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href="#Jakarta_EE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Jakarta EE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jakarta_EE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Java_virtual_machine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Java_virtual_machine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Java virtual machine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Java_virtual_machine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Java_Development_Kit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Java_Development_Kit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Java Development Kit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Java_Development_Kit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Java_Runtime_Environment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Java_Runtime_Environment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Java Runtime Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Java_Runtime_Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Class libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_platforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_platforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Similar platforms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_platforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.1</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Generational_heap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generational_heap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.2</span> <span>Generational heap</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generational_heap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7.3</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Java_versions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Java_versions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Java versions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Java_versions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Java_meets_the_Web" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Java_meets_the_Web"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Java meets the Web</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Java_meets_the_Web-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-GNU_General_Public_License" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#GNU_General_Public_License"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>GNU General Public License</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-GNU_General_Public_License-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Version_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Version history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Usage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Desktop_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desktop_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Desktop use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desktop_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mascot" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mascot"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Mascot</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mascot-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Licensing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Licensing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Free software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Criticism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Generics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Generics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Generics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Generics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsigned_integer_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsigned_integer_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Unsigned integer types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsigned_integer_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floating-point_arithmetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floating-point_arithmetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Floating-point arithmetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floating-point_arithmetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Performance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Security</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Adware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Update_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Update_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Update system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Update_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Java (software platform)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="جافا (منصة برمجية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جافا (منصة برمجية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Java (праграмная платформа) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Java (праграмная платформа)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0)" title="Java (праграмная плятформа) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Java (праграмная плятформа)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_Java" title="Plataforma Java – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Plataforma Java" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(platforma)" title="Java (platforma) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Java (platforma)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java-Technologie" title="Java-Technologie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Java-Technologie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plataforma_Java" title="Plataforma Java – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plataforma Java" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7" title="سکوی جاوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سکوی جاوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(technique)" title="Java (technique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Java (technique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%B0%94_(%EC%86%8C%ED%94%84%ED%8A%B8%EC%9B%A8%EC%96%B4_%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%AB%ED%8F%BC)" title="자바 (소프트웨어 플랫폼) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자바 (소프트웨어 플랫폼)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(platform_perangkat_lunak)" title="Java (platform perangkat lunak) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Java (platform perangkat lunak)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piattaforma_Java" title="Piattaforma Java – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piattaforma Java" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%98%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%94)" title="Java (פלטפורמת תוכנה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Java (פלטפורמת תוכנה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B)" title="Java (платформасы) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Java (платформасы)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5_(%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82)" title="ജാവ (സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ പ്ലാറ്റ്‌ഫോം) – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജാവ (സോഫ്റ്റ്‌വെയർ പ്ലാറ്റ്‌ഫോം)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_%E1%80%95%E1%80%9C%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%96%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="Java ပလက်ဖောင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Java ပလက်ဖောင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0" title="Javaプラットフォーム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Javaプラットフォーム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%96%DF%9D%DF%AD%DF%8A%DF%AB" title="ߖߝ߭ߊ߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߖߝ߭ߊ߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ߒߞߏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE_(%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE)" title="ਜਾਵਾ (ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਪਲੇਟਫ਼ਾਰਮ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜਾਵਾ (ਸਾਫ਼ਟਵੇਅਰ ਪਲੇਟਫ਼ਾਰਮ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(plataforma_de_software)" title="Java (plataforma de software) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Java (plataforma de software)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Set of computer software and specifications</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about a software platform. For the software package downloaded from java.com, see <a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Standard_Edition" title="Java Platform, Standard Edition">Java Platform, Standard Edition</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Java_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Java (disambiguation)">Java (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java (programming language)</a> or <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Java (software platform)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dukesource125.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d7/Dukesource125.gif/100px-Dukesource125.gif" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d7/Dukesource125.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="125" data-file-height="125" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">The Java technology logo</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Original author(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">January 23, 1996<span class="noprint">; 28 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1996-01-23</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-pr10_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pr10-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JavaHistory_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JavaHistory-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Stable release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">23.0.1 (October 15, 2024<span class="noprint">; 40 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-10-15</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-latest-stable-JDK23_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latest-stable-JDK23-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/Java_(software_platform)&action=edit">[±]</a></span><br /> <p>21.0.5 <a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">LTS</a> (October 15, 2024<span class="noprint">; 40 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-10-15</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-latest-stable-JDK21_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latest-stable-JDK21-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/Java_(software_platform)&action=edit">[±]</a></span><br /> 17.0.13 LTS (October 15, 2024<span class="noprint">; 40 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-10-15</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-latest-stable-JDK17_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latest-stable-JDK17-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/Java_(software_platform)&action=edit">[±]</a></span><br /> 11.0.25 LTS (October 15, 2024<span class="noprint">; 40 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-10-15</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-latest-stable-JDK11_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latest-stable-JDK11-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/Java_(software_platform)&action=edit">[±]</a></span><br /> </p> 8u431 LTS (October 15, 2024<span class="noprint">; 40 days ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2024-10-15</span>)</span><sup id="cite_ref-latest-stable-JDK8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-latest-stable-JDK8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Latest_stable_software_release/Java_(software_platform)&action=edit">[±]</a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Written in</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-system-configurations_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-system-configurations-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for old versions: <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/X64" class="mw-redirect" title="X64">x64</a>, <a href="/wiki/ARMv8" class="mw-redirect" title="ARMv8">ARMv8</a>, and for old versions: <a href="/wiki/ARMv7" class="mw-redirect" title="ARMv7">ARMv7</a>, <a href="/wiki/IA-32" title="IA-32">IA-32</a>, <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> (up to Java 14) <small>(Java 8 includes <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> support for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a> –  while no longer supported freely by Oracle for commercial use)</small><sup id="cite_ref-system-configurations_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-system-configurations-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English, Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Korean, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Software_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Software platform">Software platform</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Dual-license: <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 2 with classpath exception,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> license.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://oracle.com/java/">oracle<wbr />.com<wbr />/java<wbr />/</a></span></li><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://java.com">java<wbr />.com</a></span></li><li><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dev.java">dev<wbr />.java</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aspectotuxguitar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aspectotuxguitar.jpg/220px-Aspectotuxguitar.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aspectotuxguitar.jpg/330px-Aspectotuxguitar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Aspectotuxguitar.jpg/440px-Aspectotuxguitar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/TuxGuitar" title="TuxGuitar">TuxGuitar</a>, a Java-powered program</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Java</b> is a set of <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a> and specifications that provides a <a href="/wiki/Software_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Software platform">software platform</a> for developing <a href="/wiki/Application_software" title="Application software">application software</a> and deploying it in a <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> computing environment. Java is used in a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">computing platforms</a> from <a href="/wiki/Embedded_device" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded device">embedded devices</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> to <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_server" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise server">enterprise servers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">supercomputers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet">Java applets</a>, which are less common than standalone Java applications, were commonly run in secure, <a href="/wiki/Sandbox_(computer_security)" title="Sandbox (computer security)">sandboxed</a> environments to provide many features of native applications through being embedded in <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a> pages. </p><p>Writing in the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java programming language</a> is the primary way to produce code that will be deployed as <a href="/wiki/Java_byte_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Java byte code">byte code</a> in a <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a> (JVM); byte code <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> are also available for other languages, including <a href="/wiki/Ada_(programming_language)" title="Ada (programming language)">Ada</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> (Google's preferred Android language), <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a>. In addition, several languages have been designed to run natively on the JVM, including <a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a>. <a href="/wiki/Java_syntax" title="Java syntax">Java syntax</a> borrows heavily from <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a>, but object-oriented features are modeled after <a href="/wiki/Smalltalk" title="Smalltalk">Smalltalk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Objective-C" title="Objective-C">Objective-C</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Java eschews certain <a href="/wiki/Low-level_programming_language" title="Low-level programming language">low-level</a> constructs such as <a href="/wiki/Pointer_(computer_programming)" title="Pointer (computer programming)">pointers</a> and has a very simple <a href="/wiki/Memory_model_(programming)" title="Memory model (programming)">memory model</a> where objects are <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_memory_allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic memory allocation">allocated on the heap</a> (while some implementations e.g. all currently supported by Oracle, may use <a href="/wiki/Escape_analysis" title="Escape analysis">escape analysis</a> optimization to allocate on the <a href="/wiki/Stack-based_memory_allocation" title="Stack-based memory allocation">stack</a> instead) and all variables of object types are <a href="/wiki/Reference_(computer_science)" title="Reference (computer science)">references</a>. <a href="/wiki/Memory_management" title="Memory management">Memory management</a> is handled through integrated automatic <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> performed by the JVM. