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<span>Author Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-apercu" class="definition-section-title">Definition</h3> <div class="crayon article-chapo-109838 apercu surlignable"><p>Corruption refers to a form of collusion between parties that exchange benefits for the sake of distorting a decision. It describes trade in decisions that should not be for sale. In a market context, corruption refers to private players’ <i>active</i> or <i>passive bribery</i> of decision-makers on the side of government or in other firms, to distort decisions for corporate profit and/or personal gain. The benefit offered, i.e., the <i>bribe</i>, can be anything of value to the decision-maker, including a financial transaction, objects of value, rights in action, privilege of any sort, a promise to influence somebody else, or a promise to provide a benefit in the future.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-texte" class="definition-section-title">Commentary</h3> <div class="crayon article-texte-109838 texte surlignable"><p>Corruption circumvents principles of fairness and honesty, and harms societies in numerous direct and indirect ways, depending on the decisions which are distorted in exchange for which benefits. As corruption generates illegal gains for those involved, it seriously undermines competition in markets. Although it may harm any part of the economy, it is particularly a concern in sectors where firms are subject to comprehensive regulations, privatization and/or concession contracts, such as sectors that provide basic services, including transport, electricity, telecoms, water & sanitation, as well as services with substantial health and safety components. The risk is considered high in public procurement, and especially where contracts are large, complex and/or shrouded in secrecy, such as construction projects and defense sector acquisitions. Bribery has a direct impact on competition when targeted at the outcome of tenders, competition law enforcement, regulations related to entry barriers, taxation of specific firms, access to credit, or biased enforcement of the law. Beyond such direct impacts, corruption harms markets and society in many ways as it typically leads to unfair allocation of benefits and higher expenses for citizens, firms, and public institutions. It demotivates innovation and investment, and facilitates other forms of crime, corporate crime included. The consequences of corruption are normally more severe, the more discretionary and high-level authority is corrupted, and the scarcer the benefits in question. These are the factors that drive up the size of bribes as well because they are associated with more profitable outcomes. When extensive, corruption reduces trust in government institutions and increases income differences in society.</p> <p>The more profitable the benefits in question, and the higher the bribes, the trickier it is to eradicate the problem. Societies, therefore, apply a broad spectrum of measures to control corruption. In countries all over the world there are conflict of interest regulations, rigorous auditing requirements, ombudsman arrangements, revenue control as part of tax law, procedural rules for recruitment, public procurement legislation, access to information laws, whistleblower protection, ethical guidelines, and in most countries, mechanisms intended to bolster democracy. In addition to the plethora of state institutions with an oversight responsibility (and the multilateral cooperations they are part of), there are civil society groups, journalists, and researchers in most countries who contribute to monitor how such integrity mechanisms are recognized and enforced.</p> <p>Given the serious consequences, and the importance of sustaining the many integrity mechanisms in society, corruption is regulated by criminal law. In fact, many jurisdictions define <i>corruption</i> in their penal code only. Typically, corruption is here described as improper influence and extortion, while the law also lists the thresholds for enforcement. Many countries introduced corruption as a new concept in criminal law in the years after the turn of the millennium, as part of an impressively rapid evolution and harmonization of anti-corruption law, driven by international anti-corruption treaties. These treaties included in particular the United Nations Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), the Inter-American Convention against Corruption, the African Unition Convention on Preventing and Combating Corruption, the criminal law and civil law anti-corruption conventions of the Council of Europe /GRECO, and the OECD Anti-Bribery Convention that forbids bribery in a foreign country.</p> <p>Under these reforms, business leaders as well as civil servants and elected officials can be imprisoned for their involvement in corruption. Many countries, including all OECD member countries, can hold corporations criminally liable for bribery, or have legislation functionally equivalent to criminal liability. Corporate sanctions for bribery tend to reach high levels. On top of law enforcement, corporations involved in bribery face claims for damages by different categories of victims, including victim societies, government institutions, and business partners. They risk exclusion from public procurement and pension funds, as well as serious collateral damage.</p> <p>With respect to law enforcement, however, there is substantial variation across countries. Some countries, such as the United States, actively enforce their foreign bribery regulations, and impose heavy sanctions on American firms or firms that operate in US markets if they have paid bribes abroad, while in other countries, such rules have not been enforced in any cases, despite serious allegations of wrongdoing. The OECD Working Group on Bribery keeps track of enforcement patterns and operates a solid system for peer review evaluation of enforcement practices across the signatories to the OECD Convention. Their cooperation, combined with research in law and economics, and pressure for enforcement from the most active enforcers, have driven cooperation between countries towards more efficient and incentive-based law enforcement, more mutual legal assistance, better whistleblower protection in corruption cases, joint efforts for asset recovery, and recently, recommendations for the use non-trial resolutions in cases of corporate criminal liability.</p> <p>While there are still numerous serious challenges in this area of law enforcement, firms that are involved in corruption and related offences increasingly rely on the enforcement system in question to reduce sanctions substantially if they report their own offences and cooperate with enforcement agencies.</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-jurisprudence" class="definition-section-title">Case references</h3> <div class="crayon article-reference-109838 reference"><p><i>The Serious Fraud Office v. Glencore Energy UK Ltd.</i> Crown Court Sentencing, Nov. 3, 2022</p> <p><a href="https://www.concurrences.com/en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2017/the-eu-commission-publishes-a-notice-on-the-notification-of-the-proposed"><i>The Serious Fraud Office v. Roll-Royce plc; Rolls-Royce Energy Systems Inc.</i> Southwark Crown Court, Case No: U20170036, Jan. 17, 2017</a></p> <p>Case 3:14-cr-00247-JBA <i>United States of America v. Alstom</i>, US DOJ 12/22/14</p> <p>Sullivan, Aimee. "The Judgment Against Fujimori for Human Rights Violations." American University International Law Review 25, no.4 (2010): 657-842</p> <p><i>United States v. Siemens Aktiengesellschaft</i>, No. 08-367 (D.D.C. Dec. 12, 2008)</p></div> </div> <div class="definition-section"> <h3 id="part-biblio" class="definition-section-title">Bibliography</h3> <div class="crayon article-ps-109838 jurisprudence"><p>Arlen, Jennifer. 2020. The potential promise and perils of introducing deferred prosecution agreements outside the US. In Søreide and Makinwa (Eds) <i>Negotiated Settlements in Bribery Cases</i>. Edward Elgar Publishing.</p> <p>Auriol, Emmanuelle, Erling Johan Hjelmeng, and Tina Søreide. 2017. <i>Deterring corruption and cartels: In search of a coherent approach</i>. Concurrences 2017.1.</p> <p>OECD. 2016. </i>The Liability of Legal Persons for Foreign Bribery: A Stocktaking Report</i>. Paris: OECD.</p> <p>Rose-Ackerman, Susan. 2010. The law and economics of bribery and extortion. <i>Annual Review of Law and Social Science</i> 6: 217-238.</p> <p>Søreide, Tina. 2016. <i>Corruption and Criminal Justice: Bridging Economic and Legal Perspectives</i> Edward Elgar Publishing.