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Ahmad Sanjar - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> 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class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ahmad Sanjar</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="أحمد سنجر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أحمد سنجر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fhm%C9%99d_S%C9%99nc%C9%99r" title="Əhməd Səncər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əhməd Səncər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="سولطان سنجر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سولطان سنجر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="আহমাদ সানজার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আহমাদ সানজার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80hmad_Sanjar" title="Àhmad Sanjar – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àhmad Sanjar" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sandschar" title="Ahmad Sandschar – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ahmad Sandschar" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%87%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CF%81" title="Αχμάντ Σαντζάρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αχμάντ Σαντζάρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ahmad Sanjar" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_San%C4%9Dar" title="Ahmad Sanĝar – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ahmad Sanĝar" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="احمد سنجر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="احمد سنجر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ahmad Sanjar" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%ED%9D%90%EB%A9%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%84%BC%EC%A0%9C%EB%A5%B4" title="아흐메드 센제르 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아흐메드 센제르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B0%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4_%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%80" title="Ահմադ Սանջար – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ահմադ Սանջար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ahmad Sanjar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Sanjar" title="Ahmed Sanjar – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ahmed Sanjar" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%93_%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%A8" title="אחמד סנג'ר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אחמד סנג'ר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%93_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="აჰმედ სანჯარი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აჰმედ სანჯარი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%81%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Санжар сұлтан – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Санжар сұлтан" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siltan_Sencer" title="Siltan Sencer – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Siltan Sencer" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Султан Санжар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Султан Санжар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szandzsar_nagyszeldzsuk_szult%C3%A1n" title="Szandzsar nagyszeldzsuk szultán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szandzsar nagyszeldzsuk szultán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="احمد سنجر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="احمد سنجر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%86" title="سنجر سلطون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="سنجر سلطون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ahmad Sanjar" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%95%E3%83%9E%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB" title="アフマド・サンジャル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アフマド・サンジャル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanjar" title="Sanjar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sanjar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="سلطان احمد سنجر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سلطان احمد سنجر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sand%C5%BCar" title="Ahmad Sandżar – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ahmad Sandżar" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amade_Sanjar" title="Amade Sanjar – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Amade Sanjar" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ахмад Санджар – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ахмад Санджар" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="سلطان احمد سنجر – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سلطان احمد سنجر" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Sanjar" title="Ahmed Sanjar – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ahmed Sanjar" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad_Sand%C5%BEar" title="Ahmad Sandžar – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ahmad Sandžar" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D2%B3%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Аҳмади Санҷар – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Аҳмади Санҷар" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmed_Sencer" title="Ahmed Sencer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ahmed Sencer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soltan_Sanjar" title="Soltan Sanjar – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Soltan Sanjar" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ахмад Санджар – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ахмад Санджар" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%B1" title="احمد سنجر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="احمد سنجر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%93%88%E8%BF%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E8%B4%BE%E5%B0%94" title="艾哈迈德·桑贾尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="艾哈迈德·桑贾尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q337506#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sultan of the Seljuk Empire from 1118 to 1157</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sanjar" redirects here. For the town in Iraq, see <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>. For the Iraqi plain, see <a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Sanjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Plain of Sanjar">Plain of Sanjar</a>. For the Iraqi mountain, see <a href="/wiki/Mount_Sinjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Sinjar">Mount Sinjar</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Ahmad Sanjar</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg/300px-Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg/450px-Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg/600px-Ahmad_Sanjar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1072" data-file-height="638" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Ahmad Senjer seated on his throne, in a 1307 <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilkhanid">Ilkhanid</a> miniature.