skeptical movement as begun by CSICOP in April 1976 in Buffalo, NY.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been a featured speaker at <a href="/wiki/CSICon" title="CSICon">CSICon</a>, an annual skeptical conference hosted by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry, several times. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Robert_Jahn">Robert Jahn</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Robert Jahn" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>Alcock carried out a systematic review of parapsychological research involving <a href="/wiki/Random_number_generators" class="mw-redirect" title="Random number generators">random event generators</a>. He found several methodological problems that he considered of such a serious nature that one could not have any confidence in the results and conclusions of the various studies. </p><p>Much of the research was carried out in the <a href="/wiki/Princeton_Engineering_Anomalies_Research_Lab" title="Princeton Engineering Anomalies Research Lab">Princeton University Anomalies Research (PEAR)</a> laboratory of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Jahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Jahn">Robert Jahn</a>, then Dean of that university's Engineering faculty. In addition to concerns regarding methodology, Alcock determined that if one were to remove the data related to one particular participant, the results of the study were no longer statistically significant. Moreover, the fact that the participant was the individual who set up and oversaw the research for Dr. Jahn rang alarm bells for James Alcock.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alcock later commented on why he thinks Jahn and other physicists who conduct parapsychological research incorporate methodologically unsound elements into their research: "Here's the problem, physicists don't work with people. They work with subject matter that doesn't lie, that doesn't trick them[...] Physicists often tend to think that they're the true scientists and they probably don't need guidance from anyone else. But the confidence they have in doing the research misguides them when it comes to working with people because when you're dealing with human beings, it's a very different matter. You've got all kinds of subtle influences that can change people's behaviors. You've got all kinds of opportunities for fraud that you wouldn't get when you're studying atoms and molecules."<sup id="cite_ref-502vid_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-502vid-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="The_Bem_experiments">The Bem experiments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: The Bem experiments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <p>Media attention was directed toward <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Bem" title="Daryl Bem">Daryl Bem</a>'s research paper <i>Feeling the Future: Experimental Evidence for Anomalous Retroactive Influences on Cognition and Affect</i>. Alcock responded with his paper <i>Back from the Future: Parapsychology and the Bem Affair</i> by stating, "Bem has reported data suggesting that individuals' future experiences can influence their responses in the present. Careful scrutiny of his report reveals serious flaws in procedure and analysis, rendering this interpretation untenable."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After evaluating Daryl Bem's nine experiments, Alcock claimed to have found metaphorical "dirty test tubes", serious methodological flaws such as changing the procedures partway through the experiments and combining results of tests with different chances of significance. The amount of actual tests done is unknown and no explanation of how it was determined that participants had "settled down" after seeing erotic images was given. Alcock concludes that almost everything that could go wrong with these separate experiments did go wrong. Bem's response to Alcock's critique appeared online at the Skeptical Inquirer website<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Alcock replied to these comments in a third article on the same website.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="The_null_hypothesis">The null hypothesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The null hypothesis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <p>In 2003 Alcock published <i>Give the Null Hypothesis a Chance: Reasons to Remain Doubtful about the Existence of Psi</i>, in which he claimed that parapsychologists never seem to take seriously the possibility that <a href="/wiki/Psi_(parapsychology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psi (parapsychology)">psi</a> does not exist. Because of that, they interpret null results as only that they were unable to observe psi in a particular experiment, rather than accepting null results as indicating the possibility that there is no psi. The failure to take the <a href="/wiki/Null_hypothesis" title="Null hypothesis">null hypothesis</a> as a serious alternative to their psi hypotheses leads them to rely upon a number of arbitrary effects to: </p> <ul><li>rationalize failures to find predicted effects</li> <li>excuse the lack of consistency in outcomes, and</li> <li>justify failures to replicate.</li></ul> <p>"The pursuit of science should be directed at seeking explanations, whatever they are, rather than searching for preferred explanations. Parapsychology is directed at finding evidence that paranormal phenomena exist, rather than at explaining the strange, anomalous experiences that people have from time to time. Parapsychologists show little interest in normal explanations for those experiences because they are committed to finding evidence of the paranormal. Their commitment is such that failures to replicate, rather than suggesting that perhaps there is "nothing there" (the null hypothesis), the failures are reinterpreted in terms of some made-up "effect."