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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geographic distribution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alphabet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alphabet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Alphabet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alphabet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phonology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consonants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consonants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Consonants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consonants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vowels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vowels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Vowels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vowels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tone" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tone"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Tone</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tone-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nouns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nouns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Nouns</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Nouns subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Nouns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-y-class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#y-class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>y-class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-y-class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-t-class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#t-class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>t-class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-t-class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-g-class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#g-class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>g-class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-g-class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-w-class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#w-class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>w-class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-w-class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-m-class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#m-class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>m-class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-m-class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-s-class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#s-class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.6</span> <span>s-class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-s-class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-n-class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#n-class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.7</span> <span>n-class</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-n-class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Verbs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Verbs subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_verbs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_verbs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>List of verbs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_verbs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adjectives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adjectives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Adjectives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adjectives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE" title="बारीबा भाषा – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बारीबा भाषा" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariba" title="Bariba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bariba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_bariba" title="Idioma bariba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma bariba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariba_(hizkuntza)" title="Bariba (hizkuntza) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bariba (hizkuntza)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariba_(langue)" title="Bariba (langue) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bariba (langue)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_bariba" title="Lingua bariba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua bariba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borganci" title="Borganci – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Borganci" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baatonum_jezik" title="Baatonum jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Baatonum jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kibaatonum" title="Kibaatonum – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kibaatonum" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_bariba" title="Fiteny bariba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny bariba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Baatonum" title="Lenga Baatonum – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Baatonum" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_bariba" title="Língua bariba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua bariba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bariba_language" title="Bariba language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bariba language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Gur language spoken in West Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Bariba</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Baatɔnum</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Native to</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Region</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Borgu" title="Borgu">Borgu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba people</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">(1.1 million cited 1995–2021)<sup id="cite_ref-e26_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-e26-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo</a>? <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Atlantic–Congo languages">Atlantic–Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Volta-Congo_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Volta-Congo languages">Volta-Congo</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Savanna_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Savanna languages">Savannas</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a>?<ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><b>Bariba</b></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></span></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority<br />language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #ffddaa;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/bba" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:bba">bba</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></i></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/baat1238">baat1238</a></code></td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Bariba</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data">Baatɔnu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Baatɔmbu</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Baatɔnum</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Bariba</b>, also known as <b>Baatonum</b>, is the language of the <a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba people</a> and was the language of the state of <a href="/wiki/Borgu" title="Borgu">Borgu</a>. The native speakers are called <b>Baatombu</b> (singular <b>Baatonu</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barba, Baruba, Berba and a number of various other names and spellings. </p><p>It is primarily spoken in Benin, but also across the border in adjacent <a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara State</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger State</a>, Nigeria, and some Bariba are in <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. Welmers (1952) reported the Bariba language as spoken in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Nikki,_Benin" title="Nikki, Benin">Nikki</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parakou" title="Parakou">Parakou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kandi,_Benin" title="Kandi, Benin">Kandi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natitingou" title="Natitingou">Natitingou</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Welmers_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welmers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Names">Names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The language can be known by different names: </p> <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Bariba_people" title="Bariba people">Bariba people</a> call their language <b>Baatɔnum</b>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba people</a> call the language <b>Baruba</b>;</li> <li>the <a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa people</a> refer to the language as <b>Borganci</b> (also spelled <b>Borganchi</b>) after <a href="/wiki/Borgu" title="Borgu">Borgu</a> where it is spoken;</li> <li>the names in the <a href="/wiki/Busa_language_(Mande)" title="Busa language (Mande)">Busa language</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Boko_language" title="Boko language">Boko language</a> are <b>Borgu</b> and <b>Borgunya</b>.