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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Jews of Iran" redirects here. For the 2005 Dutch documentary, see <a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Iran_(film)" title="Jews of Iran (film)">Jews of Iran (film)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Iranian Jews<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: یهودیان ایرانی, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Yahudiyān-e Irāni; <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: יהודי איראן, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">romanized</a>: Yehudei Iran) constitute one of the oldest communities of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>. Dating back to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">biblical era</a>, they originate from the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> who relocated to <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. Books of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> (i.e., <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>) bring together an extensive narrative shedding light on contemporary Jewish life experiences in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">ancient Iran</a>; there has been a continuous <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jewish presence in Iran</a> since at least the time of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, who led <a href="/wiki/Immortals_(Achaemenid_Empire)" title="Immortals (Achaemenid Empire)">Achaemenid</a> army's conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a> and subsequently freed the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Judahites</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Iranian Jews</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>یهودیان ایرانی <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>יהודי איראן‎</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Zionist_Federation_in_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Zionist_Federation_in_Iran.jpg/220px-Zionist_Federation_in_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Zionist_Federation_in_Iran.jpg/330px-Zionist_Federation_in_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Zionist_Federation_in_Iran.jpg/440px-Zionist_Federation_in_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1986" data-file-height="1507"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Gathering of the Zionist Federation in Iran, 1920</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">300,000–350,000 (est.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000<a href="#cite_note-foxnews.com-1">[1]</a>–250,000<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650"> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">60,000–80,000<a href="#cite_note-foxnews.com-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></th><td class="infobox-data">9,826<a href="#cite_note-worldpopulationreview.com-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640"> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">~740<a href="#cite_note-4">[note 1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Iranian_languages" title="Judeo-Iranian languages">Judeo-Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Tajik" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Tajik">Bukharian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>), <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Star_of_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/15px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/23px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/30px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693"></a> <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Jews" title="Assyrian Jews">Assyrian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Afghanistan" title="History of the Jews in Afghanistan">Afghan Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi Jews</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"> After 1979, Jewish emigration from Iran increased dramatically in light of the country's <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a>. Today, the vast majority of Iranian Jews reside in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Iranian Jews in Israel">Israeli community of Iranian Jews</a> is mostly concentrated in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tel_Aviv" title="Tel Aviv">Tel Aviv</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netanya" title="Netanya">Netanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kfar_Saba" title="Kfar Saba">Kfar Saba</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a>. In the United States, there are sizable Iranian Jewish communities in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a>), <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Great_Neck,_New_York" title="Great Neck, New York">Great Neck</a>. Smaller Iranian Jewish communities also exist in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Minneapolis%E2%80%93Saint_Paul" title="Minneapolis–Saint Paul">Minneapolis–Saint Paul</a>. According to the 2016 Iranian census, the remaining Jewish population of Iran stood at 9,826 people;<a href="#cite_note-Iranian_National_Census_2016-6">[5]</a> independent third-party estimates have placed the figure at around 8,500.<a href="#cite_note-worldpopulationreview.com-3">[3]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Terminology">1 Terminology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#History">2 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Achaemenid_period_(550%E2%80%93330_BC)">2.1 Achaemenid period (550–330 BC)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-4"><a href="#Under_Cyrus_the_Great">2.1.1 Under Cyrus the Great</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-5"><a href="#Under_Darius_the_Great">2.1.2 Under Darius the Great</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Under_Ahasuerus_(Bible)">2.1.3 Under Ahasuerus (Bible)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Parthian_period_(247_BC_%E2%80%93_224_AD)">2.2 Parthian period (247 BC – 224 AD)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Sasanian_period_(226%E2%80%93634_AD)">2.3 Sasanian period (226–634 AD)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Arab_conquest_and_early_Islamic_period_(634%E2%80%931255)">2.4 Arab conquest and early Islamic period (634–1255)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Mongol_rule_(1256%E2%80%931318)">2.5 