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class="comp article-header-block mntl-block "><ul id="breadcrumbs_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs mntl-universal-breadcrumbs mntl-block type--squirrel breadcrumbs" data-tracking-container="true"><li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/humanities-4133358" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_5-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">Humanities</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_1-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_2-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_6-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">History & Culture</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li> <li id="mntl-breadcrumbs__item_3-0" class="comp mntl-breadcrumbs__item mntl-block"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/american-history-4133354" rel="nocaes" id="mntl-text-link_7-0" class="mntl-text-link mntl-breadcrumbs__link" data-tracking-container="true" ><span class="link__wrapper">American History</span></a> <span id="breadcrumbs__separator_3-0" class="comp breadcrumbs__separator mntl-text-block">›</span></li></ul> <div id="article-heading_1-0" class="comp article-heading mntl-article-header"> <h1 class="article-heading type--lion">Pontiac's Rebellion and Smallpox as a Weapon</h1> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-post-header"><div id="post-header-social-block_1-0" class="comp post-header-social-block mntl-block"><div id="social-share-block_1-0" class="comp social-share-block mntl-block"><ul id="social-share_1-0" class="comp social-share mntl-social-share share" data-title="Pontiac's Rebellion and Smallpox as a Weapon" 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battle" /> </noscript> </div> </div> <figcaption id="primary-image__figcap_1-0" class="comp primary-image__figcap mntl-figure-caption figure-article-caption"> <svg class="icon icon-camera figure-article-caption-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-camera" href="#icon-camera"></use> </svg> <span class="figure-article-caption-text">Siege of Fort Detroit.</span> <span class="figure-article-caption-owner"><p>Frederic Remington/Wikimedia Commons/Public Domain</p></span> </figcaption></figure> </div><div class="loc article-left-rail"> <div id="breadcrumbs-list_2-0" class="comp breadcrumbs-list hide-toplevel-small" data-tracking-container="true"><a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" class="breadcrumbs-list-image" ><div class="loc image"><img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/MbxSdKcvs3dVP8888BFPz398xhQ=/150x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/left_rail_image_history-58a22da068a0972917bfb5b7.png" 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href="https://www.thoughtco.com/history-and-culture-4133356" rel="nocaes" class="text-btn" > <span class="text-btn__text-label">View More</span> <svg class="icon icon-caret-right text-btn-icon" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-caret-right" href="#icon-caret-right"></use> </svg> </a></div> </div><div class="loc article-pre-content"><div id="article-meta_1-0" class="comp article-meta mntl-block" data-tracking-container="true"><div id="reference-bylines_1-0" class="comp reference-bylines mntl-bylines right-rail__offset"><div id="mntl-bylines__group_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__group mntl-block mntl-bylines__group--author"><div id="mntl-bylines__item_1-0" class="comp mntl-bylines__item mntl-attribution__item mntl-attribution__item--has-date"> <span class="mntl-attribution__item-descriptor">By</span> <div data-tooltip="Robert Wilde is a historian who writes about European history. He is the author of the History in an Afternoon textbook series." tabindex="0" data-inline-tooltip="true"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/robert-wilde-1220771" rel="nocaes" data-trigger-link="true" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="-1" >Robert Wilde</a> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip mntl-tooltip mntl-group "> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__top mntl-author-tooltip__top--no-image"> <div id="mntl-author-tooltip__name_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__name mntl-attribution__item "> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/robert-wilde-1220771" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-attribution__item-name" tabindex="0" >Robert Wilde</a> </div> <span id="mntl-author-tooltip__job-title_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__job-title mntl-text-block">History Expert</span> <ul id="mntl-author-tooltip__education_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education mntl-block"><li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_1-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">M.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University</li> <li id="mntl-author-tooltip__education-item_2-0" class="comp mntl-author-tooltip__education-item mntl-text-block">B.A., Medieval Studies, Sheffield University</li></ul> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bio"> Robert Wilde is a historian who writes about European history. He is the author of the History in an Afternoon textbook series. </div> </div> <div class="mntl-author-tooltip__bottom"> <span class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-text">Learn about our</span> <a href="/about-us-4779650#toc-editorial-guidelines" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-author-tooltip__learn-more-link" >Editorial Process</a> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="mntl-attribution__item-date">Updated on February 15, 2019</div></div> </div></div> </div><div class="loc article-content"><div id="article-content_1-0" class="comp article-content mntl-block"><div id="mntl-sc-page_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-page mntl-block structured-content expert-content" data-sc-sticky-offset="85" data-sc-ad-label-height="24" data-sc-ad-track-spacing="100" data-sc-min-track-height="250" data-sc-max-track-height="600" data-sc-breakpoint="50em" data-sc-load-immediate="3" data-sc-content-positions="[1, 