</li></ul> <p>Other names include Barba or Berba. </p><p>One person who speaks Bariba is called <b>Baatɔnu</b> and two or more persons or speakers are called <b>Baatɔmbu</b> and the language of the Baatɔmbu/Borgawa people is called <b>Baatɔnum</b>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Nigeria, Bariba is spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Borgu" title="Borgu">Borgu</a> <a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Nigeria" title="Local government areas of Nigeria">LGA</a> of <a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger State</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Baruten" title="Baruten">Baruten</a> LGA of <a href="/wiki/Kwara_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwara state">Kwara state</a>. A number of Bariba have migrated to other parts of Nigeria, including <a href="/wiki/Abuja" title="Abuja">Abuja</a>. The Bariba people are referred to as <b>Borgawa</b> in Hausa. </p><p>In Benin, Bariba is spoken mainly in <a href="/wiki/Alibori" class="mw-redirect" title="Alibori">Alibori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donga_Department" title="Donga Department">Donga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atakora_Department" title="Atakora Department">Atakora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borgou" class="mw-redirect" title="Borgou">Borgou</a> departments. A number of Bariba have migrated to other parts of Benin, including <a href="/wiki/Cotonou" title="Cotonou">Cotonou</a>. </p><p>In Togo, Bariba is spoken in the <a href="/wiki/Centrale_Region,_Togo" title="Centrale Region, Togo">Centrale Region</a>. </p><p>In Burkina Faso, Bariba is spoken in <a href="/wiki/Kompienga_Province" title="Kompienga Province">Kompienga Province</a>. </p><p>There are also some Bariba in <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tillab%C3%A9ri_Region" title="Tillabéri Region">Tillabéri Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dosso_Region" title="Dosso Region">Dosso Region</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bariba is usually classed as an independent member of the <a href="/wiki/Savanna_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Savanna languages">Savanna languages</a>, but some consider it and a number of other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Miyobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyobe">Miyobe</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Gur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gur language">Gur language</a>. However, other than Bariba, there are other unclassified Gur languages, including <a href="/wiki/Miyobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miyobe">Miyobe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koromfe_language" title="Koromfe language">Koromfe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viemo" class="mw-redirect" title="Viemo">Viemo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Natyoro_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Natyoro language">Natyoro</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Alphabet">Alphabet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Alphabet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 23 letters of Batonou alphabet.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Phonology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Consonants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Labialized_velar_consonant" title="Labialized velar consonant">Labio-<br />velar</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Plosive</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><small>voiceless</small> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><small>voiced</small> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/ɾ/ may be heard as a lateralized [ɺ] when preceding front vowels.</li> <li>/s, z/ may be heard as [ʃ, ʒ] when preceding front vowels.<sup id="cite_ref-Welmers_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welmers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Vowels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span> <span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ã</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tone">Tone</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Tone"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bariba is a <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> language.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tonal patterns in Bariba have been claimed to present a challenge<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (August 2019)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> to the Two-Feature Model of tonal phonology.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nouns">Nouns</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nouns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bariba has 7 noun classes: </p> <ul><li>1. y-class</li> <li>2. t-class</li> <li>3. g-class</li> <li>4. w-class</li> <li>5. m-class</li> <li>6. s-class</li> <li>7. n-class</li></ul> <p>The data was collected by William E. Welmers in August and September 1949 at <a href="/wiki/Nikki,_Benin" title="Nikki, Benin">Nikki, Benin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Welmers_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welmers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="y-class">y-class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: y-class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The y-class is the largest noun class. y-class singular nouns usually in -a. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>banana</td> <td>àgɛ̀dɛ̀ (no pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>palm tree</td> <td>bãã </td></tr> <tr> <td>large calabash</td> <td>bàka </td></tr> <tr> <td>stick</td> <td>bɔ̀ra </td></tr> <tr> <td>mosquito</td> <td>bũ̀ɛ̃̀yã </td></tr> <tr> <td>character</td> <td>dàà (no pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>tree, wood</td> <td>dã̀ã̀ (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>fallen branch</td> <td>dã̀kàmā </td></tr> <tr> <td>branch on a tree</td> <td>dã̀kàsā </td></tr> <tr> <td>root of a tree</td> <td>dã̀kpinā </td></tr> <tr> <td>habit</td> <td>dēn̄dī (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>mirror</td> <td>digí (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>guinea corn</td> <td>dobi (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>gun</td> <td>dɔ̃̀bɔ̀ra </td></tr> <tr> <td>well</td> <td>dɔ̀kɔ̀ (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>male</td> <td>dua </td></tr> <tr> <td>horse</td> <td>duma </td></tr> <tr> <td>bag</td> <td>fɔ̀rɔ̀tɔ̀, -bá </td></tr> <tr> <td>name of a month</td> <td>gã̀ã̀ní (no pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>village gate</td> <td>gàm̀bò, -bà </td></tr> <tr> <td>wall</td> <td>gana </td></tr> <tr> <td>word, matter</td> <td>gari (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>termite</td> <td>gɛ́ma </td></tr> <tr> <td>driver ant</td> <td>gɛ̃́ya </td></tr> <tr> <td>gazelle</td> <td>gina </td></tr> <tr> <td>money</td> <td>gobi (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>guinea fowl</td> <td>gònā </td></tr> <tr> <td>death</td> <td>gɔɔ (no pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>rain, storm</td> <td>gúra </td></tr> <tr> <td>chicken</td> <td>guwā, guwē </td></tr> <tr> <td>axe</td> <td>gbãã </td></tr> <tr> <td>calabash</td> <td>gbàká </td></tr> <tr> <td>lion</td> <td>gbèsùnɔ̄, gbèsìnansu </td></tr> <tr> <td>grain of millet</td> <td>gbɛyā </td></tr> <tr> <td>spirit</td> <td>hùindè (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>papaya</td> <td>kàràbósì, -bà </td></tr> <tr> <td>motor</td> <td>kɛ̀kɛ, -bà </td></tr> <tr> <td>animal horn</td> <td>kɔbā </td></tr> <tr> <td>wildcat</td> <td>konā </td></tr> <tr> <td>bamboo stalk</td> <td>kɔ̃sā </td></tr> <tr> <td>antelope</td> <td>kpása </td></tr> <tr> <td>stew</td> <td>kpee (no pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>star; hippopotamus</td> <td>kpera </td></tr> <tr> <td>corn cake</td> <td>másà, -bà </td></tr> <tr> <td>rice sprout</td> <td>mɔ́ra </td></tr> <tr> <td>cow</td> <td>naā </td></tr> <tr> <td>house spider</td> <td>nára </td></tr> <tr> <td>scorpion</td> <td>nía </td></tr> <tr> <td>female</td> <td>nia </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouth</td> <td>nɔɔ (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand</td> <td>nɔbū, nɔma </td></tr> <tr> <td>peanut</td> <td>sãã </td></tr> <tr> <td>offering</td> <td>sàrâ </td></tr> <tr> <td>bridge</td> <td>sàsarā </td></tr> <tr> <td>comb</td> <td>séḿbù, -ba </td></tr> <tr> <td>hair</td> <td>serā </td></tr> <tr> <td>covering</td> <td>sèsèbìa </td></tr> <tr> <td>pestle</td> <td>sobiā </td></tr> <tr> <td>edible seeds</td> <td>sonki (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>road, path</td> <td>súa </td></tr> <tr> <td>fish</td> <td>sũ̀ã </td></tr> <tr> <td>bean</td> <td>suìā </td></tr> <tr> <td>bracelet</td> <td>sumā </td></tr> <tr> <td>judgment</td> <td>tààrɛ (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>tobacco</td> <td>tába </td></tr> <tr> <td>ant</td> <td>tànā </td></tr> <tr> <td>mud brick</td> <td>tèǹdɔ́ka </td></tr> <tr> <td>self</td> <td>tīī </td></tr> <tr> <td>bee</td> <td>tĩya </td></tr> <tr> <td>inheritance</td> <td>túbí (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>snake</td> <td>waā </td></tr> <tr> <td>rope</td> <td>wɛ̃ya </td></tr> <tr> <td>straw</td> <td>wĩ́ya, wĩĩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>law</td> <td>wodà </td></tr> <tr> <td>small gray monkey</td> <td>wonkéra </td></tr> <tr> <td>gold</td> <td>wúra (no pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>face</td> <td>wurusuā, -ɛ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>animal, meat</td> <td>yaa </td></tr> <tr> <td>needle</td> <td>yabúra </td></tr> <tr> <td>cloth, robe</td> <td>yasa </td></tr> <tr> <td>spear</td> <td>yàsa/yɛ̀sa </td></tr> <tr> <td>pepper</td> <td>yɛ̃̀ɛ̃̀kú (no pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>evil spirit</td> <td>zínì </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="t-class">t-class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: t-class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All forms end in -ru for t-class nouns. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>cutlass</td> <td>àdaru </td></tr> <tr> <td>dysentery</td> <td>bàǹdúbàǹdū </td></tr> <tr> <td>sickness</td> <td>baràrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>tension drum</td> <td>bàraru </td></tr> <tr> <td>doorway</td> <td>bàràrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>shoe</td> <td>bàràrū (only pl.) </td></tr> <tr> <td>cloth</td> <td>bekùrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>basket</td> <td>bíréru </td></tr> <tr> <td>back</td> <td>biru </td></tr> <tr> <td>salt</td> <td>bɔ̀rū </td></tr> <tr> <td>river</td> <td>daaru </td></tr> <tr> <td>loincloth</td> <td>dɛmbɛru </td></tr> <tr> <td>house</td> <td>dìrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>tooth</td> <td>dondu </td></tr> <tr> <td>stalk</td> <td>gãnã̀rū </td></tr> <tr> <td>arm</td> <td>gã̀sèrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>rat</td> <td>gɔnɔru </td></tr> <tr> <td>large wild rat</td> <td>gɔ̀nɔ̀ǹguru </td></tr> <tr> <td>egg</td> <td>goòsĩã̀rū </td></tr> <tr> <td>mountain</td> <td>guru </td></tr> <tr> <td>rain cloud</td> <td>gúrúwiru </td></tr> <tr> <td>(musical) horn</td> <td>guùrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>crow</td> <td>gbãgbã̀rū </td></tr> <tr> <td>field, farm</td> <td>gbèrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>pot</td> <td>gbɛ̃́ru </td></tr> <tr> <td>gourd</td> <td>kaaru </td></tr> <tr> <td>bush cow</td> <td>kɛ̀tɛ̀gbèèkìrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>male (of some animals)</td> <td>kìnèrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>bread</td> <td>kìràrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>love</td> <td>kĩ́ru </td></tr> <tr> <td>stool</td> <td>kìtàrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>box</td> <td>kpàkoruru </td></tr> <tr> <td>stone</td> <td>kpèrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>bed</td> <td>kpenyeru </td></tr> <tr> <td>bone</td> <td>kukuru </td></tr> <tr> <td>a swelling</td> <td>mɔsìrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>odor</td> <td>nubùrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>rabbit</td> <td>satàbūr̄ū </td></tr> <tr> <td>pitfall</td> <td>sɛ̃̀rū </td></tr> <tr> <td>brass, copper</td> <td>sigàǹdū </td></tr> <tr> <td>grave</td> <td>sìkìrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>tail</td> <td>siru </td></tr> <tr> <td>stinkbug</td> <td>sísíkènèrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>pounded yam</td> <td>sɔ̀kùrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>work</td> <td>sɔ̀mbùrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>clay for pots</td> <td>sɔǹdū </td></tr> <tr> <td>mortar</td> <td>soru </td></tr> <tr> <td>porridge</td> <td>sòrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>toad</td> <td>suréru </td></tr> <tr> <td>leg</td> <td>taaru </td></tr> <tr> <td>garden hill</td> <td>takàrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>bow</td> <td>tendu </td></tr> <tr> <td>panther</td> <td>túǹdū </td></tr> <tr> <td>nose</td> <td>wɛ̃ru </td></tr> <tr> <td>head</td> <td>wiru </td></tr> <tr> <td>neck</td> <td>wĩ́yìrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>knife</td> <td>wobùrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>pot</td> <td>wókeru </td></tr> <tr> <td>night, darkness</td> <td>wɔ̃̀kùrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>baboon</td> <td>wompɔkɔru </td></tr> <tr> <td>red monkey</td> <td>wónsũ̀ã̄rū </td></tr> <tr> <td>coldness</td> <td>wóòrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>sheep</td> <td>yã̀ã̀rū </td></tr> <tr> <td>market</td> <td>yàburu </td></tr> <tr> <td>sacrifice</td> <td>yãkùrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>place</td> <td>yanyeeru </td></tr> <tr> <td>open space</td> <td>yeeru </td></tr> <tr> <td>broom</td> <td>yiìrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>name</td> <td>yísìrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>frog</td> <td>yɔ̃ɔ̃ru </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="g-class">g-class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: g-class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Forms usually end in back vowels for g-class nouns. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>chameleon</td> <td>àgāmānàkí, -bà </td></tr> <tr> <td>onion</td> <td>àlùmásà, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>goat</td> <td>boo, bonu </td></tr> <tr> <td>water pot</td> <td>bòo, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog</td> <td>bɔ̃ɔ̃, bɔ̃nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>owl</td> <td>booro, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>lizard</td> <td>bɔ̀su, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>infestation of lice</td> <td>gã́ã́ní (pl.?) </td></tr> <tr> <td>louse</td> <td>gã́ã́núkú, -nù </td></tr> <tr> <td>airplane</td> <td>gogùnɔ̀, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>robe</td> <td>gɔ̃kɔ, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>drum</td> <td>gɔ̃̀ɔ̃̀, gã̀ã̀su </td></tr> <tr> <td>vehicle</td> <td>gòo, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>canoe</td> <td>gòoninkū, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>bird</td> <td>gùnɔ̄, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>cricket</td> <td>gbɔɔ̄, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>sandfly</td> <td>kòtókámbu, -munu </td></tr> <tr> <td>spoon</td> <td>kààtó, -nù </td></tr> <tr> <td>cat</td> <td>kòkónyambu, -munu </td></tr> <tr> <td>doorway</td> <td>kɔ́ǹdɔ, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>mat</td> <td>kɔ̃ɔ̄, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>pig</td> <td>kúrúsɔ̄, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>partridge</td> <td>kusu, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>leopard, cat</td> <td>músúkú, -nù </td></tr> <tr> <td>antelope</td> <td>nemū, neǹnu </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye</td> <td>nɔnu, nɔni </td></tr> <tr> <td>bush hog</td> <td>sàkɔ̄, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>trap</td> <td>sɛ́kpɛ̀ǹkú, -nù </td></tr> <tr> <td>arrow</td> <td>sɛ̃ũ̄, sɛ̃ɛ̃̀nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>pot</td> <td>sirū, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>fly</td> <td>sɔnu, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear</td> <td>so / soa, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>elephant</td> <td>sùùnū, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>ring</td> <td>tààbu, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>small black ant</td> <td>tàm̀bu, -munu </td></tr> <tr> <td>army ant</td> <td>tàsonu, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>hoe</td> <td>tebo, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>shadow</td> <td>tíro, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>parrot</td> <td>titimokò, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>year</td> <td>wɔ̃̄ɔ̃̄n, wɔ̃̄su </td></tr> <tr> <td>monkey</td> <td>womu, wonnu </td></tr> <tr> <td>wind</td> <td>woo, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>hole</td> <td>wɔrū, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>town</td> <td>wuu, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>rabbit</td> <td>wùkū, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>leaf</td> <td>wurū, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>tongue</td> <td>yara, -nu </td></tr> <tr> <td>vulture</td> <td>yèbèrèkú, -nù </td></tr> <tr> <td>household</td> <td>yɛnu, -su </td></tr> <tr> <td>hartebeest</td> <td>yiiku, -nu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="w-class">w-class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: w-class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>father</td> <td>bàa </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bariba person or language</td> <td>bàtɔ̀nù </td></tr> <tr> <td>older brother, friend</td> <td>bɛɛrɛ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>child</td> <td>bìī </td></tr> <tr> <td>ulcer</td> <td>bòō </td></tr> <tr> <td>hunter</td> <td>bɔso </td></tr> <tr> <td>fire</td> <td>dɔ̃̀ɔ̃̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother’s brother</td> <td>dùàni </td></tr> <tr> <td>rich man</td> <td>gobigi </td></tr> <tr> <td>person</td> <td>goo </td></tr> <tr> <td>pregnant woman</td> <td>guràgi </td></tr> <tr> <td>God</td> <td>gúsūnɔ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>guard</td> <td>kɔ̃so </td></tr> <tr> <td>mother</td> <td>merō </td></tr> <tr> <td>older brother</td> <td>mɔɔ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>paramount chief</td> <td>sènàboko </td></tr> <tr> <td>sister</td> <td>sesu </td></tr> <tr> <td>sun, day</td> <td>sɔ̃ɔ̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>chief</td> <td>sùnɔ̄, sìnambu </td></tr> <tr> <td>moon, month</td> <td>surú </td></tr> <tr> <td>person</td> <td>tɔ̀nū, tɔ̀m̀bu </td></tr> <tr> <td>younger brother</td> <td>wɔ́nɔ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>guardian spirit</td> <td>yãrō </td></tr> <tr> <td>slave</td> <td>yòō </td></tr> <tr> <td>enemy</td> <td>yíbɛ̀rɛ̀ </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="m-class">m-class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: m-class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>m-class nouns often end in -m. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>language</td> <td>bàrūm̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>milk</td> <td>bom </td></tr> <tr> <td>strength</td> <td>dam </td></tr> <tr> <td>oil</td> <td>gum </td></tr> <tr> <td>raised garden row</td> <td>kɔ̀rɔ̄m̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>water</td> <td>nim </td></tr> <tr> <td>liquor</td> <td>tam </td></tr> <tr> <td>ground, dirt</td> <td>tem </td></tr> <tr> <td>medicine</td> <td>tìm̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>honey</td> <td>tim </td></tr> <tr> <td>soap</td> <td>werem </td></tr> <tr> <td>air</td> <td>wom </td></tr> <tr> <td>space, room</td> <td>yam </td></tr> <tr> <td>sand</td> <td>yànīm̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>blood</td> <td>yem </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="s-class">s-class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: s-class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The s-class is a small noun class. Most forms are collectives and end in -su. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>one (yam)</td> <td>tan (teèsū) </td></tr> <tr> <td>foot</td> <td>naàsu </td></tr> <tr> <td>silver</td> <td>sigeèsū </td></tr> <tr> <td>iron</td> <td>sísú </td></tr> <tr> <td>cotton</td> <td>wɛ̃su </td></tr> <tr> <td>grass, the bush</td> <td>yàkàsu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="n-class">n-class</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: n-class"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The n-class is a small noun class. Most forms are collectives and end in -nu. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>one</td> <td>teènū </td></tr> <tr> <td>greens</td> <td>àfonu </td></tr> <tr> <td>thing</td> <td>gáánu </td></tr> <tr> <td>necklace</td> <td>goònū </td></tr> <tr> <td>corn</td> <td>gbèrɛnu </td></tr> <tr> <td>cucumber</td> <td>gbɛ̀zɛnu </td></tr> <tr> <td>okra</td> <td>yàbonu </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbs">Verbs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aspects">Aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are 7 primary verb aspects in Bariba:<sup id="cite_ref-Welmers_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welmers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>consecutive</li> <li>habitual</li> <li>continuative</li> <li>frequentative</li> <li>imperative</li> <li>past</li> <li>past negative</li></ul> <p>There are 5 verb classes, which are grouped according to the formation of the past aspect. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_verbs">List of verbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: List of verbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Consecutive verb forms are given below. <i>S</i> denotes stative forms. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>get sick</td> <td>bārā </td></tr> <tr> <td>split</td> <td>bɛ̄rā </td></tr> <tr> <td>push</td> <td>bɔ̄rīā </td></tr> <tr> <td>dawn, whiten</td> <td>būrūrā, S burīrī </td></tr> <tr> <td>taste</td> <td>dēn̄dā </td></tr> <tr> <td>pass by</td> <td>dōōnā </td></tr> <tr> <td>sell</td> <td>dɔ̄ɔ̄rā </td></tr> <tr> <td>sleep</td> <td>dūīā, S dò </td></tr> <tr> <td>come in</td> <td>dūmā </td></tr> <tr> <td>pull</td> <td>gāwā </td></tr> <tr> <td>chase</td> <td>gīrā </td></tr> <tr> <td>beseech</td> <td>kānā </td></tr> <tr> <td>break (rope)</td> <td>kārā </td></tr> <tr> <td>shatter</td> <td>kɔ̄ɔ̄rā </td></tr> <tr> <td>loosen</td> <td>kūsīā </td></tr> <tr> <td>lie down</td> <td>kpūnā, S kpī̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>receive</td> <td>mūā </td></tr> <tr> <td>burn</td> <td>mūārā </td></tr> <tr> <td>fight</td> <td>sān̄nā </td></tr> <tr> <td>become clean</td> <td>sā̃rā </td></tr> <tr> <td>name, call</td> <td>sīā </td></tr> <tr> <td>pick up</td> <td>sūā </td></tr> <tr> <td>wash</td> <td>tīā </td></tr> <tr> <td>become black</td> <td>tī̃ī̃rā, S tĩĩrī </td></tr> <tr> <td>arrive</td> <td>tūnūmā </td></tr> <tr> <td>fall</td> <td>wɔ̄rūmā </td></tr> <tr> <td>fill</td> <td>yībīā </td></tr> <tr> <td>meet</td> <td>yīn̄nā </td></tr> <tr> <td>stop</td> <td>yɔ̃̄rā </td></tr> <tr> <td>leave</td> <td>dērī </td></tr> <tr> <td>eat</td> <td>dī (Cont. di) </td></tr> <tr> <td>forget</td> <td>dūārī </td></tr> <tr> <td>hurt by burning</td> <td>mɛ̄nī </td></tr> <tr> <td>help</td> <td>sōmī </td></tr> <tr> <td>increase</td> <td>sōsī </td></tr> <tr> <td>tether</td> <td>sɔ̄rī </td></tr> <tr> <td>take a long time</td> <td>tɛ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>hand over</td> <td>wɛ̃̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>blow (air)</td> <td>wūrī </td></tr> <tr> <td>throw away</td> <td>yārī </td></tr> <tr> <td>lay down</td> <td>yī </td></tr> <tr> <td>become hard</td> <td>bɔbiā, S bɔ̄(bū) </td></tr> <tr> <td>become fat</td> <td>bɔriā, S bɔ̄rū </td></tr> <tr> <td>become much</td> <td>dabiā, S dabī </td></tr> <tr> <td>catch up with</td> <td>deèmā </td></tr> <tr> <td>become long</td> <td>dẽɛ̃̀nyā, S dɛ̄ū̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>become deep</td> <td>dukiā, S dúku </td></tr> <tr> <td>learn</td> <td>giā </td></tr> <tr> <td>turn over</td> <td>gɔsìā </td></tr> <tr> <td>turn around</td> <td>gɔsìrā </td></tr> <tr> <td>gather</td> <td>gurā </td></tr> <tr> <td>become high, tall</td> <td>guriā, S gúru </td></tr> <tr> <td>open</td> <td>kɛnīā </td></tr> <tr> <td>get down</td> <td>sarā </td></tr> <tr> <td>become difficult</td> <td>sɛ̃sīā, S sɛ̃̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>sit down</td> <td>sinā, S sɔ̃̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>become bitter</td> <td>sosiā, S sō(sū) </td></tr> <tr> <td>become red</td> <td>sũɛ̃rā, S sũɛ̃rī </td></tr> <tr> <td>become tough</td> <td>taàyā, S tāū </td></tr> <tr> <td>become wide</td> <td>yasiā, S yasū </td></tr> <tr> <td>become cold, damp</td> <td>yemiā, S yēm̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fire (a gun)</td> <td>suē </td></tr> <tr> <td>touch</td> <td>babā </td></tr> <tr> <td>go around</td> <td>besirā </td></tr> <tr> <td>break in two</td> <td>buā </td></tr> <tr> <td>cut in two</td> <td>burā </td></tr> <tr> <td>do become sweet</td> <td>dorā, S </td></tr> <tr> <td>catch</td> <td>gabā </td></tr> <tr> <td>become dry</td> <td>gberā </td></tr> <tr> <td>tear</td> <td>gĩā̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>scratch</td> <td>gɔ̃rā </td></tr> <tr> <td>want</td> <td>kĩã̄, S kĩ́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>cut up</td> <td>murā </td></tr> <tr> <td>jump, drop</td> <td>surā </td></tr> <tr> <td>draw up</td> <td>takā </td></tr> <tr> <td>bring</td> <td>tamā </td></tr> <tr> <td>become good</td> <td>wɛ̃rā, S wã </td></tr> <tr> <td>believe</td> <td>wurā </td></tr> <tr> <td>come back</td> <td>wúràmā </td></tr> <tr> <td>pierce</td> <td>yabā </td></tr> <tr> <td>remember</td> <td>yayā </td></tr> <tr> <td>play</td> <td>duē </td></tr> <tr> <td>become clean</td> <td>dɛ́ɛ́rā </td></tr> <tr> <td>become big</td> <td>kpɛ̃́yā, S kpã́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>become hot</td> <td>sṹyā, S sum̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>become clear</td> <td>déérē </td></tr> <tr> <td>look for</td> <td>kásū </td></tr> <tr> <td>show</td> <td>sɔ̃́nɔ̃́sĩ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>warm oneself</td> <td>wɔ̃́sū </td></tr> <tr> <td>cover</td> <td>wukírī </td></tr> <tr> <td>peel</td> <td>kɛ̄ɛ̄rī </td></tr> <tr> <td>chew, eat</td> <td>tēm̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>plant</td> <td>dūūrē </td></tr> <tr> <td>separate</td> <td>gɔsi </td></tr> <tr> <td>dig</td> <td>gbe </td></tr> <tr> <td>wait</td> <td>ma, maru </td></tr> <tr> <td>study</td> <td>mɛɛri </td></tr> <tr> <td>fall (of rain)</td> <td>nɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>leave, walk</td> <td>sĩ </td></tr> <tr> <td>call</td> <td>soku </td></tr> <tr> <td>be enough, arrive</td> <td>turi </td></tr> <tr> <td>see</td> <td>wa </td></tr> <tr> <td>answer</td> <td>wisi </td></tr> <tr> <td>measure</td> <td>yĩre </td></tr> <tr> <td>hear</td> <td>nɔ̂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fix up</td> <td>sɔmɛ̀, sɔm̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>dye black</td> <td>wɔ̃kù </td></tr> <tr> <td>dance</td> <td>yâ </td></tr> <tr> <td>enter, hurt</td> <td>dū </td></tr> <tr> <td>flow</td> <td>kōkū </td></tr> <tr> <td>stand up</td> <td>sē, S yɔ̃̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>climb</td> <td>yɔ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>shine</td> <td>baàlì </td></tr> <tr> <td>count</td> <td>garì </td></tr> <tr> <td>rot</td> <td>kɔ̃sì </td></tr> <tr> <td>give birth to</td> <td>mâ, marù </td></tr> <tr> <td>swell</td> <td>mɔsì </td></tr> <tr> <td>rejoice</td> <td>yɛ̃ɛ̃rì </td></tr> <tr> <td>buy</td> <td>dūē </td></tr> <tr> <td>give</td> <td>kɛ̃̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>build</td> <td>bānī </td></tr> <tr> <td>steal</td> <td>gbɛ̄nī </td></tr> <tr> <td>prick</td> <td>sɔ̄kū </td></tr> <tr> <td>tell</td> <td>sɔ̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>put on the head</td> <td>sɔbe, sɔ </td></tr> <tr> <td>fry</td> <td>sɔmɛ, sɔm </td></tr> <tr> <td>?</td> <td>su </td></tr> <tr> <td>fly</td> <td>yɔ̃ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tie up</td> <td>bɔ̄kē </td></tr> <tr> <td>sew</td> <td>yīnɛ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>speak, say</td> <td>gere </td></tr> <tr> <td>close</td> <td>kɛnɛ̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>hide</td> <td>kukè </td></tr> <tr> <td>frighten</td> <td>narè </td></tr> <tr> <td>cook</td> <td>yikè </td></tr> <tr> <td>write</td> <td>yɔ̃rì </td></tr> <tr> <td>do, make</td> <td>kō, S mɔ̀ </td></tr> <tr> <td>kill</td> <td>gô </td></tr> <tr> <td>throw down</td> <td>kɔ̃̂ </td></tr> <tr> <td>finish</td> <td>kpê </td></tr> <tr> <td>hit</td> <td>sô </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adjectives">Adjectives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Adjectives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Invariable adjectives:<sup id="cite_ref-Welmers_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Welmers-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>male</td> <td>dɔ, dua </td></tr> <tr> <td>raw</td> <td>goma </td></tr> <tr> <td>high</td> <td>gbãrã </td></tr> <tr> <td>white</td> <td>kaà </td></tr> <tr> <td>a little bit</td> <td>pikó </td></tr> <tr> <td>narrow</td> <td>tereré </td></tr> <tr> <td>difficult</td> <td>sɛ̃sɔ </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Adjectives with a class of their own, which remains the same after all nouns; singular and plural forms are like those of nouns: </p><p>t-class adjectives: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>some, a few (pl. only)</td> <td>binu </td></tr> <tr> <td>much, many</td> <td>dabīrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>dead</td> <td>gorū </td></tr> <tr> <td>male (of certain animals)</td> <td>kìnèrū </td></tr> <tr> <td>old</td> <td>tɔ̀kɔ̄rū </td></tr> <tr> <td>short, small (also g-class)</td> <td>kpirìrū </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>g-class adjectives: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>small</td> <td>yã̀kàbū </td></tr> <tr> <td>small</td> <td>píbu </td></tr> <tr> <td>short, small (also t-class)</td> <td>kpirìbū </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Attributive adjectives with alternants for each noun class: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>big</td> <td>baka- </td></tr> <tr> <td>fresh</td> <td>bèku- </td></tr> <tr> <td>hard</td> <td>bɔɔ̀bɔā- </td></tr> <tr> <td>fat</td> <td>bɔrùbɔrū- </td></tr> <tr> <td>good</td> <td>bùra- </td></tr> <tr> <td>strong</td> <td>dangi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>long</td> <td>dɛǹdɛn̄- </td></tr> <tr> <td>good</td> <td>ge- </td></tr> <tr> <td>dry</td> <td>gbebu- </td></tr> <tr> <td>new</td> <td>kpaà- </td></tr> <tr> <td>white</td> <td>kpikī- </td></tr> <tr> <td>female</td> <td>ni- </td></tr> <tr> <td>thick</td> <td>sìnùǹgi- </td></tr> <tr> <td>bitter</td> <td>soòsuā- </td></tr> <tr> <td>red</td> <td>sũ̀ã̄- </td></tr> <tr> <td>hot</td> <td>súm- </td></tr> <tr> <td>tough</td> <td>taàtaā- </td></tr> <tr> <td>black</td> <td>wɔ̃kū- </td></tr> <tr> <td>cold</td> <td>yĩ́re- </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Numerals">Numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td>1</td> <td>tiā </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>yìru </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>yìta </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>ǹnɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>nɔ̄ɔ̄bù </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>nɔ̄ɔ̄bâ tiā </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>nɔ̄ɔ̄bá yìru </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>nɔ̄ɔ̄bá yìta </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>nɔ̄ɔ̄bá ǹnɛ </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>ɔkuru </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>yɛndu </td></tr> <tr> <td>30</td> <td>tɛ̀nā </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e26-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-e26_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/bba">Bariba</a> at <i><a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a></i> (26th ed., 2023) <span style="position:relative; top: -2px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAbdu2019" class="citation book cs1">Abdu, Hussaini (January 2019). <i>Partitioned Borgu: State, Society and Politics in a West African Border Region (HB)</i>. United Kingdom: Adonis and Abbey publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-906704-216" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-906704-216"><bdi>978-1-906704-216</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partitioned+Borgu%3A+State%2C+Society+and+Politics+in+a+West+African+Border+Region+%28HB%29&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Adonis+and+Abbey+publishers&rft.date=2019-01&rft.isbn=978-1-906704-216&rft.aulast=Abdu&rft.aufirst=Hussaini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABariba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welmers-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Welmers_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welmers_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welmers_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welmers_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Welmers_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Welmers, William E. 1952. Notes on Bariba. <i>Language</i> 28: 82-103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/bariba.htm">"Bariba language and alphabet"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Bariba+language+and+alphabet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Fbariba.