Mongol rule (1256–1318)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Safavid_dynasty_(1501%E2%80%931736)">2.6 Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Conversion_of_Iran_from_Sunni_Islam_to_Shia_Islam">2.6.1 Conversion of Iran from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Afsharid_dynasty_(1736%E2%80%931796)">2.7 Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Qajar_dynasty_(1789%E2%80%931925)">2.8 Qajar dynasty (1789–1925)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Pahlavi_dynasty_(1925%E2%80%931979)">2.9 Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Islamic_Republic_(1979%E2%80%93present)">2.10 Islamic Republic (1979–present)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Current_status">3 Current status</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Societal_environment">3.1 Societal environment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Contact_with_non-Persian_Jews">3.2 Contact with non-Persian Jews</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Synagogues_and_Hebrew_schools">3.3 Synagogues and Hebrew schools</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Legal_discrimination">3.4 Legal discrimination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Islamic_curriculum">3.5 Islamic curriculum</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Ancient_Jewish_sites">3.6 Ancient Jewish sites</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Demographics">4 Demographics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Iran">4.1 Iran</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Israel">4.2 Israel</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#United_States">4.3 United States</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Beverly_Hills">4.3.1 Beverly Hills</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#New_York">4.3.2 New York</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#Related_Jewish_communities">5 Related Jewish communities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Mountain_Jews">5.1 Mountain Jews</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Bukharian_Jews">5.2 Bukharian Jews</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Lakhloukh_Jews">5.3 Lakhloukh Jews</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Languages">6 Languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#Genetics">7 Genetics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-36"><a href="#Medical_conditions">7.1 Medical conditions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#Prominent_Persian_Jews">8 Prominent Persian Jews</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-38"><a href="#Biblical_era">8.1 Biblical era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-39"><a href="#Pre-modern_era">8.2 Pre-modern era</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-40"><a href="#Politics_and_military">8.3 Politics and military</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-41"><a href="#Science_and_academia">8.4 Science and academia</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-42"><a href="#Business_and_economics">8.5 Business and economics</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-43"><a href="#Art_and_entertainment">8.6 Art and entertainment</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-44"><a href="#Religious_figures">8.7 Religious figures</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-45"><a href="#Miscellaneous">8.8 Miscellaneous</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-46"><a href="#See_also">9 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-47"><a href="#References">10 References</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-48"><a href="#Notes">10.1 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-49"><a href="#Citations">10.2 Citations</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-50"><a href="#Sources">10.3 Sources</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-51"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Today, the term Iranian Jews is mostly used in reference to Jews who are from the country of <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>. In various scholarly and historical texts, the term is used in reference to Jews who speak various <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>. Iranian immigrants in Israel (nearly all of whom are Jewish) are referred to as Parsim. In Iran, Persian Jews and Jewish people in general are both described with four common terms: Kalīmī (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: کلیمی), which is considered the most proper term; Yahūdī (یهودی), which is less formal but correct; Yīsrael (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095">ישראל‎) the term by which Jewish people refer to themselves. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Iran">History of Jews in Iran</a></div> Jews had been residing in <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a> since around 727 BC, having arrived in the region as slaves after being captured by the <a href="/wiki/Assyria" title="Assyria">Assyrian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> kings. According to one Jewish legend, the first Jew to enter Persia was <a href="/wiki/Serah" title="Serah">Sarah bat Asher</a>, grand daughter of the <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Patriarch Jacob</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The biblical books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Chronicles">Chronicles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Esther</a> contain references to the life and experiences of Jews in Persia and accounts of their relations with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Persian kings</a>. In the book of Ezra, the Persian kings are credited with permitting and enabling the Jews to return to <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and rebuild their Temple; its reconstruction was effected "according to the decree of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ezra#Timeline" title="Ezra">Artaxerxes</a> king of Persia" (Ezra 6:14). This great event in Jewish history took place in the late sixth-century BC, by which time there was a well-established and influential Jewish community in Persia. Jews in ancient Persia mostly lived in their own communities. Iranian Jews lived in the ancient (and until the mid-20th century still extant) communities not only of Iran, but also the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Jews">Iraqi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jewish</a> communities.