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Si leur but premier \u00e9tait le renversement du nouveau r\u00e9gime, certains de leurs chefs continuaient \u00e0 se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer au pouvoir issu de la r\u00e9volution de F\u00e9vrier, tandis que la majorit\u00e9 d'entre eux aspiraient au retour \u00e0 l'autocratie.. D\u00e8s ao\u00fbt 1917, un premier regroupement dans le midi de la Russie s'\u00e9tait form\u00e9 autour des g\u00e9n\u00e9raux Kornilov et Alexe\u00efev. Avec l'aide des Alli\u00e9s, des arm\u00e9es blanches se cr\u00e9ent en 1918 dans les r\u00e9gions p\u00e9riph\u00e9riques de l'ancien Empire russe. Plac\u00e9es un moment sous le commandement supr\u00eame de l'amiral Koltchak, elles convergent vers Moscou . 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data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-article" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT318016_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT318016_0"></i><p> Cette expression désigne ordinairement les diverses formations militaires qui ont combattu le pouvoir bolchevique en Russie de 1918 à 1922. Si leur but premier était le renversement du nouveau régime, certains de leurs chefs continuaient à se référer au pouvoir issu de la révolution de Février, tandis que la majorité d'entre eux aspiraient au retour à l'autocratie.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH996349" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Kornilov" href="/media/kornilov-ph996349/"><img id="PH996349" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/b/csm_ph996349_d75c26c7d2.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Kornilov - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le général russe Lavr Gueorguievitch Kornilov (1870-1918) prend la tête de l'Armée blanche, en 1917." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="737" height="1024" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Kornilov </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Dès août 1917, un premier regroupement dans le midi de la Russie s'était formé autour des généraux Kornilov et Alexeïev. Avec l'aide des Alliés, des armées blanches se créent en 1918 dans les régions périphériques de l'ancien Empire russe. Placées un moment sous le commandement suprême de l'amiral Koltchak, elles convergent vers <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Devenue capitale de l'Union soviétique au lendemain de la révolution de 1917, Moscou a retrouvé alors sa place historique au centre du monde russe et slave. Après deux siècles d'éclipse en faveur de Saint-Pétersbourg , capitale institutionnelle de l'Empire russe, Moscou redevint le lieu du pouvoir central, signe de la volonté de pérenniser l'héritage de la Russie traditionnelle, mais au..." title="Article : MOSCOU" href="/encyclopedie/moscou/">Moscou</a>. Pendant la première moitié de l'année 1919, elles progressèrent rapidement et, durant l'été, le pouvoir des soviets ne n'exerça plus que sur une portion de territoire correspondant à l'ancienne Moscovie.</p><p>Dans le Sud, outre l'armée des volontaires commandée par Denikine, il y avait celle des Cosaques dirigée par les atamans Kaledine et Bogaïevski. Le Nord était tenu par l'armée du général Mille, dont la base d'opérations était à Arkhangelsk. À l'est, toute la Sibérie et la région de l'Oural étaient sous le contrôle des armées de l'amiral Koltchak. Enfin, dans le Nord-Ouest, l'armée de Youdenitch avançait vers Petrograd.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="row"><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH996292" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Les alliés des Russes blancs" href="/media/les-allies-des-russes-blancs-ph996292/"><img id="PH996292" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/4/csm_ph996292_48d8f59c33.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Les alliés des Russes blancs - crédits : Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Les anciens alliés de la Russie soutiennent les Blancs contre l'Armée rouge, ici en 1919, sur les fronts d' Arkhangelsk et de Mourmansk. Les Britanniques surveillent une locomotive détruite par une attaque bolchevique." data-copyright="Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="545" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Les alliés des Russes blancs </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><div class="col-12 col-md-6 text-center p-1"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH996288" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Nikolaï Youdenitch" href="/media/nikolai-youdenitch-ph996288/"><img id="PH996288" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/6/csm_ph996288_df727778bb.