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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Early history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-8th_to_18th_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#8th_to_18th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 8th to 18th centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-8th_to_18th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-From_colony_to_independence_(1890s–1958)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_colony_to_independence_(1890s–1958)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 From colony to independence (1890s–1958) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_colony_to_independence_(1890s–1958)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Upper_Volta_(1958–1984)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Upper_Volta_(1958–1984)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Upper Volta (1958–1984) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Upper_Volta_(1958–1984)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lamizana's_rule_and_multiple_coups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lamizana's_rule_and_multiple_coups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Lamizana's rule and multiple coups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lamizana's_rule_and_multiple_coups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1983_coup_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1983_coup_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 1983 coup d'état </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1983_coup_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Burkina_Faso_(since_1984)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burkina_Faso_(since_1984)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Burkina Faso (since 1984) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burkina_Faso_(since_1984)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compaoré_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compaoré_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Compaoré presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compaoré_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kafando_presidency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kafando_presidency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1.1 Kafando presidency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kafando_presidency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaboré_presidency_and_Jihadist_insurgency_(2015–2023)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaboré_presidency_and_Jihadist_insurgency_(2015–2023)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 Kaboré presidency and Jihadist insurgency (2015–2023) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaboré_presidency_and_Jihadist_insurgency_(2015–2023)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2022_coups_d'état" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2022_coups_d'état"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 2022 coups d'état </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2022_coups_d'état-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Natural_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Natural_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Natural resources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Natural_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Wildlife </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constitution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constitution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Constitution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constitution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Law enforcement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mining </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Infrastructure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Water </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electricity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electricity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.2 Electricity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electricity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.3 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.4 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_insecurity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_insecurity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Food insecurity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Food_insecurity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Food insecurity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Food_insecurity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Approaches_to_improving_food_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Approaches_to_improving_food_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Approaches to improving food security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Approaches_to_improving_food_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-World_Food_Programme" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Food_Programme"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.1 World Food Programme </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Food_Programme-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Bank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Bank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1.2 World Bank </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Bank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_and_crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_and_crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Arts and crafts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_and_crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_festivals_and_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_festivals_and_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.6 Cultural festivals and events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_festivals_and_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.7 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Burkina Faso</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 253 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-253" aria-hidden="true" > 253 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%93_%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%B6" title="ቡርኪና ፋሶ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቡርኪና ፋሶ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="बर्कीना फासो – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="बर्कीना फासो" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="بوركينا فاسو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوركينا فاسو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Fas%C3%B4" title="Burkina Fasô – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Burkina Fasô" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Fasu" title="Burkina Fasu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Burkina Fasu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="बुर्कीना फासो – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="बुर्कीना फासो" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuruk%C3%ADna_F%C3%A1so" title="Vurukína Fáso – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Vurukína Fáso" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina-Faso" title="Burkina-Faso – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Burkina-Faso" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="بورکینافاسو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بورکینافاسو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burukina_Faso" title="Burukina Faso – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Burukina Faso" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B" title="বুর্কিনা ফাসো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বুর্কিনা ফাসো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Paso" title="Burkina Paso – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Burkina Paso" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркіна-Фасо – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Буркіна-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркіна-Фасо – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Буркіна-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="बुर्किना फासो – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बुर्किना फासो" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukina_Faso" title="Bukina Faso – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Bukina Faso" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина Фасо – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Буркина Фасо" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%80%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%95%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8D" title="བུར་ཀི་ན་ཕ་སོ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བུར་ཀི་ན་ཕ་སོ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркино-Фасо – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Буркино-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина Фасо – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Буркина Фасо" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bhurukina_Faso" title="Bhurukina Faso – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Bhurukina Faso" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bwrcina_Ffaso" title="Bwrcina Ffaso – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bwrcina Ffaso" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88" title="بوركينا فاصو – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بوركينا فاصو" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AA%DE%86%DE%A9%DE%82%DE%A7_%DE%8A%DE%A7%DE%90%DE%AF" title="ބުރުކީނާ ފާސޯ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބުރުކީނާ ފާސޯ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="बुर्किना फासो – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="बुर्किना फासो" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B1_%CE%A6%CE%AC%CF%83%CE%BF" title="Μπουρκίνα Φάσο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπουρκίνα Φάσο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkino" title="Burkino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Burkino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burquina_Fasu" title="Burquina Fasu – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Burquina Fasu" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gur mw-list-item"><a href="https://gur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Frafra" lang="gur" hreflang="gur" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Farefare" data-language-local-name="Frafra" class="interlanguage-link-target">Farefare</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="بورکینافاسو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بورکینافاسو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerkina_Faso" title="Boerkina Faso – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boerkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buirc%C3%ADne_Fas%C3%B3" title="Buircíne Fasó – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Buircíne Fasó" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buirciona_Faso" title="Buirciona Faso – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Buirciona Faso" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%A5%B4%ED%82%A4%EB%82%98%ED%8C%8C%EC%86%8C" title="부르키나파소 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부르키나파소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burakina_Faso" title="Burakina Faso – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Burakina Faso" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1_%D5%96%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8" title="Բուրկինա Ֆասո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուրկինա Ֆասո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="बुर्किना फासो – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बुर्किना फासो" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B" title="বুর্কিনা ফাসো – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="বুর্কিনা ফাসো" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBukhina_Faso" title="IBukhina Faso – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IBukhina Faso" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BArk%C3%ADna_Fas%C3%B3" title="Búrkína Fasó – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Búrkína Fasó" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%95" title="בורקינה פאסו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בורקינה פאסו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkina_Fasoo" title="Purkina Fasoo – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Purkina Fasoo" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%A8_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A" title="ಬುರ್ಕೀನ ಫಾಸೊ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬುರ್ಕೀನ ಫಾಸೊ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkinaf%C3%A1su" title="Burkinafásu – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Burkinafásu" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D" title="ბურკინა-ფასო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბურკინა-ფასო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B9rkina_Faso" title="Bùrkina Faso – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Bùrkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burukina_Faso" title="Burukina Faso – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Burukina Faso" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina" title="Burkina – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Burkina" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boukinafaso" title="Boukinafaso – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Boukinafaso" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birkina_Faso" title="Birkina Faso – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Birkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burk%C3%AEna_Faso" title="Burkîna Faso – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Burkîna Faso" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина Фасо – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Буркина Фасо" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9F%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A" title="ປະເທດບວກກິນາຟາໂຊ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດບວກກິນາຟາໂຊ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkinafaso" title="Burkinafaso – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Burkinafaso" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Fasas" title="Burkina Fasas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Burkina Fasas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkinn-a_F%C3%A4so" title="Borkinn-a Fäso – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Borkinn-a Fäso" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burcina_Faso" title="Burcina Faso – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Burcina Faso" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="बुर्किना फासो – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="बुर्किना फासो" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина Фасо – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Буркина Фасо" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Borkina_Fas%C3%B4" title="Borkina Fasô – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Borkina Fasô" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B" title="ബർക്കിനാ ഫാസോ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബർക്കിനാ ഫാസോ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%ABkina" title="Pūkina – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Pūkina" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="बर्किना फासो – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बर्किना फासो" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D" title="ბურკინა-ფასო – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბურკინა-ფასო" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="بوركينا فاسو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوركينا فاسو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="بورکینافاسو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بورکینافاسو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5_%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A3" title="ꯕꯨꯔꯀꯤꯅꯥ ꯐꯥꯁꯣ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯨꯔꯀꯤꯅꯥ ꯐꯥꯁꯣ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина Фасо – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Буркина Фасо" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%96%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘာကီးနားဖားဆိုနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘာကီးနားဖားဆိုနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="बुर्किना फासो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बुर्किना फासो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="बुर्किना फासो – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बुर्किना फासो" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%8A%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%BD" title="ブルキナファソ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブルキナファソ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%99%DF%8E%DF%9E%DF%8C%DF%A3%DF%8A%DF%AB_%DF%9D%DF%8A%DF%AC%DF%9B%DF%8F%DF%AB" title="ߓߙߎߞߌߣߊ߫ ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߙߎߞߌߣߊ߫ ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkiina_Faaso" title="Burkiina Faaso – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Burkiina Faaso" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Pitcairn-Norfolk" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Pitcairn-Norfolk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkinaa_Faasoo" title="Burkinaa Faasoo – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Burkinaa Faasoo" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B" title="ਬੁਰਕੀਨਾ ਫ਼ਾਸੋ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੁਰਕੀਨਾ ਫ਼ਾਸੋ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="बुर्कीना-फासो – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="बुर्कीना-फासो" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_faso" title="Burkina faso – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Burkina faso" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="برکینا فاسو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برکینا فاسو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="بورکينافاسو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بورکينافاسو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boerkiina_Faso" title="Boerkiina Faso – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Boerkiina Faso" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burquina_Fasso" title="Burquina Fasso – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Burquina Fasso" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina-Faso" title="Burkina-Faso – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Burkina-Faso" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Purkina_Phasu" title="Purkina Phasu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Purkina Phasu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркіна Фасо – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Буркіна Фасо" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина Фасо – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Буркина Фасо" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE-%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B" title="बुर्कीना-फासो – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="बुर्कीना-फासो" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9F_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%B3" title="ᱵᱩᱨᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱳ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱩᱨᱠᱤᱱᱟ ᱯᱷᱟᱥᱳ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_faso" title="Burkina faso – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Burkina faso" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burchina_Fasu" title="Burchina Fasu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Burchina Fasu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8F_%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D" title="බුර්කිනා ෆාසෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බුර්කිනා ෆාසෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%AA%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="برڪینا فاسو – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برڪینا فاسو" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhukhina-Faso" title="IBhukhina-Faso – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhukhina-Faso" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina" title="Burkina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Burkina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%86" title="بورکینا فاسۆ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بورکینا فاسۆ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина Фасо – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Буркина Фасо" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B" title="புர்க்கினா பாசோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="புர்க்கினா பாசோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина Фасо – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Буркина Фасо" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%81%BC%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%81%BE%E1%82%83%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87" title="မိူင်းပူႇၵီႇၼႃးၾႃးသူဝ်ႇ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပူႇၵီႇၼႃးၾႃးသူဝ်ႇ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_faso" title="Burkina faso – Atayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Burkina faso" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Atayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BE_%E0%B0%AB%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B" title="బుర్కినా ఫాసో – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బుర్కినా ఫాసో" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B" title="ประเทศบูร์กินาฟาโซ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบูร์กินาฟาโซ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A1%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%AA%E1%8A%93_%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%B6" title="ቡርኪና ፋሶ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ቡርኪና ፋሶ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%8B%E1%8E%A9%E1%8E%BE_%E1%8F%A9%E1%8F%90" title="ᏋᎩᎾ ᏩᏐ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏋᎩᎾ ᏩᏐ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina-Faso" title="Burkina-Faso – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Burkina-Faso" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркина-Фасо – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Буркина-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Буркіна-Фасо – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буркіна-Фасо" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="برکینا فاسو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برکینا فاسو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%89%D9%86%D8%A7_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88" title="بۇركىنا فاسو – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بۇركىنا فاسو" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkin%C3%A4n" title="Burkinän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Burkinän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourkina_Fasso" title="Bourkina Fasso – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bourkina Fasso" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%BA%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2" title="布基納法索 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="布基納法索" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkinaa_Faaso" title="Burkinaa Faaso – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Burkinaa Faaso" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%BA%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2" title="布基納法索 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布基納法索" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A2_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%90" title="בורקינע פאסא – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בורקינע פאסא" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%9F%BA%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2" title="布基納法索 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布基納法索" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bork%C4%97na_Fasos" title="Borkėna Fasos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Borkėna Fasos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%90%89%E7%B4%8D%E6%B3%95%E7%B4%A2" title="布吉納法索 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布吉納法索" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukina_Faso" title="Bukina Faso – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Bukina Faso" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Paso" title="Burkina Paso – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Burkina Paso" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bukinat%C3%B2" title="Bukinatò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Bukinatò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ghanaian Pidgin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-knc mw-list-item"><a href="https://knc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Central Kanuri" lang="knc" hreflang="knc" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Yerwa Kanuri" data-language-local-name="Central Kanuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yerwa Kanuri</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mos mw-list-item"><a href="https://mos.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – Mossi" lang="mos" hreflang="mos" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="Moore" data-language-local-name="Mossi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Moore</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nr mw-list-item"><a href="https://nr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso – South Ndebele" lang="nr" hreflang="nr" data-title="Burkina Faso" data-language-autonym="IsiNdebele seSewula" data-language-local-name="South Ndebele" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiNdebele seSewula</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkino_Faso" title="Burkino Faso – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Burkino Faso" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8F%E2%B4%B0_%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%93" title="ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵓⵔⴽⵉⵏⴰ ⴼⴰⵙⵓ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q965#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Burkina_Faso" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> 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.mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country 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.ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Burkina Faso</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Burkĩna Faso (<a href="/wiki/Mossi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossi language">Mossi</a>)</li><li>𞤄𞤵𞤪𞤳𞤭𞤲𞤢 𞤊𞤢𞤧𞤮𞥅 (<a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>)</li><li>Burkina Faso</li><li>ߓߙߎߞߌߣߊ߫ ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߫ (<a href="/wiki/Dyula_language" title="Dyula language">Dyula</a>)</li><li>Burukina Faso</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Burkina Faso"><img alt="Flag of Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/125px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/188px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/250px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Flag of Burkina Faso">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Burkina Faso"><img alt="Coat of arms of Burkina Faso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Coat of arms of Burkina Faso"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: "La Patrie ou la Mort, Nous Vaincrons" (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>) "Homeland or Death, we will Conquer"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: <a href="/wiki/Ditany%C3%A8" title="Ditanyè">Ditanyè</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"></div> <audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="108" data-mwtitle="National_anthem_of_Burkina_Faso.oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/National_anthem_of_Burkina_Faso.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b0/National_anthem_of_Burkina_Faso.oga/National_anthem_of_Burkina_Faso.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ANational_anthem_of_Burkina_Faso.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Burkina_Faso_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Burkina_Faso_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Burkina_Faso_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Burkina_Faso_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Burkina_Faso_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Burkina_Faso_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Burkina_Faso_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a> Show globe</div><div> <a href="/wiki/File:Location_Burkina_Faso_AU_Africa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_Burkina_Faso_AU_Africa.svg/250px-Location_Burkina_Faso_AU_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_Burkina_Faso_AU_Africa.svg/375px-Location_Burkina_Faso_AU_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Location_Burkina_Faso_AU_Africa.svg/500px-Location_Burkina_Faso_AU_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1300" /></a> Show map of Africa</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burkina_Faso&params=12_22_N_1_32_W_type:city_region:BF">12°22′N 1°32′W / 12.367°N 1.533°W / 12.367; -1.533</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bissa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_language" title="Dyula language">Dyula</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2010 est.)