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-foa-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> Some of the communities have been isolated from other Jewish communities to the extent that their classification as "Persian Jews" is a matter of <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Geography" title="Geography">geographical</a> convenience rather than actual historical relationship with one another. Scholars believe that during the peak of the Persian Empire, Jews may have comprised as much as 20% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>: "The Jews trace their heritage in Iran to the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Exile" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Exile">Babylonian Exile</a> of the 6th century BC[E] and, like the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>, have retained their ethnic, linguistic, and religious identity."<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> But the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>'s country study on Iran states that "Over the centuries the Jews of Iran became physically, culturally, and linguistically indistinguishable from the non-Jewish population. The overwhelming majority of Jews speak Persian as their mother language, and a tiny minority, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>."<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Achaemenid_period_(550–330_BC)">Achaemenid period (550–330 BC)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Achaemenid period (550–330 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Cyrus_the_Great">Under Cyrus the Great</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Under Cyrus the Great" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg/300px-Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="355" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="507" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 355px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg/300px-Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg" data-width="300" data-height="355" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg/450px-Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Cyrus_II_le_Grand_et_les_H%C3%A9breux.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> allowing Hebrew pilgrims to return to the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a> and rebuild Jerusalem, painting by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Fouquet" title="Jean Fouquet">Jean Fouquet</a> circa 1470</figcaption></figure> According to the biblical account <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> was "God's anointed", having freed the Jews from Babylonian rule. After the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> by the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, Cyrus granted all the Jews citizenship. Though he allowed the Jews to return to Israel (around 537 BC), many chose to remain in Persia. Thus, the events of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a> are set entirely in Iran. Various biblical accounts say that over forty thousand Jews did return (See <a href="/wiki/Jehoiakim" title="Jehoiakim">Jehoiakim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Gorder_2010_17-15">[14]</a> The historical nature of the "Cyrus decree" has been challenged. Professor Lester L Grabbe argues that there was no decree, but that there was a policy that allowed exiles to return to their homelands and rebuild their temples. He also argues that the archaeology suggests that the return was a "trickle", taking place over perhaps decades, resulting in a maximum population of perhaps 30,000.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_R._Davies" title="Philip R. Davies">Philip R. Davies</a> called the authenticity of the decree "dubious", citing Grabbe. Arguing against the authenticity of Ezra 1.1–4 is J. Briend, in a paper given at the Institut Catholique de Paris on 15 December 1993, who denies that it resembles the form of an official document but reflects rather the biblical prophetic idiom."<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Mary Joan Winn Leith believes that the decree in Ezra might be authentic and, along with the <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a>, that Cyrus, like earlier rulers, was through these decrees trying to gain support from those who might be strategically important, particularly those close to Egypt which Cyrus wished to conquer. She also wrote that "appeals to Marduk in the cylinder and to Yahweh in the biblical decree demonstrate the Persian tendency to co-opt local religious and political traditions in the interest of imperial control."<a href="#cite_note-MaryJ1-18">[17]</a> By some accounts, the tomb of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> is located in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> was eventually (re)built in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, with assistance from the Persians, and the Israelites assumed an important position in the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a> trade with <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gorder_2010_17-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Darius_the_Great">Under Darius the Great</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Under Darius the Great" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a></div> Cyrus ordered rebuilding the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> in the same place as the first; however, he died before it was completed. <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> came to power in the Persian Empire and ordered the completion of the temple. According to the Bible, the prophets <a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(Hebrew_prophet)" title="Zechariah (Hebrew prophet)">Zechariah</a> urged this work. The temple was ready for consecration in the spring of 515 BC, more than twenty years after the <a href="/wiki/Return_to_Zion" title="Return to Zion">Jews' return to Jerusalem</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Under_Ahasuerus_(Bible)">Under Ahasuerus (Bible)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Under Ahasuerus (Bible)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haman_(Bible)" class="mw-redirect" title="Haman (Bible)">Haman</a> was an <a href="/wiki/Agagite" title="Agagite">Agagite</a> noble and <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Empire" title="Empire">empire</a> under Persian King <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a>, generally identified as <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Xerxes the Great">Xerxes the Great</a> (son of Darius the Great) in the 6th century BC.