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Seljuq Empire">Great Seljuq Empire</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">18 April 1118 – 8 May 1157</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_(Seljuq_sultan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad I (Seljuq sultan)">Muhammad I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Co-sultan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II_(Seljuk_sultan)" title="Mahmud II (Seljuk sultan)">Mahmud II</a><br />(1118–1131)<br /><a href="/wiki/Dawud_(Seljuk_sultan)" title="Dawud (Seljuk sultan)">Dawud</a><br />(1131–1132)<br /><a href="/wiki/Tughril_II" title="Tughril II">Tughril II</a><br />(1132–1134)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_ad-Din_Mas%27ud" title="Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud">Mas'ud</a><br />(1134–1152)<br /><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_III" title="Malik-Shah III">Malik-Shah III</a><br />(1152–1153)<br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_ibn_Mahmud" title="Muhammad II ibn Mahmud">Muhammad II</a><br />(1153–1157)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Malik" title="Malik">Malik</a> of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1097–1118</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Tapar" title="Muhammad I Tapar">Muhammad I Tapar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Khwarezmian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarezmian Empire">Khwarezmian Empire</a> conquest</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">6 November 1086<br /><a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">8 May 1157<span style="display:none">(1157-05-08)</span> (aged 70)<br /><a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Consort</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Turkan Khatun</li><li><a href="/wiki/Rusudan_(daughter_of_Demetrius_I_of_Georgia)" title="Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)">Rasudan Abkhaziyya Khatun</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Mah-i Mulk Khatun</li><li>Amir Sitti Khatun</li><li><a href="/wiki/Khatun_(daughter_of_Ahmad_Sanjar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatun (daughter of Ahmad Sanjar)">Amira Khatun</a></li><li>Gawhar Khatun</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Taj Safariyya Khatun<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassignon1982162_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassignon1982162-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESafi200667_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESafi200667-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span lang="bn" dir="ltr">Ahmad</span> Sanjar</b> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl"><span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;">احمد سنجر</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Full_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Full name">full name</a>: <i>Muizz ad-Dunya wa ad-Din Adud ad-Dawlah Abul-Harith Ahmad Sanjar ibn Malik-Shah</i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) (6 November 1086 – 8 May 1157)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuq</a> ruler of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> from 1097 until 1118,<sup id="cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when he became the <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Empire">Seljuq Empire</a>, which he ruled until his death in 1157. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sanjar was born on 6 November 1086<sup id="cite_ref-Bosworth_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bosworth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Sinjar" title="Sinjar">Sinjar</a>, a town situated in northwestern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. Although primary sources state that he was named after his birthplace (Rāvandi, p. 185; Ebn al-Jawzi, XVIII, p. 161) <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Bosworth</a> notes <i>Sanjar</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> name, denoting "he who pierces", "he who thrusts".<sup id="cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a son of <a href="/wiki/Malik_Shah_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Shah I">Malik Shah I</a> and participated in wars of succession against his three brothers and a nephew, namely <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I_of_Great_Seljuq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud I of Great Seljuq">Mahmud I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barkiyaruq" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkiyaruq">Barkiyaruq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malik_Shah_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Malik Shah II">Malik Shah II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_(Seljuq_sultan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad I (Seljuq sultan)">Muhammad I</a>. In 1096, he was given the province of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> to govern under his brother Muhammad I.<sup id="cite_ref-Grousset_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grousset-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the next several years Ahmad Sanjar became the ruler of most of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> with his capital at <a href="/wiki/Nishapur" title="Nishapur">Nishapur</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governor_of_Khorasan">Governor of Khorasan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Governor of Khorasan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of rulers revolted against Sanjar and continued the split of the Great Seljuq Empire that had started upon dynastic wars. In 1102, he repulsed an invasion from <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kashgaria</a>, killing Jibrail Arslan Khan near <a href="/wiki/Termez" title="Termez">Termez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grousset_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grousset-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1107, he invaded the domains of the <a href="/wiki/Ghurid" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurid">Ghurid</a> ruler <a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_Husayn" title="Izz al-Din Husayn">Izz al-Din Husayn</a> and captured him, but later released him in return for tribute. </p><p>Sanjar undertook a campaign to eliminate the <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari Ismailis</a> within Persia and successfully drove them from a number of their strongholds, including <a href="/wiki/Quhistan" title="Quhistan">Quhistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tabas" title="Tabas">Tabas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, an anecdote indicates that en route to their chief stronghold at <a href="/wiki/Alamut" title="Alamut">Alamut</a>, Sanjar woke up one day to find a dagger beside him, pinning a note from <a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> stating that he (Hassan) would like peace. Sanjar, shocked by this event, sent envoys to Hassan and they both agreed to stay out of each other's way.