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<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="fr-FR" xml:lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8">  <title>Biographie d'ANTON IVANOVITCH DENIKINE (1872-1947) - Encyclopædia Universalis</title> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1" /> <meta name="generator" content="TYPO3 CMS" /> <meta name="description" content="Biographie d'ANTON IVANOVITCH DENIKINE (1872-1947). Fils d'un officier de carrière né dans le servage, Denikine suit l'école normale de Lovitch, puis..." /> <meta name="robots" content="index, all, follow" /> <meta name="viewport" content="viewport-fit=cover, width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, minimum-scale=1.0" /> <meta name="author" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Biographie d'ANTON IVANOVITCH DENIKINE (1872-1947)" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Biographie d'ANTON IVANOVITCH DENIKINE (1872-1947). Fils d'un officier de carrière né dans le servage, Denikine suit l'école normale de Lovitch, puis l'école militaire des cadets de Kiev ; il est officier d'artillerie, breveté d'état-major en 1899, puis commandant de la région militaire..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/anton-ivanovitch-denikine/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universalis.fr/_web/static/icons/favicon.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="256" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="252" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Biographie d'ANTON IVANOVITCH DENIKINE (1872-1947)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Biographie d'ANTON IVANOVITCH DENIKINE (1872-1947). Fils d'un officier de carrière né dans le servage, Denikine suit l'école normale de Lovitch, puis l'école militaire des cadets de Kiev ; il est officier d'artillerie, breveté d'état-major en 1899, puis commandant de la région militaire..." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@universalisfr" /> <meta name="location" content="France" /> <meta name="rating" content="General" /> <meta name="distribution" content="Global" /> <meta name="resource-type" content="document" /> <meta name="copyright" content="© Copyright 2024 - Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default" /> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no,date=no,address=no,email=no,url=no" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_shared/pub/pub.css?1730108805" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/home.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/classification.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/anton-ivanovitch-denikine/" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biographie d'ANTON IVANOVITCH DENIKINE (1872-1947)","headline":"Biographie d'ANTON IVANOVITCH DENIKINE (1872-1947)","description":"Biographie d'ANTON IVANOVITCH DENIKINE (1872-1947). Fils d'un officier de carri\u00e8re n\u00e9 dans le servage, Denikine suit l'\u00e9cole normale de Lovitch, puis l'\u00e9cole militaire des cadets de Kiev\u00a0; il est officier d'artillerie, brevet\u00e9 d'\u00e9tat-major en 1899, puis commandant de la r\u00e9gion militaire de Varsovie .. Il participe \u00e0 la guerre russo-japonaise. Entre 1914 et 1916, il est commandant de la 4 e division d'infanterie, dite \u00ab\u00a0de fer\u00a0\u00bb, et, en 1916, du VIII e corps d'arm\u00e9e. Politiquement, Denikine est \u00ab\u00a0octobriste\u00a0\u00bb, proche des K.D. (constitutionnels d\u00e9mocrates). Apr\u00e8s f\u00e9vrier 1917, il devient chef adjoint d'\u00e9tat-major du commandant en chef, puis commandant du front de l'Ouest, enfin du front du Sud-Ouest. 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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="ad_topslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_4de68c3a6b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>DENIKINE </strong><span class="pc">ANTON IVANOVITCH </span><span class="label-sub"> (1872-1947)</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT318053_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT318053_0"></i><p> Fils d'un officier de carrière né dans le servage, Denikine suit l'école normale de Lovitch, puis l'école militaire des cadets de Kiev ; il est officier d'artillerie, breveté d'état-major en 1899, puis commandant de la région militaire de <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de la Pologne , située de part et d'autre de la Vistule, au cœur de la cuvette mazovienne, Varsovie (Warszawa) est à la croisée des lignes de force du développement historique de l'État polonais. Ville-marché dès la fin du Moyen Âge, sur les routes reliant la Grande Pologne à la Lituanie et à la Ruthénie, animée par le commerce sur la Vistule , Varsovie assoit son inf..." title="Article : VARSOVIE" href="/encyclopedie/varsovie/">Varsovie</a>.</p><p>Il participe à la guerre russo-japonaise. Entre 1914 et 1916, il est commandant de la 4<sup>e</sup> division d'infanterie, dite « de fer », et, en 1916, du VIII<sup>e</sup> corps d'armée. Politiquement, Denikine est « octobriste », proche des K.D. (constitutionnels démocrates). Après février 1917, il devient chef adjoint d'état-major du commandant en chef, puis commandant du front de l'Ouest, enfin du front du Sud-Ouest. Il participe au putsch de Kornilov, est arrêté et incarcéré à la prison de Bykhov.