</p></div> </div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_definition sticky-top" id="definition-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/corruption#part-apercu" data-target="#part-apercu">Definition</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/corruption#part-texte" data-target="#part-texte">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/corruption#part-jurisprudence" data-target="#part-jurisprudence">Case references</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/corruption#part-biblio" data-target="#part-biblio">Bibliography</a></li> </ul> </div> <h2>Author</h2> <div class="auteurs"> <ul class="liste-items liste-items-well"> <li class="item"><div class="entry auteur" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <strong class="entry-title"> <a href="en/authors/tina-soreide" itemprop="url"> <span class='logo-img-wrapper spip_logo' style="width:50px;"><span class="img" style="display:block;position:relative;height:0;width:100%;padding-bottom:100%;overflow:hidden;background:url(local/cache-vignettes/L100xH100/soreide_tina_hskodvin-topp_copy-b30d8.jpg?1711359471) no-repeat center;background-size:100%;"> </span></span> <span itemprop="name" class="nom">Tina Søreide</span></a> </strong> <div class="entry-content"> <span class='organisation' itemprop="worksFor" itemtype="http://schema.org/Organization">Norwegian Competition Authority (Bergen)</span> </div> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="pays">Norway</span> <span class="articles"><em>5</em> contributions</span> <span class="visites"><em>3225</em> visits</span> </div> </div></li> </ul> </div> <div class="well citation"> <h2>Quotation</h2> <article class="entry article article-dictionary hentry"> <span class="authors">Tina Søreide, </span> <span class="entry-title">Corruption</span><span class="rubrique"><span class="sep">, </span> Global Dictionary of Competition Law, Concurrences, Art. N° 91678</span> </article> </div> <div class="well stats"> <p><i class="picto picto-eye"></i> <b>Visits</b> <em class="number">789</em></p> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_author scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="institution"> <span>Institution Definition</span> </h2> <div class="section__content"> <div class="crayon article-texte-91678 texte surlignable"><p>Corruption occurs where public officials use public powers for personal gain, for example, by accepting a bribe in exchange for granting a tender. While usually occurring during the procurement process, instances of post-award corruption also arise. Corruption constitutes a vertical relationship between the public official concerned, acting as buyer in the transaction, and one or more bidders, acting as sellers in this instance. Corruption is generally prohibited by the national criminal justice rules, legislation on ethics in public office or by the specific public procurement regulations. <br class='autobr' /> © <abbr class="spip_out" rel="external" title='Dead link'><strong>OECD</strong></abbr></p> <p>Corruption is the abuse of power for private gain. Corruption takes many forms, such as bribery, trading in influence, abuse of functions, but can also hide behind nepotism, conflicts of interest, or revolving doors between the public and the private sectors. Its effects are serious and widespread.</p> <p>Corruption constitutes a threat to security, as an enabler for crime and terrorism. It acts as a drag on economic growth, by creating business uncertainty, slowing processes, and imposing additional costs. Although the nature and scope of corruption may differ from one EU State to another, it harms the EU as a whole by lowering investment levels, hampering the fair operation of the Internal Market and reducing public finances.<br class='autobr' /> © <abbr class="spip_out" rel="external" title='Dead link'><strong>European Commission</strong></abbr></p></div> </div> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"></aside> </div> </section> <section class="section section_primary section_cols section_references scrollable-anchor"> <div class="section__container"> <div class="section__main"> <section class="subsection subsection_jurisprudence related-section related-jurisprudence scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-jurisprudence"> <span id="references">Case Comments</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679lqEz3aLF5iulc/7Pxy7e6GMOC6zMBQHP2DUwqOzhED2PctmTCm19/PRnsNZ58+VYURVykey7SV0rhl7B0yBQN1CNlN7UC+zmHyn9raGf9y8YV3t+Fp3uqbsdlo1t95IeOpzf+Wgt/vuBTNEv5Zh4dHCRa+JTceLTQY/4EDzeHThlnosEWmH0zD2R987UZhvoi+epF8eAnzrxLBQrp0k7uFJ1baq7pDHB7RUDY/TTSY1+1oplGrF9m9m1gBbtthvighz40NeXjHd3hjvLC+Z7JFvKJck1NmH6i9ivn5zr8/4e13oFdhOnQze+GGL8CxhLoULWyokM25M+XMQ1GN5lO' data-origin="//en/dictionary/corruption"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/hong-kong-competition-commission">Hong Kong Competition Commission</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-hong-kong-competition-authority-and-icac-conducts-their-first-joint" rel="bookmark">The Hong Kong Competition Authority and ICAC conducts their first joint operation, neutralising a building maintenance syndicate engaging in corruption and tender-rigging</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-17T22:00:00Z">18 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-118380 introduction entry-content"> <p>Joint Press Release: Twenty netted, syndicate smashed in Competition Commission and ICAC first joint operation against corruption and tender-rigging over building maintenance* <br class='autobr' /> The Competition Commission (Commission) and ICAC conducted their first joint operation in the past two days (April 16 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcus-pollard">Marcus Pollard</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kathleen-gooi">Kathleen Gooi</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/april-2024/the-hong-kong-competition-authority-and-icac-conduct-their-first-joint-dawn" rel="bookmark">The Hong Kong Competition Authority and ICAC conduct their first joint dawn raids against corruption and bid-rigging in building maintenance projects</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-04-17T22:00:00Z">18 April 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-121009 introduction entry-content"> <p>HKCC and the Independent Commission Against Corruption (“ICAC”) executed their first joint operation targeting a syndicate engaging in illicit activities related to building maintenance projects. Over the course of two days in April 2024, the agencies executed search warrants at around 40 (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/angie-ng-206026">Angie Ng</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/adelle-elhosni">Adelle Elhosni</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kailun-ji">Kailun Ji</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/chelsea-toner">Chelsea Toner</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/danny-xie">Danny Xie</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/february-2024/the-chinese-state-administration-for-market-regulation-investigates-39-cases-of" rel="bookmark">The Chinese State Administration for Market Regulation investigates 39 cases of abuse of administrative power by officials in the public sector</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2024-02-28T23:00:00Z">29 February 2024</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-117539 introduction entry-content"> <p>In December 2023, China’s State Administration for Market Regulation (SAMR) announced that authorities at the city, provincial and national levels investigated 39 cases of abuse of administrative dominance. Article 39 of China’s Anti-Monopoly Law (AML) prohibits administrative bodies or (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mexican-competition-authority">Mexican Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2022/the-mexican-competition-authority-investigates-public-procurement-procedures" rel="bookmark">The Mexican Competition Authority investigates public procurement procedures for the acquisition, leasing, maintenance and management services of information and communication technologies</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-10-11T22:00:00Z">12 October 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-109141 introduction entry-content"> <p>Cofece investigates public procurement procedures for the acquisition, leasing, maintenance services and managed services of information and communication technologies* The Investigate Authority has indications of the possible realization of conducts that could constitute absolute monopolistic (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-department-of-justice-antitrust-division">US Department of Justice Antitrust Division</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2022/the-us-district-court-for-the-district-of-minnesota-indicts-a-concrete-company" rel="bookmark">The US District Court for the District of Minnesota indicts a concrete company and its CEO for rigging bids of public contracts <em>(Kamida)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2022-03-08T23:00:00Z">9 March 2022</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-105721 introduction entry-content"> <p>Minnesota Concrete Company and its CEO Indicted for Rigging Bids for Public Contracts* <br class='autobr' /> Second charge filed for long-running conspiracy that targeted local governments and public schools in Minnesota <br class='autobr' /> A federal grand jury returned an indictment charging Kamida Inc., a Minnesota-based concrete (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/us-department-of-justice-antitrust-division">US Department of Justice Antitrust Division</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/september-2021/the-us-doj-and-ftc-issue-joint-statement-to-preserve-competition-in-post" rel="bookmark">The US DoJ and FTC issues a joint statement to preserve competition in post-hurricane relief efforts</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-09-13T22:00:00Z">14 September 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-102710 introduction entry-content"> <p>Justice Department and Federal Trade Commission Issue Joint Statement