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1117, he marched against the <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Arslan-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Arslan-Shah of Ghazna">Arslan-Shah</a>, defeating him at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghazni_(1117)" title="Battle of Ghazni (1117)">Battle of Ghazni</a> and installing Arslan's brother <a href="/wiki/Bahram-Shah_of_Ghazna" title="Bahram-Shah of Ghazna">Bahram-Shah</a> in the throne as a Seljuk vassal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sultan_of_the_Seljuk_Empire">Sultan of the Seljuk Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sultan of the Seljuk Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan,_2009_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg/220px-5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg/330px-5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg/440px-5_manat._T%C3%BCrkmenistan%2C_2009_a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>Ahmad Sanjar, as featured on the front of the 5 Turkmenistan manat banknote</figcaption></figure> <p>On February 26, 1105 Sultan <a href="/wiki/Barkiyaruq" class="mw-redirect" title="Barkiyaruq">Barkiyaruq</a> died. He chose his younger son, Muizzeddin Malik-Shah, as heir to the throne. Malikshah took the name <a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_II" title="Malik-Shah II">Malik-Shah II</a> after being proclaimed the Sultan of the Seljuk Empire. However, the true power was in the hands of his uncle, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tapar" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Tapar">Muhammad Tapar</a>. In the same year, Muhammad Tapar dethroned his nephew and started to rule the State himself as sultan. When Muhammad died on April 4, 1118, his son <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II_(Seljuk_sultan)" title="Mahmud II (Seljuk sultan)">Mahmud II</a> was declared as new sultan. When Muhammad's son Mahmud II ascended the throne, <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a> <a href="/wiki/Garshasp_II" title="Garshasp II">Garshasp II</a> fell into disgrace; slander about him spread to the court that made him lose confidence, and made Mahmud send a military force to Yazd where Garshasp was arrested and jailed in <a href="/wiki/Jibal" title="Jibal">Jibal</a>, while Yazd was granted to the royal cupbearer. Garshasp, however, escaped and returned to Yazd, where he requested protection from Ahmad Sanjar (Garshasp's wife was the sister of Ahmad).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Garshasp urged Ahmad to invade the domains of Mahmud in Central Iran and gave him information on how to march to Central Iran, and the ways to combat Mahmud. Ahmad accepted and advanced with an army to the west in 1119, where he together with "five kings" defeated Mahmud at <a href="/wiki/Saveh" title="Saveh">Saveh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kings who aided Ahmad during the battle were Garshasp himself, the <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">Emir</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sistan" title="Sistan">Sistan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmshah" title="Khwarazmshah">Khwarazmshah</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including two other unnamed kings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328–329_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328–329-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nizari_Ismaili_state" title="Nizari Ismaili state">Nizari</a> forces were also present in Sanjar's army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007338_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007338-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being victorious, Ahmad then restored the domains of Garshasp II.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328–329_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328–329-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad then marched as far as Baghdad, where he agreed with Mahmud that he should marry one of his daughters, and that he should give up strategic territories in northern Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Qatwan.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Battle_of_Qatwan.png/250px-Battle_of_Qatwan.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Battle_of_Qatwan.png/375px-Battle_of_Qatwan.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Battle_of_Qatwan.png/500px-Battle_of_Qatwan.png 2x" data-file-width="1276" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>Battle of Qatwan in 1141</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1141, Ahmad, along with Garshasp II, marched to confront the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khitan_Khanate" class="mw-redirect" title="Kara-Khitan Khanate">Kara Khitan</a> threat and engaged them near Samarkand at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qatwan" title="Battle of Qatwan">Battle of Qatwan</a>. He suffered an astounding defeat, and Garshasp was killed. Ahmad escaped with only fifteen of his elite horsemen, losing all Seljuq territory east of the <a href="/wiki/Syr_Darya" title="Syr Darya">Syr Darya</a> (Jaxartes).<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sanjar's as well as the Seljuks' rule collapsed as a consequence of yet another unexpected defeat, this time at the hands of the Seljuks’ own tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Ghuzz Turks</a>, in 1153.<sup id="cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanjar was captured during the battle and held in captivity until 1156.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinor_1990_368_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinor_1990_368-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It brought chaos to the Empire - situation later exploited by the victorious Turkmens, whose hordes would overrun Khorasan unopposed, wreaking colossal damage on the province and prestige of Sanjar.<sup id="cite_ref-Sinor_1990_368_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sinor_1990_368-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanjar eventually escaped from captivity in the fall of 1156, but soon died in <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> (present-day Turkmenistan), in 1157. After his death, Turkic rulers, Turkmen tribal forces, and other secondary powers competed for Khorasan, and after a long period of confrontations, the province was finally conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Ghurids" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghurids">Ghurids</a> in 1192, and by the <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmians</a> in the early 1200s.