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Nikolaï Youdenitch - crédits : General Photographic Agency/ Hulton Archives/ Getty Images" data-description="Nikolaï Youdenitch (1862-1933), futur commandant en chef des forces blanches du Nord-Ouest durant la guerre civile en Russie (vers 1917)." data-copyright="General Photographic Agency/ Hulton Archives/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="622" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Nikolaï Youdenitch </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> General Photographic Agency/ Hulton Archives/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div></div><p>Mais, dès la fin de 1919, la situation militaire était modifiée au profit de l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Après la révolution d'Octobre, le Conseil des commissaires du peuple adopte un décret concernant l'armée : tout le pouvoir est confié aux soviets et aux comités militaires, le commandement devient éligible et une armée permanente de volontaires est instaurée. Entre le 15 et le 28 janvier 1918 est signé le décret portant création de l'Armée rouge ouvrière et paysanne (R.K.K.A. : Ra..." title="Article : ARMÉE ROUGE, URSS" href="/encyclopedie/armee-rouge-urss/">Armée rouge</a> et les fronts tenus par les armées blanches étaient pratiquement disloqués. Malgré le retour offensif de Wrangel en Crimée en 1920 et la persistance d'un mouvement armé dans la région de Vladivostok jusqu'en 1922, les troupes blanches durent abandonner le combat et furent dispersées. Les survivants s'embarquèrent sur les navires alliés ou se réfugièrent dans les pays limitrophes de l'U.R.S.S.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH996295" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Parade de l'Armée rouge" href="/media/parade-de-larmee-rouge-ph996295/"><img id="PH996295" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/5/4/csm_ph996295_f459d2a369.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Parade de l'Armée rouge - crédits : Tow/ Slava Katamidze Collection/ Getty Images" data-description="L'Armée rouge défile à Kharkov, en 1920." data-copyright="Tow/ Slava Katamidze Collection/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="722" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Parade de l'Armée rouge </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Tow/ Slava Katamidze Collection/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Les raisons de leur échec sont d'ordre politique et militaire. La supériorité numérique de l'Armée rouge était encore renforcée par l'unité et la qualité de son commandement ; face à elle, les armées blanches souffrirent des défaillances du commandement et des dissensions. Mais ce qui fut sans doute déterminant, c'est l'absence de tout programme politique et social qui aurait pu rallier les populations autour de la contre-révolution. Au contraire, les mesures impopulaires telles que la mobilisation dans les régions occupées et la restitution des grands domaines à leurs propriétaires éloignèrent des blancs la masse des paysans qui espéraient accéder enfin à la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Si l'on veut bien entendre la leçon de multiples exemples, le sentiment d'appropriation serait général – il est attesté depuis l'époque paléolithique par les gravures effectuées sur les armes d'os – et toujours vivace. Pourtant, les données de la psychologie sont ambiguës : certains peuples (archaïques) ne distinguent pas le mien du tien, exprimant les deux notions par le même t..." title="Article : PROPRIÉTÉ" href="/encyclopedie/propriete/">propriété</a> du sol.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Pierre KOVALEWSKY</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" 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</section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yT318016_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Médias</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996349" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Kornilov" href="/media/kornilov-ph996349/"> <img id="PH996349" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/0/b/csm_ph996349_d75c26c7d2.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Kornilov - crédits : Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" data-description="Le général russe Lavr Gueorguievitch Kornilov (1870-1918) prend la tête de l'Armée blanche, en 1917." data-copyright="Hulton Archive/ Getty Images" width="737" height="1024" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Kornilov </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton Archive/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996292" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Les alliés des Russes blancs" href="/media/les-allies-des-russes-blancs-ph996292/"> <img id="PH996292" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/4/csm_ph996292_48d8f59c33.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Les alliés des Russes blancs - crédits : Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Les anciens alliés de la Russie soutiennent les Blancs contre l'Armée rouge, ici en 1919, sur les fronts d' Arkhangelsk et de Mourmansk. Les Britanniques surveillent une locomotive détruite par une attaque bolchevique." data-copyright="Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="545" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Les alliés des Russes blancs </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> <div class="col-12 col-md-4 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996288" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Nikolaï Youdenitch" href="/media/nikolai-youdenitch-ph996288/"> <img id="PH996288" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/6/csm_ph996288_df727778bb.