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<span>Release history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Release_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implementation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implementation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Implementation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Implementation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_objects_and_file_striping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_objects_and_file_striping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Data objects and file striping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_objects_and_file_striping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metadata_objects_and_DNE_remote_or_striped_directories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metadata_objects_and_DNE_remote_or_striped_directories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Metadata objects and DNE remote or striped directories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metadata_objects_and_DNE_remote_or_striped_directories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Locking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Networking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_availability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_availability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>High availability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_availability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-HSM_(Hierarchical_Storage_Management)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HSM_(Hierarchical_Storage_Management)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>HSM 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon 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class="vector-toc-numb">15.3</span> <span>Community foundations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_foundations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hardware/software_vendors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hardware/software_vendors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.4</span> <span>Hardware/software vendors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hardware/software_vendors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="لوستري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لوستري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(Dateisystem)" title="Lustre (Dateisystem) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lustre (Dateisystem)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(sistema_de_archivos)" title="Lustre (sistema de archivos) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lustre (sistema de archivos)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(syst%C3%A8me_de_fichiers)" title="Lustre (système de fichiers) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lustre (système de fichiers)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9F%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%84%B0_(%ED%8C%8C%EC%9D%BC_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C)" title="러스터 (파일 시스템) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="러스터 (파일 시스템)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre" title="Lustre – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lustre" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0)" title="Lustre (ファイルシステム) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Lustre (ファイルシステム)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre" title="Lustre – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lustre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(system_plik%C3%B3w)" title="Lustre (system plików) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lustre (system plików)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre_(%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Lustre (сетевая файловая система) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Lustre (сетевая файловая система)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre" title="Lustre – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Lustre" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lustre" title="Lustre – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Lustre" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Parallel distributed file system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cluster File Systems" redirects here. For the generic term, see <a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered file system</a>. For the programming language, see <a href="/wiki/Lustre_(programming_language)" title="Lustre (programming language)">Lustre (programming language)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lustre_file_system_logo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Lustre_file_system_logo.gif/200px-Lustre_file_system_logo.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/Lustre_file_system_logo.gif/300px-Lustre_file_system_logo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/8a/Lustre_file_system_logo.gif 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="70" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">December 16, 2003<span class="noprint">; 20 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2003-12-16</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-1.0rls_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1.0rls-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2.16.1 (latest major release), <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>2.15.5 (latest maintenance release), <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> / June 28, 2024<span class="noprint">; 4 months ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-06-28</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle#Beta" title="Software release life cycle">Preview release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">2.16.50 / 2024-11-10</div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Repository_(version_control)" title="Repository (version control)">Repository</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.whamcloud.com/fs/lustre-release.git">git<wbr />.whamcloud<wbr />.com<wbr />/fs<wbr />/lustre-release<wbr />.git</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1877782#P1324" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Distributed_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed file system">Distributed file system</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL v2</a>, <a href="/wiki/GNU_Lesser_General_Public_License" title="GNU Lesser General Public License">LGPL</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lustre.org/">www<wbr />.lustre<wbr />.org</a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1877782#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org"><a href="/wiki/OpenSFS" title="OpenSFS">OpenSFS</a></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data note">2010<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2010</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/501(c)(6)" class="mw-redirect" title="501(c)(6)">501(c)(6)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="locality"><a href="/wiki/Beaverton,_Oregon" title="Beaverton, Oregon">Beaverton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a></span>, <span class="country-name"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensfs.org">www<wbr />.opensfs<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Cluster File Systems, Inc.</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cluster_File_Systems_Inc._logo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Cluster_File_Systems_Inc._logo.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="28" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Privately_held_company" title="Privately held company">Private</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">2001</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Braam" title="Peter Braam">Peter J. Braam</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Defunct</th><td class="infobox-data">2007</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="ib-company-locality locality"><a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder, Colorado</a></div>, <div class="ib-company-country country-name"><a href="/wiki/USA" class="mw-redirect" title="USA">USA</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent">Andreas Dilger, Eric Barton (HPC), Phil Schwan</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data">Lustre file system</td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Lustre</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_developer" class="mw-redirect" title="Software developer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/DataDirect_Networks" title="DataDirect Networks">Whamcloud/DDN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett_Packard_Enterprise" title="Hewlett Packard Enterprise">HPE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">ORNL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">AWS</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Alternative_Energies_and_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission">CEA</a>, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Variants</th><td class="infobox-data">EXAScaler, ClusterStor, FEFS, FSX for Lustre</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Introduced</th><td class="infobox-data">December, 2003 with Linux</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Structures</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Directory contents</th><td class="infobox-data">Hash, Interleaved Hash with DNE in 2.7+</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">File type</th><td class="infobox-data">file, directory, hardlink, symlink, block special, character special, socket, FIFO</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Bootable</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Limits</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Min volume size</th><td class="infobox-data">32 MB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max volume size</th><td class="infobox-data">700 PB (production),<sup id="cite_ref-ornl_frontier_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ornl_frontier-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over 16 EB (theoretical)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max file size</th><td class="infobox-data">32 PB (ext4), 16 EB (ZFS)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">File size granularity</th><td class="infobox-data">4 KB</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max <abbr title="number">no.</abbr> of files</th><td class="infobox-data">Per Metadata Target (MDT): 4 billion files (ldiskfs backend), 256 trillion files (ZFS backend),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> up to 128 MDTs per filesystem</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max filename length</th><td class="infobox-data">255 bytes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max dirname length</th><td class="infobox-data">255 bytes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Max directory depth</th><td class="infobox-data">4096 bytes</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Allowed filename<br />characters</th><td class="infobox-data">All bytes except NUL ('\0') and '/' and the special file names "." and ".."</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Features</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Dates recorded</th><td class="infobox-data">modification (mtime), attribute modification (ctime), access (atime), delete (dtime), create (crtime)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date range</th><td class="infobox-data">2^34 bits (ext4), 2^64 bits (ZFS)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Date resolution</th><td class="infobox-data">1 s</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Forks</a></th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Attributes</th><td class="infobox-data">32bitapi, acl, checksum, flock, lazystatfs, localflock, lruresize, noacl, nochecksum, noflock, nolazystatfs, nolruresize, nouser_fid2path, nouser_xattr, user_fid2path, user_xattr</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/File_system_permissions" class="mw-redirect" title="File system permissions">File system<br />permissions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Access_Control_List" class="mw-redirect" title="Access Control List">POSIX.1e ACL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Security_Enhanced_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Security Enhanced Linux">SELinux</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Transparent<br />compression</th><td class="infobox-data">Yes (ZFS only)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Transparent<br />encryption</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes (network, storage with ZFS 0.8+, fscrypt with Lustre 2.14.0+)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes (ZFS only)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Yes (ZFS only)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Supported<br /><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lustre</b> is a type of parallel <a href="/wiki/Distributed_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed file system">distributed file system</a>, generally used for large-scale <a href="/wiki/Cluster_computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster computing">cluster computing</a>. The name Lustre is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau word">portmanteau word</a> derived from <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_cluster" title="Computer cluster">cluster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lustre file system software is available under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (version 2 only) and provides high performance file systems for computer clusters ranging in size from small <a href="/wiki/Workgroup_(computer_networking)" title="Workgroup (computer networking)">workgroup</a> clusters to large-scale, multi-site systems. Since June 2005, Lustre has consistently been used by at least half of the top ten, and more than 60 of the top 100 fastest <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a> in the world,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the world's No. 1 ranked <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> supercomputer in November 2022, <a href="/wiki/Frontier_(supercomputer)" title="Frontier (supercomputer)">Frontier</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ornl_frontier_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ornl_frontier-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as previous top supercomputers such as <a href="/wiki/Fugaku_(supercomputer)" title="Fugaku (supercomputer)">Fugaku</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Titan_(supercomputer)" title="Titan (supercomputer)">Titan</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/IBM_Sequoia" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Sequoia">Sequoia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LUG11_ZFS_on_Linux_for_Lustre_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LUG11_ZFS_on_Linux_for_Lustre-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lustre file systems are scalable and can be part of multiple computer clusters with tens of thousands of <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">client</a> nodes, hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Petabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Petabyte">petabytes</a> (PB) of storage on hundreds of servers, and tens of <a href="/wiki/Terabyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Terabyte">terabytes</a> per second (TB/s) of aggregate <a href="/wiki/I/O" class="mw-redirect" title="I/O">I/O</a> <a href="/wiki/Throughput" class="mw-redirect" title="Throughput">throughput</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This makes Lustre file systems a popular choice for businesses with large data centers, including those in industries such as <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Simulation" title="Simulation">simulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> oil and gas,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Life_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Life science">life science</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rich_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich media">rich media</a>, and finance.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The I/O performance of Lustre has widespread impact on these applications and has attracted broad attention.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lustre file system architecture was started as a research project in 1999 by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Braam" title="Peter Braam">Peter J. Braam</a>, who was a staff of <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a> (CMU) at the time. Braam went on to found his own company Cluster File Systems in 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> starting from work on the <a href="/wiki/InterMezzo_(file_system)" title="InterMezzo (file system)">InterMezzo file system</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Coda_(file_system)" title="Coda (file system)">Coda project</a> at CMU.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lustre was developed under the <a href="/wiki/Accelerated_Strategic_Computing_Initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative">Accelerated Strategic Computing Initiative</a> Path Forward project funded by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2007, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> acquired the assets of Cluster File Systems Inc. including its "intellectual property".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun included Lustre with its <a href="/wiki/High-performance_computing" title="High-performance computing">high-performance computing</a> hardware offerings, with the intent to bring Lustre technologies to Sun's <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a>. In November 2008, Braam left Sun Microsystems, and Eric Barton and Andreas Dilger took control of the project. In 2010 <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>, by way of its acquisition of Sun, began to manage and release Lustre. </p><p>In December 2010, Oracle announced that they would cease Lustre 2.x development and place Lustre 1.8 into maintenance-only support, creating uncertainty around the future development of the file system.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this announcement, several new organizations sprang up to provide support and development in an open community development model, including Whamcloud,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OpenSFS" title="OpenSFS">Open Scalable File Systems, Inc. (OpenSFS)</a>, EUROPEAN Open File Systems (EOFS) and others. By the end of 2010, most Lustre developers had left Oracle. Braam and several associates joined the hardware-oriented <a href="/wiki/Xyratex" class="mw-redirect" title="Xyratex">Xyratex</a> when it acquired the assets of ClusterStor,<sup id="cite_ref-Xyr_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xyr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Barton, Dilger, and others formed software startup Whamcloud, where they continued to work on Lustre.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2011, <a href="/wiki/OpenSFS" title="OpenSFS">OpenSFS</a> awarded a contract for Lustre feature development to Whamcloud.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This contract covered the completion of features, including improved Single Server Metadata Performance scaling, which allows Lustre to better take advantage of many-core metadata server; online Lustre distributed filesystem checking (LFSCK), which allows verification of the distributed filesystem state between data and metadata servers while the filesystem is mounted and in use; and Distributed Namespace Environment (DNE), formerly Clustered Metadata (CMD), which allows the Lustre metadata to be distributed across multiple servers. Development also continued on ZFS-based back-end <a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">object storage</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LUG11_ZFS_on_Linux_for_Lustre_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LUG11_ZFS_on_Linux_for_Lustre-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These features were in the Lustre 2.2 through 2.4 community release roadmap.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2011, a separate contract was awarded to Whamcloud for the maintenance of the Lustre 2.x source code to ensure that the Lustre code would receive sufficient testing and bug fixing while new features were being developed.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 2012 Whamcloud was acquired by <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after Whamcloud won the FastForward DOE contract to prepare Lustre for use with <a href="/wiki/Exascale_computing" title="Exascale computing">exascale computing</a> systems in the 2018 timeframe.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OpenSFS" title="OpenSFS">OpenSFS</a> then transitioned contracts for Lustre development to Intel. </p><p>In February 2013, Xyratex Ltd., announced it acquired the original Lustre trademark, logo, website and associated <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> from Oracle.<sup id="cite_ref-Xyr_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Xyr-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2013, Intel began expanding Lustre usage beyond traditional HPC, such as within <a href="/wiki/Hadoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadoop">Hadoop</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For 2013 as a whole, <a href="/wiki/OpenSFS" title="OpenSFS">OpenSFS</a> announced request for proposals (RFP) to cover Lustre feature development, <a href="/wiki/Parallel_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallel file system">parallel file system</a> tools, addressing Lustre technical debt, and parallel file system incubators.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OpenSFS" title="OpenSFS">OpenSFS</a> also established the Lustre Community Portal, a technical site that provides a collection of information and documentation in one area for reference and guidance to support the Lustre <a href="/wiki/Open_source" title="Open source">open source</a> community. On April 8, 2014, Ken Claffey announced that Xyratex/Seagate was donating the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lustre.org">lustre.org</a> domain back to the user community,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this was completed in March, 2015. </p><p>In June 2018, the Lustre team and assets were acquired from Intel by <a href="/wiki/DataDirect_Networks" title="DataDirect Networks">DDN</a>. DDN organized the new acquisition as an independent division, reviving the Whamcloud name for the new division.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 2019, <a href="/wiki/OpenSFS" title="OpenSFS">OpenSFS</a> and EOFS announced at the <a href="/wiki/ACM/IEEE_Supercomputing_Conference" title="ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference">SC19</a> Lustre BOF that the Lustre trademark had been transferred to them jointly from <a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Release_history">Release history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Release history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lustre file system was first installed for production use in March 2003 on the MCR Linux Cluster at the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the third-largest supercomputer in the Top500 list at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lustre 1.0.0 was released in December 2003,<sup id="cite_ref-1.0rls_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1.0rls-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and provided basic Lustre filesystem functionality, including server failover and recovery. </p><p>Lustre 1.2.0, released in March 2004, worked on <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> 2.6, and had a "size glimpse" feature to avoid lock revocation on files undergoing write, and client side data write-back cache accounting (grant). </p><p>Lustre 1.4.0, released in November 2004, provided protocol compatibility between versions, could use <a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a> networks, and could exploit extents/mballoc in the <a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ldiskfs</a> on-disk filesystem. </p><p>Lustre 1.6.0, released in April 2007, allowed mount configuration (“mountconf”) allowing servers to be configured with "mkfs" and "mount", allowed dynamic addition of <i>object storage targets</i> (OSTs), enabled Lustre distributed lock manager (LDLM) scalability on <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric multiprocessing</a> (SMP) servers, and provided free space management for object allocations. </p><p>Lustre 1.8.0, released in May 2009, provided OSS Read Cache, improved recovery in the face of multiple failures, added basic heterogeneous storage management via OST Pools, adaptive network timeouts, and version-based recovery. It was a transition release, being interoperable with both Lustre 1.6 and Lustre 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lustre 2.0, released in August 2010, was based on significant internally restructured code to prepare for major architectural advancements. Lustre 2.x <i>clients</i> cannot interoperate with 1.8 or earlier <i>servers</i>. However, Lustre 1.8.6 and later clients can interoperate with Lustre 2.0 and later servers. The Metadata Target (MDT) and OST on-disk format from 1.8 can be upgraded to 2.0 and later without the need to reformat the filesystem. </p><p>Lustre 2.1, released in September 2011, was a community-wide initiative in response to Oracle suspending development on Lustre 2.x releases.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It added the ability to run servers on <a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Linux" title="Red Hat Linux">Red Hat Linux</a> 6 and increased the maximum ext4-based OST size from 24 TB to 128 TB,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as a number of performance and stability improvements. Lustre 2.1 servers remained inter-operable with 1.8.6 and later clients. </p><p>Lustre 2.2, released in March 2012, focused on providing metadata performance improvements and new features.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It added parallel directory operations allowing multiple clients to traverse and modify a single large directory concurrently, faster recovery from server failures, increased stripe counts for a single file (across up to 2000 OSTs), and improved single-client directory traversal performance. </p><p>Lustre 2.3, released in October 2012, continued to improve the metadata server code to remove internal locking bottlenecks on nodes with many CPU cores (over 16). The object store added a preliminary ability to use <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> as the backing file system. The Lustre File System ChecK (LFSCK) feature can verify and repair the MDS Object Index (OI) while the file system is in use, after a file-level backup/restore or in case of MDS corruption. The server-side IO statistics were enhanced to allow integration with batch job schedulers such as <a href="/wiki/SLURM" class="mw-redirect" title="SLURM">SLURM</a> to track per-job statistics. Client-side software was updated to work with Linux kernels up to version 3.0. </p><p>Lustre 2.4, released in May 2013, added a considerable number of major features, many funded directly through <a href="/wiki/OpenSFS" title="OpenSFS">OpenSFS</a>. Distributed Namespace Environment (DNE) allows horizontal metadata capacity and performance scaling for 2.4 clients, by allowing subdirectory trees of a single namespace to be located on separate MDTs. <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> can now be used as the backing filesystem for both MDT and OST storage. The LFSCK feature added the ability to scan and verify the internal consistency of the MDT FID and LinkEA attributes. The Network Request Scheduler<sup id="cite_ref-nrs1_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrs1-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-nrs2_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrs2-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (NRS) adds policies to optimize client request processing for disk ordering or fairness. Clients can optionally send bulk RPCs up to 4 MB in size. Client-side software was updated to work with Linux kernels up to version 3.6, and is still interoperable with 1.8 clients. </p><p>Lustre 2.5, released in October 2013, added the highly anticipated feature, <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_Storage_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Hierarchical Storage Management">Hierarchical Storage Management</a> (HSM). A core requirement in enterprise environments, HSM allows customers to easily implement tiered storage solutions in their operational environment. This release is the current OpenSFS-designated Maintenance Release branch of Lustre.