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg/220px-Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg/330px-Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg/440px-Sultan_Sanjar_mausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Ahmad Sanjar mausoleum in <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Mary,_Turkmenistan" title="Mary, Turkmenistan">Mary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Sanjar died in 1157 and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Merv" title="Merv">Merv</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Ahmed_Sanjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of Ahmed Sanjar">His tomb</a> was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">Mongols</a> in 1221, during their <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">invasion of the Khwarezmian Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The death of Sanjar meant the end of the Seljuq dynasty as an empire, since they controlled only <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a> afterwards. Sanjar is considered one of the most prominent Seljuq sultans and was the longest reigning Muslim ruler until <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasions_and_conquests" title="Mongol invasions and conquests">the Mongols arrived</a>. Although of Turkic origin, Sanjar was highly Iranized, and due to his feats, even became a legendary figure like some of the mythological characters in the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970159_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970159-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, medieval sources described Sanjar as having "the majesty of the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Khosrows</a> and the glory of the <a href="/wiki/Kayanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayanid dynasty">Kayanids</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Persian_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian poetry">Persian poetry</a> flourished under Sanjar, and his court included some of the greatest Persian poets, such as <a href="/wiki/Mu%27izzi" title="Mu'izzi">Mu'izzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Aruzi" title="Nizami Aruzi">Nizami Aruzi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anvari" title="Anvari">Anvari</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of his wives was Turkan Khatun. She was the daughter of Muhammad Arslan Khan, the ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Kara-Khanid_Khanate" title="Kara-Khanid Khanate">Kara-Khanid Khanate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_Civilizations_of_Central_Asia_1998_p._162_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_Civilizations_of_Central_Asia_1998_p._162-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in April 1156,<sup id="cite_ref-Basan_2010_p._138_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basan_2010_p._138-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was buried in Yusuf Hamadani Mausoleum Complex in Merv.<sup id="cite_ref-Cuno_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cuno-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another wife was <a href="/wiki/Rusudan_(daughter_of_Demetrius_I_of_Georgia)" title="Rusudan (daughter of Demetrius I of Georgia)">Abkhaziyya Khatun</a>. She was the daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Georgia" title="Demetrius I of Georgia">Demetrius I of Georgia</a>, and the widow of his nephew Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_ad-Din_Mas%27ud" title="Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud">Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud</a>. They married after Mas'ud's death in 1152.<sup id="cite_ref-Rayfield_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rayfield-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Comité_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Comité-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of Sanjar's daughters was Mah-i Mulk Khatun. She was born in 1105. In probably 1119, Sanjar married her to his nephew <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II_(Seljuk_sultan)" title="Mahmud II (Seljuk sultan)">Mahmud II</a>. When she died aged seventeen<sup id="cite_ref-Lambton_1988_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambton_1988-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1122,<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sanjar sent another daughter, Amir Sitti Khatun, to be his wife. <a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_III" title="Malik-Shah III">Melik Shah III</a> and Gawhar Nasab Khatun were the children of this union.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambton_1988_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambton_1988-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She died in 1129.<sup id="cite_ref-Richards_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Richards-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Khatun_(daughter_of_Ahmad_Sanjar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatun (daughter of Ahmad Sanjar)">Amira Khatun</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-G&uuml_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-G&uuml-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> another of Sanjar's daughters married Abbasid Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Mustarshid" title="Al-Mustarshid">Al-Mustarshid</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lambton_1988_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambton_1988-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1124.<sup id="cite_ref-TDV_İslam_Ansiklopedisi_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TDV_İslam_Ansiklopedisi-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another daughter of Sanjar, Gawhar Khatun, married his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_ad-Din_Mas%27ud" title="Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud">Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud</a> in 1134.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A daughter of this union was married by Mas'ud to his nephew Dawud, son of Mahmud II. They failed to get on together, and Ma'sud gave his daughter to Dawud's brother, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_ibn_Mahmud" title="Muhammad II ibn Mahmud">Muhammad II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lambton_1988_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lambton_1988-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMassignon1982162-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMassignon1982162_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMassignon1982">Massignon 1982</a>, p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESafi200667-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESafi200667_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSafi2006">Safi 2006</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>معزالدنیاوالدین عدودالدوله ابوالحارث احمد سنجر ابن ملکشاه</i> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashid ad-Din. "Collection of annals". Translated from Persian by O.I.Smirnova, edited by prof. A.A.Semenova. Publishing house of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1952. Vol.1, book.2. p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SANJAR,_Aḥmad_b._Malekšāh_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar">"SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh"</a> <i>Encyclopædia Iranica</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bosworth-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bosworth_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2010" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C.E. (2010). <i>The History of the Seljuq State: A Translation with Commentary of the Akhbar al-dawla al-saljuqiyya</i>. Routledge Studies in the History of Iran and Turkey. Taylor & Francis. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-89743-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-89743-6"><bdi>978-1-136-89743-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Seljuq+State%3A+A+Translation+with+Commentary+of+the+Akhbar+al-dawla+al-saljuqiyya&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+the+History+of+Iran+and+Turkey&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-89743-6&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grousset-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grousset_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grousset_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Grousset, René (1970) <i>The Empire of the Steppes</i> Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/169">p. 159</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8135-0627-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8135-0627-1">0-8135-0627-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franzius, Enno (1969) <i>History of the Order of Assassins</i> Funk and Wagnalls, New York, p. 59, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/23676">23676</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, Bernard (1968) <i>The Assassins: A Radical Sect in Islam</i> Basic Books, New York, p. 30, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436364">436364</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bosworth, C. Edmund (1983). "ABŪ KĀLĪJĀR GARŠĀSP (II)". Encyclopædia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 328–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1968120_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1968">Bosworth 1968</a>, p. 120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328–329-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328–329_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBosworth1983328–329_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBosworth1983">Bosworth 1983</a>, pp. 328–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007338-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaftary2007338_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDaftary2007">Daftary 2007</a>, p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ibn al-Athir as cited by Zarncke, Friedrich (1879) <i>Der Priester Johannes</i> S. Heizel, Leipzig, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s3MSAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA856">p. 856-857</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/7619779">7619779</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liao Shih</i> (the official history of the Khitan Dynasty) cited by Wittfogel, Karl A. and Feng Chia-Sheng (1949) <i>History of Chinese Society: Liao, 907-1125</i> American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia, p. 639 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/9811810">9811810</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinor_1990_368-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sinor_1990_368_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sinor_1990_368_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinor1990" class="citation book cs1">Sinor, Denis (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC"><i>The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge, England">Cambridge</a>: Cambridge University Press. p. 368. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24304-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24304-1"><bdi>0-521-24304-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=368&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-521-24304-1&rft.aulast=Sinor&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DST6TRNuWmHsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Edmond Bosworth, “The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217),” Camb. Hist. Iran V, 1968, pp.94-185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth" class="citation web cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/ghurids">"Encyclopaedia Iranica (Ghurids)"</a>. <i>iranicaonline.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica+%28Ghurids%29&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fghurids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders1971" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, John Joseph (1971). <i>The History of the Mongol Conquests</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mongol+Conquests&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970159-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrousset1970159_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrousset1970">Grousset 1970</a>, p. 159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History_of_Civilizations_of_Central_Asia_1998_p._162-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-History_of_Civilizations_of_Central_Asia_1998_p._162_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>History of Civilizations of Central Asia</i>. History of Civilizations of Central Asia. Unesco. 1998. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-103467-1"><bdi>978-92-3-103467-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.series=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=Unesco&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-92-3-103467-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Basan_2010_p._138-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Basan_2010_p._138_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasan2010" class="citation book cs1">Basan, O.A. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-95393-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-95393-4"><bdi>978-1-136-95393-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Seljuqs%3A+A+History&rft.series=Routledge+Studies+in+the+History+of+Iran+and+Turkey&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-136-95393-4&rft.aulast=Basan&rft.aufirst=O.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cuno-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cuno_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuno2015" class="citation book cs1">Cuno, K.M. 