<a href="#cite_note-CIAFactbook2019uv-1">[1]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>52% <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a></li><li>8.4% <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li><li>7% <a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a></li><li>4.9% <a href="/wiki/Bobo_people" title="Bobo people">Bobo</a></li><li>4.6% <a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a></li><li>4.5% <a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senufo</a></li><li>2.4% <a href="/wiki/Lobi_people" title="Lobi people">Lobi</a></li><li>1.9% <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a></li><li>0.8% <a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Burkinabé</li><li>Burkinese</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Politics of Burkina Faso">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">Unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military junta</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of heads of state of Burkina Faso">Interim President</a> and <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Movement_for_Safeguard_and_Restoration" title="Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration">MPSR President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9" title="Ibrahim Traoré">Ibrahim Traoré</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of prime ministers of Burkina Faso">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Emmanuel_Ou%C3%A9draogo" title="Jean Emmanuel Ouédraogo">Jean Emmanuel Ouédraogo</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Burkina_Faso" title="National Assembly of Burkina Faso">Transitional Legislative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">History</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Upper_Volta" title="Republic of Upper Volta">Republic of Upper Volta</a> proclaimed </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 December 1958</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Independence from France </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 August 1960</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/1966_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état">1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 January 1966</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/2014_Burkina_Faso_uprising" title="2014 Burkina Faso uprising">2014 Burkina Faso uprising</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 October – 3 November 2014</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">Jan 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23–24 January 2022</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">Sep 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 September 2022</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Geography of Burkina Faso">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">274,223<a href="#cite_note-worldfactbook-6">[6]</a> km2 (105,878 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">74th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.146%</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Demographics of Burkina Faso">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2023 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">22,489,126<a href="#cite_note-worldfactbook-6">[6]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">58th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">64/km2 (165.8/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $62.788 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BF-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">114th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2,682<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BF-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">171st</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2023 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $20.785 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BF-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">124th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $888<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BF-7">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">180th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2021)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Steady" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/11px-Steady2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/17px-Steady2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Steady2.svg/22px-Steady2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 37.4<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.438<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">low (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">185th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">West African CFA franc</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-10">[10]</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">XOF</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B00:00" title="UTC+00:00">UTC+00:00</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data">dd/mm/yyyy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Telephone numbers in Burkina Faso">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B226" class="mw-redirect" title="+226">+226</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BF" title="ISO 3166-2:BF">BF</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.bf" title=".bf">.bf</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Burkina Faso<a href="#cite_note-14">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-worldfactbook-6">[6]</a> bordered by <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> to the northeast, <a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> to the southeast, <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> to the southwest. It covers an area of 274,223 km2 (105,878 sq mi). In 2021, the country had an estimated population of approximately 23,674,480.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Previously called the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Upper_Volta" title="Republic of Upper Volta">Republic of Upper Volta</a> (1958–1984), it was <a href="/wiki/Geographical_renaming" title="Geographical renaming">renamed</a> Burkina Faso by former <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of heads of state of Burkina Faso">president</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a>. Its citizens are known as Burkinabè,<a href="#cite_note-15">[b]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and largest city is <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>. The largest <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> in Burkina Faso is the <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi people</a>, who settled the area in the 11th and 13th centuries. They established powerful <a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">kingdoms</a> such as the Ouagadougou, Tenkodogo, and Yatenga. In 1896, it was <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonized</a> by the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a>; in 1958, Upper Volta became a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing colony</a> within the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>. In 1960, it gained full independence with <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo" title="Maurice Yaméogo">Maurice Yaméogo</a> as <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of heads of state of Burkina Faso">president</a>. Since it gained its independence, the country has been subject to instability, <a href="/wiki/Sahel_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahel drought">droughts</a>, famines and corruption. There have also been various <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coups</a>, in <a href="/wiki/1966_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état">1966</a>, <a href="/wiki/1980_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Upper Voltan coup d'état">1980</a>, <a href="/wiki/1982_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état">1982</a>, <a href="/wiki/1983_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état">1983</a>, <a href="/wiki/1987_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état">1987</a>, and twice in 2022 (<a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">January</a> and <a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">September</a>). There were also unsuccessful coup attempts in <a href="/wiki/1989_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Burkina Faso coup d'état attempt">1989</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Burkina Faso coup d'état">2015</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2023_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="2023 Burkina Faso coup attempt">2023</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a> came to power following a successful coup in 1983. As president, Sankara embarked on a series of ambitious <a href="/wiki/Socioeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socioeconomic">socioeconomic</a> reforms which included a nationwide <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> campaign, <a href="/wiki/Land_redistribution" class="mw-redirect" title="Land redistribution">land redistribution</a> to <a href="/wiki/Peasant" title="Peasant">peasants</a>, vaccinations for over 2 million children, railway and road construction, equalized access to education, and the outlawing of <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>. He served as the country's president until 1987 when he was deposed and assassinated in a coup led by <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Blaise Compaoré</a>, who became president and ruled the country until <a href="/wiki/2014_Burkinab%C3%A8_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Burkinabè uprising">his removal on 31 October 2014</a>. Since the mid-2010s, Burkina Faso has been severely affected by the rise of insurgencies in the Sahel. Several <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a>, partly allied with the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">Islamic State</a> (IS) or <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">operate in Burkina Faso</a> and across the border in <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. More than one million of the country's 21 million inhabitants are <a href="/wiki/Internally_displaced_person" title="Internally displaced person">internally displaced persons</a>. <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso_Armed_Forces" title="Burkina Faso Armed Forces">Burkina Faso's military</a> seized power in a <a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">coup d'état on 23 and 24 January 2022</a>, overthrowing President <a href="/wiki/Roch_Marc_Christian_Kabor%C3%A9" title="Roch Marc Christian Kaboré">Roch Marc Kaboré</a>. On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution and appointed <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Sandaogo_Damiba" title="Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba">Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba</a> as interim president, but he was himself overthrown in a <a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">second coup on 30 September</a> and replaced by military captain <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9" title="Ibrahim Traoré">Ibrahim Traoré</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[14]</a> Burkina Faso remains one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed countries</a> in the world, with a GDP of $16.226 billion in 2022. Approximately 63.8% of its population practices <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Islam in Burkina Faso">Islam</a>, while 26.3% practices Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> The country's four official languages are <a href="/wiki/Mossi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossi language">Mooré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyula_language" title="Dyula language">Dyula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>, with the first one being spoken by over half the population;<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook2020-18">[16]</a> the Burkinabè government also officially recognizes 60 indigenous languages.<a href="#cite_note-CIAWorldFactBook2020-18">[16]</a> The former government and business language was <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> until January 2024, whose status was demoted to that of a "working language" alongside <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> by ratification of a constitutional amendment.<a href="#cite_note-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-20">[18]</a> The country's territory is geographically biodiverse, and includes plentiful reserves of <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>. Due to its multicultural make-up, <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Art of Burkina Faso">Burkinabè art</a> has a rich and long history, and is globally renowned for its orthodox style.<a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a> The country is governed as a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential republic</a>, with executive, legislative and judicial powers. It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>. On 18 January 2024, Burkina Faso announced its exit from <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Formerly the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Upper_Volta" title="Republic of Upper Volta">Republic of Upper Volta</a>, the country was renamed "Burkina Faso" on 4 August 1984 by then-President <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a>. The words "Burkina" and "Faso" stem from different languages spoken in the country: "Burkina" comes from <a href="/wiki/Moor%C3%A9" title="Mooré">Mooré</a> and means "upright", showing how the people are proud of their integrity, while "Faso" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Dyula_language" title="Dyula language">Dyula language</a> (as written in <a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a>: ߝߊ߬ߛߏ߫ faso) and means "fatherland" (literally, "father's house"). The "-bé" suffix added onto "Burkina" to form the demonym "Burkinabé" comes from the <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula language</a> and means "women or men".<a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a> The CIA summarizes the etymology as "land of the honest (incorruptible) men".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-23">[21]</a> The French Colony of Upper Volta was named for its location on the upper courses of the <a href="/wiki/Volta_River" title="Volta River">Volta River</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Black_Volta" title="Black Volta">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Volta" title="Red Volta">Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Volta" title="White Volta">White Volta</a>).<a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">History of Burkina Faso</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history">edit</a>]</div> The northwestern part of present-day Burkina Faso was populated by <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a> from 14,000 BCE to 5,000 BCE. Their tools, including <a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">scrapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">chisels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">arrowheads</a>, were discovered in 1973 through <a href="/wiki/Excavation_(archaeology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Excavation (archaeology)">archaeological excavations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[23]</a> Agricultural settlements were established between 3600 and 2600 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bura_culture" title="Bura culture">Bura culture</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron-Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a> centred in the southwest portion of modern-day Niger and in the southeast part of contemporary Burkina Faso.<a href="#cite_note-whc.unesco.org-26">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iron_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron industry">Iron industry</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forging" title="Forging">forging</a> for tools and weapons, had developed in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> by 1200 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> To date, the oldest evidence of iron smelting found in Burkina Faso dates from 800 to 700 BCE and forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Ferrous_Metallurgy_Sites_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy Sites of Burkina Faso">Ancient Ferrous Metallurgy</a> World Heritage Site.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> From the 3rd to the 13th centuries CE, the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Bura_culture" title="Bura culture">Bura culture</a> existed in the territory of present-day southeastern Burkina Faso and southwestern Niger. Various ethnic groups of present-day Burkina Faso, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dioula</a>, arrived in successive waves between the 8th and 15th centuries. From the 11th century, the Mossi people established <a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">several separate kingdoms</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg/350px-Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg/525px-Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg/700px-Africa_de_l%27O%C3%A8st_en_1875-es.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1588" data-file-height="771" /></a><figcaption>West Africa circa 1875</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="8th_to_18th_centuries">8th to 18th centuries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 8th to 18th centuries">edit</a>]</div> There is debate about the exact dates when Burkina Faso's many ethnic groups arrived to the area. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moosei_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moosei people (page does not exist)">Proto-Mossi</a> arrived in the far eastern part of what is today Burkina Faso sometime between the 8th and 11th centuries, and accepted <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> as their religion in the 11th century.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo</a> arrived around the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31">[29]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon</a> lived in Burkina Faso's north and northwest regions until sometime in the 15th or 16th centuries, and many of the other ethnic groups that make up the country's population arrived in the region during this time.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MossiCavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MossiCavalry.jpg/220px-MossiCavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MossiCavalry.jpg/330px-MossiCavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/MossiCavalry.jpg/440px-MossiCavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1042" /></a><figcaption>The cavalry of the <a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi Kingdoms</a> were experts at raiding deep into enemy territory, even against the formidable <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pg381_Des_hommes_sur_les_toits_s%27opposent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pg381_Des_hommes_sur_les_toits_s%27opposent.jpg/220px-Pg381_Des_hommes_sur_les_toits_s%27opposent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pg381_Des_hommes_sur_les_toits_s%27opposent.jpg/330px-Pg381_Des_hommes_sur_les_toits_s%27opposent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pg381_Des_hommes_sur_les_toits_s%27opposent.jpg/440px-Pg381_Des_hommes_sur_les_toits_s%27opposent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2325" data-file-height="1693" /></a><figcaption>Armed men prevent the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Louis-Gustave_Binger" title="Louis-Gustave Binger">Louis-Gustave Binger</a> from entering Sia (Bobo-Dioulasso) during his stay in April 1892.</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, the Mossi established several separate kingdoms including those of Tenkodogo, Yatenga, Zandoma, and Ouagadougou.<a href="#cite_note-Nations_2014-33">[31]</a> Sometime between 1328 and 1338, Mossi warriors raided <a href="/wiki/Timbuktu" title="Timbuktu">Timbuktu</a> but the Mossi were defeated by <a href="/wiki/Sonni_Ali" title="Sonni Ali">Sonni Ali</a> of <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Songhai</a> at the Battle of Kobi in Mali in 1483.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> During the early 16th century, the Songhai conducted many slave raids into what is today Burkina Faso.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-31">[29]</a> During the 18th century, the <a href="/wiki/Gwiriko" title="Gwiriko">Gwiriko Empire</a> was established at <a href="/wiki/Bobo_Dioulasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobo Dioulasso">Bobo Dioulasso</a> and ethnic groups such as the Dyan, Lobi, and Birifor settled along the <a href="/wiki/Black_Volta" title="Black Volta">Black Volta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_colony_to_independence_(1890s–1958)">From colony to independence (1890s–1958)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: From colony to independence (1890s–1958)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Senegal_and_Niger" title="Upper Senegal and Niger">Upper Senegal and Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">French Upper Volta</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Burkina_Faso" title="Special:EditPage/Burkina Faso">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Starting in the early 1890s during the European <a href="/wiki/Scramble_for_Africa" title="Scramble for Africa">Scramble for Africa</a>, a series of European military officers made attempts to claim parts of what is today Burkina Faso. At times these <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialists</a> and their armies fought the local peoples; at times they forged alliances with them and made treaties. The colonialist officers and their home governments also made treaties among themselves. The territory of Burkina Faso was invaded by <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, becoming a <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French protectorate</a> in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise,_1914.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1914.svg/220px-Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1914.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1914.svg/330px-Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1914.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1914.svg/440px-Carte_de_l%27Afrique-Occidentale_fran%C3%A7aise%2C_1914.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="787" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> c. 1913</figcaption></figure> The eastern and western regions, where a standoff against the forces of the powerful ruler <a href="/wiki/Samori_Ture" title="Samori Ture">Samori Ture</a> complicated the situation, came under French occupation in 1897. By 1898, the majority of the territory corresponding to Burkina Faso was nominally conquered; however, French control of many parts remained uncertain.<a href="#cite_note-:0-25">[23]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Convention_of_1898" title="Anglo-French Convention of 1898">Franco-British Convention of 14 June 1898</a> created the country's modern borders. In the French territory, a war of conquest against local communities and political powers continued for about five years. In 1904, the largely pacified territories of the <a href="/wiki/Volta_River" title="Volta River">Volta basin</a> were integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Senegal_and_Niger" title="Upper Senegal and Niger">Upper Senegal and Niger</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">French West Africa</a> as part of the reorganization of the French West African colonial empire. The colony had its capital in <a href="/wiki/Bamako" title="Bamako">Bamako</a>. The language of colonial administration and schooling became French. The public education system started from humble origins. Advanced education was provided for many years during the colonial period in Dakar. The indigenous population was highly discriminated against. For example, African children were not allowed to ride bicycles or pick fruit from trees, "privileges" reserved for the children of colonists. Violating these regulations could land parents in jail.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">Draftees</a> from the territory participated in the European fronts of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in the battalions of the <a href="/wiki/Tirailleurs_s%C3%A9n%C3%A9galais" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirailleurs sénégalais">Senegalese Rifles</a>. Between 1915 and 1916, the districts in the western part of what is now Burkina Faso and the bordering eastern fringe of Mali became the stage of one of the most important armed oppositions to colonial government: the <a href="/wiki/Volta-Bani_War" title="Volta-Bani War">Volta-Bani War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> The French government finally suppressed the movement but only after suffering defeats. It also had to organize its largest expeditionary force of its colonial history to send into the country to suppress the insurrection. Armed opposition wracked the Sahelian north when the <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> and allied groups of the Dori region ended their truce with the government. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mittelholzer-ouagadougou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mittelholzer-ouagadougou.jpg/220px-Mittelholzer-ouagadougou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mittelholzer-ouagadougou.jpg/330px-Mittelholzer-ouagadougou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Mittelholzer-ouagadougou.jpg/440px-Mittelholzer-ouagadougou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="788" /></a><figcaption>The capital, <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, in 1930</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">French Upper Volta</a> was established on 1 March 1919. The French feared a recurrence of armed uprising and had related economic considerations. To bolster its administration, the colonial government separated the present territory of Burkina Faso from Upper Senegal and Niger. The new colony was named Haute Volta for its location on the upper courses of the <a href="/wiki/Volta_River" title="Volta River">Volta River</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Black_Volta" title="Black Volta">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_Volta" title="Red Volta">Red</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_Volta" title="White Volta">White Volta</a>), and François Charles Alexis Édouard Hesling became its first <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Upper_Volta" class="mw-redirect" title="List of governors of Upper Volta">governor</a>. Hesling initiated an ambitious road-making program to improve infrastructure and promoted the growth of cotton for export. The cotton policy – based on <a href="/wiki/Coercion" title="Coercion">coercion</a> – failed, and revenue generated by the colony stagnated. The colony was dismantled on 5 September 1932, being split between the French colonies of <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">French Sudan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>. Ivory Coast received the largest share, which contained most of the population as well as the cities of Ouagadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso. France reversed this change during the period of intense anti-colonial agitation that followed the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. On 4 September 1947, it revived the colony of Upper Volta, with its previous boundaries, as a part of the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>. The French designated its colonies as departments of <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_France" title="Metropolitan France">metropolitan France</a> on the European continent. On 11 December 1958 the colony achieved <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-government</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Upper_Volta" title="Republic of Upper Volta">Republic of Upper Volta</a>; it joined the Franco-African Community. A revision in the organization of French Overseas Territories had begun with the passage of the Basic Law (Loi Cadre) of 23 July 1956. This act was followed by reorganization measures approved by the French parliament early in 1957 to ensure a large degree of self-government for individual territories. Upper Volta became an autonomous republic in the French community on 11 December 1958. Full independence from France was received in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-WDL1-39">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Upper_Volta_(1958–1984)">Upper Volta (1958–1984)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Upper Volta (1958–1984)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Upper_Volta" title="Republic of Upper Volta">Republic of Upper Volta</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo_and_Louis_Jacquinot_exchanging_instruments_of_ratification_for_the_independence_of_the_Upper_Volta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo_and_Louis_Jacquinot_exchanging_instruments_of_ratification_for_the_independence_of_the_Upper_Volta.jpg/220px-Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo_and_Louis_Jacquinot_exchanging_instruments_of_ratification_for_the_independence_of_the_Upper_Volta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo_and_Louis_Jacquinot_exchanging_instruments_of_ratification_for_the_independence_of_the_Upper_Volta.jpg/330px-Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo_and_Louis_Jacquinot_exchanging_instruments_of_ratification_for_the_independence_of_the_Upper_Volta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo_and_Louis_Jacquinot_exchanging_instruments_of_ratification_for_the_independence_of_the_Upper_Volta.jpg/440px-Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo_and_Louis_Jacquinot_exchanging_instruments_of_ratification_for_the_independence_of_the_Upper_Volta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4171" data-file-height="2988" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo" title="Maurice Yaméogo">Maurice Yaméogo</a>, the first president of Upper Volta, examines documents pertaining to the ratification of the country's independence in 1960</figcaption></figure> The Republic of Upper Volta (French: République de Haute-Volta) was established on 11 December 1958 as a <a href="/wiki/Self-governing_colony" title="Self-governing colony">self-governing colony</a> within the <a href="/wiki/French_Community" title="French Community">French Community</a>. The name Upper Volta related to the nation's location along the upper reaches of the <a href="/wiki/Volta_River" title="Volta River">Volta River</a>. The river's three <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> are called the <a href="/wiki/Black_Volta" title="Black Volta">Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/White_Volta" title="White Volta">White</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_Volta" title="Red Volta">Red Volta</a>. These were expressed in the three colors of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Upper_Volta" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Upper Volta">former national flag</a>. Before attaining autonomy, it had been French Upper Volta and part of the French Union. On 5 August 1960, it attained full independence from <a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">France</a>. The first president, <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Yam%C3%A9ogo" title="Maurice Yaméogo">Maurice Yaméogo</a>, was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_Democratic_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltaic Democratic Union">Voltaic Democratic Union</a> (UDV). The 1960 constitution provided for election by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> of a president and a national assembly for five-year terms. Soon after coming to power, Yaméogo banned all political parties other than the UDV. The government lasted until 1966. After much unrest, including mass demonstrations and strikes by students, labor unions, and civil servants, the military intervened. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lamizana's_rule_and_multiple_coups">Lamizana's rule and multiple coups</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Lamizana's rule and multiple coups">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/1966_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1966 Upper Voltan coup d'état">1966 military coup</a> deposed Yaméogo, suspended the constitution, dissolved the National Assembly, and placed Lt. Col. <a href="/wiki/Sangoul%C3%A9_Lamizana" title="Sangoulé Lamizana">Sangoulé Lamizana</a> at the head of a government of senior army officers. The army remained in power for four years. On 14 June 1976, the Voltans ratified a new constitution that established a four-year transition period toward complete civilian rule. Lamizana remained in power throughout the 1970s as president of military or mixed civil-military governments. Lamizana's rule coincided with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel_drought" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahel drought">Sahel drought</a> and famine which had a devastating impact on Upper Volta and neighboring countries. After conflict over the 1976 constitution, a new constitution was written and approved in 1977. Lamizana was re-elected by open elections in 1978. Lamizana's government faced problems with the country's traditionally powerful trade unions, and on 25 November 1980, Col. <a href="/wiki/Saye_Zerbo" title="Saye Zerbo">Saye Zerbo</a> overthrew President Lamizana in a <a href="/wiki/1980_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1980 Upper Voltan coup d'état">bloodless coup</a>. Colonel Zerbo established the Military Committee of Recovery for National Progress as the supreme governmental authority, thus eradicating the 1977 constitution. Colonel Zerbo also encountered resistance from trade unions and was overthrown two years later by Maj. Dr. <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Ou%C3%A9draogo" title="Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo">Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo</a> and the Council of Popular Salvation (CSP) in the <a href="/wiki/1982_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état">1982 Upper Voltan coup d'état</a>. The CSP continued to ban political parties and organizations, yet promised a transition to civilian rule and a new constitution.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1983_coup_d'état">1983 coup d'état</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1983 coup d'état">edit</a>]</div> Infighting developed between the right and left factions of the CSP. The leader of the leftists, Capt. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Thomas Sankara</a>, was appointed prime minister in January 1983, but was subsequently arrested. Efforts to free him, directed by Capt. <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Blaise Compaoré</a>, resulted in a military coup d'état on 4 August 1983. The coup brought Sankara to power and his government began to implement a series of revolutionary programs which included mass-vaccinations, infrastructure improvements, the expansion of women's rights, encouragement of domestic agricultural consumption, and anti-desertification projects.<a href="#cite_note-UprightDVD-42">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Burkina_Faso_(since_1984)">Burkina Faso (since 1984)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Burkina Faso (since 1984)">edit</a>]</div> On 2 August 1984, on Sankara's initiative, the country's name changed from "Upper Volta" to "Burkina Faso", or land of the honest men; (the literal translation is land of the upright men).<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>]<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> The presidential decree was confirmed by the National Assembly on 4 August 1984. Sankara's government comprised the National Council for the Revolution (CNR – <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Conseil national révolutionnaire), with Sankara as its president, and established popular <a href="/wiki/Committees_for_the_Defense_of_the_Revolution_(Burkina_Faso)" title="Committees for the Defense of the Revolution (Burkina Faso)">Committees for the Defense of the Revolution</a> (CDRs). The <a href="/wiki/Pioneers_of_the_Revolution" title="Pioneers of the Revolution">Pioneers of the Revolution</a> youth programme was also established. Sankara launched an ambitious socioeconomic programme for change, one of the largest ever undertaken on the African continent.<a href="#cite_note-UprightDVD-42">[40]</a> His foreign policies centred on <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-imperialism</a>, with his government rejecting all <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign aid">foreign aid</a>, pushing for <a href="/wiki/Odious_debt" title="Odious debt">odious debt</a> reduction, nationalising all land and mineral wealth and averting the power and influence of the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) and <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. His domestic policies included a nationwide literacy campaign, land redistribution to peasants, railway and road construction and the outlawing of <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Forced_marriage" title="Forced marriage">forced marriages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UprightDVD-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grila2-47">[45]</a> Sankara pushed for agrarian self-sufficiency and promoted public health by vaccinating 2,500,000 children against <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Measles" title="Measles">measles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grila2-47">[45]</a> His national agenda also included planting over 10,000,000 trees to halt the growing <a href="/wiki/Desertification" title="Desertification">desertification</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>. Sankara called on every village to build a medical dispensary and had over 350 communities build schools with their own labour.<a href="#cite_note-UprightDVD-42">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> In the 1980s, when ecological awareness was still very low, Sankara was one of the few African leaders to consider environmental protection a priority. He engaged in three major battles: against bush fires "which will be considered as crimes and will be punished as such"; against cattle roaming "which infringes on the rights of peoples because unattended animals destroy nature"; and against the illegitimate cutting of firewood "whose profession will have to be organized and regulated". As part of a development program involving a large part of the population, ten million trees were planted in Burkina Faso in fifteen months during the revolution. To face the advancing desert and recurrent droughts, Sankara also proposed the planting of wooded strips about fifty kilometers wide, crossing the country from east to west. Cereal production, close to 1.1 billion tons before 1983, was predicted to rise to 1.6 billion tons in 1987. Jean Ziegler, former UN special rapporteur for the right to food, said that the country "had become food self-sufficient."<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compaoré_presidency">Compaoré presidency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Compaoré presidency">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blaise_Compaore_with_George_Bush_July_16,_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Blaise_Compaore_with_George_Bush_July_16%2C_2008.jpg/220px-Blaise_Compaore_with_George_Bush_July_16%2C_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Blaise_Compaore_with_George_Bush_July_16%2C_2008.jpg/330px-Blaise_Compaore_with_George_Bush_July_16%2C_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Blaise_Compaore_with_George_Bush_July_16%2C_2008.jpg/440px-Blaise_Compaore_with_George_Bush_July_16%2C_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Compaor%C3%A9" title="Blaise Compaoré">Blaise Compaoré</a> (left), President 1987–2014, shaking hands with <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a></figcaption></figure> On 15 October 1987, Sankara and twelve other government officials were assassinated in a coup d'état organized by Blaise Compaoré, Sankara's former colleague, who took over as Burkina Faso's president. He held the position until October 2014.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> After the coup and although Sankara was known to be dead, some CDRs mounted an armed resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Burkina Faso">army</a> for several days.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> A majority[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] of Burkinabè citizens hold that <a href="/wiki/Ministry_for_Europe_and_Foreign_Affairs_(France)" title="Ministry for Europe and Foreign Affairs (France)">France's foreign ministry</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Quai_d%27Orsay" title="Quai d'Orsay">Quai d'Orsay</a>, was behind Compaoré in organizing the coup. There is some evidence for France's support of the coup.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> Compaoré gave the deterioration in relations with neighbouring countries as one of the reasons for the coup.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> He argued that Sankara had jeopardised foreign relations with the former colonial power (<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>) and with neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ReutersChe22-56">[54]</a> Following the coup, Compaoré immediately reversed the nationalizations, overturned nearly all of Sankara's policies, returned the country back into the IMF fold, and ultimately spurned most of Sankara's legacy. Following an alleged <a href="/wiki/1989_Burkina_Faso_coup_attempt" title="1989 Burkina Faso coup attempt">coup-attempt in 1989</a>, Compaoré introduced limited democratic reforms in 1990. Under the new (1991) <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Constitution of Burkina Faso">constitution</a>, Compaoré was <a href="/wiki/1991_Burkinab%C3%A9_presidential_election" title="1991 Burkinabé presidential election">re-elected</a> without opposition in December 1991. In 1998 Compaoré won <a href="/wiki/1998_Burkinab%C3%A9_presidential_election" title="1998 Burkinabé presidential election">election</a> in a landslide. In 2004, 13 people were tried for plotting a coup against President Compaoré and the coup's alleged mastermind was sentenced to life imprisonment.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> In 2000, the constitution was amended to reduce the presidential term to five years and set term limits to two, preventing successive re-election. The amendment took effect during the 2005 elections. If passed beforehand, it would have prevented Compaoré from being reelected. Other presidential candidates challenged the election results. But in October 2005, the constitutional council ruled that, because Compaoré was the sitting president in 2000, the amendment would not apply to him until the end of his second term in office. This cleared the way for his candidacy in <a href="/wiki/2005_Burkinab%C3%A9_presidential_election" title="2005 Burkinabé presidential election">the 2005 election</a>. On 13 November 2005, he was reelected in a landslide, because of a divided political opposition. In the <a href="/wiki/2010_Burkinab%C3%A9_presidential_election" title="2010 Burkinabé presidential election">2010 presidential election</a>, Compaoré was re-elected. Only 1.6 million Burkinabè voted, out of a total population 10 times that size. In February 2011, the death of a schoolboy provoked the <a href="/wiki/2011_Burkinab%C3%A8_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Burkinabè protests">2011 Burkinabè protests</a>, a series of popular protests, coupled with a military mutiny and a magistrates' strike, that called for Compaoré's resignation, democratic reforms, higher wages for troops and public servants and economic freedom.<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[58]</a> As a result, governors were replaced and wages for public servants were raised.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> In April 2011, there was an <a href="/wiki/2011_Burkina_Faso_mutiny" class="mw-redirect" title="2011 Burkina Faso mutiny">army mutiny</a>; the president named new chiefs of staff, and a curfew was imposed in <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> Compaoré's government played the role of negotiator in several West-African disputes, including the <a href="/wiki/2010%E2%80%932011_Ivorian_crisis" title="2010–2011 Ivorian crisis">2010–2011 Ivorian crisis</a>, the Inter-Togolese Dialogue (2007), and the <a href="/wiki/2012_Malian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="2012 Malian coup d'état">2012 Malian Crisis</a>. As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit">[update]</a>, Burkina Faso remained one of the <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Least developed country">least-developed countries</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kafando_presidency">Kafando presidency</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kafando presidency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2014_Burkinab%C3%A8_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="2014 Burkinabè uprising">2014 Burkinabè uprising</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burkina_Faso_Protests.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Burkina_Faso_Protests.png/220px-Burkina_Faso_Protests.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Burkina_Faso_Protests.png/330px-Burkina_Faso_Protests.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Burkina_Faso_Protests.png/440px-Burkina_Faso_Protests.png 2x" data-file-width="842" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>Thousands of protesters march through Ouagadougou</figcaption></figure> Starting on 28 October 2014 protesters began to march and demonstrate in Ouagadougou against President Compaoré, who appeared[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">need quotation to verify</a>] ready to amend the constitution and extend his 27-year rule. On 30 October some protesters set fire to the parliament building<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a> and took over the national TV headquarters.<a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouagadougou Airport">Ouagadougou International Airport</a> closed and MPs suspended the vote on changing the constitution (the change would have allowed Compaoré to stand for re-election in 2015). Later in the day, the military dissolved all government institutions and imposed a <a href="/wiki/Curfew" title="Curfew">curfew</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> On 31 October 2014, Compaoré resigned.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yacouba_Isaac_Zida" title="Yacouba Isaac Zida">Lt. Col. Isaac Zida</a> said that he would lead the country during its transitional period before the planned <a href="/wiki/2015_Burkinab%C3%A8_general_election" title="2015 Burkinabè general election">2015 presidential election</a>, but there were concerns[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">by whom?</a>] over his close ties to the former president.<a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> In November 2014 opposition parties, <a href="/wiki/Civil_society" title="Civil society">civil-society</a> groups and religious leaders adopted a plan for a transitional authority to guide Burkina Faso to elections.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> Under the plan <a href="/wiki/Michel_Kafando" title="Michel Kafando">Michel Kafando</a> became the transitional president and Lt. Col. Zida became the acting Prime Minister and Defense Minister. On 16 September 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Presidential_Security" title="Regiment of Presidential Security">Regiment of Presidential Security</a> (RSP) carried out a <a href="/wiki/2015_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" class="mw-redirect" title="2015 Burkina Faso coup d'état">coup d'état</a>, seizing the president and prime minister and then declaring the <a href="/wiki/National_Council_for_Democracy" title="National Council for Democracy">National Council for Democracy</a> the new national government.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> However, on 22 September 2015, the coup leader, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Diend%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Gilbert Diendéré">Gilbert Diendéré</a>, apologized and promised to restore civilian government.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> On 23 September 2015 the prime minister and interim president were restored to power.<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kaboré_presidency_and_Jihadist_insurgency_(2015–2023)">Kaboré presidency and Jihadist insurgency (2015–2023)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kaboré presidency and Jihadist insurgency (2015–2023)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Terrorism in Burkina Faso">Terrorism in Burkina Faso</a></div> <a href="/wiki/2015_Burkinab%C3%A8_general_election" title="2015 Burkinabè general election">General elections</a> took place on 29 November 2015. <a href="/wiki/Roch_Marc_Christian_Kabor%C3%A9" title="Roch Marc Christian Kaboré">Roch Marc Christian Kaboré</a> won the election in the first round with 53.5% of the vote, defeating businessman <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A9phirin_Diabr%C3%A9" title="Zéphirin Diabré">Zéphirin Diabré</a>, who took 29.7%.<a href="#cite_note-Kabore_wins-74">[72]</a> Kaboré was sworn in as president on 29 December 2015.<a href="#cite_note-swears_in_new_president-75">[73]</a> Kaboré was re-elected in the <a href="/wiki/2020_Burkinab%C3%A8_general_election" title="2020 Burkinabè general election">general election of 22 November 2020</a>, but his party Mouvement du Peuple pour le Progrès (MPP), failed to reach absolute parliamentary majority. It secured 56 seats out of a total of 127. The Congress for Democracy and Progress (CDP), the party of former President Blaise Compaoré, was distant second with 20 seats.<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smoke_rises_from_Embassy_of_France_in_Burkina_Faso,_March_2,_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Smoke_rises_from_Embassy_of_France_in_Burkina_Faso%2C_March_2%2C_2018.jpg/220px-Smoke_rises_from_Embassy_of_France_in_Burkina_Faso%2C_March_2%2C_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Smoke_rises_from_Embassy_of_France_in_Burkina_Faso%2C_March_2%2C_2018.jpg/330px-Smoke_rises_from_Embassy_of_France_in_Burkina_Faso%2C_March_2%2C_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Smoke_rises_from_Embassy_of_France_in_Burkina_Faso%2C_March_2%2C_2018.jpg/440px-Smoke_rises_from_Embassy_of_France_in_Burkina_Faso%2C_March_2%2C_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="405" /></a><figcaption>Smoke rising from French Embassy in Ouagadougou, 2 March 2018, during the <a href="/wiki/2018_Ouagadougou_attacks" title="2018 Ouagadougou attacks">2018 Ouagadougou attacks</a>.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Jihadist insurgency</a> began in August 2015, part of the <a href="/wiki/Islamist_insurgency_in_the_Sahel" title="Islamist insurgency in the Sahel">Islamist insurgency in the Sahel</a>. Between August 2015 and October 2016, seven different posts were attacked across the country.<a href="#cite_note-Croix191016-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a> On 15 January 2016, terrorists <a href="/wiki/2016_Ouagadougou_attacks" title="2016 Ouagadougou attacks">attacked the capital city</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, killing 30 people. <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda_in_the_Islamic_Maghreb" title="Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb">Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al-Mourabitoun_(militant_group)" title="Al-Mourabitoun (militant group)">Al-Mourabitoune</a>, which until then had mostly operated in neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, claimed responsibility for the attack.<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fig160116-80">[78]</a> In 2016, attacks increased after a new group <a href="/wiki/Ansar_ul_Islam_(Western_Africa)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ansar ul Islam (Western Africa)">Ansarul Islam</a>, led by imam <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Malam_Dicko" title="Ibrahim Malam Dicko">Ibrahim Malam Dicko</a>, was founded.<a href="#cite_note-RFI100217-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a> Its attacks focused particularly on <a href="/wiki/Soum_Province" title="Soum Province">Soum province</a><a href="#cite_note-RFI100217-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a> and it killed dozens of people in the <a href="/wiki/Nassoumbou_attack" title="Nassoumbou attack">attack on Nassoumbou</a> on 16 December.<a href="#cite_note-JA090117-84">[82]</a> Between 27 March – 10 April 2017, the governments of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, France, and Burkina Faso launched a joint operation named "Operation Panga", which involved 1,300 soldiers from the three countries, in the Fhero Forest, near the <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso-Mali_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkina Faso-Mali border">Burkina Faso-Mali border</a>, considered a sanctuary for Ansarul Islam.<a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> The head of Ansarul Islam, Ibrahim Malam Dicko, was killed in June 2017 and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jafar_Dicko&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jafar Dicko (page does not exist)">Jafar Dicko</a> became leader.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> On 2 March 2018, <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> <a href="/wiki/2018_Ouagadougou_attacks" title="2018 Ouagadougou attacks">attacked the French embassy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a> as well as the general staff of the Burkinabè army. Eight soldiers and eight attackers were killed, and a further 61 soldiers and 24 civilians were injured.<a href="#cite_note-Monde070318-88">[86]</a> The insurgency expanded to the east of the country<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> and, in early October, the Armed Forces of Burkina Faso launched a major military operation in the country's East, supported by French forces.<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a>, between mid-2018 to February 2019, at least 42 people were murdered by jihadists and a minimum of 116 mostly Fulani civilians were killed by military forces without trial.<a href="#cite_note-:3-95">[93]</a> The attacks <a href="/wiki/2019_attacks_in_Burkina_Faso" title="2019 attacks in Burkina Faso">increased significantly in 2019</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Conflict_Location_and_Event_Data_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project">ACLED</a>, armed violence in Burkina Faso jumped by 174% in 2019, with nearly 1,300 civilians dead and 860,000 displaced.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> Jihadist groups also began to specifically target <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Christianity in Burkina Faso">Christians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-98">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Des_d%C3%A9plac%C3%A9s_peuls_sur_le_site_de_Barsalogho_au_petit_matin,_au_Burkina_Faso,_le_15_janvier_2019.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Des_d%C3%A9plac%C3%A9s_peuls_sur_le_site_de_Barsalogho_au_petit_matin%2C_au_Burkina_Faso%2C_le_15_janvier_2019.png/220px-Des_d%C3%A9plac%C3%A9s_peuls_sur_le_site_de_Barsalogho_au_petit_matin%2C_au_Burkina_Faso%2C_le_15_janvier_2019.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Des_d%C3%A9plac%C3%A9s_peuls_sur_le_site_de_Barsalogho_au_petit_matin%2C_au_Burkina_Faso%2C_le_15_janvier_2019.png/330px-Des_d%C3%A9plac%C3%A9s_peuls_sur_le_site_de_Barsalogho_au_petit_matin%2C_au_Burkina_Faso%2C_le_15_janvier_2019.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Des_d%C3%A9plac%C3%A9s_peuls_sur_le_site_de_Barsalogho_au_petit_matin%2C_au_Burkina_Faso%2C_le_15_janvier_2019.png/440px-Des_d%C3%A9plac%C3%A9s_peuls_sur_le_site_de_Barsalogho_au_petit_matin%2C_au_Burkina_Faso%2C_le_15_janvier_2019.png 2x" data-file-width="1334" data-file-height="750" /></a><figcaption>Displaced Fulani civilians in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Yirgou_massacre" title="Yirgou massacre">Yirgou massacre</a>.</figcaption></figure> On 8 July 2020, the United States raised concerns after a <a href="/wiki/Human_Rights_Watch" title="Human Rights Watch">Human Rights Watch</a> report revealed mass graves with at least 180 bodies, which were found in northern Burkina Faso where soldiers were fighting jihadists.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> On 4 June 2021, the Associated Press reported that according to the government of Burkina Faso, gunmen killed at least 100 people in Solhan village in northern Burkina Faso near the Niger border. A local market and several homes were also burned down. A government spokesman blamed jihadists. Heni Nsaibia, senior researcher at the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Conflict_Location_and_Event_Data_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project">Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project</a> said it was the deadliest attack recorded in Burkina Faso since the beginning of the jihadist insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> From 4–5 June 2021, unknown militants <a href="/wiki/Solhan_and_Tadaryat_massacres" title="Solhan and Tadaryat massacres">massacred over 170 people in the villages of Solhan and Tadaryat</a>. Jihadists killed 80 people in <a href="/wiki/Gorgadji_Department" title="Gorgadji Department">Gorgadji</a> on 20 August.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> On 14 November, the <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal_Muslimin" class="mw-redirect" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin">Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal Muslimin</a> attacked a gendarmerie in <a href="/wiki/Inata,_Burkina_Faso" title="Inata, Burkina Faso">Inata</a>, killing 53 soldiers, the heaviest loss of life by the Burkinabe military during the insurgency, and a major <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a> loss in the country.<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> In December Islamists killed 41 people in an ambush, including the popular vigilante leader Ladji Yoro. Yoro was a central figure in the <a href="/wiki/Volunteers_for_the_Defense_of_the_Homeland" title="Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland">Volunteers for the Defense of the Homeland</a> (VDP) a pro-government militia that had taken a leading role in the struggle against Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> In 2023, shortly after the murder of a Catholic priest at the hands of insurgents, the bishop of Dori, Laurent Dabiré, claimed in an interview with Catholic charity <a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a> that around 50% of the country was in the hands of Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="2022_coups_d'état">2022 coups d'état</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 2022 coups d'état">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état</a> and <a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état</a></div> In a successful coup on 24 January 2022, mutinying soldiers arrested and deposed President <a href="/wiki/Roch_Marc_Christian_Kabor%C3%A9" title="Roch Marc Christian Kaboré">Roch Marc Christian Kaboré</a> following gunfire.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Movement_for_Safeguard_and_Restoration" title="Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration">Patriotic Movement for Safeguard and Restoration</a> (MPSR) supported by the military declared itself to be in power,<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> led by Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Paul-Henri_Sandaogo_Damiba" title="Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba">Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution and appointed Damiba interim president. In the aftermath of the coup, <a href="/wiki/Economic_Community_of_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Community of West African States">ECOWAS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a> suspended Burkina Faso's membership.