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Latest_version">Latest version</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Latest version"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The latest version is <a href="/wiki/Java_version_history#Java_SE_22" title="Java version history">Java 22</a> released in March 2024, and the latest <a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">long-term support</a> (LTS) version is Java 21 released in September 2023, which is one of a few LTS versions still supported, down to Java 8 LTS. As an open source platform, Java has many distributors, including <a href="/wiki/Amazon_(company)" title="Amazon (company)">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azul_Systems" title="Azul Systems">Azul Systems</a>, and <a href="/wiki/AdoptOpenJDK" class="mw-redirect" title="AdoptOpenJDK">AdoptOpenJDK</a>. Distributions include Amazon Corretto, Zulu, AdoptOpenJDK, and Liberica. Regarding Oracle, it distributes Java 8, and also makes available e.g. Java 11, both also currently supported LTS versions. Oracle (and others) "highly recommend that you uninstall older versions of Java" than Java 8,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because of serious risks due to unresolved security issues.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-remote_exploit_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remote_exploit-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_Security_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland_Security-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Java 9 (as well as versions 10, and 12–16, and 18–20) are no longer supported, Oracle advises its users to "immediately transition" to a supported version. Oracle released the last free-for-commercial-use public update for the <a href="/wiki/Legacy_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Legacy software">legacy</a> Java 8 LTS in January 2019, and will continue to support Java 8 with public updates for personal use indefinitely. Oracle extended support for Java 6 ended in December 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Platform">Platform</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Platform"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Java platform is a suite of programs that facilitate developing and running programs written in the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language. A Java platform includes an execution engine (called a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a>), a compiler and a set of <a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">libraries</a>; there may also be additional <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a> and alternative libraries that depend on the requirements. Java platforms have been implemented for a wide variety of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_hardware" title="Electronic hardware">hardware</a> and operating systems with a view to enable Java programs to <a href="/wiki/Write_once,_run_anywhere" title="Write once, run anywhere">run identically</a> on all of them. </p><p>The Java platform consists of several programs, each of which provides a portion of its overall capabilities. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Java_compiler" title="Java compiler">Java compiler</a>, which converts Java source code into Java bytecode (an intermediate language for the JVM), is provided as part of the <a href="/wiki/Java_Development_Kit" title="Java Development Kit">Java Development Kit</a> (JDK). The <a href="/wiki/Java_Runtime_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Runtime Environment">Java Runtime Environment</a> (JRE), complementing the JVM with a <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time (JIT) compiler</a>, converts intermediate bytecode into native machine code on the fly. The Java platform also includes an extensive set of libraries. </p><p>The essential components in the platform are the Java language compiler, the libraries, and the runtime environment in which Java intermediate bytecode executes according to the rules laid out in the virtual machine specification. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Application_domains">Application domains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Application domains"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different platforms target different classes of device and <a href="/wiki/Application_domain" title="Application domain">application domains</a>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_Card" title="Java Card">Java Card</a>: A technology that allows small Java-based applications (<a href="/wiki/Applet" title="Applet">applets</a>) to be run securely on <a href="/wiki/Smart_card" title="Smart card">smart cards</a> and similar small-memory devices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Java ME">Java ME</a> (Micro Edition): Specifies several different sets of libraries (known as profiles) for devices with limited storage, display, and power capacities. It is often used to develop applications for mobile devices, PDAs, TV <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top boxes</a>, and printers.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Java SE">Java SE</a> (Standard Edition): For general-purpose use on desktop PCs, servers and similar devices.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_EE" title="Jakarta EE">Jakarta EE</a> (Enterprise Edition): Java SE plus various APIs which are useful for <a href="/wiki/N-tier" class="mw-redirect" title="N-tier">multi-tier</a> <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client–server">client–server</a> <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise application">enterprise applications</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Java_SE">Java SE</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Java SE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">These paragraphs are an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Standard_Edition" title="Java Platform, Standard Edition">Java Platform, Standard Edition</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java_Platform,_Standard_Edition&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Standard_Edition" title="Java Platform, Standard Edition">Java Platform, Standard Edition</a> (Java SE) is a <a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">computing platform</a> for development and deployment of <a href="/wiki/Porting" title="Porting">portable code</a> for <a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">desktop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> environments.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Java SE was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE). </p> The platform uses the <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> programming language and is part of the Java software-platform family. Java SE defines a range of general-purpose <a href="/wiki/API" title="API">APIs</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Java_APIs" title="List of Java APIs">Java APIs</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Java_Class_Library" title="Java Class Library">Java Class Library</a>—and also includes the <a href="/wiki/Java_Language_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Language Specification">Java Language Specification</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Java_Virtual_Machine_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Virtual Machine Specification">Java Virtual Machine Specification</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a> is the official <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">reference implementation</a> since version 7.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jakarta_EE">Jakarta EE</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jakarta EE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This paragraph is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_EE" title="Jakarta EE">Jakarta EE</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakarta_EE&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta_EE" title="Jakarta EE">Jakarta EE</a>, formerly Java Platform, Enterprise Edition (Java EE) and Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE), is a set of specifications, extending <a href="/wiki/Java_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Java SE">Java SE</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with specifications for enterprise features such as <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Web_service" title="Web service">web services</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jakarta EE applications are run on <a href="/wiki/Reference_implementation" title="Reference implementation">reference runtimes</a>, which can be <a href="/wiki/Microservices" title="Microservices">microservices</a> or <a href="/wiki/Application_server" title="Application server">application servers</a>, which handle transactions, security, scalability, <a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">concurrency</a> and management of the components they are deploying.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Java_virtual_machine">Java virtual machine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Java virtual machine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a></div> <p>The heart of the Java platform is the "virtual machine" that executes <a href="/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java bytecode</a> programs. This bytecode is the same no matter what hardware or operating system the program is running under. However, new versions, such as for Java 10 (and earlier), have made small changes, meaning the bytecode is in general only <a href="/wiki/Forward_compatible" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward compatible">forward compatible</a>. There is a JIT (Just In Time) compiler within the <i>Java Virtual Machine</i>, or JVM. The JIT compiler translates the Java bytecode into native processor instructions at run-time and caches the native code in memory during execution. </p><p>The use of bytecode as an intermediate language permits Java programs to run on any platform that has a virtual machine available. The use of a JIT compiler means that Java applications, after a short delay during loading and once they have "warmed up" by being all or mostly JIT-compiled, tend to run about as fast as native programs.<sup id="cite_ref-LewisNeumann_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisNeumann-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since JRE version 1.2, Sun's JVM implementation has included a <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">just-in-time compiler</a> instead of an interpreter. </p><p>Although Java programs are <a href="/wiki/Cross-platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-platform">cross-platform</a> or platform independent, the code of the Java Virtual Machines (JVM) that execute these programs is not. Every supported operating platform has its own JVM. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Java_Development_Kit">Java Development Kit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Java Development Kit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Java_Development_Kit" title="Java Development Kit">Java Development Kit</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java_Development_Kit&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Java_Development_Kit" title="Java Development Kit">Java Development Kit</a> (JDK) is a distribution of <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> technology by <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>. It implements the Java Language Specification (JLS) and the Java Virtual Machine Specification (JVMS) and provides the Standard Edition (SE) of the Java Application Programming Interface (API). It is derivative of the community driven <a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a> which Oracle stewards.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It provides software for working with Java applications. Examples of included software are the Java virtual machine, a compiler, performance monitoring tools, a debugger, and other utilities that Oracle considers useful for Java programmers. </p><p>Oracle releases the current version of the software under the Oracle No-Fee Terms and Conditions (NFTC) license. Oracle releases binaries for the x86-64 architecture for Windows, macOS, and Linux based operating systems, and for the aarch64 architecture for macOS and Linux. Previous versions supported the <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Oracle Solaris</a> operating system and <a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a> architecture. </p> Oracle's primary implementation of the JVMS is known as the <a href="/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)" title="HotSpot (virtual machine)">HotSpot (virtual machine)</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Java_Runtime_Environment">Java Runtime Environment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Java Runtime Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)" title="HotSpot (virtual machine)">HotSpot (virtual machine)</a></div> <p>The Java Runtime Environment (JRE) released by Oracle is a freely available software distribution containing a stand-alone JVM (HotSpot), the Java <a href="/wiki/Standard_library" title="Standard library">standard library</a> (<a href="/wiki/Java_Class_Library" title="Java Class Library">Java Class Library</a>), a configuration tool, and—until its discontinuation in JDK 9—a browser plug-in. It is the most common Java environment installed on <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> in the laptop and desktop <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">form factor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a> including <a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">feature phones</a> and early <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a> that ship with a JVM are most likely to include a JVM meant to run applications targeting <a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Micro_Edition" title="Java Platform, Micro Edition">Micro Edition</a> of the Java platform. Meanwhile, most modern smartphones, <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">handheld PCs</a> that run Java apps are most likely to do so through support of the <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android operating system</a>, which includes an open source virtual machine incompatible with the JVM specification. (Instead, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a>'s Android development tools take Java programs as input and output <a href="/wiki/Dalvik_(software)" title="Dalvik (software)">Dalvik</a> bytecode, which is the native input format for the virtual machine on Android devices.) The last Critical Path Update version of JRE with an Oracle BCL Agreement<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was 8u201 and, the last Patch Set Update version with the same license was 8u202.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The last Oracle JRE implementation, regardless of its licensing scheme, was 9.0.4.