<sup id="cite_ref-2.5rls_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.5rls-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most recent maintenance version is 2.5.3 and was released in September 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-2.5.3rls_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.5.3rls-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lustre 2.6, released in July 2014,<sup id="cite_ref-2.6rls_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.6rls-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a more modest release feature wise, adding LFSCK functionality to do local consistency checks on the OST as well as consistency checks between MDT and OST objects. The NRS Token Bucket Filter<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (TBF) policy was added. Single-client IO performance was improved over the previous releases.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This release also added a preview of DNE striped directories, allowing single large directories to be stored on multiple MDTs to improve performance and scalability. </p><p>Lustre 2.7, released in March 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-2.7rls_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.7rls-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> added LFSCK functionality to verify DNE consistency of remote and striped directories between multiple MDTs. Dynamic LNet Config adds the ability to configure and modify LNet network interfaces, routes, and routers at runtime. A new evaluation feature was added for <a href="/wiki/User_identifier" title="User identifier">UID</a>/<a href="/wiki/Group_identifier" title="Group identifier">GID</a> mapping for clients with different administrative domains, along with improvements to the DNE striped directory functionality. </p><p>Lustre 2.8, released in March 2016,<sup id="cite_ref-2.8rls_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.8rls-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> finished the DNE striped directory feature, including support for migrating directories between MDTs, and cross-MDT <a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">hard link</a> and rename. As well, it included improved support for <a href="/wiki/Security-Enhanced_Linux" title="Security-Enhanced Linux">Security-Enhanced Linux</a> (<a href="/wiki/SELinux" class="mw-redirect" title="SELinux">SELinux</a>) on the client, <a href="/wiki/Kerberos_(protocol)" title="Kerberos (protocol)">Kerberos</a> authentication and RPC encryption over the network, and performance improvements for LFSCK. </p><p>Lustre 2.9 was released in December 2016<sup id="cite_ref-2.9rls_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.9rls-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and included a number of features related to security and performance. The Shared Secret Key security flavour uses the same <a href="/wiki/GSSAPI" class="mw-redirect" title="GSSAPI">GSSAPI</a> mechanism as Kerberos to provide client and server node authentication, and RPC message integrity and security (encryption). The Nodemap feature allows categorizing client nodes into groups and then mapping the UID/GID for those clients, allowing remotely administered clients to transparently use a shared filesystem without having a single set of UID/GIDs for all client nodes. The subdirectory mount feature allows clients to mount a subset of the filesystem namespace from the MDS. This release also added support for up to 16 MiB RPCs for more efficient I/O submission to disk, and added the <code>ladvise</code> interface to allow clients to provide I/O hints to the servers to prefetch file data into server cache or flush file data from server cache. There was improved support for specifying filesystem-wide default OST pools, and improved inheritance of OST pools in conjunction with other file layout parameters. </p><p>Lustre 2.10 was released in July 2017<sup id="cite_ref-2.10rls_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.10rls-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has a number of significant improvements. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.lustre.org/Multi-Rail_LNet">LNet Multi-Rail</a> (LMR) feature allows bonding multiple network interfaces (<a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omni-Path" title="Omni-Path">Omni-Path</a>, and/or <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>) on a client and server to increase aggregate I/O bandwidth. Individual files can use composite file layouts that are constructed of multiple components, which are file regions based on the file offset, that allow different layout parameters such as stripe count, OST pool/storage type, etc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.lustre.org/Progressive_File_Layouts">Progressive File Layout</a> (PFL) is the first feature to use composite layouts, but the implementation is flexible for use with other file layouts such as mirroring and erasure coding. The NRS Token Bucket Filter (TBF) server-side scheduler has implemented new rule types, including RPC-type scheduling and the ability to specify multiple parameters such as JobID and NID for rule matching. Tools for managing ZFS snapshots of Lustre filesystems have been added, to simplify the creation, mounting, and management of MDT and OST ZFS snapshots as separate Lustre <a href="/wiki/Mount_(computing)#MOUNT-POINT" title="Mount (computing)">mountpoints</a>. </p><p>Lustre 2.11 was released in April 2018<sup id="cite_ref-2.11rls_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.11rls-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and contains two significant new features, and several smaller features. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.lustre.org/File_Level_Redundancy_Solution_Architecture">File Level Redundancy</a> (FLR) feature expands on the 2.10 PFL implementation, adding the ability to specify <a href="/wiki/Disk_mirroring" title="Disk mirroring">mirrored</a> file layouts for improved availability in case of storage or server failure and/or improved performance with highly concurrent reads. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wiki.lustre.org/Data_on_MDT_Solution_Architecture">Data-on-MDT</a> (DoM) feature allows small (few MiB) files to be stored on the MDT to leverage typical flash-based <a href="/wiki/Nested_RAID_levels#RAID_10_(RAID_1+0)" title="Nested RAID levels">RAID-10</a> storage for lower latency and reduced IO contention, instead of the typical <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a> <a href="/wiki/RAID-6" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID-6">RAID-6</a> storage used on OSTs. As well, the LNet Dynamic Discovery feature allows auto-configuration of LNet Multi-Rail between peers that share an LNet network. The LDLM Lock Ahead feature allows appropriately modified applications and libraries to pre-fetch DLM extent locks from the OSTs for files, if the application knows (or predicts) that this file extent will be modified in the near future, which can reduce <a href="/wiki/Lock_contention" class="mw-redirect" title="Lock contention">lock contention</a> for multiple clients writing to the same file. </p><p>Lustre 2.12 was released on December 21, 2018<sup id="cite_ref-2.12rls_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.12rls-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and focused on improving Lustre usability and stability, with improvements the performance and functionality of the FLR and DoM features added in Lustre 2.11, as well as smaller changes to NRS <a href="/wiki/Token_Bucket_Filter" class="mw-redirect" title="Token Bucket Filter">TBF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_storage_management" title="Hierarchical storage management">HSM</a>, and JobStats. It added <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.whamcloud.com/display/LNet/LNet+Health">LNet Network Health</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212070610/https://wiki.whamcloud.com/display/LNet/LNet+Health">Archived</a> 2019-02-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> to allow the LNet Multi-Rail feature from Lustre 2.10 to better handle network faults when a node has multiple network interfaces. The Lazy Size on MDT<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (LSOM) feature allows storing an estimate of the file size on the MDT for use by policy engines, filesystem scanners, and other management tools that can more efficiently make decisions about files without a fully accurate file sizes or blocks count without having to query the OSTs for this information. This release also added the ability to manually <i>restripe</i> an existing directory across multiple MDTs, to allow migration of directories with large numbers of files to use the capacity and performance of several MDS nodes. The Lustre RPC data checksum added <a href="/wiki/Data_Integrity_Field" title="Data Integrity Field">SCSI T10-PI</a> integrated data checksums<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> from the client to the kernel block layer, SCSI <a href="/wiki/Host_adapter" title="Host adapter">host adapter</a>, and T10-enabled <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard drives</a>. </p><p>Lustre 2.13 was released on December 5, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-2.13rls_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.13rls-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and added a new performance-related features Persistent Client Cache<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (PCC), which allows direct use of <a href="/wiki/NVMe" class="mw-redirect" title="NVMe">NVMe</a> and <a href="/wiki/NVRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="NVRAM">NVRAM</a> storage on the client nodes while keeping the files part of the global filesystem namespace, and OST Overstriping<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which allows files to store multiple stripes on a single OST to better utilize fast OSS hardware. As well, the LNet Multi-Rail Network Health functionality was improved to work with LNet RDMA router nodes. The PFL functionality was enhanced with Self-Extending Layouts<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (SEL) to allow file components to be dynamically sized, to better deal with flash OSTs that may be much smaller than disk OSTs within the same filesystem. The release also included a number of smaller improvements, such as balancing DNE remote directory creation across MDTs, using Lazy-size-on-MDT to reduce the overhead of "lfs find", directories with 10M files per shard for ldiskfs, and bulk RPC sizes up to 64 MB.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lustre 2.14 was released on February 19, 2021<sup id="cite_ref-2.14rls_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.14rls-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and includes three main features. Client Data Encryption implements fscrypt to allow file data to be encrypted on the client before network transfer and persistent storage on the OST and MDT. OST Pool Quotas extends the quota framework to allow the assignment and enforcement of quotas on the basis of OST storage pools. DNE Auto Restriping can now adjust how many MDTs a large directory is striped over based on size thresholds defined by the administrator, similar to Progressive File Layouts for directories. </p><p>Lustre 2.15 was released on June 16, 2022<sup id="cite_ref-2.15rls_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.15rls-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and includes three main features. Client Directory Encryption<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> expands on the fscrypt data encryption in the 2.14 release to also allow file and directory names to be encrypted on the client before network transfer and persistent storage on the MDT. DNE MDT space balancing automatically balances new directory creation across MDTs in the filesystem in round-robin and/or based on available inodes and space, which in turn helps distribute client metadata workload over MDTs more evenly. For applications using the <a href="/wiki/NVIDIA" class="mw-redirect" title="NVIDIA">NVIDIA</a> GPU Direct Storage interface (GDS), the Lustre client can do zero-copy <a href="/wiki/Remote_Direct_Memory_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Direct Memory Access">RDMA</a> read and write from the storage server directly into the <a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a> memory to avoid an extra data copy from <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> memory and extra processing overhead.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.whamcloud.com/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=125999543">User Defined Selection Policy</a> (UDSP) allows setting interface selection policies for nodes with multiple network interfaces. </p><p>Lustre 2.16 was released on November 8, 2024<sup id="cite_ref-2.16rls_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2.16rls-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and includes three main features. Large network addressing support<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows for <a href="/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a> and potentially other large address formats like <a href="/wiki/Infiniband" class="mw-redirect" title="Infiniband">Infiniband</a> GUIDs beyond to be used for client and server node addressing, in addition to the standard <a href="/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a> addresses. The Unaligned and Hybrid Direct IO feature improves performance for applications doing large buffered and direct read/write operations by avoiding overhead in the client page cache.