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Balte d'origine suédoise, Wrangel est le seul vrai monarchiste avec l'amiral Koltchak parmi les généraux blancs. Sa famille, originaire de l'actuelle Basse-Saxe, a donné à la Suède, à l'Allemagne et à la Russie un grand nombre..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/piotr-nikolaievitch-wrangel/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universalis.fr/_web/static/icons/favicon.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="256" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="252" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Biographie de PIOTR NIKOLAÏEVITCH WRANGEL baron (1878-1928)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Biographie de PIOTR NIKOLAÏEVITCH WRANGEL baron (1878-1928). Balte d'origine suédoise, Wrangel est le seul vrai monarchiste avec l'amiral Koltchak parmi les généraux blancs. Sa famille, originaire de l'actuelle Basse-Saxe, a donné à la Suède, à l'Allemagne et à la Russie un grand nombre..." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@universalisfr" /> <meta name="location" content="France" /> <meta name="rating" content="General" /> <meta name="distribution" content="Global" /> <meta name="resource-type" content="document" /> <meta name="copyright" content="© Copyright 2024 - Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default" /> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no,date=no,address=no,email=no,url=no" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_shared/pub/pub.css?1730108805" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/home.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/classification.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/piotr-nikolaievitch-wrangel/" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biographie de PIOTR NIKOLA\u00cfEVITCH WRANGEL baron (1878-1928)","headline":"Biographie de PIOTR NIKOLA\u00cfEVITCH WRANGEL baron (1878-1928)","description":"Biographie de PIOTR NIKOLA\u00cfEVITCH WRANGEL baron (1878-1928). 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href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT318259_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT318259_0"></i><p> Balte d'origine suédoise, Wrangel est le seul vrai monarchiste avec l'amiral Koltchak parmi les généraux blancs. Sa famille, originaire de l'actuelle Basse-Saxe, a donné à la Suède, à l'Allemagne et à la Russie un grand nombre d'officiers qui se sont illustrés sur les champs de bataille européens. Diplomé de l'École des mines et de l'Académie d'état-major, il devient en 1904 officier de la garde impériale, puis colonel durant la Première Guerre mondiale.</p><p>En février 1917, il rejoint Denikine sur le Don. En janvier 1919, il est nommé par celui-ci commandant de l'armée des volontaires. Après l'échec de Denikine, il devient commandant en chef de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Cette expression désigne ordinairement les diverses formations militaires qui ont combattu le pouvoir bolchevique en Russie de 1918 à 1922. Si leur but premier était le renversement du nouveau régime, certains de leurs chefs continuaient à se référer au pouvoir issu de la révolution de Février, tandis que la majorité d'entre eux aspiraient au retour à l'autocratie.. Dès août 1917, un ..." title="Article : ARMÉE BLANCHE" href="/encyclopedie/armee-blanche/">Armée blanche</a> et chef suprême civil et militaire du dernier gouvernement contre-révolutionnaire qui subsiste d'avril à octobre 1920 et qui est reconnu par la France. Au début, ses forces armées sont très faibles. Cependant, en mai 1920, Wrangel parvient à réunir cent mille combattants, presque exclusivement des officiers.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH996295" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Parade de l'Armée rouge" href="/media/parade-de-larmee-rouge-ph996295/"><img id="PH996295" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/4/csm_ph996295_f459d2a369.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Parade de l'Armée rouge - crédits : Tow/ Slava Katamidze Collection/ Getty Images" data-description="L'Armée rouge défile à Kharkov, en 1920." data-copyright="Tow/ Slava Katamidze Collection/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="722" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Parade de l'Armée rouge </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Tow/ Slava Katamidze Collection/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>En juillet 1920, il lance une offensive vers le nord, perce le front rouge et pénètre dans les steppes du Donetz ; il occupe toute la région au nord de la mer Noire, de Kherson à Nogaïsk, et menace le Donbass, attirant à lui une partie de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Après la révolution d'Octobre, le Conseil des commissaires du peuple adopte un décret concernant l'armée : tout le pouvoir est confié aux soviets et aux comités militaires, le commandement devient éligible et une armée permanente de volontaires est instaurée. Entre le 15 et le 28 janvier 1918 est signé le décret portant création de l'Armée rouge ouvrière et paysanne (R.K.K.A. : Ra..." title="Article : ARMÉE ROUGE, URSS" href="/encyclopedie/armee-rouge-urss/">Armée rouge</a> engagée contre la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="La Pologne est le plus important des dix États entrés dans l'Union européenne en mai 2004. Après quarante-cinq années passées sous domination soviétique, les nouveaux dirigeants du pays ont tous présenté cette adhésion comme un « retour » à l'Europe, une « réunification ». C'est dire combien la Pologne se considère enracinée dans la tradition occidentale. Majoritairement ..." title="Article : POLOGNE" href="/encyclopedie/pologne/">Pologne</a>. En août 1920, ses unités débarquent au Kouban' ; puis, en septembre, au moment où son armée compte deux cent soixante-dix mille hommes, il lance une dernière offensive contre le Donbass. La fin de la guerre contre la Pologne permet aux soviets une contre-offensive de l'Armée rouge qui le refoule vers la Crimée. Le 11 novembre 1920, l'Armée rouge force l'isthme de Perekop et, le 16 novembre, les dernières unités blanches quittent la Crimée, réussissant à évacuer, sur une flotte de cent vingt-cinq navires, environ cent mille réfugiés en plus des débris de l'armée. Replié en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Née en 1918, la Yougoslavie était le pays des Slaves du Sud (Slovènes, Croates, Serbes, Bosniaques, Monténégrins et Macédoniens). L'histoire de ces peuples est celle d'une longue séparation. La géographie les vouait en effet à l'isolement, du fait d'un relief difficile et très compartimenté, ou elle ne les incitait à rompre cet isolement qu'en suivant des orientations totalement o..." title="Article : YOUGOSLAVIE" href="/encyclopedie/yougoslavie/">Yougoslavie</a>, Wrangel essaye de continuer la lutte et ne renoncera qu'en 1925.