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Java Platform SE 9, the whole platform also was grouped into <a href="/wiki/Java_Platform_Module_System" title="Java Platform Module System">modules</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modularization of Java SE implementations allows developers to bundle their applications together with all the modules used by them, instead of solely relying on the presence of a suitable Java SE implementation in the user device.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class_libraries">Class libraries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Class libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Java_Class_Library" title="Java Class Library">Java Class Library</a></div> <p>In most modern <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> (OSs), a large body of reusable code is provided to simplify the programmer's job. This code is typically provided as a set of <a href="/wiki/Library_(computer_science)#Dynamic_linking" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">dynamically loadable libraries</a> that applications can call at runtime. Because the Java platform is not dependent on any specific operating system, applications cannot rely on any of the pre-existing OS libraries. Instead, the Java platform provides a comprehensive set of its own standard class libraries containing many of the same reusable functions commonly found in modern operating systems. Most of the system library is also written in Java. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Swing_(Java)" title="Swing (Java)">Swing</a> library paints the user interface and handles the events itself, eliminating many subtle differences between how different platforms handle components. </p><p>The Java class libraries serve three purposes within the Java platform. First, like other standard code libraries, the Java libraries provide the programmer a well-known set of functions to perform common tasks, such as maintaining lists of items or performing complex string parsing. Second, the class libraries provide an abstract interface to tasks that would normally depend heavily on the hardware and operating system. Tasks such as network access and file access are often heavily intertwined with the distinctive implementations of each platform. The <code>java.net</code> and <code>java.io</code> libraries implement an abstraction layer in native OS code, then provide a standard interface for the Java applications to perform those tasks. Finally, when some underlying platform does not support all of the features a Java application expects, the class libraries work to gracefully handle the absent components, either by emulation to provide a substitute, or at least by providing a consistent way to check for the presence of a specific feature. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_JVM_languages" title="List of JVM languages">List of JVM languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:JVM_programming_languages" title="Category:JVM programming languages">JVM programming languages</a></div> <p>The word "Java", alone, usually refers to Java programming language that was designed for use with the Java platform. Programming languages are typically outside of the scope of the phrase "platform", although the Java programming language was listed as a core part of the Java platform before Java 7. The language and runtime were therefore commonly considered a single unit. However, an effort was made with the Java 7 specification to more clearly treat the Java language and the Java Virtual Machine as separate entities, so that they are no longer considered a single unit.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Third parties have produced many <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a> or <a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">interpreters</a> that target the JVM. Some of these are for existing languages, while others are for extensions to the Java language. These include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BeanShell" title="BeanShell">BeanShell</a> – a lightweight scripting language for Java<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also <a href="/wiki/JShell" title="JShell">JShell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_(programming_language)" title="Ceylon (programming language)">Ceylon</a> – an object-oriented, strongly- and statically-typed programming language with an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Immutable_object" title="Immutable object">immutability</a> (and is no longer maintained since 2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a> – a modern, <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_programming_language" title="Dynamic programming language">dynamic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Functional_programming" title="Functional programming">functional</a> <a href="/wiki/Dialect_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dialect (computing)">dialect</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Lisp_(programming_language)" title="Lisp (programming language)">Lisp programming language</a> on the Java platform</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gosu_(programming_language)" title="Gosu (programming language)">Gosu</a> – a general-purpose JVM-based programming language released under the Apache License 2.0</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a> – a fully Java-interoperable, Java-syntax-compatible, static and dynamic language with features from Python, Ruby, Perl, and Smalltalk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JRuby" title="JRuby">JRuby</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">Ruby</a> interpreter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a> interpreter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a> – a programming language for a <a href="/wiki/JVM" class="mw-redirect" title="JVM">JVM</a> (and non-JVM, for e.g. desktop and iOS) with full <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> interoperability (Google's preferred language for Android, its JVM, over Java, which is also still supported there and it previously promoted)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Rhino (JavaScript engine)">Rhino</a> – a <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> interpreter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a> – a multi-paradigm programming language with non-Java compatible syntax designed as a "better Java"</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Similar_platforms">Similar platforms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Similar platforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_C_Sharp_and_Java" title="Comparison of C Sharp and Java">Comparison of C# and Java</a></div> <p>The success of Java and its <a href="/wiki/Write_once,_run_anywhere" title="Write once, run anywhere">write once, run anywhere</a> concept has led to other similar efforts, notably the <a href="/wiki/.NET_Framework" title=".NET Framework">.NET Framework</a>, appearing since 2002, which incorporates many of the successful aspects of Java. .NET was built from the ground-up to support multiple programming languages, while the Java platform was initially built to support only the Java language, although many other languages have been made for JVM since. Like Java, .NET languages compile to byte code and are executed by the <a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Runtime" title="Common Language Runtime">Common Language Runtime</a> (CLR), which is similar in purpose to the JVM. Like the JVM, the CLR provides memory management through automatic garbage collection, and allows .NET byte code to run on multiple operating systems. </p><p>.NET included a Java-like language first named <a href="/wiki/Visual_J%2B%2B" title="Visual J++">J++</a>, then called <a href="/wiki/J_Sharp" class="mw-redirect" title="J Sharp">Visual J#</a> that was incompatible with the Java specification. It was discontinued 2007, and support for it ended in 2015. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Performance">Performance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Java_performance" title="Java performance">Java performance</a></div> <p>The JVM specification gives a lot of leeway to implementors regarding the implementation details. Since Java 1.3, JRE from Oracle contains a JVM called HotSpot. It has been designed to be a high-performance JVM. </p><p>To speed-up code execution, HotSpot relies on just-in-time compilation. To speed-up object allocation and garbage collection, HotSpot uses generational heap. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Generational_heap">Generational heap</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Generational heap"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Java virtual machine heap</i> is the area of memory used by the JVM for <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_memory_allocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic memory allocation">dynamic memory allocation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hotspotfaq_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hotspotfaq-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In HotSpot the heap is divided into <i>generations</i>: </p> <ul><li>The <i>young generation</i> stores short-lived <a href="/wiki/Object_(computer_science)" title="Object (computer science)">objects</a> that are created and immediately garbage collected.</li> <li>Objects that persist longer are moved to the <i>old generation</i> (also called the <i>tenured generation</i>). This memory is subdivided into (two) Survivors spaces where the objects that survived the first and next garbage collections are stored.</li></ul> <p>The <i>permanent generation</i> (or <i>permgen</i>) was used for class definitions and associated metadata prior to Java 8. Permanent generation was not part of the heap.<sup id="cite_ref-permgen_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-permgen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>permanent generation</i> was removed from Java 8.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Originally there was no permanent generation, and objects and classes were stored together in the same area. But as class unloading occurs much more rarely than objects are collected, moving class structures to a specific area allowed significant performance improvements.<sup id="cite_ref-permgen_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-permgen-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Security">Security</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Java JRE is installed on a large number of computers. End users with an out-of-date version of JRE therefore are vulnerable to many known attacks. This led to the widely shared belief that Java is inherently insecure.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since Java 1.7, Oracle's JRE for Windows includes automatic update functionality. </p><p>Before the discontinuation of the Java browser plug-in, any web page might have potentially run a Java applet, which provided an easily accessible <a href="/wiki/Attack_surface" title="Attack surface">attack surface</a> to malicious web sites. In 2013 Kaspersky Labs reported that the Java plug-in was the method of choice for computer criminals. Java exploits are included in many exploit packs that hackers deploy onto hacked web sites.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Java applets were removed in Java 11, released on September 25, 2018. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Java_versions">Java versions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Java versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Java_version_history" title="Java version history">Java version history</a></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Java<br />version </th> <th>Year </th> <th>Changes </th></tr> <tr> <td>23</td> <td>2024</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td>2023</td> <td>A Long-Term Support (LTS) release </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>2021</td> <td>An LTS release, has several enhancements, provides pattern matching for <i>switch</i> statements and <i>sealed classes</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>2021</td> <td>Introduced <i>record classes</i>, <i>pattern matching</i>, and <i>sealed classes</i> for enhanced data modelling abilities </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>2020</td> <td>Introduced <i>text blocks</i>, <i>sealed classes</i> as preview features, enhancing string and class handling </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>2020</td> <td>Introduced new features <i>record classes</i> and <i>pattern matching</i> for <i>instanceof</i> as preview features </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>2019</td> <td>Included enhancements, <i>text blocks</i>, reimplementation of legacy <i>Socket API</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>2019</td> <td>Introduced <i>switch expressions</i>, new <i>Shenandoah</i> garbage collector </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>2018</td> <td>An LTS release, introduced new <i>HTTP Client</i>, removed Java EE and CORBA modules </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>2018</td> <td>Introduced <i>Local-Variable Type Inference</i> (var), allows declaring local variables without specifying type </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>2017</td> <td>Introduced <i>Java Platform Module System</i> (JPMS) for modularizing applications, <i>JShell</i> interactive Java REPL </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>2014</td> <td>Major release, introduced <i>Lambda Expressions</i>, new <i>Date and Time API</i> for better productivity </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>2011</td> <td>Introduced <i>try-with-resources</i>, <i>Switch on String</i>, <i>Diamond Operator</i>, included expanded exception handling, new file I/O library (NIO.2) </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>2006</td> <td>Introduced <i>Scripting Language Support</i> (JSR 223), <i>Web Service Enhancements</i>, provided JDBC 4.0 with SQL XML support </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>2004</td> <td>Significant release, included <i>Generics</i>, an <i>Enhanced for Loop</i>, <i>Autoboxing/Unboxing</i>, <i>Static Import</i>, <i>Varargs</i>, <i>Enumerations</i>, <i>Annotations</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>2002</td> <td>Introduced <i>Regular Expressions</i>, <i>Exception Chaining</i>, new set of I/O APIs named NIO (New Input/Output), new <i>Logging API</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>2000</td> <td>Included new Sun JVM named <i>HotSpot</i>, introduced <i>Java Naming and Directory Interface</i> (JNDI), <i>Java Platform Debugger Architecture</i> (JPDA) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>1998</td> <td>Introduced <i>Collections Framework</i>, <i>Java String memory map for constants</i>, a <i>Just In Time (JIT) compiler</i>, and <i>Swing API for GUIs</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.1</td> <td>1997</td> <td>Introduced <i>Inner Classes</i>, <i>Reflection</i>, <i>Java Beans</i>, <i>JDBC API</i> for database access </td></tr> <tr> <td>1.0</td> <td>1996</td> <td>First version of Java programming language, introduced object-oriented programming and bytecode in Java, which made Java cross-platform </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Gosling_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/James_Gosling_2008.jpg/220px-James_Gosling_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/James_Gosling_2008.jpg/330px-James_Gosling_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/James_Gosling_2008.jpg/440px-James_Gosling_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1469" /></a><figcaption>James Gosling</figcaption></figure> <p>The Java platform and language began as an internal project at <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a> in December 1990, providing an alternative to the C++/<a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> programming languages. Engineer <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Naughton" title="Patrick Naughton">Patrick Naughton</a> had become increasingly frustrated with the state of Sun's C++ and C <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">application programming interfaces</a> (APIs) and tools, as well as with the way the <a href="/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS">NeWS</a> project was handled by the organization. Naughton informed <a href="/wiki/Scott_McNealy" title="Scott McNealy">Scott McNealy</a> about his plan of leaving Sun and moving to <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>; McNealy asked him to pretend he was God and send him an e-mail explaining how to fix the company. Naughton envisioned the creation of a small team that could work autonomously without the bureaucracy that was stalling other Sun projects. McNealy forwarded the message to other important people at Sun, and the <i>Stealth Project</i> started.