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Optimized Directory Traversal (batched statahead) feature improves application workloads that traverse directory hierarchies and access file attributes in a systematic access pattern by prefetching file attributes in parallel from the MDS(es) using bulk RPCs.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A Lustre file system has three major functional units: </p> <ul><li>One or more <i>metadata servers (MDS)</i> nodes that have one or more <i><a href="/wiki/Metadata" title="Metadata">metadata</a> target (MDT)</i> devices per Lustre filesystem that stores namespace metadata, such as filenames, directories, access permissions, and file layout. The MDT data is stored in a local disk filesystem. However, unlike block-based distributed filesystems, such as <a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panasas#PanFS" title="Panasas">PanFS</a>, where the metadata server controls all of the block allocation, the Lustre metadata server is only involved in pathname and permission checks, and is not involved in any file I/O operations, avoiding I/O scalability bottlenecks on the metadata server. The ability to have multiple MDTs in a single filesystem is a new feature in Lustre 2.4, and allows directory subtrees to reside on the secondary MDTs, while 2.7 and later allow large single directories to be distributed across multiple MDTs as well.</li> <li>One or more <i>object storage server (OSS)</i> nodes that store file data on one or more <i>object storage target (OST)</i> devices. Depending on the server's hardware, an OSS typically serves between two and eight OSTs, with each OST managing a single local disk filesystem. The capacity of a Lustre file system is the sum of the capacities provided by the OSTs.</li> <li><i>Client(s)</i> that access and use the data. Lustre presents all clients with a unified namespace for all of the files and data in the filesystem, using standard <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> semantics, and allows concurrent and coherent read and write access to the files in the filesystem.</li></ul> <p>The MDT, OST, and client may be on the same node (usually for testing purposes), but in typical production installations these devices are on separate nodes communicating over a network. Each MDT and OST may be part of only a single filesystem, though it is possible to have multiple MDTs or OSTs on a single node that are part of different filesystems. The <i>Lustre Network (LNet)</i> layer can use several types of network interconnects, including native <a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a> verbs, <a href="/wiki/Omni-Path" title="Omni-Path">Omni-Path</a>, <a href="/wiki/RDMA_over_Converged_Ethernet" title="RDMA over Converged Ethernet">RoCE</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IWARP" title="IWARP">iWARP</a> via <a href="/wiki/OpenFabrics_Alliance#OpenFabrics_Enterprise_Distribution" title="OpenFabrics Alliance">OFED</a>, <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, and other proprietary network technologies such as the <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a> Gemini interconnect. In Lustre 2.3 and earlier, <a href="/wiki/Myrinet" title="Myrinet">Myrinet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quadrics_(company)" title="Quadrics (company)">Quadrics</a>, Cray SeaStar and RapidArray networks were also supported, but these network drivers were deprecated when these networks were no longer commercially available, and support was removed completely in Lustre 2.8. Lustre will take advantage of remote direct memory access (<a href="/wiki/Remote_direct_memory_access" title="Remote direct memory access">RDMA</a>) transfers, when available, to improve throughput and reduce CPU usage. </p><p>The storage used for the MDT and OST backing filesystems is normally provided by hardware <a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a> devices, though will work with any block devices. Since Lustre 2.4, the MDT and OST can also use <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> for the backing filesystem in addition to <a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a>, allowing them to effectively use <a href="/wiki/JBOD" class="mw-redirect" title="JBOD">JBOD</a> storage instead of hardware RAID devices. The Lustre OSS and MDS servers read, write, and modify data in the format imposed by the backing filesystem and return this data to the clients. This allows Lustre to take advantage of improvements and features in the underlying filesystem, such as compression and data checksums in ZFS. Clients do not have any direct access to the underlying storage, which ensures that a malfunctioning or malicious client cannot corrupt the filesystem structure. </p><p>An OST is a dedicated filesystem that exports an interface to byte ranges of file objects for read/write operations, with <a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">extent</a> locks to protect data consistency. An MDT is a dedicated filesystem that stores inodes, directories, <a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">POSIX</a> and <a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">extended file attributes</a>, controls file access permissions/<a href="/wiki/Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">ACLs</a>, and tells clients the layout of the object(s) that make up each regular file. MDTs and OSTs currently use either an enhanced version of <a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a> called <i>ldiskfs</i>, or <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a>/DMU for back-end data storage to store files/objects<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the open source ZFS-on-Linux port.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The client mounts the Lustre filesystem locally with a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual File System">VFS</a> driver for the <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> kernel that connects the client to the server(s). Upon initial mount, the client is provided a File Identifier (FID) for the <a href="/wiki/Root_directory" title="Root directory">root directory</a> of the mountpoint. When the client accesses a file, it <a href="#Metadata_objects_and_DNE_remote_or_striped_directories">performs a filename lookup on the MDS</a>. When the MDS filename lookup is complete and the user and client have permission to access and/or create the file, either the layout of an existing file is returned to the client or a new file is created on behalf of the client, if requested. For read or write operations, the client then interprets the file layout in the <i>logical object volume (LOV)</i> layer, which <a href="#Data_objects_and_file_striping_layout">maps the file logical offset and size to one or more objects</a>. The client then <a href="#Locking">locks the file range</a> being operated on and executes one or more parallel read or write operations directly to the OSS nodes that hold the data objects. With this approach, bottlenecks for client-to-OSS communications are eliminated, so the total bandwidth available for the clients to read and write data scales almost linearly with the number of OSTs in the filesystem. </p><p>After the initial lookup of the file layout, the MDS is not normally involved in file IO operations since all block allocation and data IO is managed internally by the OST. Clients do not directly modify the objects or data on the OST filesystems, but instead delegate this task to OSS nodes. This approach ensures scalability for large-scale clusters and supercomputers, as well as improved security and reliability. In contrast, shared block-based filesystems such as <a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a> and <a href="/wiki/OCFS" class="mw-redirect" title="OCFS">OCFS</a> allow direct access to the underlying storage by all of the clients in the filesystem, which requires a large back-end <a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">SAN</a> attached to all clients, and increases the risk of filesystem corruption from misbehaving/defective clients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implementation">Implementation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Implementation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a typical Lustre installation on a Linux client, a Lustre filesystem driver module is loaded into the kernel and the filesystem is mounted like any other local or network filesystem. Client applications see a single, unified filesystem even though it may be composed of tens to thousands of individual servers and MDT/OST filesystems. </p><p>On some <a href="/wiki/Massively_parallel_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Massively parallel processing">massively parallel processor</a> (MPP) installations, computational processors can access a Lustre file system by redirecting their I/O requests to a dedicated I/O node configured as a Lustre client. This approach is used in the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a> installation<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a>. </p><p>Another approach used in the early years of Lustre is the <i>liblustre</i> <a href="/wiki/Software_library" class="mw-redirect" title="Software library">library</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Cray_XT3" title="Cray XT3">Cray XT3</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Catamount_(operating_system)" title="Catamount (operating system)">Catamount operating system</a> on systems such as <a href="/wiki/Red_Storm_(computing)" title="Red Storm (computing)">Sandia Red Storm</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which provided <a href="/wiki/Userspace" class="mw-redirect" title="Userspace">userspace</a> applications with direct filesystem access. Liblustre was a user-level library that allows computational processors to mount and use the Lustre file system as a client. Using liblustre, the computational processors could access a Lustre file system even if the service node on which the job was launched is not a Linux client. Liblustre allowed data movement directly between application space and the Lustre OSSs without requiring an intervening data copy through the kernel, thus providing access from computational processors to the Lustre file system directly in a constrained operating environment. The liblustre functionality was deleted from Lustre 2.7.0 after having been disabled since Lustre 2.6.0, and was untested since Lustre 2.3.0. </p><p>In Linux Kernel version 4.18, the incomplete port of the Lustre client was removed from the kernel staging area in order to speed up development and porting to newer kernels.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The out-of-tree Lustre client and server is still available for RHEL, SLES, and <a href="/wiki/Ubuntu" title="Ubuntu">Ubuntu</a> distro kernels, as well as vanilla kernels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_objects_and_file_striping">Data objects and file striping</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Data objects and file striping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a traditional <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> disk file system, an <a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">inode</a> data structure contains basic information about each file, such as where the data contained in the file is stored. The Lustre file system also uses inodes, but inodes on MDTs point to one or more OST objects associated with the file rather than to data blocks. These objects are implemented as files on the OSTs. When a client opens a file, the file open operation transfers a set of object identifiers and their layout from the MDS to the client, so that the client can directly interact with the OSS node(s) that hold the object(s). This allows the client(s) to perform I/O in parallel across all of the OST objects in the file without further communication with the MDS, avoiding contention from centralized block and lock management. </p><p>If only one OST object is associated with an MDT inode, that object contains all the data in the Lustre file. When more than one object is associated with a file, data in the file is "striped" in chunks in a <a href="/wiki/Round-robin_scheduling" title="Round-robin scheduling">round-robin</a> manner across the OST objects similar to <a href="/wiki/RAID_0" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID 0">RAID 0</a> in chunks typically 1 MB or larger. Striping a file over multiple OST objects provides significant performance benefits if there is a need for high bandwidth access to a single large file. When striping is used, the maximum file size is not limited by the size of a single target. Capacity and aggregate I/O bandwidth scale with the number of OSTs a file is striped over. Also, since the locking of each object is managed independently for each OST, adding more stripes (one per OST) scales the file I/O locking capacity of the file proportionately. Each file created in the filesystem may specify different layout parameters, such as the stripe count (number of OST objects making up that file), stripe size (unit of data stored on each OST before moving to the next), and OST selection, so that performance and capacity can be tuned optimally for each file. When many application threads are reading or writing to separate files in parallel, it is optimal to have a single stripe per file, since the application is providing its own parallelism. When there are many threads reading or writing a single large file concurrently, then it is optimal to have at least one stripe on each OST to maximize the performance and capacity of that file. </p><p>In the Lustre 2.10 release, the ability to specify <i>composite layouts</i> was added to allow files to have different layout parameters for different regions of the file. The <b>Progressive File Layout</b> (PFL) feature uses composite layouts to improve file IO performance over a wider range of workloads, as well as simplify usage and administration. For example, a small PFL file can have a single stripe on flash for low access overhead, while larger files can have many stripes for high aggregate bandwidth and better OST load balancing. The composite layouts are further enhanced in the 2.11 release with the <b>File Level Redundancy</b> (FLR) feature, which allows a file to have multiple overlapping layouts for a file, providing <a href="/wiki/RAID_01" class="mw-redirect" title="RAID 01">RAID 0+1</a> redundancy for these files as well as improved read performance. The Lustre 2.11 release also added the <b>Data-on-Metadata</b> (DoM) feature, which allows the <i>first</i> component of a PFL file to be stored directly on the MDT with the inode. This reduces overhead for accessing small files, both in terms of space usage (no OST object is needed) as well as network usage (fewer RPCs needed to access the data). DoM also improves performance for small files if the MDT is <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a>-based, while the OSTs are disk-based. In Lustre 2.13 the <b>OST Overstriping</b> feature allows a single component to have multiple stripes on one OST to further improve parallelism of locking, while the <b>Self-Extending Layout</b> feature allows the component size to be dynamic during write so that it can cope with individual (flash) OSTs running out of space before the whole filesystem is out of space. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Metadata_objects_and_DNE_remote_or_striped_directories">Metadata objects and DNE remote or striped directories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Metadata objects and DNE remote or striped directories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When a client initially mounts a filesystem, it is provided the 128-bit Lustre File Identifier (FID, composed of the 64-bit Sequence number, 32-bit Object ID, and 32-bit Version) of the root directory for the mountpoint. When doing a filename lookup, the client performs a lookup of each pathname component by mapping the parent directory FID Sequence number to a specific MDT via the FID Location Database (FLDB), and then does a lookup on the MDS managing this MDT using the parent FID and filename. The MDS will return the FID for the requested pathname component along with a <a href="#Locking">DLM</a> lock. Once the MDT of the last directory in the path is determined, further directory operations (for non-striped directories) will normally take place on that MDT, avoiding contention between MDTs. </p><p>For DNE striped directories, the per-directory layout stored on the parent directory provides a hash function and a list of MDT directory FIDs across which the directory is distributed. The <i>Logical Metadata Volume</i> (LMV) on the client hashes the filename and maps it to a specific MDT directory <a href="/wiki/Shard_(database_architecture)" title="Shard (database architecture)">shard</a>, which will handle further operations on that file in an identical manner to a non-striped directory. For <b>readdir()</b> operations, the entries from each directory shard are returned to the client sorted in the local MDT directory hash order, and the client performs a merge sort to interleave the filenames in hash order so that a single 64-bit cookie can be used to determine the current offset within the directory. </p><p>In Lustre 2.15, the client LMV implements round-robin and space balanced default directory layouts, so that clients can use a large number of MDTs in a single filesystem more effectively. When a new subdirectories is created near the root of the filesystem (the top 3 directory levels by default), it will automatically be created as a remote directory one of the available MDTs (selected in sequential order) to balance space usage and load across servers. If the free space on the MDTs becomes imbalanced (more than 5% difference in free space and inodes) then the clients will bias new subdirectory creation toward MDTs with more free space in order to restore balance.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Locking">Locking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Locking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lustre <a href="/wiki/Distributed_lock_manager" title="Distributed lock manager">distributed lock manager</a> (LDLM), implemented in the <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">OpenVMS</a> style, protects the integrity of each file's data and metadata. Access and modification of a Lustre file is completely <a href="/wiki/Cache_coherence" title="Cache coherence">cache coherent</a> among all of the clients. Metadata locks are managed by the MDT that stores the <a href="/wiki/Inode" title="Inode">inode</a> for the file, using FID as the resource name. The metadata locks are split into separate bits that protect the lookup of the file (file owner and group, permission and mode, and <a href="/wiki/Access_control_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Access control list">access control list</a> (ACL)), the state of the inode (directory size, directory contents, link count, timestamps), layout (file striping, since Lustre 2.4), and <a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">extended attributes</a> (xattrs, since Lustre 2.5). A client can fetch multiple metadata lock bits for a single inode with a single RPC request, but currently they are only ever granted a read lock for the inode. The MDS manages all modifications to the inode in order to avoid lock <a href="/wiki/Resource_contention" title="Resource contention">resource contention</a> and is currently the only node that gets write locks on inodes. </p><p>File data locks are managed by the OST on which each object of the file is striped, using byte-range <a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">extent</a> locks. Clients can be granted overlapping read extent locks for part or all of the file, allowing multiple concurrent readers of the same file, and/or non-overlapping write extent locks for independent regions of the file. This allows many Lustre clients to access a single file concurrently for both read and write, avoiding bottlenecks during file I/O. In practice, because Linux clients manage their data cache in units of <a href="/wiki/Page_(computer_memory)" title="Page (computer memory)">pages</a>, the clients will request locks that are always an integer multiple of the page size (4096 bytes on most clients). When a client is requesting an extent lock the OST may grant a lock for a larger extent than originally requested, in order to reduce the number of lock requests that the client makes. The actual size of the granted lock depends on several factors, including the number of currently granted locks on that object, whether there are conflicting write locks for the requested lock extent, and the number of pending lock requests on that object. The granted lock is never smaller than the originally requested extent. OST extent locks use the Lustre FID of the object as the resource name for the lock. Since the number of extent lock servers scales with the number of OSTs in the filesystem, this also scales the aggregate locking performance of the filesystem, and of a single file if it is striped over multiple OSTs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Networking">Networking</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Networking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The communication between the Lustre clients and servers is implemented using Lustre Networking (LNet), which was originally based on the <a href="/wiki/Sandia_National_Laboratories" title="Sandia National Laboratories">Sandia</a> <a href="/wiki/Portals_network_programming_application_programming_interface" title="Portals network programming application programming interface">Portals network programming application programming interface</a>. Disk storage is connected to the Lustre MDS and OSS server nodes using direct attached storage (<a href="/wiki/Serial_attached_SCSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial attached SCSI">SAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISCSI" title="ISCSI">iSCSI</a>) or traditional <a href="/wiki/Storage_area_network" title="Storage area network">storage area network</a> (SAN) technologies, which is independent of the client-to-server network. </p><p>LNet can use many commonly used network types, such as <a href="/wiki/InfiniBand" title="InfiniBand">InfiniBand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a> (commonly <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>) networks, and allows simultaneous availability across multiple network types with routing between them. <a href="/wiki/Remote_Direct_Memory_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Direct Memory Access">Remote Direct Memory Access</a> (RDMA) is used for data and metadata transfer between nodes when provided by the underlying networks, such as InfiniBand, <a href="/wiki/RDMA_over_Converged_Ethernet" title="RDMA over Converged Ethernet">RoCE</a>, <a href="/wiki/IWARP" title="IWARP">iWARP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omni-Path" title="Omni-Path">Omni-Path</a>, as well as proprietary high-speed networks such as <a href="/wiki/Cray" title="Cray">Cray</a> Aries and Gemini, and <a href="/wiki/Atos_Information_Technology_Incorporated" title="Atos Information Technology Incorporated">Atos</a> BXI. High availability and recovery features enable transparent recovery in conjunction with failover servers. </p><p>Since Lustre 2.10 the LNet <b>Multi-Rail</b> (MR) feature<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> allows <a href="/wiki/Link_aggregation" title="Link aggregation">link aggregation</a> of two or more network interfaces between a client and server to improve bandwidth. The LNet interface types do not need to be the same network type. In 2.12 Multi-Rail was enhanced to improve fault tolerance if multiple network interfaces are available between peers. </p><p>LNet provides end-to-end throughput over <a href="/wiki/Gigabit_Ethernet" title="Gigabit Ethernet">Gigabit Ethernet</a> networks in excess of 100 MB/s,<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throughput up to 11 GB/s using InfiniBand enhanced data rate (EDR) links, and throughput over 11 GB/s across <a href="/wiki/100_Gigabit_Ethernet" title="100 Gigabit Ethernet">100 Gigabit Ethernet</a> interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="High_availability">High availability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: High availability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lustre file system high availability features include a robust failover and recovery mechanism, making server failures and reboots transparent. Version interoperability between successive minor versions of the Lustre software enables a server to be upgraded by taking it offline (or failing it over to a standby server), performing the upgrade, and restarting it, while all active jobs continue to run, experiencing a delay while the backup server takes over the storage. </p><p>Lustre MDSes are configured as an active/passive pair exporting a single MDT, or one or more active/active MDS pairs with DNE exporting two or more separate MDTs, while OSSes are typically deployed in an active/active configuration exporting separate OSTs to provide redundancy without extra system overhead. In single-MDT filesystems, the standby MDS for one filesystem is the MGS and/or monitoring node, or the active MDS for another file system, so no nodes are idle in the cluster. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="HSM_(Hierarchical_Storage_Management)"><span id="HSM_.28Hierarchical_Storage_Management.29"></span>HSM (Hierarchical Storage Management)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: HSM (Hierarchical Storage Management)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lustre provides the capability to have multiple storage tiers within a single filesystem namespace. It allows traditional HSM functionality to copy (archive) files off the primary filesystem to a secondary archive storage tier. The archive tier is typically a tape-based system, that is often fronted by a disk cache. Once a file is archived, it can be released from the main filesystem, leaving only a stub that references the archive copy. If a released file is opened, the Coordinator blocks the open, sends a restore request to a copytool, and then completes the open once the copytool has completed restoring the file. </p><p>In addition to external storage tiering, it is possible to have multiple storage tiers within a single filesystem namespace. OSTs of different types (e.g. HDD and SSD) can be declared in named storage pools. The OST pools can be selected when specifying file layouts, and different pools can be used within a single PFL file layout. Files can be migrated between storage tiers either manually or under control of the Policy Engine. Since Lustre 2.11, it is also possible to mirror a file to different OST pools with a FLR file layout, for example to pre-stage files into flash for a computing job. </p><p>HSM includes some additional Lustre components to manage the interface between the primary filesystem and the archive: </p> <ul><li>Coordinator: receives archive and restore requests and dispatches them to agent nodes.</li> <li>Agent: runs a copytool to copy data from primary storage to the archive and vice versa.</li> <li>Copytool: handles data motion and metadata updates. There are different copytools to interface with different archive systems. A generic POSIX copytool is available for archives that provide a POSIX-like front-end interface. Copytools are also available for the <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_Storage_System" title="High Performance Storage System">High Performance Storage System</a><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (HPSS), <a href="/wiki/IBM_Tivoli_Storage_Manager" title="IBM Tivoli Storage Manager">Tivoli Storage Manager</a><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (TSM), <a href="/wiki/Amazon_S3" title="Amazon S3">Amazon S3</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Google_Drive" title="Google Drive">Google Drive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Policy Engine: watches filesystem Changelogs for new files to archive, applies policies to release files based on age or space usage, and communicates with MDT and Coordinator. The Policy Engine can also trigger actions like migration between, purge, and removal. The most commonly used policy engine is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/cea-hpc/robinhood/wiki">RobinHood</a>, but other policy engines can also be used.