to Preserve Competition in Post-Hurricane Relief Efforts* <br class='autobr' /> The Department of Justice’s Antitrust Division and the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) today issued a joint statement detailing antitrust guidance for businesses (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-louis-fourgoux">Jean-Louis Fourgoux</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2021/case-comments/lack-of-notice-the-paris-court-of-appeal-considers-that-practices-that-may" rel="bookmark"><strong> Lack of notice:</strong> The Paris Court of Appeal considers that practices that may amount to corruption justify immediate termination without notice (<em>I2C / Carrefour</em>)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2021-05-04T22:00:00Z">5 May 2021</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-101935 introduction entry-content"> <p>Carrefour had broken off commercial relations after learning through an internal investigation that its buyer had agreed to reference a supplier, I2C, following various advantages including a pleasure trip. <br class='autobr' /> The Paris Court of Appeal confirmed the decision of the first judges, stressing that it (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/irish-competition-authority">Irish Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/december-2020/the-irish-competition-authority-welcomes-the-publication-of-a-report-dealing" rel="bookmark">The Irish Competition Authority welcomes the publication of a report dealing with economic crime <em>(Hamilton Review Group)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-12-02T23:00:00Z">3 December 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-98247 introduction entry-content"> <p>The CCPC welcomes publication of the Hamilton Report to deal with economic crime <br class='autobr' /> The Competition and Consumer Protection Commission (CCPC) welcomes the publication today of the “Review of structures and strategies to prevent, investigate and penalise economic crime and corruption” by the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/russian-competition-authority">Russian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2020/the-russian-competition-authority-forcibly-returns-the-equivalent-of-14-million" rel="bookmark">The Russian Competition Authority forcibly returns the equivalent of €14 million into the state budget from former Mayor of Vladivostok, his family, and affiliated companies found guilty of collusion in the auctions for construction materials and supply of medicines <em>(Igor Pushkaryov / MUE Roads of Vladivostok)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-28T23:00:00Z">29 October 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97724 introduction entry-content"> <p>More Than 2.3 Billion Rubles of Illegal Income Was Returned to the State Budget* <br class='autobr' /> The funds were obtained as a result of collusions at auctions for the purchase of construction materials (1.4 billion rubles) and the supply of medicines and medical devices (900 million rubles) <br class='autobr' /> On October 20, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/russian-competition-authority">Russian Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2020/the-russian-republic-of-khakassia-s-abakan-city-court-convicts-members-of-a" rel="bookmark">The Russian Republic of Khakassia’s Abakan City Court convicts members of a medical equipment cartel, sentencing them to prison for up to 16 years <em>(Administration of Head of Republic of Khakassia)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-10-08T22:00:00Z">9 October 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-97191 introduction entry-content"> <p>Andrey Tenishev: Cartel Members Convicted in the Republic of Khakassia* <br class='autobr' /> Court imposed imprisonment up to 16 years to participants of anticompetitive agreements for theft and bribes <br class='autobr' /> It should be reminded that in 2018 the FAS Russia recognized a number of companies violated the Law on (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mexican-competition-authority">Mexican Competition Authority</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2020/the-mexican-competition-authority-alongside-4-other-national-regulators" rel="bookmark">The Mexican Competition Authority alongside 4 other national regulators proposes a new law on public procurement to promote better public expenditure and revive the national economy</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-07-05T22:00:00Z">6 July 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-95767 introduction entry-content"> <p>New Law on Public Procurement is Proposed to Promote Better Public Expenditure and to Revivify the Mexican Economy* Civil society organizations and public institutions specialized on public procurement join efforts to propose a General Law on Procurement that leads to full and timely public (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/charanya-lakshmikumaran">Charanya Lakshmikumaran</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/neelam-sand-118193">Neelambera Sandeepan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/badri-narayanan">Badri Narayanan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/aditya-bhattacharya">Aditya Bhattacharya</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/march-2020/the-indian-competition-authority-orders-pharma-companies-and-trade-association" rel="bookmark">The Indian Competition Authority orders pharma companies and trade association to cease and desist from indulging in anti-competitive business practices <em>(Alkem Laboratories / McLeod’s Pharmaceuticals / Bengal Chemists and Druggists Association)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-03-11T23:00:00Z">12 March 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-107866 introduction entry-content"> <p>KEY POINTS <br class='autobr' /> The CCI recognised that there is rarely any direct evidence of action in cases involving concerted action. It is normal for agreements relating to such activities to be entered into in a clandestine manner. In such situations, the evidence is limited, fragmentary and sparse. Hence, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/penelope-alexia-giosa">Penelope Alexia Giosa</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/october-2019/the-hellenic-competition-commission-signs-protocol-on-cooperation-with-the" rel="bookmark">The Hellenic Competition Authority signs a protocol on cooperation with the Single Public Procurement Authority</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-10-08T22:00:00Z">9 October 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-92442 introduction entry-content"> <p>PROTOCOL ON COOPERATION BETWEEN THE GREEK COMPETITION AUTHORITY AND THE GREEK PUBLIC PROCUREMENT AUTHORITY* <br class='autobr' /> In October 2019, the Hellenic Competition Commission signed Protocol on Cooperation with the Hellenic Single Public Procurement Authority. Both agencies have agreed on the areas of joint (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/maria-lancri">Maria Lancri</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/bulletin/news-issues/july-2019/the-french-anti-corruption-agency-issues-its-first-decision-and-finds-no" rel="bookmark">The French Anti-corruption Agency issues its first decision and finds no violations of the requirements of article 17 of the Sapin II Law <em>(S et Mme C)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-07-03T22:00:00Z">4 July 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91650 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Sanctions Committee of the French Anti-Corruption Agency (’AFA’) issued its first decision on 4 July 2019. The Committee found that none of the violations of the requirements of article 17 of the Sapin II Law (loi n° 2016-1691 du 9 décembre 2016 relative à la transparence, à la lutte contre (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-buy">Frédéric Buy</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2017/case-comments/reform-the-french-parliament-adopts-on-december-9th-2016-the-law-no-2016-1691" rel="bookmark"><strong>Reform :</strong> The French Parliament adopts, on December 9th 2016, the law n° 2016-1691 on transparency, the fight against corruption and modernization of economic life <em>(Loi Sapin 2)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-12-08T23:00:00Z">9 December 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83377 introduction entry-content"> <p>The law on transparency and practices restricting competition has just been amended by the imposing law n° 2016-1691 of 9 December 2016 on transparency, the fight against corruption and the modernisation of economic life, known as "Sapin 2". One hardly dares, so well known is it, to sing the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><a id='pagination_articles_related' class='pagination_ancre'></a> <ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/corruption?