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABariba+language" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N.L. Haddock (1959) The tones of Bariba <i>Phonetica</i> 3:90-94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clements, Michaud, and Patin, Do we need tone features? In <i>Tones and features: phonetic and phonological perspectives</i>, Goldsmith, Hume, and Whetzels, editors</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bariba_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=Baatonum">Baatonum</a> at <a href="/wiki/WolframAlpha" title="WolframAlpha">WolframAlpha</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oti%E2%80%93Volta_languages" title="Oti–Volta languages">Oti–Volta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berba_language" title="Berba language">Berba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbelime_language" title="Mbelime language">Mbelime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammari_language" title="Tammari language">Tammari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waama_language" title="Waama language">Waama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birifor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Birifor language">Birifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaare_language" title="Dagaare language">Dagaare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frafra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Frafra language">Frafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanga_language" title="Hanga language">Hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamara_language" title="Kamara language">Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantosi_language" title="Kantosi language">Kantosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusasi language">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamprusi language">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabit_language" title="Nabit language">Nabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notre_language" title="Notre language">Notre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaliba_language" title="Safaliba language">Safaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talni_language" title="Talni language">Talni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Gur)" title="Wali language (Gur)">Wali</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gurma</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gourmanch%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gourmanché language">Gourmanché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkomba_language" title="Konkomba language">Konkomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_language" title="Moba language">Moba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nateni_language" title="Nateni language">Nateni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngangam_language" title="Ngangam language">Ngangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ntcham_language" title="Ntcham language">Ntcham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buli_language_(Ghana)" title="Buli language (Ghana)">Buli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konni_language" title="Konni language">Konni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawdm_language" title="Nawdm language">Nawdm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_language" title="Yom language">Yom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bwa_languages" title="Bwa languages">Bwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buamu_language" title="Buamu language">Bwamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A1%C3%A1_L%C3%A1%C3%A1_Bwamu_language" title="Láá Láá Bwamu language">Láá Láá Bwamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cwi_Bwamu_language" title="Cwi Bwamu language">Cwi Bwamu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bomu_language" title="Bomu language">Bomu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_languages" title="Gurunsi languages">Gurunsi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bago-Kusuntu_language" title="Bago-Kusuntu language">Bago-Kusuntu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chala_language" title="Chala language">Chala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delo_language" title="Delo language">Delo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabiyé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_language" title="Lama language">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukpa_language" title="Lukpa language">Lukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalams%C3%A9_language" title="Kalamsé language">Kalamsé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasena_language" title="Kasena language">Kasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ly%C3%A9l%C3%A9_language" title="Lyélé language">Lyélé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuni_language" title="Nuni language">Nuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pana_language_(Gur)" title="Pana language (Gur)">Pana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakali_language" title="Chakali language">Chakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deg_language" title="Deg language">Deg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paasaal_language" title="Paasaal language">Paasaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puguli_language" title="Puguli language">Phuie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisaala_language" title="Sisaala language">Sisaala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamprusi_language" title="Tamprusi language">Tamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagla_language" title="Vagla language">Vagla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winye_language" title="Winye language">Winye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koromfe_language" title="Koromfe language">Koromfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerma_language" title="Cerma language">Cerma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turka_language" title="Turka language">Turka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobi_language" title="Lobi language">Lobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyan_language" title="Dyan language">Dyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogoso_language" title="Dogoso language">Dogoso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khe_language" title="Khe language">Khe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Senufo_languages" title="Senufo languages">Senufo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minyanka_language" title="Minyanka language">Minyanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanerig%C3%A9_language" title="Nanerigé language">Nanerigé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sucite_language" title="Sucite language">Sucite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supyire_language" title="Supyire language">Supyire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cebaara_language" title="Cebaara language">Cebaara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kar_language" title="Kar language">Kar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyarafolo_language" title="Nyarafolo language">Nyarafolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaka_language" title="Palaka language">Kpalaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senara_language" title="Senara language">Senara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syer-Tenyer_language" title="Syer-Tenyer language">Syer-Tenyer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Djimini_language" title="Djimini language">Djimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafanan_language" title="Nafanan language">Nafanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagwana_language" title="Tagwana language">Tagwana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kulango_languages" title="Kulango languages">Kulango</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kulango_language" title="Kulango language">Kulango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lomakka_language" title="Lomakka language">Lomakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorhon_language" title="Lorhon language">Téén</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wara%E2%80%93Natyoro_languages" title="Wara–Natyoro languages">Wara–Natyoro</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samwe_language" title="Samwe language">Samwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleni_language" title="Paleni language">Paleni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natioro_language" title="Natioro language">Natioro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiefo_language" title="Tiefo language">Tiefo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tusya_language" title="Tusya language">Tusya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyemo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyemo language">Vyemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yobe_language" title="Yobe language">Yobe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Benin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Benin" title="Template:Languages of Benin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Benin" title="Template talk:Languages of Benin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Benin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Benin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Benin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Benin" title="Languages of Benin">Languages of Benin</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous<br />languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gbe_languages" title="Gbe languages">Gbe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aguna_language" title="Aguna language">Aguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adja_language" title="Adja language">Aja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alada_language" title="Alada language">Alada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fon_language" title="Fon language">Fon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gen_language" title="Gen language">Gen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_language" title="Gun language">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pher%C3%A1_language" title="Pherá language">Pherá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phla_language" title="Phla language">Phla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tofin_language" title="Tofin language">Tofin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C9%94li_language" title="Tɔli language">Tɔli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waci_language" title="Waci language">Waci</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berba_language" title="Berba language">Berba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabiye_language" title="Kabiye language">Kabye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama_language" title="Lama language">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lukpa_language" title="Lukpa language">Lukpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbelime_language" title="Mbelime language">Mbelime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nateni_language" title="Nateni language">Nateni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngangam_language" title="Ngangam language">Ngangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tammari_language" title="Tammari language">Tammari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_language" title="Tem