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Stealth Project was soon renamed to the <i>Green Project</i>, with <a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a> and Mike Sheridan joining Naughton. Together with other engineers, they began work in a small office on <a href="/wiki/Sand_Hill_Road" title="Sand Hill Road">Sand Hill Road</a> in <a href="/wiki/Menlo_Park,_California" title="Menlo Park, California">Menlo Park, California</a>. They aimed to develop new technology for programming next-generation smart appliances, which Sun expected to offer major new opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-earlyhistory_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyhistory-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The team originally considered using C++, but rejected it for several reasons. Because they were developing an <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded system</a> with limited resources, they decided that C++ needed too much memory and that its complexity led to developer errors. The language's lack of <a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(computer_science)" title="Garbage collection (computer science)">garbage collection</a> meant that programmers had to manually manage system memory, a challenging and error-prone task. The team also worried about the C++ language's lack of portable facilities for security, <a href="/wiki/Distributed_programming" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed programming">distributed programming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thread_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thread (computer science)">threading</a>. Finally, they wanted a platform that would port easily to all types of devices. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a> had envisioned a new language combining <a href="/wiki/Mesa_(programming_language)" title="Mesa (programming language)">Mesa</a> and C. In a paper called <i>Further</i>, he proposed to Sun that its engineers should produce an <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">object-oriented</a> environment based on C++. Initially, Gosling attempted to modify and extend C++ (a proposed development that he referred to as "C++ ++ --") but soon abandoned that in favor of creating a new language, which he called <i><a href="/wiki/Oak_(programming_language)" title="Oak (programming language)">Oak</a></i>, after the tree that stood just outside his office.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the summer of 1992, the team could demonstrate portions of the new platform, including the Green <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a>, the Oak language, the libraries, and the hardware. Their first demonstration, on September 3, 1992, focused on building a <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistant</a> (PDA) device named <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Star7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Star7 (page does not exist)">Star7</a></i><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_star7"><a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Java_(software_platform)#endnote_star7">[1]</a></sup> that had a graphical interface and a smart agent called "Duke" to assist the user. In November of that year, the Green Project was spun off to become <i>Firstperson</i>, a wholly owned subsidiary of Sun Microsystems, and the team relocated to <a href="/wiki/Palo_Alto,_California" title="Palo Alto, California">Palo Alto, California</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Firstperson team had an interest in building highly interactive devices, and when <a href="/wiki/Time_Warner" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Warner">Time Warner</a> issued a <a href="/wiki/Request_for_proposal" title="Request for proposal">request for proposal</a> (RFP) for a <a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">set-top box</a>, Firstperson changed their target and responded with a proposal for a set-top box platform. However, the <a href="/wiki/Cable_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cable TV">cable</a> industry felt that their platform gave too much control to the user, so Firstperson lost their bid to <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Graphics" title="Silicon Graphics">SGI</a>. An additional deal with <a href="/wiki/The_3DO_Company" title="The 3DO Company">The 3DO Company</a> for a set-top box also failed to materialize. Unable to generate interest within the television industry, the company was rolled back into Sun. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Java_meets_the_Web">Java meets the Web</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Java meets the Web"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Gage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_Gage.jpg/170px-John_Gage.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/John_Gage.jpg/255px-John_Gage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/John_Gage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption>John Gage</figcaption></figure> <p>In June and July 1994 –  after three days of brainstorming with <a href="/wiki/John_Gage" title="John Gage">John Gage</a> (the Director of Science for Sun), Gosling, Joy, Naughton, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Rosing" title="Wayne Rosing">Wayne Rosing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eric_Schmidt" title="Eric Schmidt">Eric Schmidt</a> –  the team re-targeted the platform for the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a>. They felt that with the advent of graphical <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a> like <a href="/wiki/Mosaic_(web_browser)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosaic (web browser)">Mosaic</a> the Internet could evolve into the same highly interactive medium that they had envisioned for cable TV. As a prototype, Naughton wrote a small browser, WebRunner (named after the movie <i><a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a></i>), renamed <a href="/wiki/HotJava" title="HotJava">HotJava</a><sup id="cite_ref-earlyhistory_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-earlyhistory-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1995. </p><p>Sun renamed the Oak language to <i>Java</i> after a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> search revealed that <a href="/wiki/Oak_Technology" title="Oak Technology">Oak Technology</a> used the name <i>Oak</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun priced Java licenses below cost to gain market share.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Java 1.0a became available for download in 1994, the first public release of Java, Java 1.0a2 with the HotJava browser, came on May 23, 1995, announced by Gage at the SunWorld conference. Accompanying Gage's announcement, <a href="/wiki/Marc_Andreessen" title="Marc Andreessen">Marc Andreessen</a>, Executive Vice President of <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Communications_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Netscape Communications Corporation">Netscape Communications Corporation</a>, unexpectedly announced that Netscape browsers would include Java support. On January 9, 1996, Sun Microsystems formed the JavaSoft group to develop the technology.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the so-called Java applets for web browsers no longer are the most popular use of Java (with it e.g. more used server-side) or the most popular way to run code client-side (JavaScript took over as more popular), it still is possible to run Java (or other JVM languages such as Kotlin) in web browsers, even after JVM support has been dropped from them, using e.g. <a href="/wiki/TeaVM" class="mw-redirect" title="TeaVM">TeaVM</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="GNU_General_Public_License">GNU General Public License</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: GNU General Public License"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On November 13, 2006, Sun Microsystems made the bulk of its implementation of Java available under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> (GPL).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Version_history">Version history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Version history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Java_version_history" title="Java version history">Java version history</a></div> <p>The Java language has undergone several changes since the release of JDK (<a href="/wiki/Java_Development_Kit" title="Java Development Kit">Java Development Kit</a>) 1.0 on January 23, 1996, as well as numerous additions of classes and packages to the standard <a href="/wiki/Library_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Library (computer science)">library</a>. Since J2SE 1.4 the <a href="/wiki/Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a> (JCP) has governed the evolution of the Java Language. The JCP uses <i><a href="/wiki/Java_specification_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Java specification requests">Java Specification Requests</a></i> (JSRs) to propose and specify additions and changes to the Java platform. The <i>Java Language Specification</i> (JLS) specifies the language; changes to the JLS are managed under JSR 901.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sun released <i>JDK 1.1</i> on February 19, 1997. Major additions included an extensive retooling of the <a href="/wiki/Abstract_Window_Toolkit" title="Abstract Window Toolkit">Abstract Window Toolkit</a> (AWT) event model, <a href="/wiki/Inner_class" title="Inner class">inner classes</a> added to the language, <a href="/wiki/JavaBean" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaBean">JavaBeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Java_Database_Connectivity" title="Java Database Connectivity">Java Database Connectivity</a> (JDBC). </p><p><i>J2SE 1.2</i> (December 8, 1998) – Codename <i>Playground</i>. This and subsequent releases through J2SE 5.0 were rebranded <i>Java 2</i> and the version name "J2SE" (<a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Standard_Edition" title="Java Platform, Standard Edition">Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition</a>) replaced JDK to distinguish the base platform from J2EE (<a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Enterprise_Edition" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Platform, Enterprise Edition">Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition</a>) and J2ME (<a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Micro_Edition" title="Java Platform, Micro Edition">Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition</a>). Major additions included <a href="/wiki/Reflective_programming" title="Reflective programming">reflection</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Container_(data_structure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Container (data structure)">collections</a> framework, <a href="/wiki/Java_Interface_Definition_Language" title="Java Interface Definition Language">Java IDL</a> (an <a href="/wiki/Interface_description_language" title="Interface description language">interface description language</a> implementation for <a href="/wiki/CORBA" class="mw-redirect" title="CORBA">CORBA</a> interoperability), and the integration of the <a href="/wiki/Swing_(Java)" title="Swing (Java)">Swing</a> graphical API into the core classes. A <a href="/wiki/Java_Plug-in" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Plug-in">Java Plug-in</a> was released, and Sun's JVM was equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Just-in-time_compilation" title="Just-in-time compilation">JIT compiler</a> for the first time. </p><p><i>J2SE 1.3</i> (May 8, 2000) – Codename <i>Kestrel</i>. Notable changes included the bundling of the <a href="/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)" title="HotSpot (virtual machine)">HotSpot</a> JVM (the HotSpot JVM was first released in April, 1999 for the J2SE 1.2 JVM), <a href="/w/index.php?title=JavaSound&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="JavaSound (page does not exist)">JavaSound</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java_Naming_and_Directory_Interface" title="Java Naming and Directory Interface">Java Naming and Directory Interface</a> (JNDI) and <a href="/wiki/Java_Platform_Debugger_Architecture" title="Java Platform Debugger Architecture">Java Platform Debugger Architecture</a> (JPDA). </p><p><i>J2SE 1.4</i> (February 6, 2002) – Codename <i>Merlin</i>. This became the first release of the Java platform developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 59.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major changes included <a href="/wiki/Regular_expressions" class="mw-redirect" title="Regular expressions">regular expressions</a> modeled after <a href="/wiki/Perl" title="Perl">Perl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exception_chaining" title="Exception chaining">exception chaining</a>, an integrated <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> parser and <a href="/wiki/XSLT" title="XSLT">XSLT</a> processor (<a href="/wiki/Java_API_for_XML_Processing" title="Java API for XML Processing">JAXP</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Java_Web_Start" title="Java Web Start">Java Web Start</a>. </p><p><i>J2SE 5.0</i> (September 30, 2004) – Codename <i>Tiger</i>. It was originally numbered 1.5, which is still used as the internal version number.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Developed under JSR 176, Tiger added several significant new language features including the <a href="/wiki/For-each_loop" class="mw-redirect" title="For-each loop">for-each loop</a>, <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autoboxing" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoboxing">autoboxing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variadic_function" title="Variadic function">var-args</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Java SE 6</i> (December 11, 2006) – Codename <i>Mustang</i>. It was bundled with a database manager and facilitates the use of scripting languages with the JVM (such as <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> using <a href="/wiki/Mozilla" title="Mozilla">Mozilla</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Rhino (JavaScript engine)">Rhino</a> engine). As of this version, Sun replaced the name "J2SE" with <i>Java SE</i> and dropped the ".0" from the version number.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other major changes include support for pluggable <a href="/wiki/Java_annotation" title="Java annotation">annotations</a> (<a href="/wiki/JSR_269" class="mw-redirect" title="JSR 269">JSR 269</a>), many <a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> improvements, including native UI enhancements to support the look and feel of <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a>, and improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Java_Platform_Debugger_Architecture" title="Java Platform Debugger Architecture">Java Platform Debugger Architecture</a> (JPDA) & JVM Tool Interface for better monitoring and troubleshooting. </p><p><i>Java SE 7</i> (July 28, 2011) – Codename <i>Dolphin</i>. This version developed under JSR 336.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It added many small language changes including strings in switch, try-with-resources and <a href="/wiki/Type_inference" title="Type inference">type inference</a> for generic instance creation. The JVM was extended with support for dynamic languages, while the class library was extended among others with a join/fork framework,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an improved new file I/O library and support for new network protocols such as <a href="/wiki/SCTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SCTP">SCTP</a>. Java 7 Update 76 was released in January 2015, with expiration date April 14, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2016, after the last public update of Java 7,<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "<a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">remotely exploitable</a>" security bugs in Java 6, 7, and 8 were announced.