</p><p>La politique de Wrangel est plus libérale que celle de Denikine. Ses efforts pour établir une coordination avec la Pologne échouent, mais sa résistance de cinq mois favorise la victoire polonaise.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Alexandre BENNIGSEN</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" 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WRANGEL PIOTR NIKOLAÏEVITCH baron (1878-1928)" href="/carte-mentale/piotr-nikolaievitch-wrangel/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT318259_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire : chronologie" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/"> Histoire : chronologie </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire, xxe s. et xxie s." href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/"> Histoire, <span class="pc">xx</span><sup>e</sup> s. et <span class="pc">xxi</span><sup>e</sup> s. </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Révolutions russes"> <a title="Classification : Révolutions russes" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-chronologie/histoire-xxe-s-et-xxie-s/revolutions-russes/"> Révolutions russes </a> </li> </ol> </nav> <nav aria-label="Classification 2"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Personnages historiques" href="/classification/histoire/personnages-historiques/"> Personnages historiques </a> </li> <li class="breadcrumb-item active" data-dc-subject="Personnages historiques, 1900-1919"> <a title="Classification : Personnages historiques, 1900-1919" 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data-ucode="PH996295" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Parade de l'Armée rouge" href="/media/parade-de-larmee-rouge-ph996295/"> <img id="PH996295" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/4/csm_ph996295_f459d2a369.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Parade de l'Armée rouge - crédits : Tow/ Slava Katamidze Collection/ Getty Images" data-description="L'Armée rouge défile à Kharkov, en 1920." data-copyright="Tow/ Slava Katamidze Collection/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="722" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Parade de l'Armée rouge </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Tow/ Slava Katamidze Collection/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT318259_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/anton-ivanovitch-denikine/"> <span class="rg">DENIKINE </span><span class="pc">ANTON IVANOVITCH </span><span class="rm">(1872-1947)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Alexandre BENNIGSEN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">442 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : DENIKINE ANTON IVANOVITCH (1872-1947)" href="/encyclopedie/anton-ivanovitch-denikine/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Les alliés des Russes blancs - crédits : Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/4/csm_ph996292_54e3b05146.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Fils d'un officier de carrière né dans le servage, Denikine suit l'école normale de Lovitch, puis l'école militaire des cadets de Kiev ; il est officier d'artillerie, breveté d'état-major en 1899, puis commandant de la région militaire de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de la Pologne , située de part et d'autre de la Vistule, au cœur de la cuvette mazovienne, Varsovie (Warszawa) est à la croisée des lignes de force du développement historique de l'État polonais. Ville-marché dès la fin du Moyen Âge, sur les routes reliant la Grande Pologne à la Lituanie et à la Ruthénie, animée par le commerce sur la Vistule , Varsovie assoit son inf..." title="Article : VARSOVIE" href="/encyclopedie/varsovie/">Varsovie</a>.</p><p>Il participe à...</p> </div> </li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="col-lg-4 col-xl-3 px-0 d-none d-lg-block side-bar position-relative"> <div id="ad_rightslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div id="ad_rightslot2" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <a class="wrapper cta" href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Col right"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/b/6/csm_abo-3_f303c484f7.webp" class="full-height" loading="lazy" width="290" height="476" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro"> </a> <div id="newsletter_subscription" class="wrapper p-3"> <p class="fs-3 fw-bold text-center text-light mb-1">Rejoignez-nous</p> <p class="text-center"> Inscrivez-vous à notre <strong>newsletter</strong></p> <div class="input-group mb-3"> <input type="text" class="form-control" placeholder="votre email"> <div class="input-group-append"> <button id="newsletter_subscription_button" class="btn btn-primary text-uppercase" type="button"> <strong>S'inscrire</strong></button> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <div id="bandeau-footer"> <div class="container"> <p><a href="/abonnement" title="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro">Accédez à l'intégralité d'Universalis.fr <strong>sans publicité</strong></a></p> </div> </div> <footer class="container footer text-center d-print-none"> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-2"> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="http://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/" title="Encyclopædia Universalis" rel="noopener" target="_blank">Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://www.encyclopaedia-universalis.fr/nous-contacter/infos/" title="Contactez-nous" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank">Contact</a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a title="Mentions légales" rel="nofollow" href="/mentions-legales/">Mentions légales et politique de confidentialité</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item"> <a href="https://abonnement.universalis.fr/typo3conf/ext/mailer/Resources/Public/Pdf/cgv.pdf" rel="noopener nofollow" target="_blank" title="Conditions générales de vente">CGV</a> </li> <li class="list-inline-item d-none d-md-inline-block"> <a href="javascript:" id="rgpd" rel="nofollow" title="Consentement RGPD">RGPD</a> </li> </ul> <p class="mb-2">Consulter le <a title="Dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis" href="/dictionnaire/"> dictionnaire de l'Encyclopædia Universalis </a> </p> <p class="mb-3">© 2024 Encyclopædia Universalis France. 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