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Syracuse University Press. p. 141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5316-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8156-5316-5"><bdi>978-0-8156-5316-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modernizing+Marriage%3A+Family%2C+Ideology%2C+and+Law+in+Nineteenth-+and+Early+Twentieth-Century+Egypt&rft.series=Gender+and+Globalization&rft.pages=141&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8156-5316-5&rft.aulast=Cuno&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rayfield-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rayfield_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRayfield2013" class="citation book cs1">Rayfield, D. (2013). <i>Edge of Empires: A History of Georgia</i>. Reaktion Books. p. 100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-070-2"><bdi>978-1-78023-070-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edge+of+Empires%3A+A+History+of+Georgia&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-070-2&rft.aulast=Rayfield&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Comité-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Comité_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFComité_de_l'indépendance_du_Caucase1954" class="citation book cs1">Comité de l'indépendance du Caucase (1954). <i>United Caucasus: Monthly Organ of the Committee for Caucasian Independence</i>. The Committee. p. 25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=United+Caucasus%3A+Monthly+Organ+of+the+Committee+for+Caucasian+Independence&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=The+Committee&rft.date=1954&rft.au=Comit%C3%A9+de+l%27ind%C3%A9pendance+du+Caucase&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFal-Fatḥ_ibn_ʻAlī_Bundārī1943" class="citation book cs1">al-Fatḥ ibn ʻAlī Bundārī (1943). <i>Irak ve Horasan, Selo̧uklulari tarihi: Imad ad-Dịn al-Kâtib al-Isfahânʼi'nin, al-Bondârʼi tarafindan ihtisar edilen Zubdat al-Nuṣra va Nuḩbat al 'Usra, adli kitabinin tercümesi. M. Th. Houtsma tarafindan 1889 da leiden'de neşredilen metinden türçeye çeviren Kivameddin Burslan</i>. Türk Tarih Kurumu yayinlari, 2. seri, no. 4. Maarif Matbaasi. p. 212.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Irak+ve+Horasan%2C+Selo%CC%A7uklulari+tarihi%3A+Imad+ad-D%E1%BB%8Bn+al-K%C3%A2tib+al-Isfah%C3%A2n%CA%BCi%27nin%2C+al-Bond%C3%A2r%CA%BCi+tarafindan+ihtisar+edilen+Zubdat+al-Nu%E1%B9%A3ra+va+Nu%E1%B8%A9bat+al+%27Usra%2C+adli+kitabinin+terc%C3%BCmesi.+M.+Th.+Houtsma+tarafindan+1889+da+leiden%27de+ne%C5%9Fredilen+metinden+t%C3%BCr%C3%A7eye+%C3%A7eviren+Kivameddin+Burslan&rft.series=T%C3%BCrk+Tarih+Kurumu+yayinlari%2C+2.+seri%2C+no.+4&rft.pages=212&rft.pub=Maarif+Matbaasi&rft.date=1943&rft.au=al-Fat%E1%B8%A5+ibn+%CA%BBAl%C4%AB+Bund%C4%81r%C4%AB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lambton_1988-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lambton_1988_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambton_1988_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambton_1988_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lambton_1988_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLambton1988" class="citation book cs1">Lambton, A.K.S. (1988). <i>Continuity and Change in Medieval Persia</i>. Bibliotheca Persica. Bibliotheca Persica. pp. 259–60, 268. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-133-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88706-133-2"><bdi>978-0-88706-133-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Continuity+and+Change+in+Medieval+Persia&rft.series=Bibliotheca+Persica&rft.pages=259-60%2C+268&rft.pub=Bibliotheca+Persica&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88706-133-2&rft.aulast=Lambton&rft.aufirst=A.K.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Richards-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Richards_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards2010" class="citation book cs1">Richards, D.S. (2010). <i>The Chronicle of Ibn Al-Athir for the Crusading Period from Al-Kamil Fi'L-Ta'Rikh.: The Years 491-541/1097-1146 the Coming of the Franks and the Muslim Response</i>. Crusade texts in translation. Ashgate. pp. 241, 276. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6950-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-6950-0"><bdi>978-0-7546-6950-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chronicle+of+Ibn+Al-Athir+for+the+Crusading+Period+from+Al-Kamil+Fi%27L-Ta%27Rikh.%3A+The+Years+491-541%2F1097-1146+the+Coming+of+the+Franks+and+the+Muslim+Response&rft.series=Crusade+texts+in+translation&rft.pages=241%2C+276&rft.pub=Ashgate&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-6950-0&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=D.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-G&uuml-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-G&uuml_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGüney2020" class="citation web cs1">Güney, Alime Okumuş (2020-12-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acikbilim.yok.gov.tr/handle/20.500.12812/441011">"Orta Asya Türk-İslâm devletlerinde evlilikler ve evlilik gelenekleri"</a>. Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü. p. 49<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Orta+Asya+T%C3%BCrk-%C4%B0sl%C3%A2m+devletlerinde+evlilikler+ve+evlilik+gelenekleri&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Sosyal+Bilimler+Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC&rft.date=2020-12-29&rft.aulast=G%C3%BCney&rft.aufirst=Alime+Okumu%C5%9F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facikbilim.yok.gov.tr%2Fhandle%2F20.500.12812%2F441011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TDV_İslam_Ansiklopedisi-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TDV_İslam_Ansiklopedisi_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sencer">"SENCER"</a>. <i>TDV İslam Ansiklopedisi</i> (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TDV+%C4%B0slam+Ansiklopedisi&rft.atitle=SENCER&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fislamansiklopedisi.org.tr%2Fsencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2000" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, E. (2000). <i>The History of the Seljuq Turks: The Saljuq-nama of Zahir al-Din Nishpuri</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75257-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-75257-5"><bdi>978-1-136-75257-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Seljuq+Turks%3A+The+Saljuq-nama+of+Zahir+al-Din+Nishpuri&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-136-75257-5&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/C._E._Bosworth" class="mw-redirect" title="C. E. Bosworth">Bosworth, C. E.</a> (1968). "The Political and Dynastic History of the Iranian World (A.D. 1000–1217)". In Frye, R. N. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=16yHq5v3QZAC&pg=PA1"><i>The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 5: The Saljuq and Mongol periods</i></a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1–202. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-06936-X"><bdi>0-521-06936-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Political+and+Dynastic+History+of+the+Iranian+World+%28A.D.+1000%E2%80%931217%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+5%3A+The+Saljuq+and+Mongol+periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=1-202&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-521-06936-X&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D16yHq5v3QZAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1983" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund (1983). "ABŪ KĀLĪJĀR GARŠĀSP (II)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/abu-kalijar-garsasp-ii-ala-al-dawla-azod-al-din-b"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. I, Fasc. 3</i></a>. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. pp. 328–329.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=AB%C5%AA+K%C4%80L%C4%AAJ%C4%80R+GAR%C5%A0%C4%80SP+%28II%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+I%2C+Fasc.+3&rft.place=London+et+al.&rft.pages=328-329&rft.pub=C.+Edmund+Bosworth&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fabu-kalijar-garsasp-ii-ala-al-dawla-azod-al-din-b&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth2002" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. Edmund (2002). "GOWHAR ḴĀTUN". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gowhar-katun-"><i>Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. XI, Fasc. 2</i></a>. London et al.: C. Edmund Bosworth. p. 179.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=GOWHAR+%E1%B8%B4%C4%80TUN&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica%2C+Vol.+XI%2C+Fasc.+2&rft.place=London+et+al.&rft.pages=179&rft.pub=C.+Edmund+Bosworth&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgowhar-katun-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bosworth, C. E (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YhHVPQAACAAJ&q=The+Later+Ghaznavids"><i>The Later Ghaznavids: Splendour and Decay: The Dynasty in Afghanistan and Northern India 1040-1186</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788121505772" title="Special:BookSources/9788121505772"><bdi>9788121505772</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Later+Ghaznavids%3A+Splendour+and+Decay%3A+The+Dynasty+in+Afghanistan+and+Northern+India+1040-1186&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9788121505772&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYhHVPQAACAAJ%26q%3DThe%2BLater%2BGhaznavids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaftary2007" class="citation book cs1">Daftary, Farhad (2007). <i>The Isma'ilis: Their History and Doctrines</i> (2nd, revised ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46578-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-46578-6"><bdi>978-1-139-46578-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Isma%27ilis%3A+Their+History+and+Doctrines&rft.edition=2nd%2C+revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-139-46578-6&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset1970" class="citation book cs1">Grousset, René (1970). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou"><i>The Empire of the Steppes: A History of Central Asia</i></a></span>. Rutgers University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/empireofsteppes00grou/page/n36">1</a>-687. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813513041" title="Special:BookSources/9780813513041"><bdi>9780813513041</bdi></a>. <q>false.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+of+the+Steppes%3A+A+History+of+Central+Asia&rft.pages=1-687&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=9780813513041&rft.aulast=Grousset&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fempireofsteppes00grou&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMassignon1982" class="citation book cs1">Massignon, Louis (1982). <i>The Passion of al-Hallaj, Mystic and Martyr of Islam</i>. Vol. 2. Translated by Mason, Herbert. Princeton University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Passion+of+al-Hallaj%2C+Mystic+and+Martyr+of+Islam&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Massignon&rft.aufirst=Louis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeacock2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._C._S._Peacock" title="A. C. S. Peacock">Peacock, A. C. S.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vx_BPQAACAAJ"><i>The Great Seljuk Empire</i></a>. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 1–378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780748638260" title="Special:BookSources/9780748638260"><bdi>9780748638260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Seljuk+Empire&rft.pages=1-378&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780748638260&rft.aulast=Peacock&rft.aufirst=A.+C.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvx_BPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSafi2006" class="citation book cs1">Safi, Omid (2006). <i>The Politics of Knowledge in Premodern Islam: Negotiating Ideology and Religious Inquiry</i>. University of North Carolina Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+Knowledge+in+Premodern+Islam%3A+Negotiating+Ideology+and+Religious+Inquiry&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Safi&rft.aufirst=Omid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAhmad+Sanjar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ahmad_Sanjar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Ahmad_Sanjar" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:Ahmad Sanjar">Author:Ahmad Sanjar</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/sanjar">SANJAR, Aḥmad b. Malekšāh</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_(Seljuq_sultan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad I (Seljuq sultan)">Muhammad I</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq Empire">Sultan of the Seljuq Empire</a> </b><br />1118–1153 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Divisions of <a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">Seljuq dynasty</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_of_Seljuk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Seljuk_dynasty" title="Template:Seljuk dynasty"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Seljuk_dynasty" title="Template talk:Seljuk dynasty"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Seljuk_dynasty" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Seljuk dynasty"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_of_Seljuk" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_dynasty" title="Seljuk dynasty">House of Seljuk</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early Seljukids</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tuqaq" title="Tuqaq">Tuqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_(warlord)" title="Seljuk (warlord)">Seljuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikail_(son_of_Seljuk)" title="Mikail (son of Seljuk)">Mikail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arslan_Isra%27il" title="Arslan Isra'il">Arslan Isra'il</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Yabghu" title="Musa Yabghu">Musa Yabghu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> (1037–1194)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tughril_I" title="Tughril I">Tughril I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_I_(Seljuk_sultan)" title="Mahmud I (Seljuk sultan)">Mahmud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkyaruq" title="Berkyaruq">Berkyaruq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_II" title="Malik-Shah II">Malik-Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_I_Tapar" title="Muhammad I Tapar">Muhammad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II_(Seljuk_sultan)" title="Mahmud II (Seljuk sultan)">Mahmud II</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmad Sanjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_(Seljuk_sultan)" title="Dawud (Seljuk sultan)">Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tughril_II" title="Tughril II">Tughril II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghiyath_ad-Din_Mas%27ud" title="Ghiyath ad-Din Mas'ud">Masud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_III" title="Malik-Shah III">Malik-Shah III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_II_ibn_Mahmud" title="Muhammad II ibn Mahmud">Muhammad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman-Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman-Shah">Suleiman-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arslan-Shah_(Seljuk_sultan)" title="Arslan-Shah (Seljuk sultan)">Arslan-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toghrul_III" title="Toghrul III">Toghrul III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> (1040–1118)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaghri_Beg" title="Chaghri Beg">Chaghri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan" title="Alp Arslan">Alp Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arslan-Shah_(son_of_Alp_Arslan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arslan-Shah (son of Alp Arslan) (page does not exist)">Arslan-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toghan-Shah_(son_of_Alp_Arslan)" title="Toghan-Shah (son of Alp Arslan)">Toghan-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arslan-Argun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arslan-Argun (page does not exist)">Arslan-Argun</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ahmad Sanjar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Governors of <a href="/wiki/Kerman_Seljuk_Sultanate" title="Kerman Seljuk Sultanate">Kerman</a> (1048–1188)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qavurt" title="Qavurt">Qawurd</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kerman-Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kerman-Shah (page does not exist)">Kerman-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Husein_(son_of_Kerman-Shah)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Husein (son of Kerman-Shah) (page does not exist)">Husein</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sultan-Shah_(Kerman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sultan-Shah (Kerman) (page does not exist)">Sultan-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan-Shah_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turan-Shah I (page does not exist)">Turan-Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranshah_(son_of_Turanshah)" title="Iranshah (son of Turanshah)">Iran-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arslan_Shah_I" title="Arslan Shah I">Arslan-Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Muhammad-Shah_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Muhammad-Shah I (page does not exist)">Muhammad-Shah I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toghrul-Shah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toghrul-Shah (page does not exist)">Toghrul-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bahram-Shah_(Kerman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bahram-Shah (Kerman) (page does not exist)">Bahram-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arslan-Shah_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arslan-Shah II (page does not exist)">Arslan-Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Turan-Shah_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Turan-Shah II (page does not exist)">Turan-Shah II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad-Shah_II" title="Muhammad-Shah II">Muhammad-Shah II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Damascus#Seljuk_emirs" title="List of rulers of Damascus">Governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a> (1076–1105)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atsiz_ibn_Uwaq" title="Atsiz ibn Uwaq">Atsiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Muluk_Duqaq" title="Shams al-Muluk Duqaq">Duqaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutush_II" title="Tutush II">Tutush II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irtash" title="Irtash">Irtash</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Aleppo#Seljuk_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Aleppo">Governors</a> of <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a> (1086–1117)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Sunqur_al-Hajib" title="Aq Sunqur al-Hajib">Aq Sunqur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutush_I" title="Tutush I">Tutush I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Mulk_Ridwan" title="Fakhr al-Mulk Ridwan">Ridwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp_Arslan_al-Akhras" title="Alp Arslan al-Akhras">Alp Arslan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Shah_ibn_Radwan" title="Sultan Shah ibn Radwan">Sultan-Shah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Rum" title="Sultanate of Rum">Sultans of Rum</a> (1092–1307)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutalmish" title="Qutalmish">Qutalmish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_ibn_Qutalmish" title="Suleiman ibn Qutalmish">Suleiman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_I" title="Kilij Arslan I">Kilij Arslan I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_Shah_(R%C3%BBm)" title="Malik Shah (Rûm)">Malik-Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesud_I" title="Mesud I">Mesud I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_II" title="Kilij Arslan II">Kilij Arslan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaykhusraw_I" title="Kaykhusraw I">Kaykhusraw I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suleiman_II_(R%C3%BBm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Suleiman II (Rûm)">Suleiman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_III" title="Kilij Arslan III">Kilij Arslan III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaykaus_I" title="Kaykaus I">Kaykaus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayqubad_I" title="Kayqubad I">Kayqubad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaykhusraw_II" title="Kaykhusraw II">Kaykhusraw II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaykaus_II" title="Kaykaus II">Kaykaus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilij_Arslan_IV" title="Kilij Arslan IV">Kilij Arslan IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayqubad_II" title="Kayqubad II">Kayqubad II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaykhusraw_III" title="Kaykhusraw III">Kaykhusraw III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesud_II" title="Mesud II">Mesud II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayqubad_III" title="Kayqubad III">Kayqubad III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q337506#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/42637163">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11893712X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n91088212">United 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