</li></ul> <p>HSM also defines new states for files including: <sup id="cite_ref-hsm-seminar_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hsm-seminar-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Exist: Some copy, possibly incomplete exists in a HSM.</li> <li>Archive: A full copy exists on the archive side of the HSM.</li> <li>Dirty: The primary copy of the file has been modified and differs from the archived copy.</li> <li>Released: A stub inode exists on an MDT, but the data objects have been removed and the only copy exists in the archive.</li> <li>Lost: the archive copy of the file has been lost and cannot be restored</li> <li>No Release: the file should not be released from the filesystem</li> <li>No Archive: the file should not be archived</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Deployments">Deployments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Deployments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lustre is used by many of the <a href="/wiki/TOP500" title="TOP500">TOP500</a> supercomputers and large multi-cluster sites. Six of the top 10 and more than 60 of the top 100 supercomputers use Lustre file systems. These include the 700PB 13 TB/s Orion filesystem for the <a href="/wiki/Frontier_(supercomputer)" title="Frontier (supercomputer)">Frontier supercomputer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oak_Ridge_National_Laboratory" title="Oak Ridge National Laboratory">Oak Ridge National Laboratory</a> (ORNL),<sup id="cite_ref-ornl_frontier_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ornl_frontier-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ornl_orion_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ornl_orion-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fugaku_(supercomputer)" title="Fugaku (supercomputer)">Fugaku</a> and <a href="/wiki/K_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="K Computer">K Computer</a><sup id="cite_ref-LUG11_ZFS_on_Linux_for_Lustre_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LUG11_ZFS_on_Linux_for_Lustre-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the <a href="/wiki/RIKEN" class="mw-redirect" title="RIKEN">RIKEN</a> Advanced Institute for Computational Science, <a href="/wiki/Tianhe-1A" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianhe-1A">Tianhe-1A</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Supercomputing_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="National Supercomputing Center">National Supercomputing Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tianjin,_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Tianjin, China">Tianjin, China</a>, <a href="/wiki/LUMI" title="LUMI">LUMI</a> at <a href="/wiki/CSC_%E2%80%93_IT_Center_for_Science" title="CSC – IT Center for Science">CSC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_(computer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaguar (computer)">Jaguar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Titan_(supercomputer)" title="Titan (supercomputer)">Titan</a> at ORNL, <a href="/wiki/Blue_Waters" title="Blue Waters">Blue Waters</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_at_Urbana-Champaign" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign">University of Illinois</a>, and <a href="/wiki/IBM_Sequoia" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Sequoia">Sequoia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Gene" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Gene">Blue Gene</a>/L at <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Livermore_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory">Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory</a> (LLNL). </p><p>There are also large Lustre filesystems at the <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Research_Scientific_Computing_Center" title="National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center">National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest_National_Laboratory" title="Pacific Northwest National Laboratory">Pacific Northwest National Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas_Advanced_Computing_Center" title="Texas Advanced Computing Center">Texas Advanced Computing Center</a>, Brazilian National Laboratory of Scientific Computing,<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a><sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in North America, in Asia at <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Institute_of_Technology" title="Tokyo Institute of Technology">Tokyo Institute of Technology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Europe at <a href="/wiki/Commissariat_%C3%A0_l%27%C3%A9nergie_atomique" class="mw-redirect" title="Commissariat à l'énergie atomique">CEA</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many others. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_technical_support">Commercial technical support</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Commercial technical support"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Commercial technical support for Lustre is often bundled along with the computing system or storage hardware sold by the vendor. Some vendors include <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> (as the HP StorageWorks Scalable File Share, circa 2004 through 2008),<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/ATOS" title="ATOS">ATOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vendors selling storage hardware with bundled Lustre support include <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_Data_Systems" title="Hitachi Data Systems">Hitachi Data Systems</a> (2012),<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/DataDirect_Networks" title="DataDirect Networks">DataDirect Networks</a> (DDN),<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aeoncomputing.com/lustre">Aeon Computing</a>, and others. It is also possible to get software-only support for Lustre file systems from some vendors, including Whamcloud.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Web_Services" title="Amazon Web Services">Amazon Web Services</a> offers Amazon FSx for Lustre,<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fully managed service, making it easy to launch and run high-performance file systems cost effectively in their cloud. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Azure" title="Microsoft Azure">Microsoft Azure</a> offers Azure Managed Lustre (AMLFS).<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azure Managed Lustre is a fully managed, pay-as-you-go file system for high-performance computing (HPC) and AI workloads in their cloud. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1.0rls-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1.0rls_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1.0rls_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px 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Blocks and Files.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nvidia+AI+supercomputer+shows+its+Lustre+in+Oracle+cloud&rft.pub=Blocks+and+Files&rft.date=2023-05-02&rft.au=Chris+Mellor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblocksandfiles.com%2F2023%2F05%2F02%2Fnvidia-dgx-cloud-oracle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALustre+%28file+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulie_Bernauer,_Prethvi_Kashinkunti,_NVIDIA2021" class="citation web cs1">Julie Bernauer, Prethvi Kashinkunti, NVIDIA (2021-05-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensfs.org/wp-content/uploads/Accelerating-AI-at-Scale_Julie_Prethvi_updated051421.pdf">"Accelerating AI at-scale with Selene DGXA100 SuperPOD and Lustre Parallel Filesystem Storage"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Exxon Mobil.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Long+distance+Lustre+Communication&rft.pub=Exxon+Mobil&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft.au=Raj+Gautam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.lustre.org%2Fimages%2Fd%2Fd0%2FLUG2019-Long_Distance_Lustre-Gautam.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALustre+%28file+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CHs1kzl3heA"><span class="plainlinks">Cambridge-1: A NVIDIA Success Story</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_Beal,_Pavlos_Antoniou,_Sanger_Institute2021" class="citation web cs1">James Beal, Pavlos Antoniou, Sanger Institute (2021-05-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.lustre.org/images/e/e4/LUG2021-Update_on_Secure_Lustre_Sanger-Beal-Antoniu.pdf">"Update on Secure Lustre"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=High+Throughput+Storage+Solutions+with+Lustre&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hds.com%2Fsolutions%2Findustries%2Foil-and-gas%2Fexploration-and-production%2Fhigh-throughput-storage-solutions.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALustre+%28file+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ddn.com/products/lustre-file-system-exascaler/">"Exascaler: Massively Scalable, High Performance, Lustre File System Appliance"</a>. 2015-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exascaler%3A+Massively+Scalable%2C+High+Performance%2C+Lustre+File+System+Appliance&rft.date=2015-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ddn.com%2Fproducts%2Flustre-file-system-exascaler%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALustre+%28file+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://whamcloud.com/support/">"Lustre Support"</a>. 2018-11-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lustre+Support&rft.date=2018-11-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwhamcloud.com%2Fsupport%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALustre+%28file+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aws.amazon.com/fsx/lustre/">"Amazon FSx for Lustre"</a>. 2019-06-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Amazon+FSx+for+Lustre&rft.date=2019-06-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faws.amazon.com%2Ffsx%2Flustre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALustre+%28file+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://azure.microsoft.com/en-us/products/managed-lustre/">"Azure Managed Lustre – Managed Parallel File System | Microsoft Azure"</a>. <i>azure.microsoft.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=azure.microsoft.com&rft.atitle=Azure+Managed+Lustre+%E2%80%93+Managed+Parallel+File+System+%7C+Microsoft+Azure&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fazure.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fproducts%2Fmanaged-lustre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALustre+%28file+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lustre.org/">Official website</a></span></span> <span 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Documentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://info.ornl.gov/sites/publications/Files/Pub166872.pdf">Understanding Lustre Internals, Second Edition</a> <ul><li>Internal workings of Lustre file system and its core subsystems</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Information_wikis">Information wikis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Information wikis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.lustre.org/">Lustre Community wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.whamcloud.com/">Lustre (DDN) wiki</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.opensfs.org/">Lustre (OpenSFS) wiki</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_foundations">Community foundations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Community foundations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.opensfs.org/">OpenSFS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eofs.eu/">EOFS – European Open File System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hardware/software_vendors"><span id="Hardware.2Fsoftware_vendors"></span>Hardware/software vendors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hardware/software vendors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ddn.com/products/lustre-file-system-exascaler/">DataDirect Networks (DDN)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpe.com/us/en/product-catalog/detail/pip.1008849030.html">Hewlett Packard Enterprise</a> / <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cray.com/">Cray</a> (including former <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160621213259/http://www.xyratex.com/products/lustre">Xyratex</a> employees<sup id="cite_ref-cray_clusterstor_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cray_clusterstor-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.netapp.com/us/solutions/big-data/lustre.aspx">NetApp</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Comparison_of_file_systems" title="Comparison of file systems">Comparison of file systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_distributed_file_systems" title="Comparison of distributed file systems">distributed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_filesystem" title="Unix filesystem">Unix filesystem</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disk and<br />non-rotating</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Disc_Filing_System" title="Advanced Disc Filing System">ADFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AdvFS" title="AdvFS">AdvFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Fast_File_System" title="Amiga Fast File System">Amiga FFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amiga_Old_File_System" title="Amiga Old File System">Amiga OFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AtheOS_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="AtheOS File System">AthFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bcachefs" title="Bcachefs">bcachefs</a></li> <li>BFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Be_File_System" title="Be File System">Be File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li>Byte File System (<a href="/wiki/Z/VM" title="Z/VM">z/VM</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">CVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_Filing_System" title="Disc Filing