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><div class="media-container float-md-start me-2 col-md-3 text-center"><figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"><a data-ucode="PH996292" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Les alliés des Russes blancs" href="/media/les-allies-des-russes-blancs-ph996292/"><img id="PH996292" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/4/csm_ph996292_48d8f59c33.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Les alliés des Russes blancs - crédits : Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Les anciens alliés de la Russie soutiennent les Blancs contre l'Armée rouge, ici en 1919, sur les fronts d' Arkhangelsk et de Mourmansk. Les Britanniques surveillent une locomotive détruite par une attaque bolchevique." data-copyright="Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="545" /></a><figcaption class="figure-caption"><p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Les alliés des Russes blancs </p><p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p></figcaption></figure></div><p>Le 19 novembre 1917, il s'évade et gagne la région du Don. Avec Alexeïev et Kornilov, il contribue à la formation de l'armée des Volontaires et devient adjoint au commandant en chef de cette armée où affluent de nombreux officiers venus du front ou de l'intérieur ; il participe à la « campagne des glaces » du Don au Kouban. Après la mort de Kornilov, tué pendant l'attaque d'Ekaterinodar, Denikine devient commandant en chef des forces armées du Sud. En novembre-décembre 1918, les alliés, Français et Anglais, interviennent dans la guerre civile russe et réarment Denikine, l'aidant à regrouper les forces contre-révolutionnaires du Sud.</p><p>Denikine lance sa grande offensive avec des forces importantes (200 000 combattants, 2 000 canons et 30 chars d'assaut), en juillet 1919. En septembre 1919, il occupe presque toute l'<a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Si l'on excepte la Russie, l'Ukraine est le plus vaste pays d'Europe. C'est aussi un des plus peuplés. En raison de sa situation géographique, l’Ukraine fut longtemps un État tampon , aux confins d'aires d'influences politiques et culturelles variées, voire antagonistes, comme l'atteste par exemple la géographie religieuse, linguistique et électorale. Ces influences resurgissent au déb..." title="Article : UKRAINE" href="/encyclopedie/ukraine/">Ukraine</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Odessa est une ville portuaire et balnéaire située dans le sud de l’Ukraine, au bord de la mer Noire . C’est le chef-lieu de la région administrative (oblast) du même nom et la troisième ville du pays (1 015 000 habitants en 2021).. À la fin du xviii e siècle, une fois le littoral de la mer Noire occupé, les Russes, qui souhaitaient créer un port sur cette mer, hésitèrent sur ..." title="Article : ODESSA" href="/encyclopedie/odessa/">Odessa</a>, <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Capitale de l'Ukraine indépendante depuis 1991, Kiev (en ukrainien Kyiv) se situe dans le centre-nord rural du pays, près de la Biélorussie , aux confins des riches Terres noires céréalières, au sud, et des régions plus boisées et plus humides de la Polésie, au nord. La ville, qui fut longtemps l'une des portes d'entrée du monde slave oriental, a profité de la présence du Dniepr ..." title="Article : KIEV" href="/encyclopedie/kiev/">Kiev</a>, Kharkov, la Crimée, le Don, le Kouban, Tsaritsyne et Koursk. En octobre, ses troupes prennent Orel et Voronej. À la fin de ce mois, une contre-offensive de l'Armée rouge l'arrête au nord d'Orel.</p><p>Mais l'armée des Volontaires est en proie aux rivalités internes et en opposition ouverte avec Wrangel, partisan d'une restauration pure et simple, alors que Denikine a des sympathies démocrates. En novembre 1919, les armées de celui-ci reculent rapidement et à la fin de 1919 subissent une défaite irréparable. Denikine démissionne et passe ses pouvoirs au général Wrangel, dès le mois de mars 1920. Denikine émigre en France puis se rend aux États-Unis, dans le Michigan, où il meurt en 1947. Il est réhabilité par <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Devenue capitale de l'Union soviétique au lendemain de la révolution de 1917, Moscou a retrouvé alors sa place historique au centre du monde russe et slave. Après deux siècles d'éclipse en faveur de Saint-Pétersbourg , capitale institutionnelle de l'Empire russe, Moscou redevint le lieu du pouvoir central, signe de la volonté de pérenniser l'héritage de la Russie traditionnelle, mais au..." title="Article : MOSCOU" href="/encyclopedie/moscou/">Moscou</a> en 2005 ; sa dépouille et celle de sa femme sont rapatriées et inhumées en grande pompe dans la capitale russe le 4 octobre 2005.