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> According to the story, Haman and his wife Zeresh instigated a plot to kill all the Jews of ancient <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. The plot was foiled by Queen <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a>, the Jewish Queen of <a href="/wiki/Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>. As a result, Ahasuerus ordered the hanging of Haman and his ten sons. The events of the Book of Esther are celebrated as the holiday of <a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_period_(247_BC_–_224_AD)">Parthian period (247 BC – 224 AD)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Parthian period (247 BC – 224 AD)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Iranian_Jews" title="Special:EditPage/Iranian Jews">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (January 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Jewish sources contain no mention of the <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> influence; "Parthia" does not appear in the texts.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenian</a> prince Sanatroces, of the royal house of the Arsacides, is mentioned in the "Small Chronicle" as one of the successors (diadochoi) of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>. Among other Asiatic princes, the Roman rescript in favor of the Jews reached <a href="/wiki/Arsaces" title="Arsaces">Arsaces</a> as well (I Macc. xv. 22); it is not, however, specified which Arsaces. Not long after this, the Partho-Babylonian country was trodden by the army of a Jewish prince; the <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Syria" title="Demographics of Syria">Syrian</a> king, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus</a> Sidetes, marched, in company with Hyrcanus I, against the Parthians; and when the allied armies defeated the Parthians (129 BC) at the <a href="/wiki/Great_Zab" title="Great Zab">Great Zab</a> (Lycus), the king ordered a halt of two days on account of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Sabbath">Jewish Sabbath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Weeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Feast of Weeks">Feast of Weeks</a>. In 40 BC the Jewish puppet-king, <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanus_II" title="Hyrcanus II">Hyrcanus II</a>, fell into the hands of the Parthians, who, according to their custom, cut off his ears in order to render him unfit for rulership. The Jews of Babylonia, it seems, had the intention of founding a high-priesthood for the exiled Hyrcanus, which they would have made quite independent of the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>. But the reverse was to come about: the Judeans received a Babylonian, Ananel by name, as their high priest, which indicates the importance enjoyed by the Jews of Babylonia. The <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> was based on a loosely configured system of vassal kings. The lack of rigidly centralized rule over the empire had drawbacks, for instance, allowing the rise of a Jewish robber-state in Nehardea (see <a href="/wiki/Anilai_and_Asinai" title="Anilai and Asinai">Anilai and Asinai</a>). Yet, the tolerance of the <a href="/wiki/Arsacid_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Arsacid Empire">Arsacid</a> dynasty was as legendary as that of the first Persian dynasty, the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenids" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenids">Achaemenids</a>. One account suggests the conversion of a small number of Parthian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vassal_king&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vassal king (page does not exist)">vassal kings</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adiabene" title="Adiabene">Adiabene</a> to <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>. These instances and others show not only the tolerance of Parthian kings, but are also a testament to the extent at which the Parthians saw themselves as the heir to the preceding empire of <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>. So protective were the Parthians of the minority over whom they ruled, that an old <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> saying tells, "When you see a Parthian charger tied up to a tomb-stone in the Land of Israel, the hour of the Messiah will be near". The <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> wanted to fight in common cause with their <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judean</a> brethren against <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>; but it was not until the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> waged war under <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> against <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthia</a> that they made their hatred felt; so, the revolt of the Babylonian Jews helped prevent Rome from becoming master there. <a href="/wiki/Philo" title="Philo">Philo</a> speaks of the numerous Jews resident in that country, a population that was likely increased by immigrants after the destruction of Jerusalem. In Jerusalem from early times, Jews had looked to the east for help. With the fall of Jerusalem, <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> became a kind of bulwark of Judaism. The collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kochba_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Bar Kochba revolt">Bar Kochba revolt</a> likely also added to Jewish refugees in Babylon. In the struggles between the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> and the Romans, the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> had reason to side with the Parthians, their protectors. Parthian kings elevated the princes of the Exile to a kind of nobility, called <a href="/wiki/Resh_Galuta" class="mw-redirect" title="Resh Galuta">Resh Galuta</a>. Until then they had used the Jews as collectors of revenue. The Parthians may have given them recognition for services, especially by the Davidic house. Establishment of the Resh Galuta provided a central authority over the numerous <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> subjects, who proceeded to develop their own internal affairs. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sasanian_period_(226–634_AD)">Sasanian period (226–634 AD)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sasanian period (226–634 AD)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exilarch" title="Exilarch">Exilarch</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nizami_hebrew.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nizami_hebrew.JPG/220px-Nizami_hebrew.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="361" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="621"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 361px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nizami_hebrew.JPG/220px-Nizami_hebrew.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="361" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Nizami_hebrew.JPG/330px-Nizami_hebrew.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Nizami_hebrew.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> version of <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nizami</a>'s "Khosrow va Shirin"</figcaption></figure> By the early third century, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Persian Empire</a> influences were on the rise again. In the winter of 226 AD, <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> overthrew the last Parthian king (<a href="/wiki/Artabanus_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Artabanus IV">Artabanus IV</a>), destroyed the rule of the Arsacids, and founded the dynasty of the <a href="/wiki/Sassanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanids">Sassanids</a>. While <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic civilization">Hellenistic</a> influence had been felt amongst the religiously tolerant <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> the Sassanids intensified the Persian side of life, favored the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_Middle_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrian Middle Persian">Pahlavi</a> language, and restored the old <a href="/wiki/Dualism_in_cosmology" title="Dualism in cosmology">dualistic</a> religion of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> which became the official <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> This resulted in the suppression of other religions.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> A priestly Zoroastrian inscription from the time of King Bahram II (276–293 AD) contains a list of religions (including Judaism, Christianity, Buddhism, Hinduism etc.) that Sassanid rule claimed to have "smashed". "The false doctrines of Ahriman and of the idols suffered great blows and lost credibility. The Jews (Yahud), <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Buddhists</a> (Shaman), <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Iran" title="Hinduism in Iran">Hindus</a> (Brahman), <a href="/wiki/Nazarene_(sect)" title="Nazarene (sect)">Nazarenes</a> (Nasara), <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Christians</a> (Kristiyan), <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Baptists</a> (Makdag) and Manichaeans (<a href="/wiki/Zandik" title="Zandik">Zandik</a>) were smashed in the empire, their idols destroyed, and the habitations of the idols annihilated and turned into abodes and seats of the gods".<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> (or Shvor Malka, which is the <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a> form of the name) was friendly to the Jews. His friendship with <a href="/wiki/Samuel_of_Nehardea" title="Samuel of Nehardea">Shmuel</a> gained many advantages for the <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a> community. <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a>'s mother <a href="/wiki/Ifra_Hormizd" title="Ifra Hormizd">Ifra Hormizd</a> was half-Jewish, and this gave the Jewish community relative freedom of religion and many advantages. He was also friend of a <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbi" title="Rabbi">rabbi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> named <a href="/wiki/Rabbah_bar_Nahmani" title="Rabbah bar Nahmani">Raba</a>, Raba's friendship with Shapur II enabled him to secure a relaxation of the oppressive laws enacted against the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Persian Empire</a>. In addition, Raba sometimes referred to his top student Abaye with the term Shvur Malka meaning "Shapur [the] King" because of his bright and quick intellect. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arab_conquest_and_early_Islamic_period_(634–1255)">Arab conquest and early Islamic period (634–1255)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Arab conquest and early Islamic period (634–1255)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> With the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_conquest_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic conquest of Persia">Islamic conquest of Persia</a>, the government assigned Jews, along with Christians and Zoroastrians, to the status of <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">dhimmis</a>, non-Muslim subjects of the Islamic empire. Dhimmis were allowed to practice their religion, but were required to pay jizya to cover the cost of financial welfare, security and other benefits that Muslims were entitled to (<a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">jizya</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Tax_per_head" class="mw-redirect" title="Tax per head">poll tax</a>, and initially also <a href="/wiki/Kharaj" title="Kharaj">kharaj</a>, a land tax) in place of the <a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">zakat</a>, which the Muslim population was required to pay. Like other Dhimmis, Jews were exempt from military draft. Viewed as "People of the Book", they had some status as fellow monotheists, though they were treated differently depending on the ruler at the time. On the one hand, Jews were granted significant economic and religious freedom when compared to their co-religionists in European nations during these centuries. Many served as doctors, scholars, and craftsman, and gained positions of influence in society. On the other hand, like other non-Muslims, they were treated as somewhat inferior. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mongol_rule_(1256–1318)">Mongol rule (1256–1318)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mongol rule (1256–1318)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1255, Mongols led by <a href="/wiki/Hulagu_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hulagu Khan">Hulagu Khan</a> invaded parts of Persia, and in 1258 they <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baghdad_(1258)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Baghdad (1258)">captured Baghdad</a> putting an end to the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasid</a> caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> In Persia and surrounding areas, the Mongols established a division of the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol Empire</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate</a>, building a capital city in <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>. The Ilkhanate Mongol rulers abolished the inequality of dhimmis, and all religions were deemed equal. It was shortly after this time when one of the Ilkhanate rulers, <a href="/wiki/Arghun" title="Arghun">Arghun</a> Khan, preferred Jews for the administrative positions and appointed Sa'd al-Daula, a Jew, as his <a href="/wiki/Vizier" title="Vizier">vizier</a>. The appointment, however, provoked resentment from the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">Muslim clergy</a>, and after Arghun's death in 1291, al-Daula was murdered and Persian Jews in Tabriz suffered a period of violent persecutions from the Muslim populace instigated by the clergy. The <a href="/wiki/Syriac_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Syriac Orthodox">Syriac Orthodox</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Bar_Hebraeus" title="Bar Hebraeus">Bar Hebraeus</a> wrote that the violence committed against the Jews during that period "neither tongue can utter, nor the pen write down".<a href="#cite_note-littman2-27">[26]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Ghazan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmud Ghazan">Ghazan Khan</a>'s conversion to Islam in 1295 heralded for Persian Jews in Tabriz a pronounced turn for the worse, as they were once again relegated to the status of dhimmis (Covenant of Omar). <a href="/wiki/%C3%96ljeit%C3%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="Öljeitü">Öljeitü</a>, Ghazan Khan's successor, destroyed many synagogues and decreed that Jews had to wear a distinctive mark on their heads; Christians endured similar persecutions. Under pressure, many Jews converted to Islam. The most famous such convert was <a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid-al-Din Hamadani</a>, a physician of Hamadani origin who was also a historian and statesman; and who adopted Islam in order to advance his career in Öljeitü's court in Tabriz. However, in 1318 he was executed on charges of poisoning Öljeitü and his severed head was carried around the streets of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, chanting, "This is the head of the Jew who abused the name of God; may God's curse be upon him!" About 100 years later, <a href="/wiki/Miranshah" title="Miranshah">Miranshah</a> destroyed Rashid al-Din's tomb, and his remains were reburied at the Jewish cemetery. In 1383, <a href="/wiki/Timur_Lenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Timur Lenk">Timur Lenk</a> started the military conquest of Persia. He captured <a href="/wiki/Herat" title="Herat">Herat</a>, Khorasan and all eastern Persia to 1385 and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/massacre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:massacre">massacred</a> almost all inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Neishapur" class="mw-redirect" title="Neishapur">Neishapur</a> and other Iranian cities. When revolts broke out in Persia, he ruthlessly suppressed them, massacring the populations of whole cities. When Timur plundered Persia its artists and artisans were deported to embellish Timur's capital <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>. Skilled Persian Jews were imported to develop the empire's textile industry.<a href="#cite_note-r1-28">[27]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safavid_dynasty_(1501–1736)">Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Safavid dynasty (1501–1736)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conversion_of_Iran_from_Sunni_Islam_to_Shia_Islam">Conversion of Iran from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Conversion of Iran from Sunni Islam to Shia Islam" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Synagogue_in_Tehran,_Qajar_period.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Synagogue_in_Tehran%2C_Qajar_period.jpg/220px-Synagogue_in_Tehran%2C_Qajar_period.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="271"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 157px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Synagogue_in_Tehran%2C_Qajar_period.jpg/220px-Synagogue_in_Tehran%2C_Qajar_period.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="157" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Synagogue_in_Tehran%2C_Qajar_period.jpg/330px-Synagogue_in_Tehran%2C_Qajar_period.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/b9/Synagogue_in_Tehran%2C_Qajar_period.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Synagogue in Tehran. A postcard from the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar</a> (1794–1925) period.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalimi_iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kalimi_iran.jpg/220px-Kalimi_iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="607" data-file-height="465"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kalimi_iran.jpg/220px-Kalimi_iran.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kalimi_iran.jpg/330px-Kalimi_iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Kalimi_iran.jpg/440px-Kalimi_iran.