<sup id="cite_ref-GerbicAlcock_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GerbicAlcock-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alcock cites several endemic problems in parapsychological research, including: </p> <ul><li>insufficient definition of the subject matter</li> <li>total reliance on negative definitions of their phenomena (e.g., psi is said to occur only when all known normal influences are ruled out)</li> <li>failure to produce a single phenomenon that can be independently replicated by neutral researchers</li> <li>the invention of "effects" such as the psi-experimenter effect to explain away inconsistencies in the data and failures to achieve predicted outcomes</li> <li>unfalsifiability of claims</li> <li>unpredictability of effects; lack of progress in more than a century of formal research; methodological weaknesses</li> <li>reliance on statistical procedures to determine when psi has supposedly occurred, even though statistical analysis does not in itself justify a claim that psi has occurred, and</li> <li>failure to jibe with other areas of science.</li></ul> <p>Overall, he argues that there is nothing in parapsychological research that would lead parapsychologists to conclude that psi does not exist. As such, even if psi does not exist, the search is likely to continue for a long time. To that end, conclusions of parapsychologists like <a href="/wiki/Susan_Blackmore" title="Susan Blackmore">Susan Blackmore</a> who acknowledge lack of psi evidence and abandon the field are "downplayed or ignored". "I continue to believe that parapsychology is, at bottom, motivated by belief in search of data, rather than data in search of explanation."<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcock_dowsing_for_beer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alcock_dowsing_for_beer.jpg/250px-Alcock_dowsing_for_beer.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="351" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="620"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 351px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alcock_dowsing_for_beer.jpg/250px-Alcock_dowsing_for_beer.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="351" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Alcock_dowsing_for_beer.jpg/375px-Alcock_dowsing_for_beer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fc/Alcock_dowsing_for_beer.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>James Alcock dowsing for beer at the 2005 Euroskeptics Conference in Brussels. His lecture was <i>The appeal of alternative medicine</i>.</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Belief"><i>Belief</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Belief" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <p>Alcock's book <i>Belief: What it Means to Believe and Why Our Convictions Are So Compelling</i> is a 638 page expansion on his 1995 article "The Belief Engine," where he wrote, "Our brains and nervous systems constitute a belief-generating machine, a system that evolved to assure not truth, logic, and reason, but survival". In the book's foreword, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Ray Hyman</a> wrote that the book is an "ideal textbook for a course that provides an integrated overview of all the areas of psychology" and that every "psychologist and psychology student should read it".<sup id="cite_ref-Hall_2018_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hall_2018-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <p>Alcock is married to Karen Hanley. His son Erik Alcock is a professional musician/songwriter; two of his songs were included on <a href="/wiki/Recovery_(Eminem_album)" title="Recovery (Eminem album)">Eminem's <i>Recovery</i> album</a>, the best-selling album of 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Our_leaders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Our_leaders.jpg/250px-Our_leaders.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 188px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Our_leaders.jpg/250px-Our_leaders.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="188" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Our_leaders.jpg/375px-Our_leaders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Our_leaders.jpg/500px-Our_leaders.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Skeptical Toolbox regular Ben Baumgartner (far right) presents the faculty with Skeptic Toolbox hats. From left <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Sampson" title="Wallace Sampson">Wallace Sampson</a>, James Alcock, <a href="/wiki/Ray_Hyman" title="Ray Hyman">Ray Hyman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Beyerstein" title="Barry Beyerstein">Barry Beyerstein</a>. (August 2005)</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Selected_scholarly_and_professional_memberships">Selected scholarly and professional memberships</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selected scholarly and professional memberships" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li>Member, Joint Designation Committee, Association of State and Provincial Psychology Boards/ National Register. 1991- 1997. Chairperson, 1993-95</li> <li>Member of Council, Canadian Register of Health Service Providers in Psychology. 1986-1988</li> <li>Member, Ontario Board of Examiners in Psychology, 1985-1990. Secretary-Treasurer, 1986-87. Chairperson, 1987-88</li> <li>Member, Task Force on Legislation, Ontario Board of Examiners in Psychology 1990-91</li> <li>Co-Editor, Special Issue, Journal of Consciousness Studies, 2002</li> <li>Member, Editorial Board, Canadian Psychology, 1984-1987.</li> <li>Member, Editorial Board, The Skeptical Inquirer.</li> <li>Member, Executive Council, Committee for Skeptical Inquiry.</li> <li>Series Editor, Psychology Series. Prometheus Books. 1986-89.</li> <li>Consulting Editor, The Dictionary of Psychology (R.J. Corsini). Philadelphia, PA: Brunner/Mazel. 