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> On 10 February, the Constitutional Council declared Damiba president.<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> He was sworn in as president on 16 February.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> On 1 March 2022, the junta approved a charter allowing a military-led transition of 3 years.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> The charter provides for the transition process to be followed by the holding of elections.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roch_Marc_Christian_Kabor%C3%A9" title="Roch Marc Christian Kaboré">President Kaboré</a>, who had been detained since the military junta took power, was released on 6 April 2022.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> The insurgency continued following the coup, with about 60% of the country under government control.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Djibo" title="Siege of Djibo">Siege of Djibo</a> began in February 2022<a href="#cite_note-Douce-119">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sankara-120">[118]</a> and continued as of June 2023.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> Between 100 and 165 people <a href="/wiki/2022_Seytenga_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Seytenga massacre">were killed</a> in <a href="/wiki/Seytenga_Department" title="Seytenga Department">Seytenga Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9no_Province" title="Séno Province">Séno Province</a> on 12–13 June and around 16,000 people fled their homes.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> In June 2022, the Government announced the creation of "military zones", which civilians were required to vacate so that the country's Armed and Security Forces could fight insurgents without any "hindrances".<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> On 30 September 2022, Damiba was ousted in a military coup led by Capt. <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Traor%C3%A9" title="Ibrahim Traoré">Ibrahim Traoré</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> This came eight months after Damiba seized power. The rationale given by Traoré for the coup d'état was the purported inability of Paul-Henri Sandaogo Damiba to deal with an Islamist insurgency.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> Damiba resigned and left the country.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> On 6 October 2022, Captain Ibrahim Traoré was officially appointed as president.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apollinaire_Joachim_Ky%C3%A9lem_de_Tamb%C3%A8la" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla">Apollinaire Joachim Kyélem de Tambèla</a> was appointed interim Prime Minister on 21 October 2022.<a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> On 13 April 2023, authorities in Burkina Faso declared a mobilisation in order to give the nation all means necessary to combat terrorism and create a "legal framework for all the actions to be taken" against the insurgents in recapturing 40% of the national territory from Islamist insurgents.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a> On 20 April, the Rapid Intervention Brigade committed the <a href="/wiki/Karma_massacre" title="Karma massacre">Karma massacre</a>, rounding up and executing civilians en masse. Between 60 and 156 civilians were killed.<a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-:8-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-HRW-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> On 25 August 2024, <a href="/wiki/Jama%27at_Nasr_al-Islam_wal-Muslimin" title="Jama'at Nasr al-Islam wal-Muslimin">JNIM</a> again launched <a href="/wiki/2024_Barsalogho_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Barsalogho attack">a major attack</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Barsalogho_Department" title="Barsalogho Department">Barsalogho</a>, killing at least 400 people.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Geography of Burkina Faso">Geography of Burkina Faso</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burkina_sat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Burkina_sat.png/220px-Burkina_sat.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Burkina_sat.png/330px-Burkina_sat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Burkina_sat.png/440px-Burkina_sat.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Burkina Faso</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burkina_Faso_Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Burkina_Faso_Map.jpg/330px-Burkina_Faso_Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Burkina_Faso_Map.jpg/495px-Burkina_Faso_Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Burkina_Faso_Map.jpg/660px-Burkina_Faso_Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="979" data-file-height="1162" /></a><figcaption>Map of Burkina Faso</figcaption></figure> Burkina Faso lies mostly between latitudes <a href="/wiki/9th_parallel_north" title="9th parallel north">9°</a> and <a href="/wiki/15th_parallel_north" title="15th parallel north">15° N</a> (a small area is north of 15°), and longitudes <a href="/wiki/6th_meridian_west" title="6th meridian west">6° W</a> and <a href="/wiki/3rd_meridian_east" title="3rd meridian east">3° E</a>. It is made up of two major types of countryside. The larger part of the country is covered by a <a href="/wiki/Peneplain" title="Peneplain">peneplain</a>, which forms a gently undulating landscape with, in some areas, a few isolated hills, the last vestiges of a <a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">Precambrian</a> <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a>. The southwest of the country, on the other hand, forms a <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> massif, where the highest peak, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9nakourou" class="mw-redirect" title="Ténakourou">Ténakourou</a>, is found at an elevation of 749 meters (2,457 ft). The massif is bordered by sheer cliffs up to 150 m (492 ft) high. The average altitude of Burkina Faso is 400 m (1,312 ft) and the difference between the highest and lowest terrain is no greater than 600 m (1,969 ft). Burkina Faso is therefore a relatively flat country. The country owes its former name of Upper Volta to three rivers which cross it: the <a href="/wiki/Black_Volta" title="Black Volta">Black Volta</a> (or Mouhoun), the <a href="/wiki/White_Volta" title="White Volta">White Volta</a> (Nakambé) and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Volta" title="Red Volta">Red Volta</a> (Nazinon). The Black Volta is one of the country's only two rivers which flow year-round, the other being the <a href="/wiki/Komo%C3%A9_River" title="Komoé River">Komoé</a>, which flows to the southwest. The basin of the <a href="/wiki/Niger_River" title="Niger River">Niger River</a> also <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">drains</a> 27% of the country's surface. The Niger's <a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">tributaries</a> – the Béli, Gorouol, Goudébo, and Dargol – are <a href="/wiki/Torrent_(stream)" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrent (stream)">seasonal streams</a> and flow for only four to six months a year. They still can flood and overflow, however. The country also contains numerous lakes – the principal ones are Tingrela, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bam" title="Lake Bam">Bam</a>, and Dem. The country contains large ponds, as well, such as Oursi, Béli, Yomboli, and Markoye. <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Water shortages</a> are often a problem, especially in the north of the country. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_35,_SDr9776.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/WP_35%2C_SDr9776.JPG/220px-WP_35%2C_SDr9776.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/WP_35%2C_SDr9776.JPG/330px-WP_35%2C_SDr9776.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/WP_35%2C_SDr9776.JPG/440px-WP_35%2C_SDr9776.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savannah</a> near the <a href="/wiki/Gbomblora_Department" title="Gbomblora Department">Gbomblora Department</a>, on the road from <a href="/wiki/Gaoua" title="Gaoua">Gaoua</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bati%C3%A9,_Burkina_Faso" title="Batié, Burkina Faso">Batié</a></figcaption></figure> Burkina Faso lies within two terrestrial ecoregions: <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_Acacia_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahelian Acacia savanna">Sahelian Acacia savanna</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Sudanian_savanna" title="West Sudanian savanna">West Sudanian savanna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DinersteinOlson2017-139">[137]</a> In Burkina Faso <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 23% of the total land area, equivalent to 6,216,400 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 7,716,600 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 6,039,300 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 177,100 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest 0% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 16% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 100% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_BFA_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BFA_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BFA_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BFA_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BFA_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Koppen-Geiger_Map_BFA_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_BFA_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1351" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></figcaption></figure> Burkina Faso has a primarily tropical climate with two very distinct seasons. In the rainy season, the country receives between 600 and 900 mm (24 and 35 in) of rainfall; in the dry season, the <a href="/wiki/Harmattan" title="Harmattan">harmattan</a> – a hot dry wind from the Sahara – blows. The rainy season lasts around four months, May/June to September, but is shorter in the north of the country. Three climatic zones can be defined: the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a>, the Sudan-Sahel, and the Sudan-Guinea. The Sahel in the north typically receives less than 600 mm (24 in)<a href="#cite_note-relationship-142">[140]</a> of rainfall per year and has high temperatures, 5–47 <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">°C</a> (41–117 <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">°F</a>). A relatively dry <a href="/wiki/Tropical_savanna" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical savanna">tropical savanna</a>, the Sahel extends beyond the borders of Burkina Faso, from the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> to the Atlantic Ocean, and borders the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> to its north and the fertile region of the <a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudan</a> to the south. Situated between 11° 3′ and 13° 5′ north <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a>, the Sudan-Sahel region is a transitional zone with regard to rainfall and temperature. Further to the south, the Sudan-Guinea zone receives more than 900 mm (35 in)<a href="#cite_note-relationship-142">[140]</a> of rain each year and has cooler average temperatures. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wreckage_of_a_dam_(Dourtenga,_2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wreckage_of_a_dam_%28Dourtenga%2C_2008%29.jpg/220px-Wreckage_of_a_dam_%28Dourtenga%2C_2008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wreckage_of_a_dam_%28Dourtenga%2C_2008%29.jpg/330px-Wreckage_of_a_dam_%28Dourtenga%2C_2008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Wreckage_of_a_dam_%28Dourtenga%2C_2008%29.jpg/440px-Wreckage_of_a_dam_%28Dourtenga%2C_2008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Damage caused by the Dourtenga floods in 2007</figcaption></figure> Geography and environment contribute to Burkina Faso's food insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> As the country is situated in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> region, it has some of the most radical climatic variation in the world, ranging from severe flooding to extreme drought.<a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> The unpredictable climatic shocks can make it very difficult for Burkina Faso citizens to rely on and prosper from agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Burkina Faso's climate also renders its crops vulnerable to insect attacks, including attacks from <a href="/wiki/Locust" title="Locust">locusts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cricket_(insect)" title="Cricket (insect)">crickets</a>, which destroy crops and further inhibit food production.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Not only is most of the population of Burkina Faso dependent on agriculture as a source of income, but they also rely on the agricultural sector for food that will directly feed the household.<a href="#cite_note-Coping-147">[145]</a> Due to the vulnerability of agriculture, more and more families are having to look for other sources of non-farm income,<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> and often have to travel outside of their regional zone to find work.<a href="#cite_note-Coping-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Natural_resources">Natural resources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Natural resources">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural resources of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso's natural resources</a> include gold, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marble" title="Marble">marble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">phosphates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pumice" title="Pumice">pumice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salt_mining" title="Salt mining">salt</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Wildlife">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Wildlife of Burkina Faso">Wildlife of Burkina Faso</a></div> Burkina Faso has a larger number of <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a> than many countries in West Africa. Lions, leopards and buffalo can also be found here, including the dwarf or red buffalo, a smaller reddish-brown animal which looks like a fierce kind of short-legged cow. Other large predators live in Burkina Faso, such as the cheetah, the caracal or African lynx, the spotted hyena and the African wild dog, one of the continent's most endangered species.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> Burkina Faso's <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Wildlife in Burkina Faso">fauna and flora</a> are protected in four national parks: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/W_National_Park" title="W National Park">W National Park</a> in the east which passes Burkina Faso, Benin, and Niger</li> <li>The Arly Wildlife Reserve (<a href="/wiki/Arly_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Arly National Park">Arly National Park</a> in the east)</li> <li>The Léraba-Comoé Classified Forest and Partial Reserve of Wildlife in the west</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Mare_aux_Hippopotames" title="Mare aux Hippopotames">Mare aux Hippopotames</a> in the west</li></ul> and several reserves: see <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_in_Africa" title="List of national parks in Africa">List of national parks in Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of protected areas of Burkina Faso">List of protected areas of Burkina Faso</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Government and politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Politics of Burkina Faso">Politics of Burkina Faso</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Assemblee_Nationale_Burkina_Faso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Assemblee_Nationale_Burkina_Faso.jpg/220px-Assemblee_Nationale_Burkina_Faso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Assemblee_Nationale_Burkina_Faso.jpg/330px-Assemblee_Nationale_Burkina_Faso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Assemblee_Nationale_Burkina_Faso.jpg/440px-Assemblee_Nationale_Burkina_Faso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3384" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_Burkina_Faso" title="National Assembly of Burkina Faso">National Assembly</a> building in downtown <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Constitution of Burkina Faso">constitution</a> of 2 June 1991 established a <a href="/wiki/Semi-presidential_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-presidential system">semi-presidential government</a>: its parliament could be dissolved by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of heads of state of Burkina Faso">President of the Republic</a>, who was to be <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Elections in Burkina Faso">elected</a> for a term of seven years. In 2000, the constitution was amended to reduce the presidential term to five years and set term limits to two, preventing successive re-election. The amendment took effect during the 2005 elections. The parliament consisted of <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">one chamber</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Burkina_Faso)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Burkina Faso)">National Assembly</a>, which had 111 seats with members elected to serve five-year terms. There was also a constitutional chamber, composed of ten members, and an economic and social council whose roles were purely consultative. The 1991 constitution created a <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">bicameral</a> parliament, but the upper house (Chamber of Representatives) was abolished in 2002. The Compaoré administration had worked to <a href="/wiki/Decentralization#Government_decentralization" title="Decentralization">decentralize power</a> by devolving some of its powers to regions and municipal authorities. The widespread distrust of politicians and lack of political involvement by many residents complicated this process. Critics described this as a hybrid decentralisation.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Political freedoms</a> are severely restricted in Burkina Faso. <a href="/wiki/Political_freedom" title="Political freedom">Human rights organizations</a> had criticised the Compaoré administration for numerous acts of state-sponsored violence against journalists and other politically active members of society.<a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a> The prime minister is head of government and is appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. He is responsible for recommending a cabinet for appointment by the president.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constitution">Constitution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Constitution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Constitution of Burkina Faso">Constitution of Burkina Faso</a></div> In 2015, Kaboré promised to revise the 1991 constitution. The revision was completed in 2018. One condition prevents any individual from serving as president for more than ten years either consecutively or intermittently and provides a method for impeaching a president. A referendum on the constitution for the Fifth Republic was scheduled for 24 March 2019.<a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Certain rights are also enshrined in the revised wording: access to drinking water, access to decent housing and a recognition of the right to civil disobedience, for example. The referendum was required because the opposition parties in Parliament refused to sanction the proposed text.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/January_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="January 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">January 2022 coup d'état</a>, the military dissolved the parliament, government and constitution.<a href="#cite_note-:12-156">[154]</a> On 31 January, the military junta restored the constitution,<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> but it was suspended again following the <a href="/wiki/September_2022_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="September 2022 Burkina Faso coup d'état">September 2022 coup d'état</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Regions of Burkina Faso">Regions of Burkina Faso</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Provinces of Burkina Faso">Provinces of Burkina Faso</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Departments of Burkina Faso">Departments of Burkina Faso</a></div> The country is divided into <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Regions of Burkina Faso">13 administrative regions</a>. These regions encompass <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Provinces of Burkina Faso">45 provinces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Departments of Burkina Faso">301 departments</a>. Each region is administered by a governor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Foreign relations of Burkina Faso">Foreign relations of Burkina Faso</a></div> Burkina Faso is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>, and United Nations. It is currently suspended from <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS</a> and the <a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a>. Until December 2023 Burkina Faso was a member of <a href="/wiki/G5_Sahel" title="G5 Sahel">G5 Sahel</a>, a small group formed in 2014 to co-operate with development and security matters. However, in December 2023 the country withdrew from the organisation due to concerns of "serving foreign interests to the detriments of our people" along with <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Military">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Military_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Burkina Faso">Military of Burkina Faso</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Army of Burkina Faso">army</a> consists of some 6,000 men in voluntary service, augmented by a part-time national People's Militia composed of civilians between 25 and 35 years of age who are trained in both military and civil duties. According to Jane's Sentinel Country Risk Assessment, Burkina Faso's Army is undermanned for its force structure and poorly equipped, but has wheeled light-armour vehicles, and may have developed useful combat expertise through interventions in Liberia and elsewhere in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> In terms of training and equipment, the regular Army is believed to be neglected in relation to the élite Regiment of Presidential Security (French: Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle – RSP). Reports have emerged in recent years of disputes over pay and conditions.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> There is an air force with some 19 operational aircraft, but no navy, as the country is landlocked. Military expenses constitute approximately 1.2% of the nation's GDP. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement">Law enforcement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Law enforcement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Law enforcement in Burkina Faso">Law enforcement in Burkina Faso</a></div> Burkina Faso employs numerous police and security forces, generally modeled after organizations used by <a href="/wiki/French_police" class="mw-redirect" title="French police">French police</a>. France continues to provide significant support and training to police forces. The Gendarmerie Nationale is organized along military lines, with most police services delivered at the brigade level. The <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">Gendarmerie</a> operates under the authority of the Minister of Defence, and its members are employed chiefly in the rural areas and along borders.<a href="#cite_note-Das,_pp._139–141-161">[159]</a> There is a municipal police force controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Territorial_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Territorial Administration">Ministry of Territorial Administration</a>; a national police force controlled by the Ministry of Security; and an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Regiment_of_Presidential_Security" title="Regiment of Presidential Security">Regiment of Presidential Security</a> (Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle, or RSP), a 'palace guard' devoted to the protection of the President of the Republic. Both the gendarmerie and the national police are subdivided into both administrative and judicial police functions; the former are detailed to protect public order and provide security, the latter are charged with criminal investigations.<a href="#cite_note-Das,_pp._139–141-161">[159]</a> All foreigners and citizens are required to carry photo ID passports, or other forms of identification or risk a fine, and police spot identity checks are commonplace for persons traveling by auto, <a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">bush-taxi</a>, or bus.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Economy of Burkina Faso</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burkina_Faso_Product_Exports_(2019).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Burkina_Faso_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/290px-Burkina_Faso_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Burkina_Faso_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/435px-Burkina_Faso_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Burkina_Faso_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg/580px-Burkina_Faso_Product_Exports_%282019%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption>A proportional representation of Burkina Faso exports, 2019</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burkina_Faso.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita in Burkina Faso, since 1950</figcaption></figure> The value of Burkina Faso's exports fell from $2.77 billion in 2011 to $754 million in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> Agriculture represents 32% of its gross domestic product and occupies 80% of the working population. It consists mostly of rearing livestock. Especially in the south and southwest, the people grow crops of <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl_millet" title="Pearl millet">pearl millet</a>, maize (corn), peanuts, rice and cotton, with surpluses to be sold. A large part of the economic activity of the country is funded by international aid, despite having gold ores in abundance. The top five export commodities in 2017 were, in order of importance: gems and precious metals, US$1.9 billion (78.5% of total exports), cotton, $198.7 million (8.3%), ores, slag, ash, $137.6 million (5.8%), fruits, nuts: $76.6 million (3.2%) and oil seeds: $59.5 million (2.5%).<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> A December 2018 report from the World Bank indicates that in 2017, economic growth increased to 6.4% in 2017 (vs. 5.9% in 2016) primarily due to gold production and increased investment in infrastructure. The increase in consumption linked to growth of the wage bill also supported economic growth. Inflation remained low, 0.4% that year but the public deficit grew to 7.7% of GDP (vs. 3.5% in 2016). The government was continuing to get financial aid and loans to finance the debt. To finance the public deficit, the Government combined concessional aid and borrowing on the regional market. The World Bank said that the economic outlook remained favorable in the short and medium term, although that could be negatively impacted. Risks included high oil prices (imports), lower prices of gold and cotton (exports) as well as terrorist threat and labour strikes.<a href="#cite_note-auto2-166">[164]</a> Burkina Faso is part of the <a href="/wiki/West_African_Monetary_and_Economic_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Monetary and Economic Union">West African Monetary and Economic Union</a> (UMEOA) and has adopted the <a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">CFA franc</a>. This is issued by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_West_African_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Bank of the West African States">Central Bank of the West African States</a> (BCEAO), situated in <a href="/wiki/Dakar" title="Dakar">Dakar</a>, Senegal. The BCEAO manages the monetary and reserve policy of the member states, and provides regulation and oversight of financial sector and banking activity. A legal framework regarding licensing, bank activities, organizational and capital requirements, inspections and sanctions (all applicable to all countries of the Union) is in place, having been reformed significantly in 1999. <a href="/wiki/Microfinance" title="Microfinance">Microfinance</a> institutions are governed by a separate law, which regulates microfinance activities in all WAEMU countries. The insurance sector is regulated through the Inter-African Conference on Insurance Markets (CIMA).<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Essakane_Mill_in_Burkina_Faso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Essakane_Mill_in_Burkina_Faso.jpg/220px-Essakane_Mill_in_Burkina_Faso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Essakane_Mill_in_Burkina_Faso.jpg/330px-Essakane_Mill_in_Burkina_Faso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Essakane_Mill_in_Burkina_Faso.jpg/440px-Essakane_Mill_in_Burkina_Faso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Processing facilities at the Essakane Mine in Burkina Faso</figcaption></figure> In 2018, tourism was almost non-existent in large parts of the country. The U.S. government (and others) warn their citizens not to travel into large parts of Burkina Faso: "The northern Sahel border region shared with Mali and Niger due to crime and terrorism. The provinces of Kmoandjari, Tapoa, Kompienga, and Gourma in East Region due to crime and terrorism".