System">DFS</a></li> <li>EFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">Encrypting File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_File_System" title="Extent File System">Extent File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episode_filesystem" title="Episode filesystem">Episode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_system" title="Extended file system">ext</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ext2" title="Ext2">ext2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3" title="Ext3">ext3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext3cow" title="Ext3cow">ext3cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Files-11" title="Files-11">Files-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_(file_system)" title="Fossil (file system)">Fossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER_(file_system)" title="HAMMER (file system)">HAMMER</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAMMER2" title="HAMMER2">HAMMER2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(Apple)" title="Hierarchical File System (Apple)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Classic_Mac_OS" title="Classic Mac OS">Classic Mac OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierarchical_File_System_(IBM_MVS)" title="Hierarchical File System (IBM MVS)">HFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/MVS" title="MVS">MVS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">HFS+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Throughput_File_System" title="High Throughput File System">HTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_File_System_(BSD)" title="Log-structured File System (BSD)">LFS</a></li> <li>MFS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macintosh_File_System" title="Macintosh File System">Macintosh File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo_Media_File_System" title="TiVo Media File System">TiVo Media File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MINIX_file_system" title="MINIX file system">MINIX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_File_System" title="NetWare File System">NetWare File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next3" title="Next3">Next3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novell_Storage_Services" title="Novell Storage Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OneFS_distributed_file_system" title="OneFS distributed file system">OneFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenZFS" title="OpenZFS">OpenZFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_File_System" title="Professional File System">PFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QNX4FS" title="QNX4FS">QNX4FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReFS" title="ReFS">ReFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ReiserFS" title="ReiserFS">ReiserFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reiser4" title="Reiser4">Reiser4</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_family" title="Datalight">Reliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datalight#Reliance_Nitro" title="Datalight">Reliance Nitro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_File_Sharing" title="Remote File Sharing">RFS</a></li> <li>SFS <ul><li>Shared File System (<a href="/wiki/VM_(operating_system)" title="VM (operating system)">VM</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_File_System" title="Smart File System">Smart File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorNext_File_System" title="StorNext File System">SNFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soup_(Apple)" title="Soup (Apple)">Soup (Apple)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tux3" title="Tux3">Tux3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS/UFS2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soft_updates" title="Soft updates">soft updates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Ahead_Physical_Block_Logging" title="Write Ahead Physical Block Logging">WAPBL</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veritas_File_System" title="Veritas File System">VxFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_Anywhere_File_Layout" title="Write Anywhere File Layout">WAFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiafs" title="Xiafs">Xiafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS_(z/OS_file_system)" title="ZFS (z/OS file system)">zFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Z/OS" title="Z/OS">z/OS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_Format" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sierra Format">HSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">ISO 9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">ISO 13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Disk_Format" title="Universal Disk Format">UDF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive">SSD</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">APFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction-Safe_FAT_File_System" title="Transaction-Safe FAT File System">TFAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Volatile_File_System" title="Non-Volatile File System">NVFS</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="host-side_wear_leveling" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">host-side <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CHFS" title="CHFS">CHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS" title="JFFS">JFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFFS2" title="JFFS2">JFFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogFS" title="LogFS">LogFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NILFS" title="NILFS">NILFS2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YAFFS" title="YAFFS">YAFFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UBIFS" title="UBIFS">UBIFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system#Distributed_file_systems" title="Clustered file system">Distributed parallel</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeeGFS" title="BeeGFS">BeeGFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceph_(software)" title="Ceph (software)">Ceph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CXFS" title="CXFS">CXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GFS2" title="GFS2">GFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCFS2" title="OCFS2">OCFS2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OrangeFS" title="OrangeFS">OrangeFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Virtual_File_System" title="Parallel Virtual File System">PVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantcast_File_System" title="Quantcast File System">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xsan" title="Xsan">Xsan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_parallel_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network-attached_storage" title="Network-attached storage">NAS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/9P_(protocol)" title="9P (protocol)">9P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_File_System" title="Andrew File System">AFS</a> (<a href="/wiki/OpenAFS" title="OpenAFS">OpenAFS</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Filing_Protocol" title="Apple Filing Protocol">AFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coda_(file_system)" title="Coda (file system)">Coda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_File_System_(Microsoft)" title="Distributed File System (Microsoft)">DFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_File_System" title="Google File System">Google File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPFS" title="GPFS">GPFS</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lustre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetWare_Core_Protocol" title="NetWare Core Protocol">NCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliptics" title="Elliptics">POHMELFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Hadoop" title="Apache Hadoop">Hadoop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_Message_Block" title="Server Message Block">SMB (CIFS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#Distributed_file_systems" title="List of file systems">more...</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specialized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aufs" title="Aufs">Aufs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AXFS" title="AXFS">AXFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_File_System" title="Boot File System">Boot File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CDfs" class="mw-redirect" title="CDfs">CDfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_Disc_File_System" title="Compact Disc File System">Compact Disc File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramfs" title="Cramfs">cramfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davfs2" title="Davfs2">Davfs2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EROFS" title="EROFS">EROFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTPFS" title="FTPFS">FTPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lnfs" title="Lnfs">Lnfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Tape_File_System" title="Linear Tape File System">LTFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NOVA_(filesystem)" title="NOVA (filesystem)">NOVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rational_MultiVersion_File_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational MultiVersion File System">MVFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SquashFS" title="SquashFS">SquashFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAT_filesystem_and_Linux" title="FAT filesystem and Linux">UMSDOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OverlayFS" title="OverlayFS">OverlayFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UnionFS" title="UnionFS">UnionFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pseudo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Configfs" title="Configfs">configfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_file" title="Device file">devfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debugfs" title="Debugfs">debugfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernfs_(BSD)" title="Kernfs (BSD)">kernfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procfs" title="Procfs">procfs</a></li> <li>specfs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sysfs" title="Sysfs">sysfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmpfs" title="Tmpfs">tmpfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinFS" title="WinFS">WinFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Encrypted</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSHFS" title="SSHFS">SSHFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clustered_file_system" title="Clustered file system">Clustered</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_file_system" title="Global file system">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grid_file_system" title="Grid file system">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-certifying_File_System" title="Self-certifying File System">Self-certifying</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journaling_file_system" title="Journaling file system">Journaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">Log-structured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_storage" title="Object storage">Object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Record-oriented_filesystem" title="Record-oriented filesystem">Record-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_file_system" title="Semantic file system">Semantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steganographic_file_system" title="Steganographic file system">Steganographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_file_system" title="Synthetic file system">Synthetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versioning_file_system" title="Versioning file system">Versioning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Features</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Case_preservation" title="Case preservation">Case preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy-on-write" title="Copy-on-write">Copy-on-write</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_deduplication" title="Data deduplication">Data deduplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_scrubbing" title="Data scrubbing">Data scrubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execute_in_place" title="Execute in place">Execute in place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extent_(file_systems)" title="Extent (file systems)">Extent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_attribute" title="File attribute">File attribute</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extended_file_attributes" title="Extended file attributes">Extended file attributes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_change_log" title="File change log">File change log</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">Fork</a></li> <li>Links <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_link" title="Hard link">Hard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolic_link" title="Symbolic link">Symbolic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_access_control" title="Computer access control">Access control</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Access-control_list" title="Access-control list">Access-control list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filesystem-level_encryption" title="Filesystem-level encryption">Filesystem-level encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File-system_permissions" title="File-system permissions">Permissions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chmod" title="Chmod">Modes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticky_bit" title="Sticky bit">Sticky bit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">Interfaces</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File_manager" title="File manager">File manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_system_API" title="File system API">File system API</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_file_system" title="Virtual file system">Virtual file