language">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waama_language" title="Waama language">Waama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yom_language" title="Yom language">Yom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwa_languages" title="Kwa languages">Kwa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chakosi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chakosi language">Chakosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodo_language" title="Foodo language">Foodo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yoruboid_languages" title="Yoruboid languages">Yoruboid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ede_language" title="Ede language">Ede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If%C3%A8_language" title="Ifè language">Ifè</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokole_language_(Benin)" title="Mokole language (Benin)">Mokole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dendi_language" title="Dendi language">Dendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic Language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Languages_of_Nigeria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Template:Languages of Nigeria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Template talk:Languages of Nigeria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Languages of Nigeria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Nigeria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nigeria" title="Languages of Nigeria">Languages of Nigeria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Official languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_English" title="Nigerian English">English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_language" title="Igbo language">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">Yoruba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Recognised languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebira_language" title="Ebira language">Ebira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edo_language" title="Edo language">Edo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio-Efik_languages" title="Ibibio-Efik languages">Efik-Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fulfulde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwari_language" title="Gwari language">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idoma_language" title="Idoma language">Idoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jju_language" title="Jju language">Jju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jukunoid_languages" title="Jukunoid languages">Jukun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanuri_language" title="Kanuri language">Kanuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karai-karai" title="Karai-karai">Karai-karai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiv_language" title="Tiv language">Tiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Urhobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e6e6ff;"><div id="Indigenous_languages_(grouped_by_Nigerian_state)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Indigenous languages <span style="font-size:85%;">(grouped by <a href="/wiki/States_of_Nigeria" title="States of Nigeria">Nigerian state</a>)</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_State" title="Adamawa State">Adamawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baa language">Baa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacama_language" title="Bacama language">Bacama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_language_(Adamawa)" title="Bali language (Adamawa)">Bali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bata_language" title="Bata language">Bata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boga_language" title="Boga language">Boga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamba_Leko" title="Chamba Leko">Chamba Leko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daba_language" title="Daba language">Daba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daka_language" title="Daka language">Daka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_language_(Nigeria)" title="Dong language (Nigeria)">Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fali_of_Mubi" title="Fali of Mubi">Fali of Mubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga%27anda_language" title="Ga'anda language">Ga'anda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaa_language" title="Gaa language">Gaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudu_language" title="Gudu language">Gudu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holma_language" title="Holma language">Holma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huba_language" title="Huba language">Huba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hwana_language" title="Hwana language">Hwana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hya_language" title="Hya language">Hya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirya-Konz%C9%99l_language" title="Kirya-Konzəl language">Kirya-Konzəl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofa language">Kofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koma_language" title="Koma language">Koma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpasam_language" title="Kpasam language">Kpasam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugama_language" title="Kugama language">Kugama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumba_language" title="Kumba language">Kumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngwaba_language" title="Ngwaba language">Ngwaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyong_language" title="Nyong language">Nyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzanyi_language" title="Nzanyi language">Nzanyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psiky%C9%9B_dialect" title="Psikyɛ dialect">Psikyɛ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukur_language" title="Sukur language">Sukur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taram_language" title="Taram language">Taram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teme_language" title="Teme language">Teme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_language" title="Tso language">Tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vere_language" title="Vere language">Vere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wom_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wom language (Nigeria)">Wom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zizilivakan_language" title="Zizilivakan language">Zizilivakan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Akwa_Ibom_State" title="Akwa Ibom State">Akwa Ibom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaang_language" title="Anaang language">Anaang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekit language">Ekit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibibio_language" title="Ibibio language">Ibibio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oron_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oron language">Oron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bauchi_State" title="Bauchi State">Bauchi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%81eele_language" title="Ɓeele language">Ɓeele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bure_language" title="Bure language">Bure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciwogai_language" title="Ciwogai language">Ciwogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dazawa_language" title="Dazawa language">Dazawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deno_language" title="Deno language">Deno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dikaka_language" title="Dikaka language">Dikaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulbu_language" title="Dulbu language">Dulbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galambu_language" title="Galambu language">Galambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gera_language" title="Gera language">Gera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geruma_language" title="Geruma language">Geruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giiwo_language" title="Giiwo language">Giiwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruntum_language" title="Guruntum language">Guruntum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalaa_language" title="Jalaa language">Jalaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jarawa_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jarawa language (Nigeria)">Jarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimi_language_(Nigeria)" title="Jimi language (Nigeria)">Jimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kariya_language" title="Kariya language">Kariya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kir-Balar_language" title="Kir-Balar language">Kir-Balar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubi_language" title="Kubi language">Kubi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kushi language">Kushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusur%E2%80%93Myet_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kusur–Myet language">Kusur–Myet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutto_language" title="Kutto language">Kutto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaami_language" title="Kwaami language">Kwaami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labir_language" title="Labir language">Labir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longuda_language" title="Longuda language">Longuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangas_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangas language">Mangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mburku_language" title="Mburku language">Mburku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miya_language" title="Miya language">Miya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27a_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'a language">Pa'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piya_language" title="Piya language">Piya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polci_language" title="Polci language">Polci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiki_language" title="Shiki language">Shiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri_language" title="Siri language">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tso_language" title="Tso language">Tso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warji_language" title="Warji language">Warji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zangwal_language" title="Zangwal language">Zangwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zumbun_language" title="Zumbun language">Zumbun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bayelsa_State" title="Bayelsa State">Bayelsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epie_language" title="Epie language">Epie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Ijo" title="Southeast