<a href="#cite_note-auto-168">[166]</a> The 2018 CIA World Factbook provides this updated summary. "Burkina Faso is a poor, landlocked country that depends on adequate rainfall. Irregular patterns of rainfall, poor soil, and the lack of adequate communications and other infrastructure contribute to the economy's vulnerability to external shocks. About 80% of the population is engaged in subsistence farming and cotton is the main cash crop. The country has few natural resources and a weak industrial base. Cotton and gold are Burkina Faso's key exports ...The country has seen an upswing in gold exploration, production, and exports. While the end of the political crisis has allowed Burkina Faso's economy to resume positive growth, the country's fragile security situation could put these gains at risk. Political insecurity in neighboring Mali, unreliable energy supplies, and poor transportation links pose long-term challenges." The report also highlights the 2018–2020 International Monetary Fund program, including the government's plan to "reduce the budget deficit and preserve critical spending on social services and priority public investments".<a href="#cite_note-auto1-23">[21]</a> A 2018 report by the African Development Bank Group discussed a macroeconomic evolution: "higher investment and continued spending on social services and security that will add to the budget deficit". This group's prediction for 2018 indicated that the budget deficit would be reduced to 4.8% of GDP in 2018 and to 2.9% in 2019. Public debt associated with the National Economic and Social Development Plan was estimated at 36.9% of GDP in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Burkina Faso is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Organization_for_the_Harmonization_of_Business_Law_in_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa">Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa</a> (OHADA).<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> The country also belongs to the United Nations, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, and World Trade Organization.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mining">Mining</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mining">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Burkina Faso">Mining in Burkina Faso</a></div> There is mining of <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassiterite" title="Cassiterite">cassiterite</a> (tin ore), and phosphates.<a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> These operations provide employment and generate international aid. Gold production increased 32% in 2011 at six gold mine sites, making Burkina Faso the fourth-largest gold producer in Africa, after South Africa, Mali and Ghana.<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> Gold production of Burkina Faso's in 2015 is 36 metric tonnes.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> A 2018 report indicated that the country expected record 55 tonnes of gold in that year, a two-thirds increase over 2013. According to Oumarou Idani, there is a more important issue. "We have to diversify production. We mostly only produce gold, but we have huge potential in manganese, zinc, lead, copper, nickel and limestone".<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Water">Water</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Water">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grand_march%C3%A9_de_Koudougou.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Grand_march%C3%A9_de_Koudougou.jpg/220px-Grand_march%C3%A9_de_Koudougou.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Grand_march%C3%A9_de_Koudougou.jpg/330px-Grand_march%C3%A9_de_Koudougou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Grand_march%C3%A9_de_Koudougou.jpg/440px-Grand_march%C3%A9_de_Koudougou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3556" data-file-height="2667" /></a><figcaption>The Grand marché in <a href="/wiki/Koudougou" title="Koudougou">Koudougou</a>, Burkina Faso</figcaption></figure> While <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a> remain underdeveloped, the National Office for Water and Sanitation (ONEA), a <a href="/wiki/State-owned" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned">state-owned</a> <a href="/wiki/Utility_company" class="mw-redirect" title="Utility company">utility company</a> run along commercial lines, is emerging as one of the best-performing utility companies in Africa.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-176">[174]</a> High levels of autonomy and a skilled and dedicated management have driven ONEA's ability to improve production of and access to clean water.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-176">[174]</a> Since 2000, nearly 2 million more people have access to water in the four principal urban centres in the country; the company has kept the quality of <a href="/wiki/Water_infrastructure" class="mw-redirect" title="Water infrastructure">infrastructure</a> high (less than 18% of the water is lost through leaks – one of the lowest in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">sub-Saharan Africa</a>), improved financial reporting, and increased its annual revenue by an average of 12% (well above inflation).<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-176">[174]</a> Challenges remain, including difficulties among some customers in paying for services, with the need to rely on international aid to expand its infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-176">[174]</a> The state-owned, commercially run venture has helped the nation reach its <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Development_Goal" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Development Goal">Millennium Development Goal</a> (MDG) targets in water-related areas, and has grown as a viable company.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-176">[174]</a> However, access to drinking water has improved over the last 28 years. According to UNICEF, access to drinking water has increased from 39 to 76% in rural areas between 1990 and 2015. In this same time span, access to drinking water increased from 75 to 97% in urban areas.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electricity">Electricity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Electricity">edit</a>]</div> A 33-megawatt solar power plant in Zagtouli, near Ouagadougou, came online in late November 2017. At the time of its construction, it was the largest solar power facility in West Africa.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> The growth rate in Burkina Faso is high although it continues to be plagued by corruption and incursions from terrorist groups from Mali and Niger.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Transport">Transport</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sudanese_Style_Railway_Station_Bobo_Dioulasso_Burkina_Faso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sudanese_Style_Railway_Station_Bobo_Dioulasso_Burkina_Faso.jpg/220px-Sudanese_Style_Railway_Station_Bobo_Dioulasso_Burkina_Faso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sudanese_Style_Railway_Station_Bobo_Dioulasso_Burkina_Faso.jpg/330px-Sudanese_Style_Railway_Station_Bobo_Dioulasso_Burkina_Faso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Sudanese_Style_Railway_Station_Bobo_Dioulasso_Burkina_Faso.jpg/440px-Sudanese_Style_Railway_Station_Bobo_Dioulasso_Burkina_Faso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The railway station in <a href="/wiki/Bobo_Dioulasso" class="mw-redirect" title="Bobo Dioulasso">Bobo Dioulasso</a> was built during the colonial era and remains in operation.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Transport in Burkina Faso">Transport in Burkina Faso</a></div> Transport in Burkina Faso is limited by relatively underdeveloped infrastructure. As of June 2014 the main international airport, <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouagadougou Airport">Ouagadougou Airport</a>, had regularly scheduled flights to many destinations in West Africa as well as Paris, <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. The other international airport, <a href="/wiki/Bobo_Dioulasso_Airport" title="Bobo Dioulasso Airport">Bobo Dioulasso Airport</a>, has flights to Ouagadougou and <a href="/wiki/Port_Bouet_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Port Bouet Airport">Abidjan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Rail transport in Burkina Faso">Rail transport in Burkina Faso</a> consists of a single line which runs from <a href="/wiki/Kaya,_Burkina_Faso" title="Kaya, Burkina Faso">Kaya</a> to <a href="/wiki/Abidjan" title="Abidjan">Abidjan</a> in Ivory Coast via <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koudougou" title="Koudougou">Koudougou</a>, Bobo Dioulasso and <a href="/wiki/Banfora" title="Banfora">Banfora</a>. Sitarail operates a passenger train three times a week along the route.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> There are 15,000 kilometres of roads in Burkina Faso, of which 2,500 kilometres are paved.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Science and technology in Burkina Faso">Science and technology in Burkina Faso</a></div> In 2009, Burkina Faso spent 0.20% of GDP on research and development (R&D), one of the lowest ratios in West Africa. There were 48 researchers (in full-time equivalents) per million inhabitants in 2010, which is more than twice the average for sub-Saharan Africa (20 per million population in 2013) and higher than the ratio for <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (39). It is, however, much lower than the ratio for <a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a> (361 per million inhabitants). In Burkina Faso in 2010, 46% of researchers were working in the health sector, 16% in engineering, 13% in natural sciences, 9% in agricultural sciences, 7% in the humanities and 4% in social sciences.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Science_Report-182">[180]</a> In January 2011, the government created the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation. Up until then, management of science, technology and innovation had fallen under the Department of Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research. Within this ministry, the Directorate General for Research and Sector Statistics is responsible for planning. A separate body, the Directorate General of Scientific Research, Technology and Innovation, coordinates research. This is a departure from the pattern in many other West African countries where a single body fulfills both functions. The move signals the government's intention to make science and technology a development priority.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Science_Report-182">[180]</a> Burkina Faso was ranked 129th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> In 2012, Burkina Faso adopted a National Policy for Scientific and Technical Research, the strategic objectives of which are to develop R&D and the application and commercialization of research results. The policy also makes provisions for strengthening the ministry's strategic and operational capacities. One of the key priorities is to improve food security and self-sufficiency by boosting capacity in agricultural and environmental sciences. The creation of a centre of excellence in 2014 at the International Institute of Water and Environmental Engineering in Ouagadougou within the World Bank project provides essential funding for capacity-building in these priority areas.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Science_Report-182">[180]</a> A dual priority is to promote innovative, effective and accessible health systems. The government wishes to develop, in parallel, applied sciences and technology and social and human sciences. To complement the national research policy, the government has prepared a National Strategy to Popularize Technologies, Inventions and Innovations (2012) and a National Innovation Strategy (2014). Other policies also incorporate science and technology, such as that on Secondary and Higher Education and Scientific Research (2010), the National Policy on Food and Nutrition Security (2014) and the National Programme for the Rural Sector (2011).<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Science_Report-182">[180]</a> In 2013, Burkina Faso passed the Science, Technology and Innovation Act establishing three mechanisms for financing research and innovation, a clear indication of high-level commitment. These mechanisms are the National Fund for Education and Research, the National Fund for Research and Innovation for Development and the Forum of Scientific Research and Technological Innovation.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO_Science_Report-182">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Demographics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ouagadougou_(3839513403).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ouagadougou_%283839513403%29.jpg/170px-Ouagadougou_%283839513403%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ouagadougou_%283839513403%29.jpg/255px-Ouagadougou_%283839513403%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Ouagadougou_%283839513403%29.jpg/340px-Ouagadougou_%283839513403%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A Burkinabè <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_people" title="Tuareg people">Tuareg</a> man in <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Demographics of Burkina Faso">Demographics of Burkina Faso</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 10px"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4" style="text-align:center; background:#cfb;">Population<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-184">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-185">[183]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background:#cfb;">Year </th> <th style="background:#cfb;">Million </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">1950</td> <td style="text-align:right;">4.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2000</td> <td style="text-align:right;">11.6 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;">2021</td> <td style="text-align:right;">22.1 </td></tr></tbody></table> Burkina Faso is an ethnically integrated, secular state where most people are concentrated in the south and centre, where their density sometimes exceeds 48 inhabitants per square kilometre (120/sq mi). Hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè migrate regularly to Ivory Coast and Ghana, mainly for seasonal agricultural work. These flows of workers are affected by external events; the September 2002 coup attempt in Ivory Coast and the ensuing fighting meant that hundreds of thousands of Burkinabè returned to Burkina Faso. The regional economy suffered when they were unable to work.<a href="#cite_note-bn-186">[184]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chiefburkina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Chiefburkina.jpg/220px-Chiefburkina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/Chiefburkina.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dourtenga_Department" title="Dourtenga Department">Dourtenga Department</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">total fertility rate</a> of Burkina Faso was estimated to be 5.93 children born per woman in 2014, the sixth highest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-cia-187">[185]</a> In 2009 the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a>'s Trafficking in Persons Report reported that <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_modern_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavery in modern Africa">slavery</a> in Burkina Faso continued to exist and that Burkinabè children were often the victims.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Slavery in the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> states in general, is an entrenched institution with a long history that dates back to the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_slave_trade" title="Trans-Saharan slave trade">trans-Saharan slave trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a> In 2018, an estimated 82,000 people in the country were living under "modern slavery" according to the Global Slavery Index.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Burkina Faso <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">According to the 2019 Census<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Burkina_Faso" title="List of cities in Burkina Faso">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Regions of Burkina Faso">Region</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:LAICO_QUAGA_2000_HOTEL.2_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ouagadougou"><img alt="Ouagadougou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/LAICO_QUAGA_2000_HOTEL.2_-_panoramio.jpg/120px-LAICO_QUAGA_2000_HOTEL.2_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/LAICO_QUAGA_2000_HOTEL.2_-_panoramio.jpg/180px-LAICO_QUAGA_2000_HOTEL.2_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/LAICO_QUAGA_2000_HOTEL.2_-_panoramio.jpg/240px-LAICO_QUAGA_2000_HOTEL.2_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bobo-Dioulasso_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bobo-Dioulasso"><img alt="Bobo-Dioulasso" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bobo-Dioulasso_Mosque.jpg/120px-Bobo-Dioulasso_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bobo-Dioulasso_Mosque.jpg/180px-Bobo-Dioulasso_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Bobo-Dioulasso_Mosque.jpg/240px-Bobo-Dioulasso_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bobo-Dioulasso" title="Bobo-Dioulasso">Bobo-Dioulasso</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Region_(Burkina_Faso)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Region (Burkina Faso)">Centre</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,415,266 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:March%C3%A9_de_koudougou.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Koudougou"><img alt="Koudougou" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/March%C3%A9_de_koudougou.jpg/120px-March%C3%A9_de_koudougou.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/March%C3%A9_de_koudougou.jpg/180px-March%C3%A9_de_koudougou.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/March%C3%A9_de_koudougou.jpg/240px-March%C3%A9_de_koudougou.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1889" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Koudougou" title="Koudougou">Koudougou</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bobo-Dioulasso" title="Bobo-Dioulasso">Bobo-Dioulasso</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hauts-Bassins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauts-Bassins">Hauts-Bassins</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">904,920 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Koudougou" title="Koudougou">Koudougou</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-Ouest" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-Ouest">Centre-Ouest</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">160,239 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Saaba" title="Saaba">Saaba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centre_Region_(Burkina_Faso)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Region (Burkina Faso)">Centre</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">136,011 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ouahigouya" title="Ouahigouya">Ouahigouya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Nord_Region_(Burkina_Faso)" title="Nord Region (Burkina Faso)">Nord</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">124,587 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kaya,_Burkina_Faso" title="Kaya, Burkina Faso">Kaya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre-Nord">Centre-Nord</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">121,970 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Banfora" title="Banfora">Banfora</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cascades_Region" title="Cascades Region">Cascades</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">117,452 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pouytenga" title="Pouytenga">Pouytenga</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Centre-Est_Region" title="Centre-Est Region">Centre-Est</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">96,469 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hound%C3%A9" title="Houndé">Houndé</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hauts-Bassins" class="mw-redirect" title="Hauts-Bassins">Hauts-Bassins</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">87,151 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fada_N%27gourma" title="Fada N'gourma">Fada N'gourma</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Est_Region_(Burkina_Faso)" title="Est Region (Burkina Faso)">Est</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">73,200 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Ethnic groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso">Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso</a></div> Burkina Faso's 23 million people belong to two major West African ethnic cultural groups: the <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Voltaic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mand%C3%A9_peoples" title="Mandé peoples">Mandé</a> (whose common language is <a href="/wiki/Dioula_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioula language">Dioula</a>). The Voltaic <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a> make up about one-half of the population. The Mossi claim descent from warriors who migrated to present-day Burkina Faso from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Region_(Ghana)" title="Northern Region (Ghana)">northern Ghana</a> around 1100 AD. They established an empire that lasted more than 800 years. Predominantly farmers, the Mossi kingdom is led by the <a href="/wiki/Mogho_Naba" class="mw-redirect" title="Mogho Naba">Mogho Naba</a>, whose court is in Ouagadougou.<a href="#cite_note-bn-186">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Languages">edit</a>]</div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Native Languages in Burkina Faso</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Languages</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">percent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Mooré</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkgreen; width:40.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">40.5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Fula</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:purple; width:9.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">9.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Gourmanche</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:red; width:6.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">6.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Bambara</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:4.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">4.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Bissa</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:orange; width:3.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">3.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Bwamu</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:green; width:2.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Dagara</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">San</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:black; width:1.9%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.9%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Lobiri</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkred; width:1.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.8%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Lyele</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:gray; width:1.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Bobo</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:tan; width:1.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Senoufo</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:lime; width:1.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Nuni</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:violet; width:1.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Dafing</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkblue; width:1.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Tamasheq</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:yellow; width:1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Kassem</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:brown; width:0.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.7%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Gouin</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:darkbrown; width:0.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Dogon</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:amber; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Songhai</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:bronze; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Gourounsi</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:corn; width:0.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Ko</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:maroon; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Koussasse</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:charcoal; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Sembla</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:wheat; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Siamou</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:crimson; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other National</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:khaki; width:5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">5%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other African</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Magenta; width:0.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">French</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:cyan; width:1.3%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">1.3%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Other non-indigenous</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:olive; width:0.1%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.1%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Languages of Burkina Faso">Languages of Burkina Faso</a></div> Burkina Faso is a <a href="/wiki/Multilingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Multilingual">multilingual</a> country. The <a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working languages</a> are <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, which was introduced during the colonial period, and <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-20">[18]</a> In December 2023, due to deteriorating relations between Burkina Faso and the French government, the Burkina Faso government announced it was elevating (<a href="/wiki/Mossi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossi language">Mooré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyula_language" title="Dyula language">Dyula</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>) to the status of official languages.<a href="#cite_note-2023endfrench-192">[190]</a> In January 2024, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> was dropped as an official language, becoming a <a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">working language</a> with <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-constitution-193">[191]</a> Altogether, an estimated 69 languages are spoken in the country,<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a> of which about 60 languages are <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">indigenous</a>. The Mooré language is the most spoken language in Burkina Faso, spoken by about half the population, mainly in the central region around the capital, Ouagadougou. According to the 2006 census, the languages spoken natively in Burkina Faso were <a href="/wiki/Mossi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossi language">Mooré</a> by 40.5% of the population, <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a> by 9.3%, <a href="/wiki/Gourmanch%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gourmanché language">Gourmanché</a> by 6.1%, <a href="/wiki/Bambara_language" title="Bambara language">Bambara</a> by 4.9%, <a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bissa</a> by 3.2%, <a href="/wiki/Bwamu_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Bwamu language">Bwamu</a> by 2.1%, <a href="/wiki/Dagara_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagara language">Dagara</a> by 2%, <a href="/wiki/San_language" class="mw-redirect" title="San language">San</a> by 1.9%, <a href="/wiki/Lobiri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobiri language">Lobiri</a> with 1.8%, <a href="/wiki/Ly%C3%A9l%C3%A9_language" title="Lyélé language">Lyélé</a> with 1.7%, <a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a> and <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9noufo_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sénoufo language">Sénoufo</a> with 1.4% each, <a href="/wiki/Nuni_language" title="Nuni language">Nuni</a> by 1.2%, <a href="/wiki/Dafing_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dafing language">Dafing</a> by 1.1%, <a href="/wiki/Tamasheq_language" title="Tamasheq language">Tamasheq</a> by 1%, <a href="/wiki/Kasena_language" title="Kasena language">Kassem</a> by 0.7%, <a href="/wiki/Gouin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gouin language">Gouin</a> by 0.4%, <a href="/wiki/Dogon_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon language">Dogon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songhai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Songhai language">Songhai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gourounsi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gourounsi language">Gourounsi</a> by 0.3% each, Ko, <a href="/wiki/Koussass%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Koussassé language">Koussassé</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sembla_language" title="Sembla language">Sembla</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siamou_language" title="Siamou language">Siamou</a> by 0.1% each, other national languages by 5%, other African languages by 0.2%, French (the official language) by 1.3%, and other non-indigenous languages by 0.1%.