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsection_articles related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-articles"> <span>Articles</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhKtpyjRgDOl81mCZ7FZ9wlP3dtKHtjeisGE8hLG1irWMmU7Z38BJdZxjUcV2ipoaeMwGlMwQmtJ74gx5uXY0HXNjmUeNbYr2iKNysHJ7V+BPu7Dso9JHRQwdu/hDXo+bPTBEGzLUzThthC5Ge4lDhHjvR+7EKEh3IwvFBYyPhxTi/DEMTeHfIRfDcpm34SLD2R8LT7rygsbYK7u8ce3ucDidC4jYekpKTAmfb9/ZXd7RWgo2vQnvMXYookermCOiKFWUm7h8ou7djtOx4MPlTRYhlDn3CYOPJUSaS1sp58Y/gvns7g+pxiHs+mFOOH5zj6AOAfAwru5dyYLT7WS79orlg==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/corruption"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/paula-farani-de-azevedo-silveira">Paula Farani De Azevedo Silveira</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/paula-baqueiro-cade-gov-br">Paula de Andrade Baqueiro</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mor-bakhoum">Mor Bakhoum</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/arsenio-m-balisacan">Arsenio M. Balisacan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/luis-batista-unb-br">Luis Guilherme Ahlo Batista</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/laurie-binge">Laurie Binge</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/davis">Kevin E. Davis</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eleanor-m-fox">Eleanor M. Fox</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/timothy-t-hughes">Timothy T. Hughes</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/helen-kean">Helen Kean</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/liberty-mncube">Liberty Macebo Mncube</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marcio-de-oliveira-jr">Marcio De Oliveira Junior</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/leni-papa">Leni Papa</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/george-paul">George Paul</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-rubinfeld">Daniel L. Rubinfeld</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pablo-trevisan">Pablo Trevisán</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2020/conferences/rooting-out-cartels-and-corruption-where-are-the-synergies-antitrust-and-94272-en" rel="bookmark">Competition law and developing countries: Overarching themes from Africa, cartels and corruption, and mergers</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2020-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2020</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-94272 introduction entry-content"> <p>In this edition we present an overarching view of competition law and developing countries, then pick up themes, such as cartels, corruption and mergers, from the “Antitrust and developing and emerging economies” annual Concurrences review Conference held on November 1st, 2019, at the New York (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/stephane-rodrigues">Stéphane Rodrigues</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/numeros/no-3-2019/livres/transparency-in-eu-procurements-disclosure-within-public-procurements-and" rel="bookmark">Transparency in EU Procurements: Disclosure Within Public Procurements and During Contract Execution, Kirsi-Maria HALONEN, Roberto CARANTA and Albert SANCHEZ-GRAELLS (dir.)</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-91263 introduction entry-content"> <p>This section selects books on themes related to competition laws and economics. This compilation does not attempt to be exhaustive but rather a survey of themes important in the area. The survey usually covers publication over the last three months after publication of the latest issue of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/victor-oliveira-fernandes">Victor Oliveira Fernandes</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2019/international/brazil-compliance-programs-and-abuse-of-dominance-practices-under-brazilian-90987-en" rel="bookmark">Brazil: Compliance programs and abuse of dominance practices under Brazilian competition law – A roadmap for compliance monitors</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90987 introduction entry-content"> <p>The Brazilian antitrust authority (Portuguese acronym CADE) has been following a worldwide trend in encouraging the adoption of competition law compliance programs. Nevertheless, one can see an apparent policy gap in the current optimal incentives for compliance program adoption in antitrust (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/stephen-t-cheng">Stephen T. Cheng</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2019/pratiques/the-doj-s-guidance-on-evaluation-of-corporate-compliance-programs-90989-en" rel="bookmark">The DOJ’s guidance on evaluation of corporate compliance programs </a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90989 introduction entry-content"> <p>On April 30, 2019, the US Department of Justice released a new guidance on the evaluation of corporate compliance programs. The guidance is centered around three key questions: (1) Is the Compliance Program well designed?; (2) Is the Compliance Program effectively implemented?; and (3) Does the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/marie-anne-frison-roche">Marie-Anne Frison-Roche</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-4-2018/foreword/competition-law-and-compliance-law-en" rel="bookmark">Competition Law and Compliance Law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2018-10-31T23:00:00Z">November 2018</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-88054 introduction entry-content"> <p>Compliance Law is a new branch of Law, still under construction. One can have a ’narrow definition’ of seeing it as the obligation of businesses to show that they are constantly and actively complying with the law. One can have a richer definition, of a substantive nature, defining it as the (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/clemence-de-gastines">Clémence de Gastines</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/dan-roskis">Roskis Dan</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2017/legal-practice/the-sapin-2-law-what-it-changes-for-commercial-relationships" rel="bookmark">The “Sapin 2” Law: What it changes for commercial relationships</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-84419 introduction entry-content"> <p>French Law No. 2016-1691 of 9 December 2016 on Transparency, Fight Against Corruption And Modernization Of Economic Life, known as the Sapin 2 Law, provides for significant changes in commercial law. This law was adopted in a context of agricultural crises and persistent unbalanced relationships (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/emmanuelle-auriol">Emmanuelle Auriol</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/erling-hjelmeng">Erling Hjelmeng</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/tina-soreide">Tina Søreide</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2017/law-economics/deterring-corruption-and-cartels-in-search-of-a-coherent-approach" rel="bookmark">Deterring corruption and cartels: In search of a coherent approach</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-82670 introduction entry-content"> <p>This article addresses how the rules intended to protect consumers and taxpayers from economic crime, namely leniency and cartel settlements in competition law, criminal sanctions and debarment of suppliers from participation in public tenders for bribery, work together. While the economic (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/jean-baptiste-siproudhis">Jean-Baptiste Siproudhis</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2017/legal-practice/competition-compliance-2-0" rel="bookmark">Competition Compliance 2.0</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2017-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2017</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-83481 introduction entry-content"> <p>Over the past decade, competition authorities have encouraged companies to deploy competition compliance programs and have developed numerous recommendations to that effect. At the same time, other compliance mechanisms were developed notably in the financial regulation and fight against (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/andreas-stephan">Andreas Stephan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/daniel-zimmer">Daniel Zimmer</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/david-viros">David Viros</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/florian-wagner-von-papp">Florian Wagner-von Papp</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/william-e-kovacic">William E. Kovacic</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2016/on-topic/individual-sanctions-for-competition-law-infringements-pros-cons-and-challenges-78515" rel="bookmark">Individual sanctions for competition law infringements: Pros, cons and challenges</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-78515 introduction entry-content"> <p>Following the substantive harmonisation in Regulation (EC) no. 1/2003, the Commission has started more recently to focus on procedure and sanctions, and in January 2016, the European Parliament called for penalties against natural persons. This ‘On Topic’ issue looks at the current state of (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/caroline-inthavisay">Caroline Inthavisay</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simone-pieri">Simone Pieri</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2016/legal-practice/business-helping-business-to-comply-with-the-law-icc-antitrust-compliance-77301" rel="bookmark">Business helping business to comply with the law: ICC Antitrust Compliance Toolkit</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2016-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2016</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-77301 introduction entry-content"> <p>In 2013 the International Chamber of Commerce (ICC) published ICC Antitrust Compliance Toolkit (the “Toolkit”), the first practical guide designed by business for business of all sizes to build a robust and credible antitrust compliance programme. The key message conveyed by the Toolkit is that (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/john-handoll">John Handoll</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2015/international/india-bid-rigging-and-competition-law" rel="bookmark">India: Bid rigging and competition law</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2015-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2015</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-72436 introduction entry-content"> <p>The importance of public procurement in the Indian economy is undeniable and great strides have been made over the last decade to build an effective procurement regime consonant with best global practice. Bid rigging is thought to be endemic in India and effective competition law and enforcement (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/rodolphe-mesa">Rodolphe Mesa</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2014/articles/XX-The-sanction-of-the-diversion" rel="bookmark">Sanctioning diversion of customers originated by employees: From unfair competition action to criminal sanction?