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hamedan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamedan">Hamedan</a> Jews in 1918</figcaption></figure> During the reign of the <a href="/wiki/Safavids" class="mw-redirect" title="Safavids">Safavids</a> (1502–1794), they proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Shi%27a_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'a Islam">Shi'a Islam</a> the state religion. This led to a deterioration in their treatment of Persian Jews. Safavids Shi'ism assigns importance to the issues of ritual purity – <a href="/wiki/Taher_(name)" title="Taher (name)">tahara</a>. Non-Muslims, including Jews, are deemed to be ritually unclean – <a href="/wiki/Najis" title="Najis">najis</a>. Any physical contact would require Shi'as to undertake ritual purification before doing regular prayers. Thus, Persian rulers, and the general populace, sought to limit physical contact between Muslims and Jews. Jews were excluded from public baths used by Muslims. They were forbidden to go outside during rain or snow, as an "impurity" could be washed from them upon a Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> The reign of Shah <a href="/wiki/Abbas_I_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbas I of Persia">Abbas I</a> (1588–1629) was initially benign; Jews prospered throughout Persia and were encouraged to settle in Isfahan, which was made a new capital. Toward the end of his rule, treatment of Jews became more harsh. Shi'a clergy (including a Jewish convert) persuaded the shah to require Jews to wear a distinctive badge on clothing and headgear. In 1656, Shah <a href="/wiki/Abbas_II_of_Persia" title="Abbas II of Persia">Abbas II</a> ordered the expulsion from Isfahan of all Jews because of the common belief of their "impurity". They were forced to convert to Islam. The treasury suffered from the loss of jizya collected from the Jews. There were rumors that the converts continued to practice <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> in secret. For whatever reason, the government in 1661 allowed Jews to take up their old religion, but still required them to wear a distinctive patch upon their clothing.<a href="#cite_note-littman2-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afsharid_dynasty_(1736–1796)">Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Afsharid dynasty (1736–1796)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Nadir_Shah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadir Shah">Nadir Shah</a> (1736–1747) allowed Jews to settle in the Shi'ite holy city of <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>. As many Jews were traders, they were able to prosper due to the connection of Mashhad to other cities along the Silk Road, most notably in Central Asia. In 1839, in an event known as <a href="/wiki/Allahdad_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahdad incident">Allahdad incident</a>, many members of the Jewish community were forced to convert to Islam or left Mashhad, to Herat in Afghanistan or cities such as Bukhara in today's Uzbekistan. They became known as "Jadid al-Islams" (new Muslims) and appeared to superficially accept the new religion, but continued to practice many Jewish traditions, i.e. as <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jews">Crypto-Jews</a>. Except a few individuals, the community permanently left Mashhad in 1946, either to Tehran, but also to Bombay and Palestine. Most of them still live as a tightly knit community in Israel today.<a href="#cite_note-JadidAlIslam-30">[29]</a> Bābāʾī ben Nūrīʾel, a ḥāḵām (rabbi) from Isfahan translated the Pentateuch and the Psalms of David from Hebrew into Persian at the behest of Nāder Shah. Three other rabbis helped him in the translation, which was begun in Rabīʿ II 1153/May 1740, and completed in Jomādā I 1154/June 1741. At the same time, eight Muslim mullahs and three European and five Armenian priests translated the Koran and the Gospels. The commission was supervised by Mīrzā Moḥammad Mahdī Khan Monšī, the court historiographer and author of the Tārīḵ-ejahāngošā-ye nāderī. Finished translations were presented to Nāder Shah in Qazvīn in June, 1741, who, however, was not impressed. There had been previous translations of the Jewish holy books into Persian, but Bābāʾī's translation is notable for the accuracy of the Persian equivalents of Hebrew words, which has made it the subject of study by linguists. Bābāʾī's introduction to the translation of the Psalms of David is unique, and sheds a certain amount of light on the teaching methods of Iranian Jewish schools in eighteenth-century Iran. He is not known to have written anything else.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qajar_dynasty_(1789–1925)">Qajar dynasty (1789–1925)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Qajar dynasty (1789–1925)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The advent of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a> in 1794 brought back the earlier persecutions. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalimi_mashrutiat.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kalimi_mashrutiat.JPG/220px-Kalimi_mashrutiat.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="397" data-file-height="288"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 160px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kalimi_mashrutiat.JPG/220px-Kalimi_mashrutiat.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="160" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kalimi_mashrutiat.JPG/330px-Kalimi_mashrutiat.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Kalimi_mashrutiat.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Jewish gathering celebrates the second anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Constitutional_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Constitutional Revolution">Iranian Constitutional Revolution</a> in Tehran.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/George_Curzon,_1st_Marquess_Curzon_of_Kedleston" title="George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston">Lord Curzon</a> described 19th-century regional differences in the situation of the Persian Jews: "In Isfahan, where they are said to be 3,700 and where they occupy a relatively better status than elsewhere in Persia, they are not permitted to wear kolah or Persian headdress, to have shops in the bazaar, to build the walls of their houses as high as a Moslem neighbour's, or to ride in the street. In Teheran and <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a> they are also to be found in large numbers and enjoying a fair position. In Shiraz they are very badly off. In Bushire they are prosperous and free from persecution."