<a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> In the west, <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mandé languages</a> are widely spoken, the most predominant being <a href="/wiki/Dyula_language" title="Dyula language">Dyula</a> (also known as Jula or Dioula), others including <a href="/wiki/Bobo_language" title="Bobo language">Bobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marka_language" title="Marka language">Marka</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a> is widespread, particularly in the north. <a href="/wiki/Gourmanch%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gourmanché language">Gourmanché</a> is spoken in the east, while <a href="/wiki/Bissa_language" title="Bissa language">Bissa</a> is spoken in the south. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Religion in Burkina Faso</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moschee_von_Bobo-Dioulasso.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Moschee_von_Bobo-Dioulasso.jpg/220px-Moschee_von_Bobo-Dioulasso.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Moschee_von_Bobo-Dioulasso.jpg/330px-Moschee_von_Bobo-Dioulasso.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Moschee_von_Bobo-Dioulasso.jpg/440px-Moschee_von_Bobo-Dioulasso.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3354" data-file-height="2236" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grand_Mosque_of_Bobo-Dioulasso" title="Grand Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso">Grand Mosque of Bobo-Dioulasso</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of Burkina Faso">government of Burkina Faso</a>'s 2019 census reported that 63.8% of the population practiced Islam, and that the majority of this group belong to the <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> branch,<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-report2010-196">[194]</a> while a small minority adheres to <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> A significant number of Sunni Muslims identify with the <a href="/wiki/Tijaniyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tijaniyah">Tijaniyah</a> <a href="/wiki/Sufi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi">Sufi</a> order. The 2019 census also found that 26.3% of the population were Christians (20.1% being Roman Catholics and 6.2% members of Protestant denominations) and 9.0% followed <a href="/wiki/African_traditional_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="African traditional religion">traditional indigenous beliefs</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Dogon_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dogon religion">Dogon religion</a>, 0.2% followed other religions, and 0.7% were non-religious.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-report2010-196">[194]</a> <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animists</a> are the largest religious group in the country's <a href="/wiki/Sud-Ouest_Region_(Burkina_Faso)" title="Sud-Ouest Region (Burkina Faso)">Sud-Ouest</a> region, forming 48.1% of its total population.<a href="#cite_note-:1-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Health">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Health in Burkina Faso">Health in Burkina Faso</a></div> In 2016, the average life expectancy was estimated at 60 for males and 61 for females. In 2018, the under-five mortality rate and the infant mortality rate was 76 per 1000 live births.<a href="#cite_note-WHO-198">[196]</a> In 2014, the median age of its inhabitants was 17 and the estimated population growth rate was 3.05%.<a href="#cite_note-cia-187">[185]</a> In 2011, health expenditures was 6.5% of GDP; the maternal mortality ratio was estimated at 300 deaths per 100000 live births and the physician density at 0.05 per 1000 population in 2010. In 2012, it was estimated that the adult HIV <a href="/wiki/Prevalence" title="Prevalence">prevalence</a> rate (ages 15–49) was 1.0%.<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> According to the 2011 UNAIDS Report, HIV prevalence is declining among pregnant women who attend antenatal clinics.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> According to a 2005 World Health Organization report, an estimated 72.5% of Burkina Faso's girls and women have had <a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">female genital mutilation</a>, administered according to traditional rituals.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> Central government spending on health was 3% in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> As of 2009<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit">[update]</a>, studies estimated there were as few as 10 physicians per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-203">[201]</a> In addition, there were 41 nurses and 13 midwives per 100,000 people.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-203">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/Demographic_and_Health_Surveys" title="Demographic and Health Surveys">Demographic and Health Surveys</a> has completed three surveys in Burkina Faso since 1993, and had another in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Burkina_Surveys-204">[202]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Dengue_fever" title="Dengue fever">Dengue fever</a> outbreak in 2016 killed 20 patients. Cases of the disease were reported from all 12 districts of Ouagadougou.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> In the 2024 Global Hunger Index (GHI), Burkina Faso ranks 98th out of 127 countries and has a serious level of hunger with a score of 24.6<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Education in Burkina Faso">Education in Burkina Faso</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gando-School-Burkina-Faso.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gando-School-Burkina-Faso.JPG/220px-Gando-School-Burkina-Faso.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gando-School-Burkina-Faso.JPG/330px-Gando-School-Burkina-Faso.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Gando-School-Burkina-Faso.JPG/440px-Gando-School-Burkina-Faso.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2692" data-file-height="1795" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gando,_Burkina_Faso" title="Gando, Burkina Faso">Gando</a> primary school. Its architect, <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%A9b%C3%A9do_Francis_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Diébédo Francis Kéré">Diébédo Francis Kéré</a>, received the <a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan_Award_for_Architecture" title="Aga Khan Award for Architecture">Aga Khan Award for Architecture</a> in 2004.</figcaption></figure> Education in Burkina Faso is divided into primary, secondary and higher education.<a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a> High school costs approximately CFA 25,000 (US$50) per year, which is far above the means of most Burkinabè families. Boys receive preference in schooling; as such, girls' education and literacy rates are far lower than their male counterparts. An increase in girls' schooling has been observed because of the government's policy of making school cheaper for girls and granting them more scholarships. To proceed from primary to middle school, middle to high school or high school to college, national exams must be passed. Institutions of higher education include the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ouagadougou" title="University of Ouagadougou">University of Ouagadougou</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Polytechnic_University_of_Bobo-Dioulasso" class="mw-redirect" title="The Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso">The Polytechnic University of Bobo-Dioulasso</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Koudougou" title="University of Koudougou">University of Koudougou</a>, which is also a teacher training institution. There are some small private colleges in the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a> but these are affordable to only a small portion of the population. There is also the <a href="/wiki/International_School_of_Ouagadougou" title="International School of Ouagadougou">International School of Ouagadougou</a> (ISO), an American-based private school located in Ouagadougou. The 2008 UN Development Program Report ranked Burkina Faso as the country with the lowest level of literacy in the world, despite a concerted effort to double its literacy rate from 12.8% in 1990 to 25.3% in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-208">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Food_insecurity">Food insecurity </h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Food insecurity">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a>, a multidimensional tool used to measure and track a country's hunger levels,<a href="#cite_note-209">[207]</a> Burkina Faso ranked 65 out of 78 countries in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Know_About_Hunger-210">[208]</a> It is estimated that there are currently over 1.5 million children who are at risk of food insecurity in Burkina Faso, with around 350,000 children who are in need of emergency medical assistance.<a href="#cite_note-Know_About_Hunger-210">[208]</a> However, only about a third of these children will actually receive adequate medical attention.<a href="#cite_note-Cost_of_Hunger-211">[209]</a> Only 11.4 percent of children under the age of two receive the daily recommended number of meals.<a href="#cite_note-Know_About_Hunger-210">[208]</a> Stunted growth as a result of food insecurity is a severe problem in Burkina Faso, affecting at least a third of the population from 2008 to 2012.<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a> Additionally, stunted children, on average, tend to complete less school than children with normal growth development,<a href="#cite_note-Cost_of_Hunger-211">[209]</a> further contributing to the low levels of education of the Burkina Faso population.<a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> The <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> expects that approximately 500,000 children under age 5 in Burkina Faso will suffer from acute malnutrition in 2015, including around 149,000 who will suffer from its most life-threatening form.<a href="#cite_note-ECHO_Factsheet-214">[212]</a> Rates of micronutrient deficiencies are also high.<a href="#cite_note-DHS_Program-215">[213]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_and_Health_Surveys" title="Demographic and Health Surveys">Demographic and Health Survey</a> (DHS 2010), 49 percent of women and 88 percent of children under the age of five suffer from anemia.<a href="#cite_note-DHS_Program-215">[213]</a> Forty percent of infant deaths can be attributed to <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a>, and in turn, these infant mortality rates have decreased Burkina Faso's total work force by 13.6 percent, demonstrating how food security affects more aspects of life beyond health.<a href="#cite_note-Know_About_Hunger-210">[208]</a> These high rates of food insecurity and the accompanying effects are even more prevalent in rural populations compared to urban ones, as access to health services in rural areas is much more limited and awareness and education of children's nutritional needs is lower.<a href="#cite_note-216">[214]</a> An October 2018 report by <a href="/wiki/USAid" class="mw-redirect" title="USAid">USAid</a> stated that droughts and floods remained problematic, and that "violence and insecurity are disrupting markets, trade and livelihoods activities in some parts of Burkina Faso's northern and eastern areas". The report estimated that over 954,300 people needed food security support, and that, according to <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>, an "estimated 187,200 children under 5 years of age will experience severe acute malnutrition". Agencies providing assistance at the time included USAID's Office of Food for Peace (FFP) working with the UN <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a>, the NGO <a href="/wiki/Oxfam_Interm%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxfam Intermón">Oxfam Intermón</a> and <a href="/wiki/ACDI/VOCA" title="ACDI/VOCA">ACDI/VOCA</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Approaches_to_improving_food_security">Approaches to improving food security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Approaches to improving food security">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Food_Programme">World Food Programme</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: World Food Programme">edit</a>]</div> The United Nations' <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> has worked on programs that are geared towards increasing food security in Burkina Faso. The Protracted Relief and Recovery Operation 200509 (PRRO) was formed to respond to the high levels of malnutrition in Burkina Faso, following the food and nutrition crisis in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-World_Food_Programme-218">[216]</a> The efforts of this project are mostly geared towards the treatment and prevention of malnutrition and include take home rations for the caretakers of those children who are being treated for malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-World_Food_Programme-218">[216]</a> Additionally, the activities of this operation contribute to families' abilities to withstand future food crises. Better nutrition among the two most vulnerable groups, young children and pregnant women, prepares them to be able to respond better in times when food security is compromised, such as in droughts.<a href="#cite_note-World_Food_Programme-218">[216]</a> The Country Programme (CP) has two parts: food and nutritional assistance to people with HIV/AIDS, and a school feeding program for all primary schools in the Sahel region.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-219">[217]</a> The HIV/AIDS nutrition program aims to better the nutritional recovery of those who are living with HIV/AIDS and to protect at-risk children and orphans from malnutrition and food security.<a href="#cite_note-Brief-219">[217]</a> As part of the school feeding component, the Country Programme's goals are to increase enrollment and attendance in schools in the Sahel region, where enrollment rates are below the national average.<a href="#cite_note-World_Food_Programme-218">[216]</a> Furthermore, the program aims at improving gender parity rates in these schools, by providing girls with high attendance in the last two years of primary school with take-home rations of cereals as an incentive to households, encouraging them to send their girls to school.<a href="#cite_note-World_Food_Programme-218">[216]</a> The WFP concluded the formation of a subsequently approved plan in August 2018 "to support the Government's vision of 'a democratic, unified and united nation, transforming the structure of its economy and achieving a strong and inclusive growth through patterns of sustainable consumption and production.' It will take important steps in WFP's new strategic direction for strengthened national and local capacities to enable the Government and communities to own, manage, and implement food and nutrition security programmes by 2030".<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="World_Bank">World Bank</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: World Bank">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">World Bank</a> was established in 1944, and comprises five institutions whose shared goals are to end extreme poverty by 2030 and to promote shared prosperity by fostering income growth of the lower forty percent of every country.<a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> One of the main projects the World Bank is working on to reduce food insecurity in Burkina Faso is the Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project.<a href="#cite_note-AgProdFSP-222">[220]</a> According to the World Bank, the objective of this project is to "improve the capacity of poor producers to increase food production and to ensure improved availability of food products in rural markets."<a href="#cite_note-AgProdFSP-222">[220]</a> The Agricultural Productivity and Food Security Project has three main parts. Its first component is to work towards the improvement of food production, including financing grants and providing 'voucher for work' programs for households who cannot pay their contribution in cash.<a href="#cite_note-AgProdFSP-222">[220]</a> The project's next component involves improving the availability of food products, particularly in rural areas.<a href="#cite_note-AgProdFSP-222">[220]</a> This includes supporting the marketing of food products, and aims to strengthen the capabilities of stakeholders to control the variability of food products and supplies at local and national levels.<a href="#cite_note-AgProdFSP-222">[220]</a> Lastly, the third component of this project focuses on institutional development and capacity building. Its goal is to reinforce the capacities of service providers and institutions who are specifically involved in project implementation.<a href="#cite_note-AgProdFSP-222">[220]</a> The project's activities aim to build capacities of service providers, strengthen the capacity of food producer organizations, strengthen agricultural input supply delivery methods, and manage and evaluate project activities.<a href="#cite_note-AgProdFSP-222">[220]</a> The December 2018 report by the World Bank indicated that the poverty rate fell slightly between 2009 and 2014, from 46% to a still high 40.1%. The report provided this updated summary of the country's development challenges: "Burkina Faso remains vulnerable to climatic shocks related to changes in rainfall patterns and to fluctuations in the prices of its export commodities on world markets. Its economic and social development will, to some extent, be contingent on political stability in the country and the sub-regions, its openness to international trade, and export diversification".<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Culture of Burkina Faso">Culture of Burkina Faso</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Nunuma_of_Winiama_maskerdanser_TMnr_20031569.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Nunuma_of_Winiama_maskerdanser_TMnr_20031569.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Nunuma_of_Winiama_maskerdanser_TMnr_20031569.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Nunuma_of_Winiama_maskerdanser_TMnr_20031569.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Nunuma_of_Winiama_maskerdanser_TMnr_20031569.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Nunuma_of_Winiama_maskerdanser_TMnr_20031569.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Nunuma_of_Winiama_maskerdanser_TMnr_20031569.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>A masked Winiama dancer, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1970</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Literature_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature in Burkina Faso">Literature in Burkina Faso</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, which remains important. In 1934, during French occupation, Dim-Dolobsom Ouedraogo published his Maximes, pensées et devinettes mossi (Maxims, Thoughts and Riddles of the Mossi), a record of the oral history of the <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-KS-224">[222]</a> The oral tradition continued to have an influence on Burkinabè writers in the post-independence Burkina Faso of the 1960s, such as <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Boni" title="Nazi Boni">Nazi Boni</a> and Roger Nikiema.<a href="#cite_note-TJA-225">[223]</a> The 1960s saw a growth in the number of playwrights being published.<a href="#cite_note-KS-224">[222]</a> Since the 1970s, literature has developed in Burkina Faso with many more writers being published.<a href="#cite_note-JM-226">[224]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Theatre of Burkina Faso">theatre of Burkina Faso</a> combines traditional Burkinabè performance with the colonial influences and post-colonial efforts to educate rural people to produce a distinctive national theatre. Traditional ritual ceremonies of the many ethnic groups in Burkina Faso have long involved dancing with <a href="/wiki/Mask" title="Mask">masks</a>. Western-style theatre became common during colonial times, heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/French_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="French theatre">French theatre</a>. With independence came a new style of theatre inspired by <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Oppressed" title="Theatre of the Oppressed">forum theatre</a> aimed at educating and entertaining Burkina Faso's rural people.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malika_slameuse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Malika_slameuse.jpg/220px-Malika_slameuse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Malika_slameuse.jpg/330px-Malika_slameuse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Malika_slameuse.jpg/440px-Malika_slameuse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Malika Outtara, poet</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Poetry_slam" title="Poetry slam">Slam poetry</a> is increasing in popularity in the country, in part due to the efforts of slam poet <a href="/wiki/Malika_Ouattara" title="Malika Ouattara">Malika Outtara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> She uses her skills to raise awareness around issues such as blood donation, albinism and the impact of COVID-19.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_and_crafts">Arts and crafts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Arts and crafts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Art of Burkina Faso">Art of Burkina Faso</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burkina_faso_artisan_painted_gourds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Burkina_faso_artisan_painted_gourds.jpg/220px-Burkina_faso_artisan_painted_gourds.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Burkina_faso_artisan_painted_gourds.jpg/330px-Burkina_faso_artisan_painted_gourds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Burkina_faso_artisan_painted_gourds.jpg/440px-Burkina_faso_artisan_painted_gourds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>Artisan garland of decorative painted <a href="/wiki/Gourd" title="Gourd">gourds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a></figcaption></figure> In addition to several rich traditional artistic heritages among the peoples, there is a large artist community in Burkina Faso, especially in <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>. Much of the crafts produced are for the country's growing tourist industry. Burkina Faso also hosts the International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou. It is better known by its French name as <a href="/wiki/SIAO" class="mw-redirect" title="SIAO">SIAO</a>, Le Salon International de l' Artisanat de Ouagadougou, and is one of the most important African handicraft fairs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Music of Burkina Faso</a></div> The music of Burkina Faso includes the <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a> of 60 different <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic groups</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi people</a>, centrally located around the capital, <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, account for 40% of the population while, to the south, <a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurma_people" title="Gurma people">Gurma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dagaaba_people" title="Dagaaba people">Dagaaba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lobi_people" title="Lobi people">Lobi</a> populations, speaking <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur languages</a> closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Mossi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossi language">Mossi language</a>, extend into the coastal states. In the north and east the <a href="/wiki/Fulani" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulani">Fulani</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> preponderate, while in the south and west the <a href="/wiki/Mande_languages" title="Mande languages">Mande languages</a> are common; <a href="/wiki/Samo_language_(Burkina)" title="Samo language (Burkina)">Samo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bissa_people" title="Bissa people">Bissa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bobo_people" title="Bobo people">Bobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senufo_people" title="Senufo people">Senufo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marka_people" title="Marka people">Marka</a>. Burkinabé traditional music has continued to thrive and musical output remains quite diverse. Popular music is mostly in French: Burkina Faso has yet to produce a major pan-African success. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burkina_Faso_media_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Burkina_Faso_media_2010.jpg/220px-Burkina_Faso_media_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Burkina_Faso_media_2010.jpg/330px-Burkina_Faso_media_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Burkina_Faso_media_2010.jpg/440px-Burkina_Faso_media_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>A cameraman in <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, Burkina Faso in 2010</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Burkina Faso">Media of Burkina Faso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications in Burkina Faso">Communications in Burkina Faso</a></div> The nation's principal media outlet is its state-sponsored combined television and radio service, <a href="/wiki/Radio_T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_du_Burkina" title="Radio Télévision du Burkina">Radio Télévision du Burkina</a> (RTB).<a href="#cite_note-230">[228]</a> RTB broadcasts on two <a href="/wiki/Medium-wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Medium-wave">medium-wave</a> (<a href="/wiki/Amplitude_modulation" title="Amplitude modulation">AM</a>) and several <a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">FM</a> frequencies. Besides RTB, there are privately owned sports, cultural, music, and religious FM radio stations. RTB maintains a worldwide short-wave news broadcast (Radio Nationale Burkina) in the French language from the capital at Ouagadougou using a 100 kW transmitter on 4.815 and 5.030 MHz.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> Attempts to develop an independent press and media in Burkina Faso have been intermittent. In 1998, investigative journalist <a href="/wiki/Norbert_Zongo" title="Norbert Zongo">Norbert Zongo</a>, his brother Ernest, his driver, and another man were assassinated by unknown assailants, and the bodies burned. The crime was never solved.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-232">[230]</a> However, an independent Commission of Inquiry later concluded that Norbert Zongo was killed for political reasons because of his investigative work into the death of David Ouedraogo, a chauffeur who worked for François Compaoré, President Blaise Compaoré's brother.<a href="#cite_note-en.rsf.org-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outrageous_Denial_of_Justice-234">[232]</a> In January 1999, François Compaoré was charged with the murder of David Ouedraogo, who had died as a result of torture in January 1998. The charges were later dropped by a military tribunal after an appeal. In August 2000, five members of the President's personal security guard detail (Régiment de la Sécurité Présidentielle, or RSP) were charged with the murder of Ouedraogo. RSP members Marcel Kafando, Edmond Koama, and Ousseini Yaro, investigated as suspects in the Norbert Zongo assassination, were convicted in the Ouedraogo case and sentenced to lengthy prison terms.<a href="#cite_note-en.rsf.org-233">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outrageous_Denial_of_Justice-234">[232]</a> Since the death of Norbert Zongo, several protests regarding the Zongo investigation and treatment of journalists have been prevented or dispersed by government police and security forces. In April 2007, popular radio reggae host <a href="/wiki/Sams%27K_Le_Jah" title="Sams'K Le Jah">Karim Sama</a>, whose programs feature reggae songs interspersed with critical commentary on alleged government injustice and corruption, received several death threats.<a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> Sama's personal car was later burned outside the private radio station Ouaga FM by unknown vandals.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Committee_to_Protect_Journalists" title="Committee to Protect Journalists">Committee to Protect Journalists</a> (CPJ) wrote to President Compaoré to request his government investigate the sending of e-mailed death threats to journalists and radio commentators in Burkina Faso who were critical of the government.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-232">[230]</a> In December 2008, police in Ouagadougou questioned leaders of a protest march that called for a renewed investigation into the unsolved Zongo assassination. Among the marchers was Jean-Claude Meda, the president of the Association of Journalists of Burkina Faso.