</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2014-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2014</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-65147 introduction entry-content"> <p>The diversion of customers is appreciated more restrictively. This fault tends to escape the civil penalty and unfair competition action. Conversely, the diversion of customers can be criminally punished through the offense of breach of trust. <br class='autobr' /> 1. Competitive activity necessarily leads to (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/anna-a-chehtova">Anna Chehtova</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Nina-Macpherson">Nina Macpherson</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-3-2013/interview/nina-macpherson-ericsson-competition-perspectives-from-the-innovation-frontier-53109" rel="bookmark">Nina Macpherson (Ericsson): Competition perspectives from the innovation frontier</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-08-31T22:00:00Z">September 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-53109 introduction entry-content"> <p>Interview conducted by Anna Chehtova, Bureau of Competition, U.S. Federal Trade Commission. <br class='autobr' /> You started your career at a prominent Swedish law firm, and have spent the past 17 years at a large multinational high-tech company. That is a very long time in ‘technology sector’ given the fast (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eleanor-m-fox">Eleanor M. Fox</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/mor-bakhoum">Mor Bakhoum</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-1-2013/conferences/the-way-forward-relating-convergence-to-commitment-chicago-28-oct-2011" rel="bookmark">The way forward: Relating convergence to commitment <em>(Chicago, 28 Oct. 2011)</em></a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2013-01-31T23:00:00Z">February 2013</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-50695 introduction entry-content"> <p>THE GLOBAL COMPETITION LAW CONFERENCE <br class='autobr' /> The “Alternative world-antitrust framework” in the light of the twenty-first century <br class='autobr' /> Eleanor FOX Walter J. Derenberg Professor of Trade Regulation, New York University School of Law <br class='autobr' /> 1. From 1991 to 1993 I was a member of the Munich-centered project, (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/A-Bugra-Aydin">Ahmet Bugra Aydın</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/akira-inoue">Akira Inoue</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Amanda-Bodger">Amanda Bodger</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Arti-Raghavan">Arti Raghavan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Bilal-Shaukat">Bilal Shaukat</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/bill-batchelor">Bill Batchelor</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Chang-Sik-Hwang">Chang-Sik Hwang</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/David-Tadmor">David Tadmor</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Douwe-Groenevelt">Douwe Groenevelt</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Farhad-Sorabjee">Farhad Sorabjee</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Gillian-Sproul">Gillian Sproul</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/gonenc-gurkaynak">Gönenç Gürkaynak</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Gustavo-Flausino-Coelho">Gustavo Flausino Coelho</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Jean-Maxime-Blutel">Jean-Maxime Blutel</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/kala-anandarajah">Kala Anandarajah</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Khaled-Attia">Khaled Attia</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Kylie-Sturtz">Kylie Sturtz</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Madeleine-Renaud">Madeleine Renaud</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Marilyn-Leblanc">Marilyn Leblanc</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Mario-Vogl">Mario Vogl</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/martin-nedelka">Martin Nedelka</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Matthew-F-Jones">Matthew F. Jones</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/nathalie-jalabert-doury">Nathalie Jalabert-Doury</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Reeti-Choudhary">Reeti Choudhary</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Shai-Bakal">Shai Bakal</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteur/Simon-Albert">Simon Albert</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/simone-evans">Simone Evans</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/theodore-l-banks">Theodore Banks</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/zeynep-ortac-2918">Zeynep Ortaç</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/review/issues/no-2-2012/on-topic/best-practices-for-compliance-programs-results-of-an-international-survey-44760" rel="bookmark">Best practices for compliance programs: Results of an international survey</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2012-04-30T22:00:00Z">May 2012</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-44760 introduction entry-content"> <p>All companies should employ competition law compliance progams in an attempt to ensure their their employees will follow these complicated laws. Yet, enforcers’ support for competition law compliance programs is wildly inconsistent. A few provide guidance about compliance, and will consider a (…)</p> </div> </article></div> <div class="pagination more"><ul class="pager"> <li class="next"><a href='//en/dictionary/corruption?debut_articles_related=15#pagination_articles_related' class='lien_pagination more' rel='next'>More…</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-events"> <span>Events</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvQhWtuyjR679l0MyTjCGDlz1jCx1MC6G7mMKC+yMBQHP2DUwqOzhUT0p46DxXefHlcfheZ6bHujh/Oxja83bAqH58U7IzHJFQjx1L6jVbK5LEl3pkuCkpD2+y5mpvzEI+rPQL5I4Z6FcmJzfuWn7601w+E6LC4vrxWR+XHFJu1xaz4WPZoC3+CfzqxLLR5KnLEDzzJjujH4/mkpU/TEnQoJ6FbYR5F3MPivhPZK9qq2f6UK/SxNze29zl6CG2/feLkYkjAPGDcN90Jx1KxjIDPTPKN1Tv7nGncOfc3RnkJuwGpwGaN6Obnf0x8ZBbBGPISfOGcPuvpQcZC/JiuiuTFePzWha7' data-origin="//en/dictionary/corruption"> <div class="item short"> <article class="entry article hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/pgoldberg-worldbank-org">Pinelopi Koujianou Goldberg</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/eleanor-m-fox">Eleanor M. 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Balisacan</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/randy-tritell-2131">Randolph Tritell</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/pablo-trevisan">Pablo Trevisán</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/frederic-jenny">Frédéric Jenny</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/auteurs/kingsbur-mercury-law-nyu-edu">Benedict Kingsbury</a></span></span> <strong class="h6-like entry-title"><a href="en/events/antitrust-and-developing-and-emerging-economies" rel="bookmark">Antitrust and Developing and Emerging Economies</a></strong> <p class="publication"><time pubdate="pubdate" datetime="2019-11-01T11:00:00Z">1 November 2019</time></p> <div class="crayon article-intro-90295 introduction entry-content"><p>Annual Concurrences + NYU Law conference with the support of Charles River Associates, ELIG Gürkaynak Attorneys-at-Law, Orrick, White & Case (Panel Sponsors) and MLex (Media Sponsor).</p></div> </article></div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="subsection subsections_books related-section related-articles scrollable-anchor"> <h2 class="section__heading" id="related-books"> <span>Books</span> </h2> <div class="liste articles articles-related"> <div class="liste-items"> <div class='ajaxbloc' data-ajax-env='1yXvRhKtpyjRgDOl4y5AnWk2gbIhmMxqfg6EueMUBiJrP59DZUNbGMr+U0OKAb7FQN+7YH4FqfYgbgLtiIu9DsJzorHbYvD/YctZmzYwW1z5NLYHtjLBvWdRA4Gac318/0I+rPp15O4YaKcKlfb3Yn7601s+ws2gKGiMKR+XTLmi/ZJQOFlaIphay+EBMRDsgyfZ0Hx30z+bggUfYXo9q0lQ0J5FKnLK9dKBLHT6CCuMRXx6Ot/gyRTdQwmaRq/0LGCSwTFgBbt99vigxz406EtG2O+xsjFFkiFp4OOJcq29mDoz0hb1H7x79xcW3gbnDjCGxlitvYeStmIJhbRrjvvLtc11A8I3Xw==' data-origin="//en/dictionary/corruption"> <div class='item short'>  <article class="entry article article-doc-livre hentry"> <span class="authors"><span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/damien-neven-38490">Damien Neven</a></span>, <span class="vcard author"><a class="url fn spip_in" href="en/authors/petros-c-mavroidis">Petros C. 