1050, 1250, 1550, 1950, 2350, 2750, 3150]" data-bind-scroll-on-start="true"><p id="mntl-sc-block_1-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Victory in the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-french-and-indian-war-overview-2360975" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">French and Indian War</a> had opened up new areas of North America for British settlers. The previous inhabitants, France, hadn’t settled to the extent that the British now tried, and had not impacted the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/who-are-native-americans-4082433" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="2">Indian populations</a> to a great extent. However, colonists now flooded into the newly conquered areas. Indian representatives made it clear to the British that they were unhappy with the number and spread of settlers, as well as the increasing number of British fortifications in the area. This last point was especially heated as British negotiators had promised that the military presence was only to defeat France, but they had stayed on regardless. Many Indians were also upset with the British apparently breaking peace agreements made during the French and Indian war, such as those promising certain areas would be kept for Indian hunting only. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-initial-indian-rebellion"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_3-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Initial Indian Rebellion </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_4-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> This Indian resentment caused uprisings. The first of these was the Cherokee War, caused by colonial infringement on Indian land, attacks on Indians by settlers, Indian revenge attacks and the actions of a prejudiced colonial leader who tried to blackmail the Cherokee by taking hostages. It was bloodily crushed by the British. Amherst, the commander of the British army in America, implemented stringent measures in trade and gift giving. Such trade was vital to the Indians, but the measures resulted in a decline in trade and greatly increased Indian anger. There was a political element to Indian rebellion too, as prophets began preaching a divide from European cooperation and goods, and a return to old ways and practices, as the way in which Indians could end a downward spiral of famine and disease. This spread across Indian groups, and chiefs favorable to Europeans lost power. Others wanted the French back as a counter to Britain. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_5-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-pontiacs-rebellion"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_6-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/pontiacs-rebellion-an-overview-2360770" rel="nocaes" class="mntl-sc-block-heading__link" >'Pontiac's Rebellion'</a> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_7-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Settlers and Indians had become involved in skirmishes, but one chief, Pontiac of the Ottowa, acted on his own initiative to attack Fort Detroit. As this was vital to the British, Pontiac was seen to take on a much greater role than he actually did, and the whole broader uprising was named after him. Warriors from a number of groups flocked to the siege, and members of many others—including Senecas, Ottawas, Hurons, Delawares, and Miamis—allied in a war against the British to seize forts and other centers. This effort was only loosely organized, especially at the start, and didn’t bring to bear the groups’ full offensive capacity. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_8-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_9-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Indians were successful in seizing British hubs, and many forts fell along the new British frontier, although three key ones remained in British hands. By the end of July, everything west of Detroit had fallen. At Detroit, the Battle of Bloody Run saw a British relief force wiped out, but another force traveling to relieve Fort Pitt won the Battle of Bushy Run, and later the besiegers were forced to leave. The siege of Detroit was then abandoned as winter approached and divisions between Indian groups grew, even though they were on the brink of success. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_10-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-smallpox"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_11-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Smallpox </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_12-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> When an Indian delegation asked the defenders of Fort Pitt to surrender, the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/general-thomas-gage-2360620" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">British commander</a> refused and sent them away. While doing so, he gave them gifts, which included food, alcohol and two blankets and a handkerchief which had come from people suffering smallpox. The intent was for it to spread among the Indians—as it had done naturally in the years before—and cripple the siege. Although he didn’t know of this, the head of British forces in North America (Amherst) advised his subordinates to deal with the rebellion by all means available to them, and that included passing smallpox-infected blankets to the Indians, as well as executing Indian prisoners. This was a new policy, without precedent among Europeans in America, one caused by desperation and, according to historian Fred Anderson, “genocidal fantasies”. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_13-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <span class="heading-toc" id="toc-peace-and-colonial-tensions"></span><h2 id="mntl-sc-block_14-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block reference-sc-block-heading mntl-sc-block-heading"> <span class="mntl-sc-block-heading__text"> Peace and Colonial Tensions </span> </h2> <p id="mntl-sc-block_15-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> Britain initially responded by attempting to crush the rebellion and force British rule onto the contested territory, even when it looked like peace might be achieved by other means. After developments in the government, Britain issued the <a href="https://www.thoughtco.com/proclamation-of-1763-104586" data-component="link" data-source="inlineLink" data-type="internalLink" data-ordinal="1">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>. It created three new colonies in the newly conquered land but left the rest of ‘the interior’ to the Indians: no colonists could settle there and only the government could negotiate land purchases. Many of the details were left vague, such as how Catholic residents of the former New France were to be treated under British law which barred them from votes and offices. This created further tensions with the colonists, many of whom had hoped to expand into this land, and some of whom were already there. They were also unhappy that the Ohio River Valley, the trigger for the French Indian war, was given over to Canadian administration. </p> <div id="mntl-sc-block_16-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-adslot mntl-block"></div> <p id="mntl-sc-block_17-0" class="comp mntl-sc-block mntl-sc-block-html"> The British proclamation enabled the country to negotiate with the rebellious groups, although these proved messy thanks to British failings and misunderstandings, one of which temporarily returned power to Pontiac, who had fallen from grace. Eventually, treaties were agreed, reversing many of the British policy decisions passed in the aftermath of the war, allowing alcohol to be sold to the Indians and unlimited arms sales. The Indians concluded after the war that they could earn concessions from the British by violence. The British tried to pull back from the frontier, but colonial squatters kept flowing in and violent clashes continued, even after the dividing line was moved. Pontiac, having lost all prestige, was later murdered in an unconnected incident. No one tried to avenge his death. </p></div> <div id="sources-and-citation_1-0" class="comp sources-and-citation mntl-block"><div id="citation-widget_1-0" class="comp citation-widget js-citation-widget" data-tracking-container="true"> <div class="citation-widget__container js-container"> <button class="citation-widget__button js-button"> <span class="citation-widget__cite-label">Cite this Article </span> <svg class="icon icon-cite citation-widget__icon-cite" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-cite" href="#icon-cite"></use> </svg> </button> <div class="citation-widget__window js-window"> <svg class="icon icon-close citation-widget__icon-close js-icon-close" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-close" href="#icon-close"></use> </svg> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Format</div> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link citation-widget__format-link--active js-format-link">mla</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">apa</a> <a href="#" class="citation-widget__format-link js-format-link">chicago</a> <div class="citation-widget__heading">Your Citation</div> <div class="citation-widget__content js-content"> <span class="citation-widget__citation citation-widget__citation--active js-active" data-citation-format="mla">Wilde, Robert. "Pontiac's Rebellion and Smallpox as a Weapon." ThoughtCo, Apr. 5, 2023, thoughtco.com/pontiacs-rebellion-smallpox-as-a-weapon-1222027.</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="apa">Wilde, Robert. (2023, April 5). Pontiac's Rebellion and Smallpox as a Weapon. Retrieved from https://www.thoughtco.com/pontiacs-rebellion-smallpox-as-a-weapon-1222027</span> <span class="citation-widget__citation" data-citation-format="chicago">Wilde, Robert. "Pontiac's Rebellion and Smallpox as a Weapon." ThoughtCo. https://www.thoughtco.com/pontiacs-rebellion-smallpox-as-a-weapon-1222027 (accessed December 24, 2024).</span> </div> <div class="citation-widget__copy-container"> <button class="citation-widget__copy-button js-copy-button"> <div class="citation-widget__copy-wrapper"> <svg class="icon icon-checkmark citation-widget__icon-checkmark" > <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-checkmark" href="#icon-checkmark"></use> </svg> <span class="citation-widget__copy-label js-copy-label">copy citation</span> </div> </button> </div> </div> </div> </div></div></div> </div><div class="loc article-right-rail"><div id="mm-ads-right-rail_1-0" class="comp mm-ads-right-rail mntl-block"><div id="sc-billboard-group_1-0" class="comp sc-billboard-group mntl-block js-scads-inline-content"><div id="mntl-block_2-0" class="comp mntl-block"><div id="ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic_1-0" class="comp ref-billboard1-sticky-dynamic mntl-block"><div id="mm-ads-sc-sticky-square-ad_1-0" 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class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:68.9%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/tlvFWnKvYnqx3WuPw3kuCG0Mdpk=/250x2946/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-51858506-610dc19b1ce244c1be118e72a3a84956.jpg" width="250" height="2946" alt="Artist rendition of the events of the late 1790s, with groups of people and buildings." class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.45" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/tlvFWnKvYnqx3WuPw3kuCG0Mdpk=/250x2946/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-51858506-610dc19b1ce244c1be118e72a3a84956.jpg" width="250" height="2946" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Artist rendition of the events of the late 1790s, with groups of people and buildings." /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="American History"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">What Happened During the Fries Rebellion of 1799?