1999</li> <li>Member, Council for Scientific Medicine</li> <li>Member, Editorial Board, The Scientific Review of Alternative Medicine</li> <li>Member, Commission for Scientific Medicine and Mental Health</li> <li>Member, Advisory Board, American Council on Science and Health</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selected publications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlcock1990" class="citation book cs1">Alcock, James (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sciencesupernatu0000alco"><i>Science and Supernature: A Critical Appraisal of Parapsychology</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0879755482" title="Special:BookSources/0879755482"><bdi>0879755482</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+Supernature%3A+A+Critical+Appraisal+of+Parapsychology&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0879755482&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsciencesupernatu0000alco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcock2003" class="citation book cs1">Alcock, James (2003). <i>Psi Wars: Getting to Grips with the Paranormal</i>. Imprint Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0907845487" title="Special:BookSources/0907845487"><bdi>0907845487</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psi+Wars%3A+Getting+to+Grips+with+the+Paranormal&rft.pub=Imprint+Academic&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0907845487&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcock2005" class="citation book cs1">Alcock, James (2005). <i>Parapsychology, Science or Magic?: A Psychological Perspective</i>. <a href="/wiki/Pergamon_Press" title="Pergamon Press">Pergamon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0080257739" title="Special:BookSources/0080257739"><bdi>0080257739</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parapsychology%2C+Science+or+Magic%3F%3A+A+Psychological+Perspective&rft.pub=Pergamon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0080257739&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcockD.W._CarmentS.W._Sadava2005" class="citation book cs1">Alcock, James; D.W. Carment; S.W. Sadava (2005). <i>A Textbook of Social Psychology (6th ed.)</i>. Pearson Education Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-121741-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-121741-0"><bdi>0-13-121741-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Textbook+of+Social+Psychology+%286th+ed.%29&rft.pub=Pearson+Education+Canada&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-13-121741-0&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=D.W.+Carment&rft.au=S.W.+Sadava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcockSadava2013" class="citation book cs1">Alcock, James; Sadava, Stan (2013). <i>An Introduction to Social Psychology: Global Perspectives</i>. <a href="/wiki/SAGE_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="SAGE Publications">SAGE Publications</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Social+Psychology%3A+Global+Perspectives&rft.pub=SAGE+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Sadava%2C+Stan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Van der Tempel J. & Alcock J. E. (2015). Relationships between conspiracy mentality, hyperactive agency detection, and schizotypy: supernatural forces at work? Personality and Individual Differences, 82, 136–141. 10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.010.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcock2018" class="citation book cs1">Alcock, James (2018). <i>Belief: What it Means to Believe and Why Our Convictions Are So Compelling</i>. <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1633884038" title="Special:BookSources/978-1633884038"><bdi>978-1633884038</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belief%3A+What+it+Means+to+Believe+and+Why+Our+Convictions+Are+So+Compelling&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1633884038&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-SI_2018_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SI_2018-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Reber, A.S. & Alcock, J. (2020). Searching for the impossible: Parapsychology’s elusive quest.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alcock, James (2020). Parapsychology: The search science left behind.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070409190220/http://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/evp.html">"Electronic Voice Phenomena: Voices of the Dead?"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/in_praise_of_ray_hyman">"In Praise of Ray Hyman"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/belief_engine">"The Belief Engine"</a></li></ul> <p><br> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-York_2024-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-York_2024_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-York_2024_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.glendon.yorku.ca/faculty-profile-details/?currentuserid=115">"York University Faculty Page"</a>. 8 April 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240414171420/https://www.glendon.yorku.ca/faculty-profile-details/?currentuserid=115">Archived</a> from the original on 2024-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=York+University+Faculty+Page&rft.date=2016-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.glendon.yorku.ca%2Ffaculty-profile-details%2F%3Fcurrentuserid%3D115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI2024-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI2024_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrazierBarry_Karr2011" class="citation journal cs1">Frazier, Kendrick; <a href="/wiki/Barry_Karr" title="Barry Karr">Barry Karr</a> (January–February 2011). "CSI (COP) Renews and Expands Executive Council, Plans for Future Activities". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>35</b> (1). Committee for Skeptical Inquiry: 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=CSI+%28COP%29+Renews+and+Expands+Executive+Council%2C+Plans+for+Future+Activities&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5&rft.date=2011-01%2F2011-02&rft.aulast=Frazier&rft.aufirst=Kendrick&rft.au=Barry+Karr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WorldCongress2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WorldCongress2004_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WorldCongress2004_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923203335/http://www.cicap.org/congress/alcock.html">"World Skeptics Congress 2004: James Alcock"</a>. <a href="/wiki/CICAP" title="CICAP">CICAP</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cicap.org/congress/alcock.html">the original</a> on 23 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Skeptics+Congress+2004%3A+James+Alcock&rft.pub=CICAP&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cicap.org%2Fcongress%2Falcock.