<a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">Cinema of Burkina Faso</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">cinema of Burkina Faso</a> is an important part of the West African film industry and African film as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> Burkina's contribution to <a href="/wiki/African_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="African cinema">African cinema</a> started with the establishment of the film festival <a href="/wiki/FESPACO" class="mw-redirect" title="FESPACO">FESPACO</a> (Festival Panafricain du Cinéma et de la Télévision de Ouagadougou), which was launched as a film week in 1969. Many of the nation's filmmakers are known internationally and have won international prizes. For many years the headquarters of the Federation of Panafrican Filmmakers (FEPACI) was in Ouagadougou, rescued in 1983 from a period of moribund inactivity by the enthusiastic support and funding of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">President Sankara</a>. (In 2006 the Secretariat of FEPACI moved to South Africa, but the headquarters of the organization is still in Ouagadougou.) Among the best known directors from Burkina Faso are <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Kabor%C3%A9" title="Gaston Kaboré">Gaston Kaboré</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idrissa_Ouedraogo" class="mw-redirect" title="Idrissa Ouedraogo">Idrissa Ouedraogo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dani_Kouyate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dani Kouyate">Dani Kouyate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Burkina produces popular television series such as Les Bobodiouf. Internationally known filmmakers such as Ouedraogo, Kabore, Yameogo, and Kouyate make popular television series. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Burkina Faso">Cuisine of Burkina Faso</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fufu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fufu.jpg/220px-Fufu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fufu.jpg/330px-Fufu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Fufu.jpg/440px-Fufu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A plate of <a href="/wiki/Fufu" title="Fufu">fufu</a> (right) accompanied with <a href="/wiki/Peanut_soup" title="Peanut soup">peanut soup</a></figcaption></figure> Typical of West African cuisine, Burkina Faso's cuisine is based on <a href="/wiki/Staple_food" title="Staple food">staple foods</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a>, rice, maize, peanuts, potatoes, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Okra" title="Okra">okra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ox-240">[238]</a> The most common sources of animal protein are chicken, chicken eggs and freshwater fish. A typical Burkinabè beverage is Banji or Palm Wine, which is fermented <a href="/wiki/Palm_wine" title="Palm wine">palm sap</a>; and Zoom-kom, or "grain water" purportedly the national drink of Burkina Faso. Zoom-kom is milky-looking and whitish, having a water and cereal base, best drunk with ice cubes. In the more rural regions, in the outskirts of Burkina, you would find Dolo, which is drink made from fermented millet.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> In times of crisis, one legume native to Burkina, Zamnè, can be served as a main dish or in a sauce.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_festivals_and_events">Cultural festivals and events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Cultural festivals and events">edit</a>]</div> Every two years, Ouagadougou hosts the <a href="/wiki/Panafrican_Film_and_Television_Festival_of_Ouagadougou" title="Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou">Panafrican Film and Television Festival of Ouagadougou</a> (FESPACO), the largest African cinema festival on the continent (February, odd years). Held every two years since 1988, the <a href="/wiki/International_Art_and_Craft_Fair,_Ouagadougou" class="mw-redirect" title="International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou">International Art and Craft Fair, Ouagadougou</a> (SIAO), is one of Africa's most important trade shows for art and handicrafts (late October-early November, even years). Also every two years, the <a href="/wiki/Symposium_de_sculpture_sur_granit_de_Laongo" title="Symposium de sculpture sur granit de Laongo">Symposium de sculpture sur granit de Laongo</a> takes place on a site located about 35 kilometres (22 miles) from <a href="/wiki/Ouagadougou" title="Ouagadougou">Ouagadougou</a>, in the province of <a href="/wiki/Oubritenga" class="mw-redirect" title="Oubritenga">Oubritenga</a>. The <a href="/wiki/National_Culture_Week_of_Burkina_Faso" title="National Culture Week of Burkina Faso">National Culture Week of Burkina Faso</a>, better known by its French name La Semaine Nationale de la culture (SNC), is one of the most important cultural activities of Burkina Faso. It is a biennial event which takes place every two years in Bobo Dioulasso, the second-largest city in the country. The <a href="/wiki/Festival_International_des_Masques_et_des_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival International des Masques et des Arts">Festival International des Masques et des Arts</a> (FESTIMA), celebrating <a href="/wiki/Traditional_African_masks" title="Traditional African masks">traditional masks</a>, is held every two years in <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9dougou" title="Dédougou">Dédougou</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burkina_team.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Burkina_team.png/220px-Burkina_team.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Burkina_team.png/330px-Burkina_team.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Burkina_team.png/440px-Burkina_team.png 2x" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso_national_football_team" title="Burkina Faso national football team">Burkina Faso national football team</a> in white during a match</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Sport in Burkina Faso">Sport in Burkina Faso</a></div> Sport in Burkina Faso is widespread and includes football, basketball, cycling, rugby union, handball, tennis, boxing and martial arts. Football is the most popular sport in Burkina Faso, played both professionally, and informally in towns and villages across the country. The national team is nicknamed "Les Etalons" ("the Stallions") in reference to the legendary horse of Princess <a href="/wiki/Yennenga" title="Yennenga">Yennenga</a>. In 1998, Burkina Faso hosted the <a href="/wiki/Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="Africa Cup of Nations">Africa Cup of Nations</a> for which the Omnisport Stadium in Bobo-Dioulasso was built. Burkina Faso qualified for the <a href="/wiki/2013_Africa_Cup_of_Nations" title="2013 Africa Cup of Nations">2013 African Cup of Nations</a> in South Africa and reached the final, but then lost to Nigeria 0–1. The country has never qualified for a <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cup</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> Basketball is another sport which enjoys much popularity for both men and women.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> The country's <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkina Faso national basketball team">men's national team</a> had its most successful year in 2013 when it qualified for the <a href="/wiki/AfroBasket" title="AfroBasket">AfroBasket</a>, the continent's prime basketball event. At the <a href="/wiki/2020_Summer_Olympics" title="2020 Summer Olympics">2020 Summer Olympics</a>, the athlete <a href="/wiki/Hugues_Fabrice_Zango" title="Hugues Fabrice Zango">Hugues Fabrice Zango</a> won Burkina Faso's first Olympic medal, winning bronze in the <a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2020_Summer_Olympics_%E2%80%93_Men%27s_triple_jump" title="Athletics at the 2020 Summer Olympics – Men's triple jump">men's triple jump</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> Cricket is also picking up in Burkina Faso with Cricket Burkina Faso running a 10 club league.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Burkina_Faso-related_articles" class="mw-redirect" title="Index of Burkina Faso-related articles">Index of Burkina Faso-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Outline of Burkina Faso">Outline of Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_in_Burkina_Faso" title="2023 in Burkina Faso">2023 in Burkina Faso</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bərˌkiːnə ˈfæsoʊ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bər-KEE-nə FASS-oh</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-ˈfɑːsoʊ/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/29\/En-us-Burkina_Faso.ogg\/En-us-Burkina_Faso.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Burkina Faso.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/En-us-Burkina_Faso.ogg/En-us-Burkina_Faso.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Burkina_Faso.ogg" title="File:En-us-Burkina Faso.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">-⁠FAH-soh</a>;<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mossi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossi language">Mossi</a>: Burkĩna Faso <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[bùɾkĩná fà.só]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fula_language" title="Fula language">Fula</a>: 𞤄𞤵𞤪𞤳𞤭𞤲𞤢 𞤊𞤢𞤧𞤮;<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dyula_language" title="Dyula language">Dyula</a>: ߓߎߙߞߌߣߊ ߝߊߛߏ<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/bɜːrˈkiːnəbeɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">bur-KEE-nə-bay</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CIAFactbook2019uv-1"><a 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center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/burkina-faso">"Burkina Faso"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> (2025 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SPBfnT_E1mgC&q=the+dogon+lived+in+burkina+faso+in+15th+century&pg=PA86">Ethnic Groups of Africa and the Middle East: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-362-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-362-0"><bdi>978-1-59884-362-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Groups+of+Africa+and+the+Middle+East%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-362-0&rft.aulast=Shoup&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSPBfnT_E1mgC%26q%3Dthe%2Bdogon%2Blived%2Bin%2Bburkina%2Bfaso%2Bin%2B15th%2Bcentury%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nations_2014-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Nations_2014_33-0">^</a> "Encyclopedia of the Nations." History. Advameg, Inc., n.d. 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African Books Collective. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9956-727-78-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-9956-727-78-0"><bdi>978-9956-727-78-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolutionary+Overthrow+of+Constitutional+Orders+in+Africa&rft.pub=African+Books+Collective&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-9956-727-78-0&rft.aulast=Anyangwe&rft.aufirst=Carlson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvqEHU3iW2i0C%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blaisecompaore.com/en/political-and-military-career/1960-1983-engagement/">"Burkina Faso's history, also called Upper Volta, endured between 1960 and 1987, 6 military coups and the establishment of 3 republics"</a>. Blaise Compaore. Retrieved 5 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Blaise+Compaore&rft.atitle=Burkina+Faso%27s+history%2C+also+called+Upper+Volta%2C+endured+between+1960+and+1987%2C+6+military+coups+and+the+establishment+of+3+republics.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.blaisecompaore.com%2Fen%2Fpolitical-and-military-career%2F1960-1983-engagement%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UprightDVD-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UprightDVD_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UprightDVD_42-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UprightDVD_42-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UprightDVD_42-3">d</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_Sankara:_the_Upright_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas Sankara: the Upright Man (page does not exist)">Thomas Sankara: the Upright Man</a> by <a href="/wiki/California_Newsreel" title="California Newsreel">California Newsreel</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wdl.org/en/item/635/">More (Language of the Mossi Tribe) Phrase Book</a> – "Burkina Faso is a former French colony, which became the independent state of Upper Volta in 1960. In 1984 the country adopted its present name, meaning "Land of Incorruptible People". </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Kingfisher Geography Encyclopedia. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85613-582-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-85613-582-9">1-85613-582-9</a>. Page 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManning1998" class="citation book cs1">Manning, Patrick (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i4bPWSPutYcC">Francophone Sub-Saharan Africa: 1880–1995</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64519-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-64519-5"><bdi>978-0-521-64519-5</bdi></a>. <q>The name of the country was changed to Burkina Faso, and Sankara launched it on an aggressive, populist program of self-help.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francophone+Sub-Saharan+Africa%3A+1880%E2%80%931995&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-521-64519-5&rft.aulast=Manning&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di4bPWSPutYcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> The name is an <a href="/wiki/Amalgamation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amalgamation (linguistics)">amalgam</a> of <a href="/wiki/More_language" class="mw-redirect" title="More language">More</a> burkina ("honest", "upright", or "incorruptible men") and <a href="/wiki/Dioula_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioula language">Jula</a> faso ("homeland"; literally "father's house"). The "-be" suffix in the name for the people – Burkinabe – comes from the Fula plural suffix for people, -ɓe. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grila2-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grila2_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grila2_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarid_Omar2007" class="citation web cs1">Farid Omar (28 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120124093433/http://www.znetwork.org/commemorating-thomas-sankara-by-farid-omar">"Commemorating Thomas Sankara"</a>. Group for Research and Initiative for the Liberation of Africa (GRILA). 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Retrieved 25 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=My+Blog&rft.atitle=Resurrecting+Thomas+Sankara+%E2%80%93+My+Blog&rft.date=2015-10-28&rft.aulast=X&rft.aufirst=Mr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthomassankara.net%2Fresurrecting-thomas-sankara%2F%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLepidi2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lepidi, Pierre (3 January 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/01/03/thomas-sankara-l-ecologiste_6024742_3212.html">"Thomas Sankara, l'écologiste"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a> (in French). Paris.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=Thomas+Sankara%2C+l%27%C3%A9cologiste&rft.date=2020-01-03&rft.aulast=Lepidi&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2020%2F01%2F03%2Fthomas-sankara-l-ecologiste_6024742_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAidi" class="citation news cs1">Aidi, Hisham. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2015/06/reviving-thomas-sankara-spirit-150603104633020.html">"Reviving Thomas Sankara's spirit"</a>. Al Jazeera. Retrieved 25 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Reviving+Thomas+Sankara%27s+spirit&rft.aulast=Aidi&rft.aufirst=Hisham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Findepth%2Fopinion%2F2015%2F06%2Freviving-thomas-sankara-spirit-150603104633020.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDougall,_C.2021" class="citation cs2">MacDougall, C. 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RFI (in French). 27 October 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211029/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20161027-le-burkina-faso-va-renforcer-securite-postes-police-frontaliers">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=RFI&rft.atitle=Le+Burkina+Faso+va+renforcer+la+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+de+ses+postes+de+police+frontaliers&rft.date=2016-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Ffr%2Fafrique%2F20161027-le-burkina-faso-va-renforcer-securite-postes-police-frontaliers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeuneafrique.com/294932/politique/burkina-bilan-de-lattentat-seleve-a-30-morts-apres-deces-de-photographe-leila-alaoui/">"Burkina : le bilan de l'attentat s'élève à 30 morts après le décès de la photographe Leïla Alaoui – Jeune Afrique"</a>. jeuneafrique.com (in French). 19 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211009/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/294932/politique/burkina-bilan-de-lattentat-seleve-a-30-morts-apres-deces-de-photographe-leila-alaoui/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jeuneafrique.com&rft.atitle=Burkina+%3A+le+bilan+de+l%27attentat+s%27%C3%A9l%C3%A8ve+%C3%A0+30+morts+apr%C3%A8s+le+d%C3%A9c%C3%A8s+de+la+photographe+Le%C3%AFla+Alaoui+%E2%80%93+Jeune+Afrique&rft.date=2016-01-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F294932%2Fpolitique%2Fburkina-bilan-de-lattentat-seleve-a-30-morts-apres-deces-de-photographe-leila-alaoui%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fig160116-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Fig160116_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/01/15/01003-20160115ARTFIG00370-burkina-faso-tirs-et-detonations-dans-le-centre-de-ouagadougou.php">"Une vingtaine de morts après l'attaque djihadiste de Ouagadougou"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a> (in French). 15 January 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211042/https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/2016/01/15/01003-20160115ARTFIG00370-burkina-faso-tirs-et-detonations-dans-le-centre-de-ouagadougou.php">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 16 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Figaro&rft.atitle=Une+vingtaine+de+morts+apr%C3%A8s+l%27attaque+djihadiste+de+Ouagadougou&rft.date=2016-01-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lefigaro.fr%2Finternational%2F2016%2F01%2F15%2F01003-20160115ARTFIG00370-burkina-faso-tirs-et-detonations-dans-le-centre-de-ouagadougou.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RFI100217-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RFI100217_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RFI100217_81-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170210-groupe-jihadiste-Ansaroul-Islam-Ibrahim-Malam-Dicko-burkina-faso?ref=tw_i">Un groupe jihadiste tente de s'implanter au Burkina Faso</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190329041626/http://www.rfi.fr/afrique/20170210-groupe-jihadiste-Ansaroul-Islam-Ibrahim-Malam-Dicko-burkina-faso?ref=tw_i">Archived</a> 29 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, RFI, 10 février 2017. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/04/11/comment-est-ne-ansaroul-islam-premier-groupe-djihadiste-de-l-histoire-du-burkina-faso_5109520_3212.html">"Comment est né Ansaroul Islam, premier groupe djihadiste de l'Histoire du Burkina Faso"</a>. Le Monde.fr (in French). 11 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211011/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2017/04/11/comment-est-ne-ansaroul-islam-premier-groupe-djihadiste-de-l-histoire-du-burkina-faso_5109520_3212.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Comment+est+n%C3%A9+Ansaroul+Islam%2C+premier+groupe+djihadiste+de+l%27Histoire+du+Burkina+Faso&rft.date=2017-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2017%2F04%2F11%2Fcomment-est-ne-ansaroul-islam-premier-groupe-djihadiste-de-l-histoire-du-burkina-faso_5109520_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeuneafrique.com/390558/politique/limam-ibrahim-dicko-nouvelle-terreur-nord-burkina/">"Qui est l'imam Ibrahim Dicko, la nouvelle terreur du nord du Burkina ? – Jeune Afrique"</a>. jeuneafrique.com (in French). 9 January 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211016/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/390558/politique/limam-ibrahim-dicko-nouvelle-terreur-nord-burkina/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jeuneafrique.com&rft.atitle=Qui+est+l%27imam+Ibrahim+Dicko%2C+la+nouvelle+terreur+du+nord+du+Burkina+%3F+%E2%80%93+Jeune+Afrique&rft.date=2017-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F390558%2Fpolitique%2Flimam-ibrahim-dicko-nouvelle-terreur-nord-burkina%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JA090117-84"><a href="#cite_ref-JA090117_84-0">^</a> Benjamin Roger, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jeuneafrique.com/390558/politique/limam-ibrahim-dicko-nouvelle-terreur-nord-burkina/">Qui est l'imam Ibrahim Dicko, la nouvelle terreur du nord du Burkina ?</a>, Jeune Afrique, 9 janvier 2016. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/afrique/bande-sahelo-saharienne/operation-barkhane/breves/barkhane-operation-transfrontaliere-panga-dans-la-boucle-du-niger-elargie">"Barkhane : opération transfrontalière Panga dans la boucle du Niger élargie"</a>. defense.gouv.fr (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211011/https://www.defense.gouv.fr/operations/afrique/bande-sahelo-saharienne/operation-barkhane/breves/barkhane-operation-transfrontaliere-panga-dans-la-boucle-du-niger-elargie">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=defense.gouv.fr&rft.atitle=Barkhane+%3A+op%C3%A9ration+transfrontali%C3%A8re+Panga+dans+la+boucle+du+Niger+%C3%A9largie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.defense.gouv.fr%2Foperations%2Fafrique%2Fbande-sahelo-saharienne%2Foperation-barkhane%2Fbreves%2Fbarkhane-operation-transfrontaliere-panga-dans-la-boucle-du-niger-elargie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170406-mali-operation-anti-terroriste-envergure-frontiere-le-burkina-faso">"Mali: opération anti-terroriste d'envergure à la frontière avec le Burkina Faso"</a>. rfi.fr (in French). 6 April 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211034/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170406-mali-operation-anti-terroriste-envergure-frontiere-le-burkina-faso">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rfi.fr&rft.atitle=Mali%3A+op%C3%A9ration+anti-terroriste+d%27envergure+%C3%A0+la+fronti%C3%A8re+avec+le+Burkina+Faso&rft.date=2017-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Ffr%2Fafrique%2F20170406-mali-operation-anti-terroriste-envergure-frontiere-le-burkina-faso&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170726-burkina-faso-assassinats-autorites-suspectent-reglements-ansarul-islam">"Meurtres dans le nord du Burkina: Ansarul Islam victime d'une guerre intestine?"</a>. rfi.fr (in French). 26 July 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211027/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20170726-burkina-faso-assassinats-autorites-suspectent-reglements-ansarul-islam">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rfi.fr&rft.atitle=Meurtres+dans+le+nord+du+Burkina%3A+Ansarul+Islam+victime+d%27une+guerre+intestine%3F&rft.date=2017-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Ffr%2Fafrique%2F20170726-burkina-faso-assassinats-autorites-suspectent-reglements-ansarul-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Monde070318-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Monde070318_88-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/03/07/attaques-de-ouagadougou-un-nouveau-bilan-fait-etat-de-huit-militaires-burkinabes-tues_5267019_3212.html">Attaques de Ouagadougou : un nouveau bilan fait état de huit militaires burkinabés tués</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211010/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/03/07/attaques-de-ouagadougou-un-nouveau-bilan-fait-etat-de-huit-militaires-burkinabes-tues_5267019_3212.html">Archived</a> 21 December 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>-AFP, 7 mars 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jeuneafrique.com/631985/politique/burkina-les-autorites-confrontees-a-un-nouveau-defi-securitaire-dans-lest/">"Burkina : les autorités confrontées à un nouveau défi sécuritaire dans l'Est – Jeune Afrique"</a>. jeuneafrique.com (in French). 19 September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211022/https://www.jeuneafrique.com/631985/politique/burkina-les-autorites-confrontees-a-un-nouveau-defi-securitaire-dans-lest/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jeuneafrique.com&rft.atitle=Burkina+%3A+les+autorit%C3%A9s+confront%C3%A9es+%C3%A0+un+nouveau+d%C3%A9fi+s%C3%A9curitaire+dans+l%27Est+%E2%80%93+Jeune+Afrique&rft.date=2018-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jeuneafrique.com%2F631985%2Fpolitique%2Fburkina-les-autorites-confrontees-a-un-nouveau-defi-securitaire-dans-lest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/18/le-burkina-faso-desormais-sur-la-carte-du-djihadisme_5371448_3212.html">"Le Burkina Faso désormais sur la carte du djihadisme"</a>. Le Monde.fr (in French). 18 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211021/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/18/le-burkina-faso-desormais-sur-la-carte-du-djihadisme_5371448_3212.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde.fr&rft.atitle=Le+Burkina+Faso+d%C3%A9sormais+sur+la+carte+du+djihadisme&rft.date=2018-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2018%2F10%2F18%2Fle-burkina-faso-desormais-sur-la-carte-du-djihadisme_5371448_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacé" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Macé, Célian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/12/03/dans-l-est-du-burkina-faso-un-nouveau-foyer-pour-le-jihad_1695777/">"Dans l'est du Burkina Faso, un nouveau foyer pour le jihad ?"</a>. libération.fr (in French). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211021/https://www.liberation.fr/planete/2018/12/03/dans-l-est-du-burkina-faso-un-nouveau-foyer-pour-le-jihad_1695777/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lib%C3%A9ration.fr&rft.atitle=Dans+l%27est+du+Burkina+Faso%2C+un+nouveau+foyer+pour+le+jihad+%3F&rft.aulast=Mac%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9lian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fplanete%2F2018%2F12%2F03%2Fdans-l-est-du-burkina-faso-un-nouveau-foyer-pour-le-jihad_1695777%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181008-burkina-faso-operation-nettoyage-forets-est-barkhane">"Burkina Faso: vaste opération de sécurité dans les forêts de l'Est"</a>. rfi.fr (in French). 8 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211025/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181008-burkina-faso-operation-nettoyage-forets-est-barkhane">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rfi.fr&rft.atitle=Burkina+Faso%3A+vaste+op%C3%A9ration+de+s%C3%A9curit%C3%A9+dans+les+for%C3%AAts+de+l%27Est&rft.date=2018-10-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rfi.fr%2Ffr%2Fafrique%2F20181008-burkina-faso-operation-nettoyage-forets-est-barkhane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181010-barkhane-operation-burkina-faso">"Barkhane en opération au Burkina Faso"</a>. rfi.fr (in French). 10 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211029/https://www.rfi.fr/fr/afrique/20181010-barkhane-operation-burkina-faso">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. 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Le Monde (in French). 10 October 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211221211012/https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2018/10/10/la-france-disposee-a-apporter-au-burkina-le-meme-soutien-militaire-qu-au-mali_5367342_3212.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde&rft.atitle=La+France+%22dispos%C3%A9e%22+%C3%A0+apporter+au+Burkina+le+m%C3%AAme+soutien+militaire+qu%27au+Mali&rft.date=2018-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fafrique%2Farticle%2F2018%2F10%2F10%2Fla-france-disposee-a-apporter-au-burkina-le-meme-soutien-militaire-qu-au-mali_5367342_3212.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-95"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_95-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2019/03/22/burkina-faso-atrocities-armed-islamists-security-forces">"Burkina Faso: Atrocities by Armed Islamists, Security Forces"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Burkina+Faso%3A+Atrocities+by+Armed+Islamists%2C+Security+Forces&rft.date=2019-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2019%2F03%2F22%2Fburkina-faso-atrocities-armed-islamists-security-forces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2020/06/02/au-moins-cinquante-morts-dans-une-serie-d-attaques-au-burkina-faso_6041511_3212.html">"Au moins cinquante morts dans une série d'attaques au Burkina Faso"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.atitle=Burkina+Faso%3A+Armed+Islamist+Atrocities+Surge&rft.date=2020-01-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrw.org%2Fnews%2F2020%2F01%2F06%2Fburkina-faso-armed-islamist-atrocities-surge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2019/05/12/six-personnes-tuees-dans-une-eglise-dans-le-nord-du-burkina-faso_5461148_3212.html">"Six personnes tuées dans une église dans le nord du Burkina Faso"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxfam%27s+Cool+Planet+%E2%80%93+Food+in+Burkina+Faso&rft.pub=Oxfam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfam.org.uk%2Fcoolplanet%2Fontheline%2Fexplore%2Fjourney%2Fburkina%2Ffood.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinotables.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1217:lhumeur-de-dom-zoom-kom-la-boisson-star-des-burkinabes&catid=48:encontinu-secondtwo-droite">"article in French on Burkinabe Zoom-kom"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=article+in+French+on+Burkinabe+Zoom-kom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsinotables.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1217%3Alhumeur-de-dom-zoom-kom-la-boisson-star-des-burkinabes%26catid%3D48%3Aencontinu-secondtwo-droite&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraboShumoyCisséParkouda2020" class="citation journal cs1">Drabo, Moustapha Soungalo; Shumoy, Habtu; Cissé, Hama; Parkouda, Charles; Nikiéma, Fulbert; Odetokun, Ismail; Traoré, Yves; Savadogo, Aly; Raes, Katleen (December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575534">"Mapping the variability in physical, cooking, and nutritional properties of Zamnè, a wild food in Burkina Faso"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_Research_International" title="Food Research International">Food Research International</a>. 