<sup id="cite_ref-remote_exploit_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-remote_exploit-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Java SE 8</i> (March 18, 2014) –  Codename <i>Kenai</i>. Notable changes include language-level support for <a href="/wiki/Lambda_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda (programming)">lambda expressions</a> (<a href="/wiki/Closure_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Closure (computer science)">closures</a>) and default methods, the Project Nashorn JavaScript runtime, a new Date and Time API inspired by Joda Time, and the removal of PermGen. This version is not officially supported on the <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a> platform,<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is known to work there. Thus, due to the end of Java 7's lifecycle it is the recommended version for XP users. Previously, only an unofficial manual installation method had been described for Windows XP SP3. It refers to JDK8, the developing platform for Java that also includes a fully functioning <a href="/wiki/Java_Runtime_Environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Java Runtime Environment">Java Runtime Environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Java 8 is supported on Windows Server 2008 R2 SP1, Windows Vista SP2 and Windows 7 SP1, Ubuntu 12.04 LTS and higher (and some other OSes).<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Java SE 9</i> and <i>10</i> have higher system requirements, i.e. Windows 7 or Server 2012 (and web browser minimum certified is upped to <a href="/wiki/Internet_Explorer_11" title="Internet Explorer 11">Internet Explorer 11</a> or other web browsers), and Oracle dropped <a href="/wiki/32-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="32-bit">32-bit</a> compatibility for all platforms, i.e. only Oracle's "<a href="/wiki/64-bit_computing" title="64-bit computing">64-bit</a> Java virtual machines (JVMs) are certified".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Java SE 11</i> LTS was released September 2018, the first <a href="/wiki/Long-term_support" title="Long-term support">LTS</a> release since the <a href="/wiki/Release_early,_release_often" title="Release early, release often">rapid release</a> model was adopted starting with version 9. For the first time, OpenJDK 11 represents the complete source code for the Java platform under the GNU General Public License, and while Oracle still dual-licenses it with an optional proprietary license, there are no code differences nor modules unique to the proprietary-licensed version.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Java 11 features include two new garbage collector implementations, Flight Recorder to debug deep issues, a new HTTP client including <a href="/wiki/WebSocket" title="WebSocket">WebSocket</a> support.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Java SE 12</i> was released March 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Java SE 13</i> was released September 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Java SE 14</i> was released March 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Java SE 15</i> was released September 2020. </p><p><i>Java SE 16</i> was released March 2021. </p><p><i>Java SE 17</i> LTS was released September 2021. </p><p><i>Java SE 18</i> was released March 2022. </p><p><i>Java SE 19</i> was released September 2022. </p><p><i>Java SE 20</i> was released March 2023. </p><p><i>Java SE 21</i> LTS was released September 2023. </p><p><i>Java SE 22</i> was released March 2024. </p><p>In addition to language changes, significant changes have been made to the Java class library over the years, which has grown from a few hundred classes in JDK 1.0 to over three thousand in J2SE 5.0. Entire new APIs, such as <a href="/wiki/Swing_(Java)" title="Swing (Java)">Swing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java_2D" title="Java 2D">Java 2D</a>, have evolved, and many of the original JDK 1.0 classes and methods have been <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a> (thereof some "terminally deprecated"), e.g. related to finalization.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At least one very rarely-used API (for threading) has been removed from Java 22.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Usage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desktop_use">Desktop use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Desktop use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrostWire-Vista.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/FrostWire-Vista.png/220px-FrostWire-Vista.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/FrostWire-Vista.png/330px-FrostWire-Vista.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/FrostWire-Vista.png/440px-FrostWire-Vista.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>A Java program running on a <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> desktop (supported by Java 8, but not officially by later versions, such as Java 11) desktop computer</figcaption></figure> <p>Current Java is supported on 64-bit Windows 10 (and Server 2016) and later, 64-bit macOS 13.x and later, and 64-bit Linux (e.g. Oracle Enterprise Linux). Others are not supported by Oracle (for building, but may be by IBM, SAP etc.), though are known to work e.g. AIX, Ubuntu, RHEL, and Alphine/<a href="/wiki/Musl" title="Musl">musl</a>. 32-bit Windows support is deprecated since Java 22 (and 32-bit JVM no longer builds without non-default options). </p><p>According to Oracle in 2010, the Java Runtime Environment was found on over 850 million PCs.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> has not bundled a <a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java Runtime Environment</a> (JRE) with its <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating systems</a> since Sun Microsystems sued Microsoft for adding Windows-specific classes to the bundled Java runtime environment, and for making the new classes available through <a href="/wiki/Visual_J%2B%2B" title="Visual J++">Visual J++</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Apple no longer includes a Java runtime with <a href="/wiki/OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a> as of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Lion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X Lion">version 10.7</a>, but the system prompts the user to download and install it the first time an application requiring the JRE is launched.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a> include the <a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a> runtime as the default virtual machine, negating the need to download the proprietary Oracle JRE.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some Java applications are in fairly widespread desktop use, including the <a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a> and <a href="/wiki/JetBrains" title="JetBrains">JetBrains</a><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">integrated development environments</a>, and file sharing clients such as <a href="/wiki/LimeWire" title="LimeWire">LimeWire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vuze" title="Vuze">Vuze</a>. Java is also used in the <a href="/wiki/MATLAB" title="MATLAB">MATLAB</a> mathematics programming environment, both for rendering the <a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">user interface</a> and as part of the core system. Java provides cross platform user interface for some high end collaborative applications such as <a href="/wiki/IBM_Lotus_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Lotus Notes">Lotus Notes</a>. </p><p>Oracle plans to first deprecate the separately installable Java browser plugin from the Java Runtime Environment in JDK 9 then remove it completely from a future release, forcing web developers to use an alternative technology.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mascot">Mascot</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Mascot"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_(Java_mascot)_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg/40px-Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg/60px-Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg/80px-Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>Plain ol' Duke</figcaption></figure> <p>Duke is Java's <a href="/wiki/Mascot" title="Mascot">mascot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Sun announced that <a href="/wiki/Java_SE" class="mw-redirect" title="Java SE">Java SE</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java_ME" class="mw-redirect" title="Java ME">Java ME</a> would be released under a <a href="/wiki/Free_software_license" class="mw-redirect" title="Free software license">free software license</a> (the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a>), they released the Duke graphics under the free <a href="/wiki/BSD_licenses" title="BSD licenses">BSD license</a> at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A new Duke personality is created every year.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, in July 2011 "Future Tech Duke" included a bigger nose, a jetpack, and blue wings.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Licensing">Licensing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The source code for Sun's implementations of Java (i.e. the de facto reference implementation) has been available for some time, but until recently,<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the license terms severely restricted what could be done with it without signing (and generally paying for) a contract with Sun. As such these terms did not satisfy the requirements of either the <a href="/wiki/Open_Source_Initiative" title="Open Source Initiative">Open Source Initiative</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Free_Software_Foundation" title="Free Software Foundation">Free Software Foundation</a> to be considered open source or free software, and Sun Java was therefore a proprietary platform.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While several third-party projects (e.g. <a href="/wiki/GNU_Classpath" title="GNU Classpath">GNU Classpath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">Apache Harmony</a>) created <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> partial Java implementations, the large size of the Sun libraries combined with the use of <a href="/wiki/Clean_room_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean room design">clean room methods</a> meant that their implementations of the Java libraries (the compiler and VM are comparatively small and well defined) were incomplete and not fully compatible. These implementations also tended to be far less optimized than Sun's.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_software">Free software</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Free software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jonathan_Schwartz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jonathan_Schwartz.jpg/170px-Jonathan_Schwartz.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jonathan_Schwartz.jpg/255px-Jonathan_Schwartz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Jonathan_Schwartz.jpg/340px-Jonathan_Schwartz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="716" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_I._Schwartz" title="Jonathan I. Schwartz">Jonathan I. Schwartz</a> </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a> announced in <a href="/wiki/JavaOne" title="JavaOne">JavaOne</a> 2006 that Java would become <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source software</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on October 25, 2006, at the Oracle OpenWorld conference, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_I._Schwartz" title="Jonathan I. Schwartz">Jonathan I. Schwartz</a> said that the company was set to announce the release of the core <a href="#Platform">Java Platform</a> as free and open source software within 30 to 60 days.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sun released the Java HotSpot virtual machine and compiler as free software under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> on November 13, 2006, with a promise that the rest of the JDK (that includes the JRE) would be placed under the GPL by March 2007 ("except for a few components that Sun does not have the right to publish in distributable source form under the GPL").<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_Stallman" title="Richard Stallman">Richard Stallman</a>, this would mean an end to the "Java trap".<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Shuttleworth" title="Mark Shuttleworth">Mark Shuttleworth</a> called the initial press announcement, "A real milestone for the <a href="/wiki/Free_software" title="Free software">free software</a> community".<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sun released the <a href="/wiki/Source_code" title="Source code">source code</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Java_Class_Library" title="Java Class Library">Class library</a> under <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GPL</a> on May 8, 2007, except some limited parts that were licensed by Sun from third parties who did not want their code to be released under a free software and open-source license.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the encumbered parts turned out to be fairly key parts of the platform such as font rendering and 2D rasterising, but these were released as open-source later by Sun (see <a href="/wiki/OpenJDK#Class_library" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK Class library</a>). </p><p>Sun's goal was to replace the parts that remain proprietary and closed-source with alternative implementations and make the class library completely free and open source. In the meantime, a third-party project called <a href="/wiki/IcedTea" title="IcedTea">IcedTea</a> created a completely free and highly usable JDK by replacing encumbered code with either stubs or code from <a href="/wiki/GNU_Classpath" title="GNU Classpath">GNU Classpath</a>. However OpenJDK has since become buildable without the encumbered parts (from OpenJDK 6 b10<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and has become the default runtime environment for most Linux distributions.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2008, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/IcedTea" title="IcedTea">IcedTea</a>6 (as the packaged version of OpenJDK on <a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora 9</a>) has passed the <a href="/wiki/Technology_Compatibility_Kit" title="Technology Compatibility Kit">Technology Compatibility Kit</a> tests and can claim to be a fully compatible Java 6 implementation.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because OpenJDK is under the GPL, it is possible to redistribute a custom version of the JRE directly with software applications,<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather than requiring the enduser (or their sysadmin) to download and install the correct version of the proprietary Oracle JRE onto each of their systems themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Java" title="Criticism of Java">Criticism of Java</a></div> <p>In most cases, Java support is unnecessary in Web browsers, and security experts recommend that it not be run in a browser unless absolutely necessary.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was suggested<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (July 2023)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> that, if Java is required by a few Web sites, users should have a separate browser installation specifically for those sites.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="why, when many modern browsers are able to create sandboxes? (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Generics">Generics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Generics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Generics_in_Java" title="Generics in Java">Generics in Java</a></div> <p>When <a href="/wiki/Generic_programming" title="Generic programming">generics</a> were added to Java 5.0, there was already a large framework of classes (many of which were already <a href="/wiki/Deprecation" title="Deprecation">deprecated</a>), so generics were chosen to be implemented using <a href="/wiki/Generics_in_Java#Type_erasure" title="Generics in Java">erasure</a> to allow for <i>migration compatibility</i> and re-use of these existing classes. This limited the features that could be provided by this addition as compared to some other languages.