system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems" title="List of file systems">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">Cryptographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_default_file_systems" title="List of default file systems">Default</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_log-structured_file_systems" title="List of log-structured file systems">Log-structured</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Layouts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_Boot_Record" class="mw-redirect" title="Master Boot Record">Master Boot Record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Partition_Map" title="Apple Partition Map">Apple Partition Map</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sun_Microsystems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sun_Microsystems" title="Template:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sun_Microsystems" title="Template talk:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sun_Microsystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sun_Microsystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Sun_Microsystems_by_Oracle_Corporation" title="Acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation">Acquired by Oracle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun-1" title="Sun-1">Sun-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-2" title="Sun-2">Sun-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-3" title="Sun-3">Sun-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun386i" title="Sun386i">Sun386i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-4" title="Sun-4">Sun-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation" title="SPARCstation">SPARCstation/server/center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_1" title="SPARCstation 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_2" title="SPARCstation 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_4" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARCstation 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_5" title="SPARCstation 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_10" title="SPARCstation 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_20" title="SPARCstation 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_IPC" title="SPARCstation IPC">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_IPX" title="SPARCstation IPX">IPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_LX" title="SPARCstation LX">LX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_ZX" title="SPARCstation ZX">ZX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCclassic" title="SPARCclassic">SPARCclassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Netra" title="Sun Netra">Netra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ultra" title="Sun Ultra">Ultra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_1" title="Ultra 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_5/10" title="Ultra 5/10">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_5/10" title="Ultra 5/10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_24" title="Ultra 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_30" title="Ultra 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_60" title="Ultra 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_80" title="Ultra 80">80</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Enterprise" title="Sun Enterprise">Enterprise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Enterprise_10000" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Enterprise 10000">10000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Blade" title="Sun Blade">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Blade_(workstation)" title="Sun Blade (workstation)">Blade workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire" title="Sun Fire">Fire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_12K" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Fire 12K">12K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_15K" title="Sun Fire 15K">15K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_E25K" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Fire E25K">E25K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_T2000" title="Sun Fire T2000">T2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_X4500" title="Sun Fire X4500">X4500</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_Enterprise" title="SPARC Enterprise">SPARC Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaStation" title="JavaStation">JavaStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Java_Workstation" title="Sun Java Workstation">Java Workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ray" title="Sun Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Qube" title="Cobalt Qube">Cobalt Qube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_RaQ" title="Cobalt RaQ">Cobalt RaQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MB86900" title="MB86900">MB86900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroSPARC" title="MicroSPARC">microSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperSPARC" title="SuperSPARC">SuperSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC" title="UltraSPARC">UltraSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_II" title="UltraSPARC II">UltraSPARC II</a> <ul><li>UltraSPARC IIe</li> <li>UltraSPARC IIi</li> <li>Gemini</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_III" title="UltraSPARC III">UltraSPARC III</a> <ul><li>UltraSPARC III Cu</li> <li>UltraSPARC IIIi</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_IV" title="UltraSPARC IV">UltraSPARC IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T1" title="UltraSPARC T1">UltraSPARC T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T2" title="UltraSPARC T2">UltraSPARC T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T3" title="SPARC T3">SPARC T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T4" title="SPARC T4">SPARC T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T5" title="SPARC T5">SPARC T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_(processor)" title="Rock (processor)">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAJC" title="MAJC">MAJC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun4d" title="Sun4d">Sun4d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplane" title="Fireplane">Fireplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOM_port" title="LOM port">LOM port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Modular_Datacenter" title="Sun Modular Datacenter">Modular Datacenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Neptune" title="Sun Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Service_Processor" title="System Service Processor">System Service Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T_series" title="SPARC T series">SPARC T series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_SPOT" title="Sun SPOT">SPOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">Ultra Port Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Instruction_Set" title="Visual Instruction Set">Visual Instruction Set</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun Microsystems logo"><img alt="Sun Microsystems logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/110px-Sun-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/165px-Sun-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/220px-Sun-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="56" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Information_Service" title="Network Information Service">NIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIS%2B" title="NIS+">NIS+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZFS%2B" title="ZFS+">ZFS+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunView" title="SunView">SunView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS">NeWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWindows" title="OpenWindows">OpenWindows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Desktop_System" title="Java Desktop System">Java Desktop System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Developer_Studio" title="Oracle Developer Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_(software_platform)" title="Java (software platform)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarOffice" title="StarOffice">StarOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPlanet" title="IPlanet">iPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Java_System" title="Sun Java System">Java System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Secure_Global_Desktop" title="Oracle Secure Global Desktop">Sun Secure Global Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_xVM" title="Sun xVM">xVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlassFish" title="GlassFish">GlassFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_StorageTek_5800_System" title="Sun StorageTek 5800 System">StorageTek 5800 System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_StorageTek_SL8500" title="Sun StorageTek SL8500">StorageTek SL8500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Open_Storage" title="Sun Open Storage">Open Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Cloud" title="Sun Cloud">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Constellation_System" title="Sun Constellation System">Constellation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Visualization_System" title="Sun Visualization System">Visualization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Grid_Engine" title="Oracle Grid Engine">Grid Engine</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lustre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Labs" title="Oracle Labs">Sun Microsystems Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicoJava" title="PicoJava">picoJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Looking_Glass" title="Project Looking Glass">Project Looking Glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Certification_Program" title="Oracle Certification Program">SCPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueJ" title="BlueJ">BlueJ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">Common Development and Distribution License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_University_Meetup" title="Open Source University Meetup">Open Source University Meetup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sun_Microsystems_employees" title="List of Sun Microsystems employees">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim" title="Andy Bechtolsheim">Andy Bechtolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_McNealy" title="Scott McNealy">Scott McNealy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Khosla" title="Vinod Khosla">Vinod Khosla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afara_Websystems" title="Afara Websystems">Afara Websystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Networks" title="Cobalt Networks">Cobalt Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridware" class="mw-redirect" title="Gridware">Gridware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_Design" title="Lighthouse Design">Lighthouse Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montalvo_Systems" title="Montalvo Systems">Montalvo Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixo" title="Pixo">Pixo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procom_Technology" title="Procom Technology">Procom Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SavaJe" title="SavaJe">SavaJe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorageTek" title="StorageTek">StorageTek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantella,_Inc." title="Tarantella, Inc.">Tarantella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Network_is_the_Computer" title="The Network is the Computer">The Network is the Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once,_run_anywhere" title="Write once, run anywhere">Write once, run anywhere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Sun_Microsystems" title="Category:Sun Microsystems">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-cray_clusterstor-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cray_clusterstor_112-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2017" class="citation web cs1">Black, Doug (28 July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hpcwire.com/2017/07/28/cray-moves-acquire-seagate-clusterstor-line/">"Cray Moves to Acquire the Seagate ClusterStor Line"</a>. <i>HPCWire</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HPCWire&rft.atitle=Cray+Moves+to+Acquire+the+Seagate+ClusterStor+Line&rft.date=2017-07-28&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=Doug&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hpcwire.com%2F2017%2F07%2F28%2Fcray-moves-acquire-seagate-clusterstor-line%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALustre+%28file+system%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&oldid=1258351891">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lustre_(file_system)&oldid=1258351891</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2002_software" title="Category:2002 software">2002 software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_file_systems" title="Category:Computer file systems">Computer file systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Distributed_file_systems_supported_by_the_Linux_kernel" title="Category:Distributed file systems supported by the Linux kernel">Distributed file systems supported by the Linux kernel</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Network_file_systems" title="Category:Network file systems">Network file systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sun_Microsystems_software" title="Category:Sun Microsystems software">Sun Microsystems software</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Free_special-purpose_file_systems" title="Category:Free special-purpose file systems">Free special-purpose file systems</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Distributed_file_systems" title="Category:Distributed file systems">Distributed file systems</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 19 November 2024, at 05:59<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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