138 (B) (published 2020): 109810. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.foodres.2020.109810">10.1016/j.foodres.2020.109810</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7575534">7575534</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33288185">33288185</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Food+Research+International&rft.atitle=Mapping+the+variability+in+physical%2C+cooking%2C+and+nutritional+properties+of+Zamn%C3%A8%2C+a+wild+food+in+Burkina+Faso&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=B&rft.pages=109810&rft.date=2020-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7575534%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33288185&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.foodres.2020.109810&rft.aulast=Drabo&rft.aufirst=Moustapha+Soungalo&rft.au=Shumoy%2C+Habtu&rft.au=Ciss%C3%A9%2C+Hama&rft.au=Parkouda%2C+Charles&rft.au=Niki%C3%A9ma%2C+Fulbert&rft.au=Odetokun%2C+Ismail&rft.au=Traor%C3%A9%2C+Yves&rft.au=Savadogo%2C+Aly&rft.au=Raes%2C+Katleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7575534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111007050949/http://www.fifa.com/worldranking/rankingtable/index.html">"The FIFA/Coca-Cola World Ranking"</a>. FIFA. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/worldranking/rankingtable/index.html">the original</a> on 7 October 2011. Retrieved 4 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+FIFA%2FCoca-Cola+World+Ranking&rft.pub=FIFA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldranking%2Frankingtable%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeim2014" class="citation book cs1">Keim, Marion (2014) [1st pub. 2014]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jsrAwAAQBAJ&q=burkina+faso+most+popular+sport&pg=PA57">"Country Profile of Sport and Development – Sport and Popularity"</a>. Sport and Development Policy in Africa – Results of collaborative study of selected country cases. SUN PRESS. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920689-20-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920689-20-9"><bdi>978-1-920689-20-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Country+Profile+of+Sport+and+Development+%E2%80%93+Sport+and+Popularity&rft.btitle=Sport+and+Development+Policy+in+Africa+%E2%80%93+Results+of+collaborative+study+of+selected+country+cases&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=SUN+PRESS&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-920689-20-9&rft.aulast=Keim&rft.aufirst=Marion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jsrAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dburkina%2Bfaso%2Bmost%2Bpopular%2Bsport%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCulpepper2021" class="citation news cs1">Culpepper, Chuck (5 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/sports/olympics/2021/08/05/hugues-fabrice-zango-burkina-faso-triple-jump-medal/">"The thing about poignant triple-jump moments? They sneak up on you"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved 10 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+thing+about+poignant+triple-jump+moments%3F+They+sneak+up+on+you.&rft.date=2021-08-05&rft.aulast=Culpepper&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fsports%2Folympics%2F2021%2F08%2F05%2Fhugues-fabrice-zango-burkina-faso-triple-jump-medal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://emergingcricket.com/insight/cricket-in-francophone-africa-report-from-burkina-faso-and-cote-divoire/">"Cricket in Francophone Africa: Report from Burkina Faso and Côte d'Ivoire"</a>. Emerging Cricket. 13 December 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Cricket&rft.atitle=Cricket+in+Francophone+Africa%3A+Report+from+Burkina+Faso+and+C%C3%B4te+d%27Ivoire&rft.date=2021-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Femergingcricket.com%2Finsight%2Fcricket-in-francophone-africa-report-from-burkina-faso-and-cote-divoire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Rupley" class="citation book cs1">Rupley, Lawrence; Bangali, Lamissa & Diamitani, Boureima (2013). Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso. The Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6770-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-6770-3"><bdi>978-0-8108-6770-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Burkina+Faso&rft.pub=The+Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-6770-3&rft.aulast=Rupley&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.au=Bangali%2C+Lamissa&rft.au=Diamitani%2C+Boureima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABurkina+Faso" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Engberg-Perderson, Lars, Endangering Development: Politics, Projects, and Environment in Burkina Faso (Praeger Publishers, 2003).</li> <li>Englebert, Pierre, Burkina Faso: Unsteady Statehood in West Africa (Perseus, 1999).</li> <li>Howorth, Chris, Rebuilding the Local Landscape: Environmental Management in Burkina Faso (Ashgate, 1999).</li> <li>McFarland, Daniel Miles and Rupley, Lawrence A, Historical Dictionary of Burkina Faso (Scarecrow Press, 1998).</li> <li>Manson, Katrina and Knight, James, Burkina Faso (Bradt Travel Guides, 2011).</li> <li>Roy, Christopher D and Wheelock, Thomas G B, Land of the Flying Masks: Art and Culture in Burkina Faso: The Thomas G.B. Wheelock Collection (Prestel Publishing, 2007).</li> <li>Sankara, Thomas, Thomas Sankara Speaks: The Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–1987 (Pathfinder Press, 2007).</li> <li>Sankara, Thomas, We are the Heirs of the World's Revolutions: Speeches from the Burkina Faso Revolution 1983–1987 (Pathfinder Press, 2007).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Burkina_Faso&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Burkina Faso at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Burkina_Faso" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Burkina Faso">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" class="extiw" title="c:Burkina Faso">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Burkina_Faso" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Burkina Faso">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Burkina_Faso" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Burkina Faso">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Burkina_Faso" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Burkina Faso">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Burkina_Faso" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Burkina Faso">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Burkina_Faso" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Burkina Faso">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Burkina_Faso" class="extiw" title="voy:Burkina Faso">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gouvernement.gov.bf/">Official website</a>, official government portal. (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefaso.net/">LeFaso.net</a>, a news information site (in French)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecowap.ecowas.int/country/Burkina-Faso">Burkina Faso</a> profile from <a href="/wiki/ECOWAS" title="ECOWAS">ECOWAS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-13072774">Burkina Faso profile</a> from the <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>.</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Burkina_Faso" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Burkina Faso">Wikimedia Atlas of Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/where/burkina-faso/">News headline links</a> from <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Jazeera">Al Jazeera</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.democracynow.org/topics/burkina_faso">Burkina Faso</a>, Democracy Now!</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newint.org/regions/burkina-faso">Country profile</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_Internationalist" title="New Internationalist">New Internationalist</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bizpages.org/countries--BF--Burkina-Faso">Burkina Faso Business Facts</a> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bizpages.org">Bizpages</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Burkina_Faso_topics" title="Template:Burkina Faso topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Burkina_Faso_topics" title="Template talk:Burkina Faso topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Burkina_Faso_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Burkina Faso topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Burkina_Faso_articles588" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burkina Faso</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Burkina Faso–related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi Kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">French Upper Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Upper_Volta" title="Republic of Upper Volta">Republic of Upper Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Upper_Voltan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1983 Upper Voltan coup d'état">1983 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agacher_Strip_War" title="Agacher Strip War">Agacher Strip War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Burkina_Faso_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Burkina Faso coup d'état">1987 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Burkina_Faso_protests" title="2011 Burkina Faso protests">2011 protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Burkina_Faso_uprising" title="2014 Burkina Faso uprising">2014 uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihadist_insurgency_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jihadist insurgency in Burkina Faso">Insurgency (2015–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/100px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/150px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/200px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Geography of Burkina Faso">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Template:Borders of Burkina Faso">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Burkina_Faso" title="List of cities in Burkina Faso">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burkina_Faso#Climate" title="Geography of Burkina Faso">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Departments_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Departments of Burkina Faso">Departments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of lakes of Burkina Faso">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Provinces of Burkina Faso">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Regions of Burkina Faso">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of rivers of Burkina Faso">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Wildlife of Burkina Faso">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Politics of Burkina Faso">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Constitution of Burkina Faso">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Elections in Burkina Faso">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Foreign relations of Burkina Faso">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Burkina_Faso#Government" title="Politics of Burkina Faso">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Human rights in Burkina Faso">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Burkina Faso">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Law enforcement in Burkina Faso">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Military of Burkina Faso">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Burkina_Faso" title="List of political parties in Burkina Faso">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Burkina_Faso" title="List of heads of state of Burkina Faso">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Burkina Faso">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Economy of Burkina Faso">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Agriculture in Burkina Faso">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_African_CFA_franc" title="West African CFA franc">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Energy in Burkina Faso">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Mining industry of Burkina Faso">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Telecommunications in Burkina Faso">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Tourism in Burkina Faso">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Trade unions in Burkina Faso">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Transport in Burkina Faso">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Culture of Burkina Faso">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Cinema of Burkina Faso">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinab%C3%A9_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkinabé cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Flag of Burkina Faso">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkinab%C3%A9_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Burkinabé literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Burkina Faso">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Music of Burkina Faso">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Public holidays in Burkina Faso">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Sport in Burkina Faso">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Theatre of Burkina Faso">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Demographics of Burkina Faso">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Abortion in Burkina Faso">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_marriage_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Child marriage in Burkina Faso">Child marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Education in Burkina Faso">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Burkina_Faso" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Burkina Faso">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Health in Burkina Faso">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Human trafficking in Burkina Faso">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Burkina_Faso#Languages" title="Demographics of Burkina Faso">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Burkinab%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Burkinabès">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Prostitution in Burkina Faso">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Religion in Burkina Faso">Religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Burkina_Faso" title="Outline of Burkina Faso">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Burkina Faso–related articles">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burkina_Faso" title="Category:Burkina Faso">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Related_articles83" 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href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> (partly in Asia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi" title="Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Territorial_dispute" title="Territorial dispute">unclear sovereignty</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Îles Éparses</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">African territories fully part of non-African states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pantelleria" title="Pantelleria">Pantelleria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelagie_Islands" title="Pelagie Islands">Pelagie Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savage_Islands" title="Savage Islands">Savage Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_soberan%C3%ADa" title="Plazas de soberanía">Plazas de soberanía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Yemen</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Africa" title="Category:Africa">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="African_Union350" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:African_Union" title="Template:African Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:African_Union" title="Template talk:African Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:African_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:African Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="African_Union350" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_African_Union" title="History of the African Union">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Africanism" title="Pan-Africanism">Pan-Africanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_Africa" title="Decolonisation of Africa">Decolonisation of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Group" title="Casablanca Group">Casablanca Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monrovia_Group" title="Monrovia Group">Monrovia Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_and_Malagasy_Union" title="African and Malagasy Union">African and Malagasy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Abuja Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirte_Declaration" title="Sirte Declaration">Sirte Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutive_Act_of_the_African_Union" title="Constitutive Act of the African Union">Lome Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Organisation of African Unity">Organisation of African Unity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Chairperson of the Organisation of African Unity">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Organisation_of_African_Unity" title="Secretary General of the Organisation of African Unity">Secretary General</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_African_Union" title="Geography of the African Union">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Countries_bordering_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Countries bordering the African Union">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of the African Union">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_African_Union" title="Member states of the African Union">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_the_African_Union" title="Regions of the African Union">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organs_of_the_African_Union" title="Organs of the African Union">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_of_the_African_Union" title="Executive Council of the African Union">Executive Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Representatives%27_Committee_of_the_African_Union" title="Permanent Representatives' Committee of the African Union">Permanent Representatives' Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specialised_Technical_Committees_of_the_African_Union" title="Specialised Technical Committees of the African Union">Specialized Technical Committees</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_African_Union" title="Assembly of the African Union">Assembly</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union" title="Chairperson of the African Union">Chairperson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Commission" title="African Union Commission">Commission</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chairperson_of_the_African_Union_Commission" title="Chairperson of the African Union Commission">Deputy Chairperson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Conference_Center_and_Office_Complex" title="African Union Conference Center and Office Complex">AUCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2025_African_Union_Commission_Chairperson_election" title="2025 African Union Commission Chairperson election">2025 election</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_Parliament" title="Pan-African Parliament">Pan-African Parliament</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Bureau of the Pan-African Parliament">Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Pan-African_Parliament" title="Secretariat of the Pan-African Parliament">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallagher_Convention_Centre" title="Gallagher Convention Centre">Gallagher Estate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_of_the_African_Union" title="Court of Justice of the African Union">African Court of Justice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Court_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic,_Social_and_Cultural_Council" title="Economic, Social and Cultural Council">ECOSOCC Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Committee" title="Peace and Security Committee">Peace and Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Political Affairs Committee (African Union)">Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrastructure_and_Energy_Committee" title="Infrastructure and Energy Committee">Infrastructure and Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Affairs_and_Health_Committee" title="Social Affairs and Health Committee">Social Affairs and Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Resources,_Science,_and_Technology_Committee" title="Human Resources, Science, and Technology Committee">HR, Sciences and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_and_Industry_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Trade and Industry Committee (African Union)">Trade and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rural_Economy_and_Agriculture_Committee" title="Rural Economy and Agriculture Committee">Rural Economy and Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Affairs_Committee_(African_Union)" title="Economic Affairs Committee (African Union)">Economic Affairs</a></li> <li>Women and Gender</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Cutting_Programs_Committee" title="Cross-Cutting Programs Committee">Cross-Cutting Programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Central_Bank" title="African Central Bank">African Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Fund" title="African Monetary Fund">African Monetary Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Investment_Bank" title="African Investment Bank">African Investment Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peace_and_Security_Council" title="Peace and Security Council">Peace and Security Council</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Capacity_for_Immediate_Response_to_Crises" title="African Capacity for Immediate Response to Crises">ACIRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Standby_Force" title="African Standby Force">African Standby Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panel_of_the_Wise" title="Panel of the Wise">Panel of the Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations%E2%80%93African_Union_Mission_in_Darfur" title="United Nations–African Union Mission in Darfur">UNAMID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Burundi" title="African Union Mission in Burundi">AMIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_in_Sudan" title="African Union Mission in Sudan">AMIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Mission_to_Somalia" title="African Union Mission to Somalia">AMISOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MISCA" title="MISCA">MISCA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialised agencies and institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Centres_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention">Africa Centres for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics of the African Union">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Peer_Review_Mechanism" title="African Peer Review Mechanism">APRM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_African_Union" title="Foreign relations of the African Union">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Charter_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Commission_on_Human_and_Peoples%27_Rights" title="African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights">African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_the_African_Union" title="Enlargement of the African Union">Enlargement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Africa_Command" title="United States Africa Command">United States Africa Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_ambassadors_to_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States ambassadors to the African Union">United States ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union%E2%80%93Ethiopia_relations" title="African Union–Ethiopia relations">African Union–Ethiopia relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Symbols_of_the_African_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbols of the African Union">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Let_Us_All_Unite_and_Celebrate_Together" title="Let Us All Unite and Celebrate Together">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_African_Union" title="Emblem of the African Union">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_African_Union" title="Flag of the African Union">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union_Passport" title="African Union Passport">Passport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_African_Union" title="Economy of the African Union">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_central_banks_of_Africa" title="List of central banks of Africa">Currencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gold_standard#Advocates" title="Gold standard">Gold standard</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Economic_Community" title="African Economic Community">African Economic Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Partnership_for_Africa%27s_Development" title="New Partnership for Africa's Development">NEPAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Continental_Free_Trade_Area" title="African Continental Free Trade Area">African Continental Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single_African_Air_Transport_Market" title="Single African Air Transport Market">Single African Air Transport Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_Day" title="Africa Day">Africa Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Border_Day" title="African Border Day">African Border Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Monetary_Union" title="African Monetary Union">Afro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Africa">Federal Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_of_Latin_Africa" title="United States of Latin Africa">United States of Latin Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_Federation" title="East African Federation">East African Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:African_Union" title="Category:African Union">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)85" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Template talk:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Sahel–Saharan States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Sahel–Saharan_States_(CEN-SAD)85" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sahel%E2%80%93Saharan_States" title="Community of Sahel–Saharan States">Community of Sahel–Saharan States (CEN-SAD)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia" title="Liberia">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie304" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czechia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)298" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Syria and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Syria and OIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations195" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary748" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country130" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country130" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Libya" title="Socialism in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Jeremy_Corbyn" title="Political positions of Jeremy Corbyn">Corbynism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cibao" title="Cibao">Cibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Syria" title="Ba'athist Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4266" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4266" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404133505">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/140653363">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1229910/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwX9bvGwDfbY3GkdbCWjC">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4088707-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84112192">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934219d">France</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152872870">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118727921">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934219d">BnF data</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152872870">2</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb118727921">3</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00568992">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128862&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451485">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90874248">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000724494&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq465kxb2sk6b2n">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564754305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/5f886d01-5c12-3abb-b8be-d758b282ab05">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/35427a86-66cc-41f7-97c2-310c1b85b8dd">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/BXphVSNc">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026489112">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027261689">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003438">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035682">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/burkina-faso">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Burkina_Faso&params=12_20_N_1_50_W_type:country_region:BF">12°20′N 1°50′W / 12.333°N 1.833°W / 12.333; -1.833</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" 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