Ijo">Southeast Ijo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benue_State" title="Benue State">Benue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igede_language" title="Igede language">Igede</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Borno_State" title="Borno State">Borno</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afade_language" title="Afade language">Afade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_language" title="Bura language">Bura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibak_language" title="Cibak language">Cibak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cineni_language" title="Cineni language">Cineni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dghwede_language" title="Dghwede language">Dghwede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glavda_language" title="Glavda language">Glavda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gude_language" title="Gude language">Gude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guduf-Gava_language" title="Guduf-Gava language">Guduf-Gava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gvoko_language" title="Gvoko language">Gvoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jara_language" title="Jara language">Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jilbe_language" title="Jilbe language">Jilbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamwe_language" title="Kamwe language">Kamwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakuru_language" title="Kanakuru language">Kanakuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamang_language" title="Lamang language">Lamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maaka_language" title="Maaka language">Maaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mafa_language" title="Mafa language">Mafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_language" title="Margi language">Margi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margi_South_language" title="Margi South language">Margi South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nggwahyi_language" title="Nggwahyi language">Nggwahyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putai_language" title="Putai language">Putai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_language" title="Tera language">Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandala_language" title="Wandala language">Wandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedina_language" title="Yedina language">Yedina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cross_River_State" title="Cross River State">Cross River</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abanyom_language" title="Abanyom language">Abanyom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efik_language" title="Efik language">Efik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbe_language" title="Mbe language">Mbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbembe_language" title="Mbembe language">Mbembe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Delta_State" title="Delta State">Delta</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo-Isoko" class="mw-redirect" title="Urhobo-Isoko">Urhobo-Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ika_language_(Nigeria)" title="Ika language (Nigeria)">Ika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoko_language" title="Isoko language">Isoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urhobo_language" title="Urhobo language">Uhrobo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Edo_State" title="Edo State">Edo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afenmai_language" title="Afenmai language">Afenmai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ishan language">Ishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bini_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bini language">Bini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gombe_State" title="Gombe State">Gombe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awak_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Awak language">Awak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangwinji_language" title="Bangwinji language">Bangwinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jara_language" title="Jara language">Jara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamo_language" title="Kamo language">Kamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pero_language" title="Pero language">Pero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangale_language" title="Tangale language">Tangale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tera_language" title="Tera language">Tera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula_language" title="Tula language">Tula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jigawa_State" title="Jigawa State">Jigawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teshenawa_language" title="Teshenawa language">Teshenawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaduna_State" title="Kaduna State">Kaduna</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adara_language" title="Adara language">Adara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahwai_language" title="Ahwai language">Ahwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanufi_language" title="Kanufi language">Anib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atsam_language" title="Atsam language">Atsam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayu_language" title="Ayu language">Ayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu_language" title="Bu language">Bu-Ninkada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_language" title="Bina language">Bina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piti_language" title="Piti language">Bishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cori_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Cori language">Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doka_language" title="Doka language">Doka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungu_language" title="Dungu language">Dungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duya_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Duya language">Duya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iku_language" title="Iku language">Ekhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gbagyi language">Gbagyi-Gbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyong_language" title="Gyong language">Gyong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyam_language" title="Hyam language">Hyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulu_language" title="Kulu language">Ikulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jju_language" title="Jju language">Jju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaivi_language" title="Kaivi language">Kaivi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinuku_language" title="Kinuku language">Kinuku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kono_language_(Nigeria)" title="Kono language (Nigeria)">Koonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuwa-Zamani_language" title="Shuwa-Zamani language">Kuzamani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mada_language" title="Mada language">Mada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mala_language" title="Mala language">Mala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nghan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nghan language">Nghan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikyob-Nindem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikyob-Nindem language">Nikyob-Nindem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninzo_language" title="Ninzo language">Ninzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numana_language" title="Numana language">Numana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nungu_language" title="Nungu language">Nungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyankpa_language" title="Nyankpa language">Nyankpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruma_language" title="Ruma language">Ruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambe_language" title="Sambe language">Sambe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamang_language" title="Shamang language">Shamang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">T'kurmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map_language" title="Map language">Timap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheni-Ziriya_language" title="Sheni-Ziriya language">TiSeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vori_language" title="Vori language">Tivori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_language" title="Toro language">Toro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbiri-Niragu_language" title="Gbiri-Niragu language">Tugbiri-Niragu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumi_language" title="Tumi language">Tumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Fantswam, Gworog, Sholyio, Takad, Tyap Mabatado, Tyecharak, Tyuku)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vono_language" title="Vono language">Vono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Wachi_language" title="Koro Wachi language">Wachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhire_language" title="Zhire language">Zhire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kano_State" title="Kano State">Kano</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_language" title="Hausa language">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurama_language" title="Kurama language">Tikurmi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kebbi_State" title="Kebbi State">Kebbi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cipu_language" title="Cipu language">Cipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damakawa_language" title="Damakawa language">Damakawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun-Saare_language" title="Hun-Saare language">Hun-Saare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kogi_State" title="Kogi State">Kogi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Nge_people" title="Bassa Nge people">Bassa Nge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igala_language" title="Igala language">Igala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oworo_dialect" title="Oworo dialect">Oworo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kwara_State" title="Kwara State">Kwara</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kupa_language" title="Kupa language">Kupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nasarawa_State" title="Nasarawa State">Nasarawa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ake_language" title="Ake language">Ake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alumu_language" title="Alumu language">Alumu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basa-Benue_language" title="Basa-Benue language">Basa-Benue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duhwa_language" title="Duhwa