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From (…)</div> </article> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <aside class="section__aside side-col"> <div class="miniplan miniplan_related sticky-top" id="related-index"> <ul class="nav nav-list"> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/corruption#related-jurisprudence" data-target="#related-jurisprudence">Case Comments</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/corruption#related-articles" data-target="#related-articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/corruption#related-events" data-target="#related-events">Events</a></li> <li><a href="//en/dictionary/corruption#related-books" data-target="#related-books">Books</a></li> </ul> </div> </aside> </div> </section> <div class="index-overlay collapse" id="index"> <span class="arrow-top"></span> <button class="close">×</button> <div class="glossaire-index"> <div class="main"> <div class="index"> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#a" data-anchor="#a">a</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#b" data-anchor="#b">b</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#c" data-anchor="#c">c</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#d" data-anchor="#d">d</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#e" data-anchor="#e">e</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#f" data-anchor="#f">f</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#g" data-anchor="#g">g</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#h" data-anchor="#h">h</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#i" data-anchor="#i">i</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#j" data-anchor="#j">j</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#k" data-anchor="#k">k</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#l" data-anchor="#l">l</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#m" data-anchor="#m">m</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#n" data-anchor="#n">n</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#o" data-anchor="#o">o</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#p" data-anchor="#p">p</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#r" data-anchor="#r">r</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#s" data-anchor="#s">s</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#t" data-anchor="#t">t</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#u" data-anchor="#u">u</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#v" data-anchor="#v">v</a> <a class="lettre" href="//en/dictionary/corruption#w" data-anchor="#w">w</a> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="a"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">a</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/absolute-territorial-protection">Absolute territorial protection </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-dominant-position-en">Abuse of dominant position</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/abuse-of-economic-dependence">Abuse of economic dependence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/access-to-the-file-en">Access to the file</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/actual-competitor">Actual competitor </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/administered-prices">Administered prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/advisory-committee-118302">Advisory committee</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agent-en">Agent</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/agreement-notion-en">Agreement (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ai-collusion-algorithm">AI Collusion (Algorithm)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/AKZO-Procedure">AKZO Procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/amicus-curiae">Amicus curiae</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ancillary-restraints">Ancillary restraints </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/annulment">Annulment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-market-distortions">Anticompetitive Market Distortions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-object-or-effect-en">Anticompetitive object or effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/anticompetitive-practices">Anticompetitive practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Antitrust">Antitrust</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/applicable-law">Applicable law</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/arbitration">Arbitration</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/article-11-letter">Article 11 letter </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/aec-as-efficient-competitor-principle-and-test">As-Efficient Competitor (AEC)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="b"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">b</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/barriers-to-entry-en">Barriers to entry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bertrand-nash-equilibrium">Bertrand (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bid-rigging">Bid rigging</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/block-exemption-regulation">Block exemption (Regulation) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/boycott">Boycott</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/brand-competition-en">Brand competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/bundling">Bundling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/burden-of-proof">Burden of proof</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/buyer-power">Buyer power </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="c"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">c</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/cartel">Cartel </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/clearance-phase-ii-merger">Clearance phase II (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collecting-society">Collecting society </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-dominance">Collective dominance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/collective-redress-class-action">Collective redress (class action)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/comity">Comity </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/commission-communication">Commission communication</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competence">Competence </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/competition-policy-89181">Competition policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/complaint">Complaint </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Compliance-programme">Compliance programme </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/compulsory-license">Compulsory license</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concentration-indexes-en">Concentration indexes</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concerted-practices-en">Concerted practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concession-86056">Concession</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/concurrent-jurisdiction">Concurrent jurisdiction</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Consortium-12192">Consortium </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumer-protection">Consumer protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/consumers-associations-en">Consumers’ associations</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-change">Control (change)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/control-notion">Control (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cooperation-between-competition-authorities-en">Cooperation between competition authorities</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/coordinated-effects">Coordinated effects</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/copyright">Copyright</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corruption">Corruption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cost-based-access">Cost-based access</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cournot-nash-equilibrium">Cournot (Nash) equilibrium</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/criminal-sanctions">Criminal sanctions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/cross-subsidisation">Cross subsidisation </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="d"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">d</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/damages">Damages</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/de-minimis-notice">De minimis notice</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/digital-markets-act">Digital Markets Act</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/direct-effect">Direct