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The addition of type wildcards made Java unsound.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Unsigned_integer_types">Unsigned integer types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Unsigned integer types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Java lacks native <a href="/wiki/Integer_(computer_science)" title="Integer (computer science)">unsigned integer</a> types. Unsigned data are often generated from programs written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a> and the lack of these types prevents direct data interchange between C and Java. Unsigned large numbers are also used in many numeric processing fields, including cryptography, which can make Java less convenient to use for these tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is possible to partially circumvent this problem with conversion code and using larger data types, it makes using Java cumbersome for handling the unsigned data. While a 32-bit signed integer may be used to hold a 16-bit unsigned value with relative ease, a 32-bit unsigned value would require a 64-bit signed integer. Additionally, a 64-bit unsigned value cannot be stored using any integer type in Java because no type larger than 64 bits exists in the Java language. If abstracted using functions, function calls become necessary for many operations which are native to some other languages. Alternatively, it is possible to use Java's signed integers to emulate unsigned integers of the same size, but this requires detailed knowledge of complex bitwise operations.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floating-point_arithmetic">Floating-point arithmetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Floating-point arithmetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Java's <a href="/wiki/Floating-point_arithmetic" title="Floating-point arithmetic">floating-point arithmetic</a> is largely based on <a href="/wiki/IEEE_754" title="IEEE 754">IEEE 754</a> (<i>Standard for Binary Floating-Point Arithmetic</i>), certain features are not supported even when using the <code><a href="/wiki/Strictfp" title="Strictfp">strictfp</a></code> modifier, such as Exception Flags and Directed Roundings –  capabilities mandated by IEEE Standard 754. Additionally, the extended-precision floating-point types permitted in 754 and present in many processors are not permitted in Java.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performance_2">Performance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Performance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Java_performance" title="Java performance">Java performance</a></div> <p>In the early days of Java (before the <a href="/wiki/HotSpot_(virtual_machine)" title="HotSpot (virtual machine)">HotSpot VM</a> was implemented in Java 1.3 in 2000) there were some criticisms of performance. <a href="/wiki/The_Computer_Language_Benchmarks_Game" title="The Computer Language Benchmarks Game">Benchmarks</a> typically reported Java as being about 50% slower than C (a language which compiles to native code).<sup id="cite_ref-debchart_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debchart-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Java_performance" title="Java performance">Java's performance</a> has improved substantially since the early versions.<sup id="cite_ref-LewisNeumann_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisNeumann-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Performance of <a href="/wiki/JIT_compiler" class="mw-redirect" title="JIT compiler">JIT compilers</a> relative to native compilers has in some optimized tests been shown to be quite similar.<sup id="cite_ref-LewisNeumann_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LewisNeumann-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Java_bytecode" title="Java bytecode">Java bytecode</a> can either be interpreted at run time by a virtual machine, or it can be compiled at load time or runtime into native code which runs directly on the computer's hardware. Interpretation is slower than native execution, and compilation at load time or runtime has an initial performance penalty for the compilation. Modern performant JVM implementations all use the compilation approach, so after the initial startup time the performance is equivalent to native code. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_2">Security</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Security"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Java_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Java security">Java security</a></div> <p>The Java platform provides a security architecture<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which is designed to allow the user to run untrusted bytecode in a "sandboxed" manner to protect against malicious or poorly written software. This "sandboxing" feature is intended to protect the user by restricting access to certain platform features and APIs which could be exploited by <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a>, such as accessing the local filesystem, running arbitrary commands, or accessing communication networks. </p><p>In recent years, researchers have discovered numerous security flaws in some widely used Java implementations, including Oracle's, which allow untrusted code to bypass the sandboxing mechanism, exposing users to malicious attacks. These flaws affect only Java applications which execute arbitrary untrusted bytecode, such as web browser plug-ins that run Java applets downloaded from public websites. Applications where the user trusts, and has full control over, all code that is being executed are unaffected. </p><p>On August 31, 2012, Java 6 and 7 (both supported back then) on Microsoft Windows, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">OS X</a>, and Linux were found to have a serious security flaw that allowed a <a href="/wiki/Exploit_(computer_security)" title="Exploit (computer security)">remote exploit</a> to take place by simply loading a malicious web page.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nowrap">Java 5</span> was later found to be flawed as well.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 10, 2013, three computer specialists spoke out against Java, telling <a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a> that it was not secure and that people should disable Java. Jaime Blasco, Labs Manager with AlienVault Labs, stated that "Java is a mess. It's not secure. You have to disable it."<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This vulnerability affects <span class="nowrap">Java 7</span> and it is unclear if it affects <span class="nowrap">Java 6</span>, so it is suggested that consumers disable it.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Security alerts from Oracle announce schedules of critical security-related patches to Java.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 14, 2013, security experts said that the update still failed to protect PCs from attack.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This exploit hole prompted a response from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Department of Homeland Security">United States Department of Homeland Security</a> encouraging users to disable or uninstall Java.<sup id="cite_ref-Homeland_Security_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Homeland_Security-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple blacklisted Java in limited order for all computers running its <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">OS X</a> operating system through a virus protection program.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 and responding to then-recent Java security and vulnerability issues, security blogger <a href="/wiki/Brian_Krebs" title="Brian Krebs">Brian Krebs</a> has called for users to remove at least the Java browser plugin and also the entire software. "I look forward to a world without the Java plugin (and to not having to remind readers about quarterly patch updates) but it will probably be years before various versions of this plugin are mostly removed from end-user systems worldwide."<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Once promising, it has outlived its usefulness in the browser, and has become a nightmare that delights cyber-criminals at the expense of computer users."<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "I think everyone should uninstall Java from all their PCs and Macs, and then think carefully about whether they need to add it back. If you are a typical home user, you can probably do without it. If you are a business user, you may not have a choice."<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adware">Adware</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Adware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Oracle-distributed Java runtime environment has a history of bundling sponsored software to be installed by default during installation and during the updates which roll out every month or so. This includes the "<a href="/wiki/Ask.com#Ask_Toolbar_controversy" title="Ask.com">Ask.com toolbar</a>" that will redirect browser searches to ads and "McAfee Security Scan Plus".<sup id="cite_ref-foistware_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foistware-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These offers can be blocked through a setting in the Java Control Panel, although this is not obvious. This setting is located under the "Advanced" tab in the Java Control Panel, under the "Miscellaneous" heading, where the option is labelled as an option to suppress "sponsor offers". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Update_system">Update system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Update system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Java has yet to release an automatic updater that does not require user intervention and administrative rights<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> unlike Google Chrome<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Flash player.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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computing mascots">List of computing mascots</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Java_(software_platform)&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output 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0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080205101616/http://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1996-01/sunflash.960123.10561.xml">"JavaSoft ships Java 1.0"</a> (Press release). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sun.com/smi/Press/sunflash/1996-01/sunflash.960123.10561.xml">the original</a> on February 5, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 9,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=JavaSoft+ships+Java+1.0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun.com%2Fsmi%2FPress%2Fsunflash%2F1996-01%2Fsunflash.960123.10561.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+%28software+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JavaHistory-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JavaHistory_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrtizGiguère2001" class="citation book cs1">Ortiz, C. Enrique; Giguère, Éric (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mobileinformatio0000orti"><i>Mobile Information Device Profile for Java 2 Micro Edition: Developer's Guide</i></a></span> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471034650" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471034650"><bdi>978-0471034650</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 30,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mobile+Information+Device+Profile+for+Java+2+Micro+Edition%3A+Developer%27s+Guide&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0471034650&rft.aulast=Ortiz&rft.aufirst=C.+Enrique&rft.au=Gigu%C3%A8re%2C+%C3%89ric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmobileinformatio0000orti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+%28software+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-latest-stable-JDK23-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-latest-stable-JDK23_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oracle.com/java/technologies/javase/23-0-1-relnotes.html">"Java™ SE Development Kit 23, 23.0.1 Release Notes"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Java" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Java">Java</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, 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/><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6b/En-Java_%28software_platform%29.ogg/En-Java_%28software_platform%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Spoken Wikipedia"><img alt="Spoken Wikipedia icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/45px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/68px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/90px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></span></span></div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-disclaimer"><a href="/wiki/File:En-Java_(software_platform).ogg" title="File:En-Java (software platform).ogg">This audio file</a> was created from a revision of this article dated 19 August 2013<span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated itvstart">2013-08-19</span>)</span>, and does not reflect subsequent edits.</div><div class="spoken-wikipedia-footer">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Media_help" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Media help">Audio help</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spoken_articles" title="Wikipedia:Spoken articles">More spoken articles</a>)</div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infoq.com/presentations/gosling-jvm-lang-summit-keynote">"How The JVM Spec Came To Be"</a>. <i>infoq.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infoq.com&rft.atitle=How+The+JVM+Spec+Came+To+Be&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infoq.com%2Fpresentations%2Fgosling-jvm-lang-summit-keynote&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJava+%28software+platform%29" class="Z3988"></span> –  Presentation by <a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a> about the origins of Java, from the JVM Languages Summit 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522182526/http://www.java-forums.org/forum.php">Java forums organization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://javatopics77.blogspot.com/">Java Introduction</a>, May 14, 2014, Java77 Blog</li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Java_(software_platform)" title="Template:Java (software platform)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Java_(software_platform)" title="Template talk:Java (software platform)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Java_(software_platform)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Java (software platform)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Java_(software_platform)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Java (software platform)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">JVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Micro_Edition" title="Java Platform, Micro Edition">Java ME</a> (Micro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Platform,_Standard_Edition" title="Java Platform, Standard Edition">Java SE</a> (Standard)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_EE" title="Jakarta EE">Jakarta EE</a> (Enterprise)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Card" title="Java Card">Java Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Android_software_development#SDK" title="Android software development">Android SDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GraalVM" title="GraalVM">GraalVM</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_(Java_mascot)_waving.