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141216222036/http://www.humanistperspectives.org/issue164/index.html">"Index"</a>. Humanist Perspectives. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanistperspectives.org/issue164/index.html">the original</a> on 16 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Index&rft.pub=Humanist+Perspectives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.humanistperspectives.org%2Fissue164%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120107142231/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/ten_outstanding_skeptics_of_the_twentieth_century/">"Skeptical Inquirer Names the Ten Outstanding Skeptics of the Century"</a> (Press release). <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a> magazine. 14 December 1999. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Skeptical+Inquirer+Names+the+Ten+Outstanding+Skeptics+of+the+Century&rft.pub=Skeptical+Inquirer+magazine&rft.date=1999-12-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Ften_outstanding_skeptics_of_the_twentieth_century%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaeddert2004" class="citation journal cs1">Caeddert, John (September–October 2004). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imprint.co.uk/pdf/Alcock-editorial.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 August 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Give+the+Null+Hypothesis+a+Chance%3A+Reasons+to+Remain+Doubtful+about+the+Existence+of+Psi&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imprint.co.uk%2Fpdf%2FAlcock-editorial.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hall_2018-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hall_2018_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Hall" title="Harriet Hall">Hall, Harriet</a> (2018). "How We Believe". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>42</b> (6). Committee for Skeptical Inquirer: 56–59. <q>The brain can fool us with remarkable experiences that we can't distinguish from external reality, often accompanied by strong emotions and lasting effects.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=How+We+Believe&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=56-59&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Harriet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/news/473767/eminems-recovery-is-2010s-best-selling-album-katy-perrys-california-gurls-top">"Eminem's 'Recovery' Is 2010's Best-Selling Album; Katy Perry's 'California Gurls' Top Digital Song"</a>. <i>Billboard.com</i>. 14 September 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard.com&rft.atitle=Eminem%27s+%27Recovery%27+Is+2010%27s+Best-Selling+Album%3B+Katy+Perry%27s+%27California+Gurls%27+Top+Digital+Song&rft.date=2009-09-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F473767%2Feminems-recovery-is-2010s-best-selling-album-katy-perrys-california-gurls-top&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.sagepub.co.uk/alcocksadava">http://www.sagepub.co.uk/alcocksadava</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. website for the textbook</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcockvan_der_Tempel2015" class="citation journal cs1">Alcock, James; van der Tempel, Jan (2015). "Relationships between conspiracy mentality, hyperactive agency detection, and schizotypy: Supernatural forces at work?". <i>Personality and Individual Differences</i>. <b>82</b>: 136–141. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.paid.2015.03.010">10.1016/j.paid.2015.03.010</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personality+and+Individual+Differences&rft.atitle=Relationships+between+conspiracy+mentality%2C+hyperactive+agency+detection%2C+and+schizotypy%3A+Supernatural+forces+at+work%3F&rft.volume=82&rft.pages=136-141&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.paid.2015.03.010&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=van+der+Tempel%2C+Jan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI_2018-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SI_2018_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"New and Notable". <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>42</b> (3). Committee for Skeptical Inquiry: 60. 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=New+and+Notable&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=60&rft.date=2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReberAlcock2020" class="citation journal cs1">Reber, Arthur S.; Alcock, James E. (2020). "Searching for the impossible: Parapsychology's elusive quest". <i>American Psychologist</i>. <b>75</b> (3): 391–399. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Famp0000486">10.1037/amp0000486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Psychologist&rft.atitle=Searching+for+the+impossible%3A+Parapsychology%27s+elusive+quest&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=391-399&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Famp0000486&rft.aulast=Reber&rft.aufirst=Arthur+S.&rft.au=Alcock%2C+James+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlcock2020" class="citation journal cs1">Alcock, James E. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic-pac.cap.ca/index.php/Issues/showpdf/article/v76n1.0-a4115.pdf">"Parapsychology: The Search Science Left Behind"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Physics in Canada</i>. <b>76</b> (1): 24–28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240414182449/https://pic-pac.cap.ca/index.php/Issues/showpdf/article/v76n1.0-a4115.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2024-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+in+Canada&rft.atitle=Parapsychology%3A+The+Search+Science+Left+Behind&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=24-28&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Alcock&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpic-pac.cap.ca%2Findex.php%2FIssues%2Fshowpdf%2Farticle%2Fv76n1.0-a4115.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+Alcock" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=James_Alcock&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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