language">Duhwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eggon_language" title="Eggon language">Eggon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasha_language" title="Hasha language">Hasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jili_language" title="Jili language">Jili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toro_language" title="Toro language">Toro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niger_State" title="Niger State">Niger</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asu_language_(Nigeria)" title="Asu language (Nigeria)">Asu</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bariba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipu_language" title="Cipu language">Cipu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbagyi_people" title="Gbagyi people">Gbagyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwandara_language" title="Gwandara language">Gwandara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jijili_language" title="Jijili language">Jijili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakanda_language" title="Kakanda language">Kakanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nupe_language" title="Nupe language">Nupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongu_language" title="Pongu language">Pongu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ondo_State" title="Ondo State">Ondo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itsekiri_language" title="Itsekiri language">Itsekiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izon_language" title="Izon language">Izon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukaan_language" title="Ukaan language">Ukaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plateau_State" title="Plateau State">Plateau</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkul_language" title="Barkul language">Barkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berom_language" title="Berom language">Berom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boghom_language" title="Boghom language">Bogghom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cakfem-Mushere_language" title="Cakfem-Mushere language">Cakfem-Mushere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dass_language" title="Dass language">Dass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Fyam language">Fyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyer_language" title="Fyer language">Fyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goemai_language" title="Goemai language">Goemai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horom_language" title="Horom language">Horom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izere_language" title="Izere language">Izere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jorto_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Jorto language">Jorto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koenoem_language" title="Koenoem language">Koenoem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kofyar_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofyar language">Kofyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulere_language" title="Kulere language">Kulere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miship_language" title="Miship language">Miship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montol_language" title="Montol language">Montol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundat_language" title="Mundat language">Mundat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwaghavul_language" title="Mwaghavul language">Mwaghavul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngas_language" title="Ngas language">Ngas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_language" title="Pe language">Pe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyapun_language" title="Pyapun language">Pyapun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigwe_language" title="Rigwe language">Rigwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_language" title="Ron language">Ron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sha_language" title="Sha language">Sha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sur_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sur language">Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal_language" title="Tal language">Tal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambas_language" title="Tambas language">Tambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyap_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyap language">Tyap (Takad)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankam_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yankam language">Yankam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yiwom_language" title="Yiwom language">Yiwom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rivers_State" title="Rivers State">Rivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abua_language" title="Abua language">Abua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baan_language" title="Baan language">Baan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biseni_language" title="Biseni language">Biseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defaka_language" title="Defaka language">Defaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degema_language" title="Degema language">Degema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekpeye_language" title="Ekpeye language">Ekpeye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleme_language" title="Eleme language">Eleme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engenni_language" title="Engenni language">Engenni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokana_language" title="Gokana language">Gokana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijaw_languages" title="Ijaw languages">Ijaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikwerre_language" title="Ikwerre language">Ikwerre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalabari_language" title="Kalabari language">Kalabari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khana_language" title="Khana language">Khana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kugbo_language" title="Kugbo language">Kugbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkoroo_language" title="Nkoroo language">Nkoroo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%E2%80%99chi%E2%80%99chi%E2%80%99_language" class="mw-redirect" title="O’chi’chi’ language">O’chi’chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obolo_language" title="Obolo language">Obolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obulom_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Obulom language">Obulom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odual_language" title="Odual language">Odual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogba_language" title="Ogba language">Ogba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbogolo_language" title="Ogbogolo language">Ogbogolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogbronuagum_language" title="Ogbronuagum language">Ogbronuagum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogoni_languages" title="Ogoni languages">Ogoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okodia_language" title="Okodia language">Okodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oruma_language" title="Oruma language">Oruma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tee_language" title="Tee language">Tee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni_language" title="Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni language">Ukwuani-Aboh-Ndoni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taraba_State" title="Taraba State">Taraba</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baissa_Fali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Baissa Fali language">Baissa Fali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bete_language_(Nigeria)" title="Bete language (Nigeria)">Bete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Buru language (Nigeria)">Buru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadiya_language" title="Dadiya language">Dadiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donga_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Donga language">Donga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholok_language" title="Kholok language">Kholok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpati_language" title="Kpati language">Kpati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laka_language_(Nigeria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laka language (Nigeria)">Laka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufu_language" title="Lufu language">Lufu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumuye_language" title="Mumuye language">Mumuye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyam_language" title="Nyam language">Nyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingwom_language" title="Nyingwom language">Nyingwom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pangseng_language" title="Pangseng language">Pangseng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rang_language" title="Rang language">Rang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarok_language" title="Tarok language">Tarok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waja_language" title="Waja language">Waja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_language" title="Waka language">Waka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yendang_language" title="Yendang language">Yendang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoti_language" title="Yoti language">Yoti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yobe_State" title="Yobe State">Yobe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bade_language" title="Bade language">Bade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bole_language" title="Bole language">Bole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C6%8Auwai_language" title="Ɗuwai language">Ɗuwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karekare_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Karekare language">Karekare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngamo_language" title="Ngamo language">Ngamo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngizim_language" title="Ngizim language">Ngizim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sign languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigerian Sign Language">Nigerian Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bura_Sign_Language" title="Bura Sign Language">Bura Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_Sign_Language" title="Hausa Sign Language">Hausa Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrant languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_language" title="Romani language">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Nigerian_alphabet" title="Pan-Nigerian alphabet">Pan-Nigerian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div 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