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg/75px-Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg/113px-Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg/150px-Duke_%28Java_mascot%29_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="226" data-file-height="407" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oracle technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squawk_virtual_machine" title="Squawk virtual machine">Squawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Development_Kit" title="Java Development Kit">Java Development Kit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_virtual_machine" title="Java virtual machine">Java virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaFX" title="JavaFX">JavaFX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Virtual_Machine" title="Maxine Virtual Machine">Maxine VM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Platform technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Servlet" title="Jakarta Servlet">Servlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MIDlet" title="MIDlet">MIDlets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Server_Pages" title="Jakarta Server Pages">JSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakarta_Faces" title="Jakarta Faces">JSF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Web_Start" title="Java Web Start">Web Start</a> (JNLP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pack200" title="Pack200">Pack200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Platform_Module_System" title="Java Platform Module System">Modules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_applet" title="Java applet">applets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major third-party<br />technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Classpath" title="GNU Classpath">GNU Classpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hibernate_(framework)" title="Hibernate (framework)">Hibernate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Framework" title="Spring Framework">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Web_Toolkit" title="Google Web Toolkit">GWT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IcedTea" title="IcedTea">IcedTea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazelle" title="Jazelle">Jazelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Struts" title="Apache Struts">Struts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_TopLink" title="Oracle TopLink">TopLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WildFly" title="WildFly">WildFly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackdown_Java" title="Blackdown Java">blackdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Harmony" title="Apache Harmony">harmony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_version_history" title="Java version history">Java version history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Java_implementations" title="Free Java implementations">Free Java implementations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_JVM_languages" title="List of JVM languages">JVM languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BeanShell" title="BeanShell">BeanShell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clojure" title="Clojure">Clojure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groovy_(programming_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groovy (programming language)">Groovy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JRuby" title="JRuby">JRuby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jython" title="Jython">Jython</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kotlin_(programming_language)" title="Kotlin (programming language)">Kotlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processing" title="Processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhino_(JavaScript_engine)" title="Rhino (JavaScript engine)">Rhino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scala_(programming_language)" title="Scala (programming language)">Scala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygene_(programming_language)" title="Oxygene (programming language)">Oxygene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Professional_conference" title="Professional conference">Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JavaOne" title="JavaOne">JavaOne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devoxx" title="Devoxx">Devoxx</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apache_Software_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Apache Software Foundation">Apache Software Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Foundation" title="Eclipse Foundation">Eclipse Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Microsystems Laboratories">Sun Microsystems Laboratories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_Gosling" title="James Gosling">James Gosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_van_Hoff" title="Arthur van Hoff">Arthur van Hoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urs_H%C3%B6lzle" title="Urs Hölzle">Urs Hölzle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Naughton" title="Patrick Naughton">Patrick Naughton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Java_(programming_language)" title="Category:Java (programming language)">Category</a></b>   <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Octicons-terminal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/24px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/37px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Octicons-terminal.svg/49px-Octicons-terminal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Computer_programming" title="Portal:Computer programming">Computer programming portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sun_Microsystems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sun_Microsystems" title="Template:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sun_Microsystems" title="Template talk:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sun_Microsystems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sun Microsystems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sun_Microsystems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Acquisition_of_Sun_Microsystems_by_Oracle_Corporation" title="Acquisition of Sun Microsystems by Oracle Corporation">Acquired by Oracle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hardware</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun-1" title="Sun-1">Sun-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-2" title="Sun-2">Sun-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-3" title="Sun-3">Sun-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun386i" title="Sun386i">Sun386i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun-4" title="Sun-4">Sun-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation" title="SPARCstation">SPARCstation/server/center</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_1" title="SPARCstation 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_2" title="SPARCstation 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_4" class="mw-redirect" title="SPARCstation 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_5" title="SPARCstation 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_10" title="SPARCstation 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_20" title="SPARCstation 20">20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_IPC" title="SPARCstation IPC">IPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_IPX" title="SPARCstation IPX">IPX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_LX" title="SPARCstation LX">LX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCstation_ZX" title="SPARCstation ZX">ZX</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARCclassic" title="SPARCclassic">SPARCclassic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Netra" title="Sun Netra">Netra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ultra" title="Sun Ultra">Ultra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_1" title="Ultra 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultra 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_5/10" title="Ultra 5/10">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_5/10" title="Ultra 5/10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_24" title="Ultra 24">24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_30" title="Ultra 30">30</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_60" title="Ultra 60">60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_80" title="Ultra 80">80</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Enterprise" title="Sun Enterprise">Enterprise</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Enterprise_10000" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Enterprise 10000">10000</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Blade" title="Sun Blade">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Blade_(workstation)" title="Sun Blade (workstation)">Blade workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire" title="Sun Fire">Fire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_12K" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Fire 12K">12K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_15K" title="Sun Fire 15K">15K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_E25K" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Fire E25K">E25K</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_T2000" title="Sun Fire T2000">T2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fire_X4500" title="Sun Fire X4500">X4500</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_Enterprise" title="SPARC Enterprise">SPARC Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JavaStation" title="JavaStation">JavaStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Java_Workstation" title="Sun Java Workstation">Java Workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Ray" title="Sun Ray">Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Qube" title="Cobalt Qube">Cobalt Qube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_RaQ" title="Cobalt RaQ">Cobalt RaQ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SPARC" title="SPARC">SPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MB86900" title="MB86900">MB86900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroSPARC" title="MicroSPARC">microSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SuperSPARC" title="SuperSPARC">SuperSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC" title="UltraSPARC">UltraSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_II" title="UltraSPARC II">UltraSPARC II</a> <ul><li>UltraSPARC IIe</li> <li>UltraSPARC IIi</li> <li>Gemini</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_III" title="UltraSPARC III">UltraSPARC III</a> <ul><li>UltraSPARC III Cu</li> <li>UltraSPARC IIIi</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_IV" title="UltraSPARC IV">UltraSPARC IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T1" title="UltraSPARC T1">UltraSPARC T1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraSPARC_T2" title="UltraSPARC T2">UltraSPARC T2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T3" title="SPARC T3">SPARC T3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T4" title="SPARC T4">SPARC T4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T5" title="SPARC T5">SPARC T5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_(processor)" title="Rock (processor)">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MAJC" title="MAJC">MAJC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun4d" title="Sun4d">Sun4d</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SBus" title="SBus">SBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireplane" title="Fireplane">Fireplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LOM_port" title="LOM port">LOM port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MBus_(SPARC)" title="MBus (SPARC)">MBus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Modular_Datacenter" title="Sun Modular Datacenter">Modular Datacenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Neptune" title="Sun Neptune">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Service_Processor" title="System Service Processor">System Service Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SPARC_T_series" title="SPARC T series">SPARC T series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_SPOT" title="Sun SPOT">SPOT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_Port_Architecture" title="Ultra Port Architecture">Ultra Port Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Instruction_Set" title="Visual Instruction Set">Visual Instruction Set</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun Microsystems logo"><img alt="Sun Microsystems logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/110px-Sun-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/165px-Sun-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Sun-Logo.svg/220px-Sun-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="56" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SunOS" title="SunOS">SunOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Solaris" title="Oracle Solaris">Solaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Information_Service" title="Network Information Service">NIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NIS%2B" title="NIS+">NIS+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_File_System" title="Network File System">NFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ZFS%2B" title="ZFS+">ZFS+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SunView" title="SunView">SunView</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NeWS" title="NeWS">NeWS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenWindows" title="OpenWindows">OpenWindows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Desktop_System" title="Java Desktop System">Java Desktop System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Developer_Studio" title="Oracle Developer Studio">Studio</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Java</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StarOffice" title="StarOffice">StarOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPlanet" title="IPlanet">iPlanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Java_System" title="Sun Java System">Java System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Secure_Global_Desktop" title="Oracle Secure Global Desktop">Sun Secure Global Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL" title="MySQL">MySQL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_xVM" title="Sun xVM">xVM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlassFish" title="GlassFish">GlassFish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Storage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_StorageTek_5800_System" title="Sun StorageTek 5800 System">StorageTek 5800 System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_StorageTek_SL8500" title="Sun StorageTek SL8500">StorageTek SL8500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Open_Storage" title="Sun Open Storage">Open Storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QFS" title="QFS">QFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_ZFS" title="Oracle ZFS">ZFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Cloud" title="Sun Cloud">Cloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Constellation_System" title="Sun Constellation System">Constellation System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Visualization_System" title="Sun Visualization System">Visualization System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Grid_Engine" title="Oracle Grid Engine">Grid Engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustre_(file_system)" title="Lustre (file system)">Lustre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Labs" title="Oracle Labs">Sun Microsystems Laboratories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PicoJava" title="PicoJava">picoJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortress_(programming_language)" title="Fortress (programming language)">Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Looking_Glass" title="Project Looking Glass">Project Looking Glass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Certification_Program" title="Oracle Certification Program">SCPs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueJ" title="BlueJ">BlueJ</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Community</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Development_and_Distribution_License" title="Common Development and Distribution License">Common Development and Distribution License</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Community_Process" title="Java Community Process">Java Community Process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenOffice.org" title="OpenOffice.org">OpenOffice.org</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSPARC" title="OpenSPARC">OpenSPARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenJDK" title="OpenJDK">OpenJDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Source_University_Meetup" title="Open