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Alexandre BENNIGSEN</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" 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BENNIGSEN</strong></a> : directeur d'études à l'École pratique des hautes études </li></ul></section><section class="mb-5"><div class="text-center mb-3 d-print-none"><a class="d-inline-flex flex-row justify-content-center align-items-center btn btn-light btn-large text-start" title="Carte mentale : DENIKINE ANTON IVANOVITCH (1872-1947)" href="/carte-mentale/anton-ivanovitch-denikine/"><i class="fa fa-sitemap fa-rotate-270 me-1 fs-1 text-universalis"></i><p class="m-0"><strong class="fs-4">Carte mentale</strong><br /> Élargissez votre recherche dans Universalis </p></a></div></section> <section class="mb-5 article-classification" data-print-label="la classification" data-print-target=".article-classification"> <i class="anchor" id="yT318053_ROOT_LINES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Classification</p> <nav aria-label="Classification 1"> <ol class="breadcrumb"> <li class="breadcrumb-item"> <a title="Classification : Histoire" href="/classification/histoire/"> Histoire </a> </li> <li 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<a title="Classification : Russie, histoire" href="/classification/histoire/histoire-par-regions-et-pays/histoire-de-l-europe-centrale-et-orientale/russie-histoire/"> Russie, histoire </a> </li> </ol> </nav> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none"> <i class="anchor" id="yT318053_MEDIAS"></i> <p class="title-minor">Média</p> <div class="row"> <div class="col-12 col-md-12 text-center p-1"> <figure class="figure text-center w-100 mb-0 p-1" style="position: relative"> <a data-ucode="PH996292" data-showMediaPlayer="1" class="protected media-reference-copy " title="Média : Les alliés des Russes blancs" href="/media/les-allies-des-russes-blancs-ph996292/"> <img id="PH996292" loading="lazy" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/f/4/csm_ph996292_48d8f59c33.webp" class="figure-img rounded mx-auto media_resized" alt="Les alliés des Russes blancs - crédits : Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" data-description="Les anciens alliés de la Russie soutiennent les Blancs contre l'Armée rouge, ici en 1919, sur les fronts d' Arkhangelsk et de Mourmansk. Les Britanniques surveillent une locomotive détruite par une attaque bolchevique." data-copyright="Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images" width="1024" height="545" /> </a> <figcaption class="figure-caption"> <p class="m-0 mt-1 fw-bold text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Les alliés des Russes blancs </p> <p class="m-0 copyright text-sm text-gray-700 text-truncate"> Hulton-Deutsch Collection/ Corbis/ Getty Images </p> </figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </section> <section class="mb-5 d-print-none learn-more"> <i class="anchor" id="yT318053_REFERENCES"></i> <p class="title-minor">Autres références</p> <ul class="list-group"> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/ukraine/#c1289"> <span class="rg">UKRAINE</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Annie DAUBENTON</span> , <span rel="author">Iryna DMYTRYCHYN</span> , <span rel="author"> Encyclopædia Universalis</span> , <span rel="author">Lubomyr A. HAJDA</span> , <span rel="author">Georges LUCIANI</span> et <span rel="author">Yann RICHARD</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">40 363 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">17 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : UKRAINE" href="/encyclopedie/ukraine/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Ukraine : carte administrative - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/3/csm_at019903_9f6e813b2c.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...extérieur, hostile. Les Alliés, dont la France qui tenait Odessa, soutenaient les Russes blancs, lesquels avaient groupé leurs armées autour du général Anton Denikine, en Russie méridionale. En février 1919, les bolcheviks reprirent Kiev. Le Directoire émigra sur la rive droite. En mai, Denikine déclencha... </div> </li> <li class="list-group-item"> <h3 class="fs-5 m-0 mt-1"> <a href="/encyclopedie/u-r-s-s/#c1289"> <span class="rg">U.R.S.S. - </span><span class="rm">Histoire</span> </a> </h3> <ul class="list-inline list-inline-bullet mb-1 text-muted"> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">Écrit par <span rel="author">Nicolas WERTH</span> </li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">22 741 mots</li> <li class="list-inline-item text-sm">53 médias </li> </ul> <div class="d-none d-md-inline-block float-start me-3"> <a class="protected" title="Article : U.R.S.S. - Histoire" href="/encyclopedie/u-r-s-s/"> <img class="rounded shadow" loading="lazy" alt="Opération Barbarossa - crédits : Encyclopædia Universalis France" width="125" height="125" src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/7/7/csm_vi060002_66f9538340.webp"/> </a> </div> <div class="snippet-content mt-3"> ...Après des succès initiaux, il est contraint de battre en <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Les pensions de retraite constituent la source principale de revenus des personnes âgées dans tous les pays industrialisés. Les autres sources potentielles de revenus sont les intérêts et dividendes ou – pour les personnes sans patrimoine ni pension – des allocations d'assistance sociale, versées sous condition de ressources. L'importance des pensions de retraite par rapport aux re..." title="Article : RETRAITE" href="/encyclopedie/retraite/">retraite</a>, faute d'avoir su coordonner ses mouvements avec ceux de l'armée du général Denikine, partie du Don vers l'Ukraine et la Russie centrale. 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