effect</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/discriminatory-practices">Discriminatory practices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/distribution-agreement">Distribution agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/divestiture">Divestiture</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/dominance-notion">Dominance (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/downstream-market-117440">Downstream market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="e"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">e</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/echr">ECHR</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-analysis">Economic analysis</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economic-efficiency">Economic efficiency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/economies-of-scale">Economies of scale </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/ecosystem-failures">Ecosystem Failures</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effect-on-trade-between-member-states">Effect on trade between Member States</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effective-judicial-protection">Effective judicial protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/effects-doctrine-118100">Effects doctrine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/efta-surveillance-authority-esa-court">EFTA Surveillance Authority (ESA) & Court </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/environmental-protection-en">Environmental protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/error-costs-108946">Error costs</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/essential-facility">Essential facility</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/european-competition-network-ecn-en">European Competition Network (ECN)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/excessive-prices-en">Excessive prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exchange-of-information">Exchanges of information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusionary-practice">Exclusionary practice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exclusive-distribution-12218">Exclusive distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-purchasing-en">Exclusive purchasing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusive-right-art-106-tfeu">Exclusive right (Art. 106 TFEU)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/exclusivity-clause">Exclusivity clause</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Exhaustion">Exhaustion </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Extra-territoriality">Extra-territoriality</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="f"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">f</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Failing-firm-defence">Failing firm defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fidelity-rebates">Fidelity rebates</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Fine">Fine</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/fintech">Fintech</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreclosure-117887">Foreclosure</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-direct-investment-fdi">Foreign direct investment (FDI)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/foreign-subsidies">Foreign Subsidies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/form-co">Form CO (EU) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/frand">FRAND</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Free-riding">Free riding </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="g"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">g</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/geographic-market">Geographic market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/corporate-group">Group of undertakings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/group-purchasing-organization">Group purchasing organization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/guidelines-119080">Guidelines</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/gun-jumping">Gun jumping</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="h"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">h</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/hard-core-restrictions">Hard core restrictions</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Hearing-officer">Hearing officer </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/horizontal-agreement">Horizontal cooperation agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/hsr-filing-us-108854">HSR Filing (US)</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="i"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">i</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/independence-and-impartiality">Independence and impartiality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/individual-exemption-86377">Individual exemption</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/industrial-policy">Industrial policy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/intellectual-property-right-en">Intellectual property right</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/inter-brand-competition">Inter-brand competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Interim-measures">Interim measures </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-co-operation">International co-operation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/international-competition-network-icn">International competition network (ICN) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/investigations-inquiries-en">Investigations / inquiries</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="j"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">j</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/judicial-review">Judicial review</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="k"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">k</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/Know-how">Know-how </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="l"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">l</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/legal-privilege">Legal privilege</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Leniency-programme">Leniency</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/lerner-index">Lerner index</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/letter-of-formal-notice-118055">Letter of formal notice </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/licensing">Licensing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/limitation-period-119083">Limitation Period </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="m"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">m</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/margin-squeeze">Margin squeeze</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/marginal-costs">Marginal costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-economy-investor">Market economy investor</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-power">Market power</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/market-share">Market share </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/media-pluralism">Media pluralism</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-notion-12318-en">Merger (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-prohibition">Merger (prohibition)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-withdrawal-118046">Merger (withdrawal)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Merger-control-procedure">Merger control procedure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-remedies-100323">Merger remedies</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/minority-shareholdings-89176">Minority shareholdings</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/misinformation">Misinformation</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/mobility-barriers-117741">Mobility Barriers</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Monopoly">Monopoly </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="n"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">n</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/ne-bis-in-idem-86490">Ne bis in idem</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/negative-clearance-118047">Negative clearance</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Network-effect">Network effect </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-compete-obligation-12156-en">Non-compete obligation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/non-horizontal-mergers">Non-Horizontal Mergers </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/notification-12310">Notification</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/nullity">Nullity </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="o"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">o</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/oligopoly">Oligopoly </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/online-platforms">Online Platforms</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="p"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">p</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/parallel-imports-parallel-trade-en">Parallel imports (parallel trade)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/passing-on-en">Passing-on</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Passive-sales">Passive sales </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/patents">Patents</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/pay-for-delay">Pay-for-delay</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/periodic-penalty-payment">Periodic penalty payment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/potential-competition">Potential competition </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/predatory-pricing">Predatory pricing</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/preliminary-rulings-art-267-tfue">Preliminary ruling (Art. 267 TFUE) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-discrimination-en">Price discrimination </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-leadership">Price leadership</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-signaling">Price signalling</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/price-fixing-agreement">Price-fixing agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/prices-en">Prices</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equal-treatment">Principle of equal treatment</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-equivalence">Principle of equivalence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/principle-of-proportionality">Principle of proportionality</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privacy-and-data-protection">Privacy and data protection</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/private-enforcement">Private enforcement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/privatization-en">Privatization</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/procedural-autonomy">Procedural autonomy</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/professional-association-86373-en">Professional association</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/public-procurement">Public procurement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Public-undertaking">Public undertaking</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="r"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">r</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/r-d-agreement">R&D agreement</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/case-referral-system-mergers">Referral (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/refusal-to-deal">Refusal to deal</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/the-registry-of-the-general-court-of-the-european-union">Registry of the General Court of the European Union</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Relevant-market">Relevant market</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/remedies-antitrust-en">Remedies (antitrust)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/request-for-information">Request for information</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-below-cost-en">Resale below cost </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/resale-price-maintenance-rpm">Resale price maintenance (RPM)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/restriction-on-exportation">Restriction on exportation </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/rule-of-reason">Rule of reason</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="s"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">s</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/sunk-costs-117836"> Sunk Costs </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sector-inquiry">Sector inquiry</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/selective-distribution">Selective distribution </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/self-preference-111802">Self-Preference</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Services-of-general-economic">Services of general economic interest </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Single-branding">Single branding </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sole-control">Sole control</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/specialization-agreements">Specialization agreements </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Spill-over-effects">Spill-over effects </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/standard-essential-patent-sep">Standard-Essential Patent (SEP)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-action-defense">State action defence</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-compatibility">State aid (compatibility)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-existing-aid">State aid (existing aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-notification-en">State aid (notification)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid">State aid (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-recovery">State aid (recovery) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/state-aid-unlawful-aid">State aid (unlawful aid) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/State-measure">State measure </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Statement-of-objections-SO">Statement of objections (SO) </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/Substitutability">Substitutability </a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/sustainability">Sustainability</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/switching-costs">Switching Costs</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="t"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">t</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/technology-transfer">Technology transfer</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/test-siec-merger-en">Test SIEC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/merger-slc-src-sdc-tests">Test SLC (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/tipping">Tipping</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/business-secrets">Trade Secrets</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trademark">Trademark</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/trustee-mergers-en">Trustee (mergers)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/turnover-threshold-merger">Turnover threshold (merger)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/two-sided-market">Two-sided market</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="u"> <div class="col-xs-2 col-sm-1"> <h2 class="lettre">u</h2> </div> <div class="col-xs-10 col-sm-11"> <div class="articles"> <a href="en/dictionary/undertaking-notion">Undertaking (notion)</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/unfair-competition">Unfair competition</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/universal-service-118054">Universal Service</a> <span class="sep">•</span> <a href="en/dictionary/upstream-market">Upstream market </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row entree" id="v"> <div 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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(min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732277529 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270976 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266622 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732268300 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1.5), (min-resolution: 1.5dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277558 480w, local/adapt-img/640/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277174 960w, local/adapt-img/960/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732277555 1440w, local/adapt-img/1440/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272968 2160w, local/adapt-img/3000/15x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274035 4500w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/png"><source media="(-webkit-min-device-pixel-ratio: 1), (min-resolution: 1dppx)" srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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srcset="local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732269721 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732270930 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266627 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266747 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png@.webp?1732266189 3000w" sizes="(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw" type="image/webp"> <img src='local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629' alt='Présentation Filigranes Les 5 Travaux d'Europe' width='3000' height='160' class='adapt-img' srcset='local/adapt-img/320/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732272327 320w, local/adapt-img/640/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266627 640w, local/adapt-img/960/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732274538 960w, local/adapt-img/1440/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732269360 1440w, local/adapt-img/3000/10x/IMG/png/home-7.png?1732266629 3000w' sizes='(min-width: 3000px) 3000px, 100vw' /></picture></a> </div> <div class="item "> <a 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style="background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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)"> 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