Source University Meetup">Open Source University Meetup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sun_Microsystems_employees" title="List of Sun Microsystems employees">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Joy" title="Bill Joy">Bill Joy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Bechtolsheim" title="Andy Bechtolsheim">Andy Bechtolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_McNealy" title="Scott McNealy">Scott McNealy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinod_Khosla" title="Vinod Khosla">Vinod Khosla</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acquisitions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afara_Websystems" title="Afara Websystems">Afara Websystems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobalt_Networks" title="Cobalt Networks">Cobalt Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gridware" class="mw-redirect" title="Gridware">Gridware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_Design" title="Lighthouse Design">Lighthouse Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montalvo_Systems" title="Montalvo Systems">Montalvo Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MySQL_AB" title="MySQL AB">MySQL AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixo" title="Pixo">Pixo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procom_Technology" title="Procom Technology">Procom Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SavaJe" title="SavaJe">SavaJe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StorageTek" title="StorageTek">StorageTek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarantella,_Inc." title="Tarantella, Inc.">Tarantella</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slogans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Network_is_the_Computer" title="The Network is the Computer">The Network is the Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_once,_run_anywhere" title="Write once, run anywhere">Write once, run anywhere</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:Sun_Microsystems" title="Category:Sun Microsystems">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Integrated_development_environments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Integrated development environments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Integrated_development_environments" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arduino_IDE" class="mw-redirect" title="Arduino IDE">Arduino IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code::Blocks" title="Code::Blocks">Code::Blocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CodeLite" title="CodeLite">CodeLite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-C%2B%2B" title="Dev-C++">Dev-C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emacs" title="Emacs">Emacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geany" title="Geany">Geany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNOME_Builder" title="GNOME Builder">GNOME Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakoune" title="Kakoune">Kakoune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDevelop" title="KDevelop">KDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QDevelop" title="QDevelop">QDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qt_Creator" title="Qt Creator">Qt Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate%2B%2B" title="Ultimate++">TheIDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vi_(text_editor)" title="Vi (text editor)">Vi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watcom_C/C%2B%2B" title="Watcom C/C++">OpenWatcom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DevEco_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="DevEco Studio">DevEco Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_Developer_Studio" title="Oracle Developer Studio">Oracle Developer Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio#Community" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2BBuilder" title="C++Builder">C++Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>-based <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CodeWarrior" title="CodeWarrior">CodeWarrior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyEclipse" title="MyEclipse">MyEclipse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li> <li>By <a href="/wiki/JetBrains" title="JetBrains">JetBrains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppCode" class="mw-redirect" title="AppCode">AppCode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLion" class="mw-redirect" title="CLion">CLion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LabWindows/CVI" title="LabWindows/CVI">LabWindows/CVI</a></li> <li>IBM <a href="/wiki/Rational_Software_Architect" class="mw-redirect" title="Rational Software Architect">Rational Software Architect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understand_(software)" title="Understand (software)">Understand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlickEdit" title="SlickEdit">SlickEdit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjuta" title="Anjuta">Anjuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualAge" title="VisualAge">VisualAge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express#Visual_C++_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual C++ Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharpDevelop" title="SharpDevelop">SharpDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_Turbo_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Borland Turbo C">Borland Turbo C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turbo_C%2B%2B" title="Turbo C++">C++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickC" title="QuickC">QuickC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjuta" title="Anjuta">Anjuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueJ" title="BlueJ">BlueJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DrJava" title="DrJava">DrJava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geany" title="Geany">Geany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenfoot" title="Greenfoot">Greenfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a> Community Edition <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_Studio" title="Android Studio">Android Studio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevEco_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="DevEco Studio">DevEco Studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/JGRASP" title="JGRASP">jGRASP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JDeveloper" title="JDeveloper">JDeveloper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>JCreator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MyEclipse" title="MyEclipse">MyEclipse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JetBrains" title="JetBrains">JetBrains</a> <a href="/wiki/IntelliJ_IDEA" title="IntelliJ IDEA">IntelliJ IDEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlickEdit" title="SlickEdit">SlickEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understand_(software)" title="Understand (software)">Understand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Metrowerks <a href="/wiki/CodeWarrior" title="CodeWarrior">CodeWarrior</a> Pro for Java</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBuilder" title="JBuilder">JBuilder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Java_Studio_Creator" title="Sun Java Studio Creator">Sun Java Studio Creator</a> (superseded by <a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualAge" title="VisualAge">VisualAge</a> (superseded by <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_(software)" title="Eclipse (software)">Eclipse</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Caf%C3%A9" title="Visual Café">Visual Café</a> (aka Espresso, superseded by <a href="/wiki/JBuilder" title="JBuilder">JBuilder</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_J%2B%2B" title="Visual J++">Visual J++</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xelfi" class="mw-redirect" title="Xelfi">Xelfi</a> (became <a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Open_source" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom_(text_editor)" title="Atom (text editor)">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chromium_(web_browser)" title="Chromium (web browser)">Chromium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevEco_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="DevEco Studio">DevEco Studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">CLI</a> (<a href="/wiki/.NET" title=".NET">.NET</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PascalABC.NET" title="PascalABC.NET">PascalABC.NET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio#Community" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JetBrains#Rider" title="JetBrains">Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understand_(software)" title="Understand (software)">Understand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xamarin_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="Xamarin Studio">Xamarin Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MonoDevelop" title="MonoDevelop">MonoDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SharpDevelop" title="SharpDevelop">SharpDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express#Visual_Basic_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Basic Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express#Visual_Web_Developer_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Web Developer Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express#2005–2010_products" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual J# Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express#2005–2010_products" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual Studio Express for Windows Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express#Visual_C++_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual C++ Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express#Visual_C#_Express" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Visual C# Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express#2015-2017_products" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Express for Desktop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express#2015-2017_products" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Express for Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Visual_Studio_Express#2015-2017_products" title="Microsoft Visual Studio Express">Express for Windows</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash" title="Adobe Flash">Flash</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Flash_Builder" title="Adobe Flash Builder">Adobe Flash Builder</a></li> <li>FlashDevelop</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powerflasher_FDT" title="Powerflasher FDT">Powerflasher FDT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/PHP" title="PHP">PHP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aptana" title="Aptana">Aptana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetBeans" title="NetBeans">NetBeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_Edit" title="Komodo Edit">Komodo Edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDevelop" title="KDevelop">KDevelop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Codelobster" title="Codelobster">Codelobster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PhpStorm" class="mw-redirect" title="PhpStorm">PhpStorm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHPEdit" title="PHPEdit">PHPEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlickEdit" title="SlickEdit">SlickEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zend_Studio" title="Zend Studio">Zend Studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/R_(programming_language)" title="R (programming language)">R</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RStudio" title="RStudio">RStudio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Tools_for_Visual_Studio" title="R Tools for Visual Studio">R Tools for Visual Studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Python_(programming_language)" title="Python (programming language)">Python</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjuta" title="Anjuta">Anjuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDLE" title="IDLE">IDLE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_(software)" title="Eric (software)">Eric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_Table_(software)" title="Light Table (software)">Light Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninja-IDE" title="Ninja-IDE">Ninja-IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PyDev" title="PyDev">PyDev</a></li> <li>PyScripter</li> <li>PIDA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spyder_(software)" title="Spyder (software)">Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_Edit" title="Komodo Edit">Komodo Edit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komodo_IDE" title="Komodo IDE">Komodo IDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDevelop" title="KDevelop">KDevelop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vim_(text_editor)" title="Vim (text editor)">Vim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thonny" title="Thonny">Thonny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevEco_Studio" class="mw-redirect" title="DevEco Studio">DevEco Studio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/PyCharm" title="PyCharm">PyCharm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PythonAnywhere" title="PythonAnywhere">PythonAnywhere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio_Code" title="Visual Studio Code">Visual Studio Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SlickEdit" title="SlickEdit">SlickEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wing_IDE" title="Wing IDE">Wing IDE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">Pascal</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Object_Pascal" title="Object Pascal">Object Pascal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_Pascal" title="Free Pascal">Free Pascal</a> IDE</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_(software)" title="Lazarus (software)">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dev-Pascal" title="Dev-Pascal">Dev-Pascal</a></li> <li>GNAVI</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PascalABC.NET" title="PascalABC.NET">PascalABC.NET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)#Embarcadero_Delphi_10.2_Tokyo_(Community_Edition)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delphi_(software)" title="Delphi (software)">Delphi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_Pascal" title="Turbo Pascal">Turbo Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Pascal" title="Virtual Pascal">Virtual Pascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borland_Kylix" title="Borland Kylix">Borland Kylix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Pascal" title="Microsoft Pascal">QuickPascal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BASIC" title="BASIC">BASIC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open source</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic-256" title="Basic-256">Basic-256</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Small_Basic" title="Microsoft Small Basic">Microsoft Small Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SdlBasic" title="SdlBasic">SdlBasic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambas" title="Gambas">Gambas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic4GL" title="Basic4GL">Basic4GL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeBASIC" title="FreeBASIC">VisualFBEditor / WinFBE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QB64" title="QB64">InForm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Freeware" title="Freeware">Freeware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FutureBASIC" title="FutureBASIC">FutureBASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RapidQ" title="RapidQ">RapidQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio#Community" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Retail_software" title="Retail software">Retail</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Visual_Studio" title="Visual Studio">Visual Studio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NS_Basic" title="NS Basic">NS Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PureBasic" title="PureBasic">PureBasic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLBasic" title="GLBasic">GLBasic</a></li> <li><a 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