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Nikolaï Youdenitch - crédits : General Photographic Agency/ Hulton Archives/ Getty Images" data-description="Nikolaï Youdenitch (1862-1933), futur commandant en chef des forces blanches du Nord-Ouest durant la guerre civile en Russie (vers 1917)." data-copyright="General Photographic Agency/ Hulton Archives/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="622" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Nikolaï Youdenitch </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> General Photographic Agency/ Hulton Archives/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> <div class="text-center"> <a class="btn btn-sm btn-primary" rel="related" href="/medias/armee-blanche/"> Afficher les 4 médias de l'article <span class="rg">ARMÉE BLANCHE</span> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-fw fa-chevron-right"></i> </a> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT318016_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/mikhail-vassilievitch-alexeiev/"> <span class="rg">ALEXEÏEV </span><span class="pc">MIKHAÏL VASSILIEVITCH </span><span class="rm">(1857-1918)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Pierre KOVALEWSKY</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">287 mots</li> </ul> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Malgré son origine modeste, Mikhaïl Alexeïev réussit, grâce à un travail acharné, à accéder au sommet de la hiérarchie militaire russe. Professeur à l'École supérieure de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les groupes humains, quelle que soit leur taille, se reconnaissent comme tels et affirment leur unité en se distinguant d'autres groupes. Il y a entre eux à la fois des affinités et des oppositions qui affectent leurs relations, dans la mesure où celles-ci ont une réalité, c'est-à-dire lorsque la proximité dans l'espace ou les moyens de communication les amènent à se poser les uns par ra..." title="Article : GUERRE" href="/encyclopedie/guerre/">guerre</a>, il est le maître de plusieurs promotions de futurs chefs militaires.</p><p>À l'ouverture des hostilités, il...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/anton-ivanovitch-denikine/"> <span class="rg">DENIKINE </span><span class="pc">ANTON IVANOVITCH </span><span class="rm">(1872-1947)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Alexandre BENNIGSEN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">442 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">1 média </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : DENIKINE ANTON IVANOVITCH (1872-1947)" href="/encyclopedie/anton-ivanovitch-denikine/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Les alliés des Russes blancs - crédits : Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/4/csm_ph996292_54e3b05146.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Fils d'un officier de carrière né dans le servage, Denikine suit l'école normale de Lovitch, puis l'école militaire des cadets de Kiev ; il est officier d'artillerie, breveté d'état-major en 1899, puis commandant de la région militaire de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de la Pologne , située de part et d'autre de la Vistule, au cœur de la cuvette mazovienne, Varsovie (Warszawa) est à la croisée des lignes de force du développement historique de l'État polonais. Ville-marché dès la fin du Moyen Âge, sur les routes reliant la Grande Pologne à la Lituanie et à la Ruthénie, animée par le commerce sur la Vistule , Varsovie assoit son inf..." title="Article : VARSOVIE" href="/encyclopedie/varsovie/">Varsovie</a>.</p><p>Il participe à...</p> </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/alexandre-vassilievitch-koltchak/"> <span class="rg">KOLTCHAK </span><span class="pc">ALEXANDRE VASSILIEVITCH </span><span class="rm">(1873-1920)</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Alexandre BENNIGSEN</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">611 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">2 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : KOLTCHAK ALEXANDRE VASSILIEVITCH (1873-1920)" href="/encyclopedie/alexandre-vassilievitch-koltchak/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Les alliés des Russes blancs - crédits : Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/4/csm_ph996292_54e3b05146.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> <p> Fils d'un ingénieur militaire de la <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Par « marine », on entend couramment la puissance navale d'un peuple, d'un pays, d'un État. Ainsi conçu, le terme n'inclut pas, de soi, l'aspect technique, mais connexe, de l'art de la marine, c'est-à-dire la navigation. En revanche, la puissance navale peut être considérée par l'historien dans la dimension géographique des aires maritimes et des espaces politiques où elle s'est dével..." title="Article : MARINE" href="/encyclopedie/marine/">marine</a>, issu d'une petite noblesse d'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Si l'on excepte la Russie, l'Ukraine est le plus vaste pays d'Europe. C'est aussi un des plus peuplés. En raison de sa situation géographique, l’Ukraine fut longtemps un État tampon , aux confins d'aires d'influences politiques et culturelles variées, voire antagonistes, comme l'atteste par exemple la géographie religieuse, linguistique et électorale. Ces influences resurgissent au déb..." title="Article : UKRAINE" href="/encyclopedie/ukraine/">Ukraine</a> d'origine turque, où l'on est officier de marine de père en fils, Alexandre Vassilievitch Koltchak entre à quinze ans à l'Académie navale. 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