</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_8-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_8-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="104861" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/the-boston-massacre-p2-104861" data-ordinal="8" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/yio2uy2e1TMQZrJrZUWzr7jUNbA=/250x2453/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/bmassacre-5a6b2881c6733500370c2311-5c2f76954cedfd0001d92080.jpg" width="250" height="2453" alt="Engraving of the Boston Massacre by Paul Revere" class="lazyload card__img 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mntl-masonry-list mntl-block masonry-list"><li id="masonry-list__item_9-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_9-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1773298" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/anaconda-plan-definition-1773298" data-ordinal="1" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:83.1%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3DSDYXzjxseOenqOnvlquctU7Hg=/250x2493/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Anaconda-Plan-3000x2493gty-56a4892a3df78cf77282ddd3.jpg" width="250" height="2493" alt="Scott's Anaconda Plan" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.203" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3DSDYXzjxseOenqOnvlquctU7Hg=/250x2493/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Anaconda-Plan-3000x2493gty-56a4892a3df78cf77282ddd3.jpg" width="250" height="2493" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Scott's Anaconda Plan" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Basics"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Overview of the Anaconda Plan of 1861</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_10-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_10-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="4797408" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/whiskey-rebellion-4797408" data-ordinal="2" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:67.1%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rGYXi2tVmoPDSGpq6gnqTZLwW9w=/250x2013/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-96745364-86a4a21adfcb4dff9795d02f992bc56f.jpg" width="250" height="2013" alt="A tax collector tarred and feathered during the Whiskey Rebellion." class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.49" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/rGYXi2tVmoPDSGpq6gnqTZLwW9w=/250x2013/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-96745364-86a4a21adfcb4dff9795d02f992bc56f.jpg" width="250" height="2013" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="A tax collector tarred and feathered during the Whiskey Rebellion." /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="Key Events"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">The 1794 Whiskey Rebellion: History and Significance</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_11-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_11-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="2360185" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/battle-of-nassau-2360185" data-ordinal="3" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:66.1%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3nUtFQFsmUd1-NE8sq_ZvM5lPzY=/250x677/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/battle-of-nassau-large-56a61bc45f9b58b7d0dff461.jpg" width="250" height="677" alt="Battle of Nassau" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.513" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/3nUtFQFsmUd1-NE8sq_ZvM5lPzY=/250x677/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/battle-of-nassau-large-56a61bc45f9b58b7d0dff461.jpg" width="250" height="677" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Battle of Nassau" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="American Revolution"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">American Revolution: Battle of Nassau</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_12-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_12-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1773600" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/haitis-slave-rebellion-1773600" data-ordinal="4" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:72.2%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Ppl-jPtTNjY_Qq4DKK7BIgBZtmA=/250x2654/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-517432250-8ca5b13fd04e4cc8926dfdf8902cc367.jpg" width="250" height="2654" alt="Depiction of combat in the slave rebellion in Haiti" class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.385" /> <noscript> <img src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/Ppl-jPtTNjY_Qq4DKK7BIgBZtmA=/250x2654/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/GettyImages-517432250-8ca5b13fd04e4cc8926dfdf8902cc367.jpg" width="250" height="2654" class="img--noscript card__img universal-image__image" alt="Depiction of combat in the slave rebellion in Haiti" /> </noscript> </div></div> </div> <div class="card__content " > <div class="card__header" data-kicker="America Moves Westward"></div> <div class="card__title"><span class="card__title-text ">Haiti's Rebellion by Enslaved People Led to the Louisiana Purchase</span></div> </div> </a></li> <li id="masonry-list__item_13-0" class="comp masonry-list__item mntl-block"><a id="mntl-card_13-0" class="comp mntl-card mntl-document-card is-inverted-small card card--no-image" data-doc-id="1773301" data-tax-levels href="https://www.thoughtco.com/border-states-definition-1773301" data-ordinal="5" data-cta="Read Now ▸"> <div class="loc card__top"><div class="card__media mntl-universal-image universal-image__container"><div class="img-placeholder" style="padding-bottom:63.6%;"> <img data-src="https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/bKxaezO_TbmYfEvyCIBtWcrXDww=/250x1909/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc()/Lincoln-Emancipation-Cabinet-3000-56a488cf3df78cf77282dd4d.jpg" width="250" height="1909" alt="Engraved print of Lincoln reading the Emancipation Proclamation to his cabinet." class="lazyload card__img universal-image__image" data-dim-ratio="1.572" /> <noscript> <img 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