<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In the 19th century, the colonial powers from Europe began noting numerous forced conversions and massacres, usually generated by Shi'a clergy. Two major blood-libel conspiracies had taken place during this period, one in Shiraz and the other in Tabriz. A document recorded after the incident states that the Jews faced two options, conversion to Islam or death. Amidst the chaos, Jews had converted, but most refused to convert to Islam – described within the document was a boy of age 16 named Yahyia who refused to convert to Islam and was subsequently killed. The same year saw a forcible conversion of the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> over a similar incident. The <a href="/wiki/Allahdad_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahdad incident">Allahdad incident</a> of 1839 was mentioned above. European travellers reported that the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> continued to practice Judaism in secret despite a fear of further persecutions. Famous Iranian-Jewish teachers such as Mullah Daoud Chadi continued to teach and preach Judaism, inspiring Jews throughout the nation. Jews of <a href="/wiki/Babol" title="Babol">Barforush</a>, Mazandaran were forcibly converted in 1866. When the French and British ambassadors intervened to allow them to practice their traditional religion, a mob killed 18 Jews.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> In the middle of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/J._J._Benjamin" title="J. J. Benjamin">J. J. Benjamin</a> wrote about the life of Persian Jews, describing conditions and beliefs that went back to the 16th century: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">They are obliged to live in a separate part of town…; for they are considered as unclean creatures… Under the pretext of their being unclean, they are treated with the greatest severity and should they enter a street, inhabited by Mussulmans, they are pelted by the boys and mobs with stones and dirt… For the same reason, they are prohibited to go out when it rains; for it is said the rain would wash dirt off them, which would sully the feet of the Mussulmans… If a Jew is recognized as such in the streets, he is subjected to the greatest insults. The passers-by spit in his face, and sometimes beat him… unmercifully… If a Jew enters a shop for anything, he is forbidden to inspect the goods… Should his hand incautiously touch the goods, he must take them at any price the seller chooses to ask for them... Sometimes the Persians intrude into the dwellings of the Jews and take possession of whatever please them. Should the owner make the least opposition in defense of his property, he incurs the danger of atoning for it with his life... If... a Jew shows himself in the street during the three days of the Katel (Muharram)…, he is sure to be murdered.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a></blockquote> A group of Persian Jewish refugees escaping persecution back home in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, Qajar Persia, were granted rights to settle in the <a href="/wiki/Sikh_Empire" title="Sikh Empire">Sikh Empire</a> around the year 1839. Most of the Jewish families settled in <a href="/wiki/Rawalpindi_District" title="Rawalpindi District">Rawalpindi</a> (specifically in the Babu Mohallah neighbourhood) and <a href="/wiki/Peshawar_District" title="Peshawar District">Peshawar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> In 1868, Jews were the most significant minority in Tehran, numbering 1,578 people.<a href="#cite_note-Sohrabi-40">[39]</a> By 1884 this figure had risen to 5,571.<a href="#cite_note-Sohrabi-40">[39]</a> In 1892, an <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> archival record indicates that a group of 200 Iranian Jews who tried to migrate to the Land of Israel were returned to Iran.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> In 1894, a representative of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Isra%C3%A9lite_Universelle" title="Alliance Israélite Universelle">Alliance Israélite Universelle</a>, a Jewish humanitarian and educational organization, wrote from <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>: "...every time that a priest wishes to emerge from obscurity and win a reputation for piety, he preaches war against the Jews".<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> In 1901, the riot of Shaykh Ibrahim was sparked against the Jews of Tehran. An imam began preaching on the importance of eliminating alcohol for the sake of Islamic purity, leading to an assault against Jews for refusing to give up the wine they drank for Sabbath.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> In 1910, there were rumors that the Jews of Shiraz <a href="/wiki/Shiraz_blood_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz blood libel">had ritually murdered a Muslim girl</a>. Muslims plundered the whole Jewish quarter. The first to start looting were soldiers sent by the local governor to defend the Jews against the enraged mob. Twelve Jews who tried to defend their property were killed, and many others were injured.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> Representatives of the Alliance Israélite Universelle recorded numerous instances of persecution and debasement of Iranian Jews.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> In the late 19th to early 20th century, thousands of Iranian Jews immigrated to the territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> within the Ottoman Empire to escape such persecution.<a href="#cite_note-littman3-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pahlavi_dynasty_(1925–1979)">Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F_A_ketubah_Jewish_marriage_contract.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F_A_ketubah_Jewish_marriage_contract.jpg/220px-%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F_A_ketubah_Jewish_marriage_contract.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="7934" data-file-height="9132"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 253px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F_A_ketubah_Jewish_marriage_contract.jpg/220px-%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F_A_ketubah_Jewish_marriage_contract.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="253" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F_A_ketubah_Jewish_marriage_contract.jpg/330px-%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F_A_ketubah_Jewish_marriage_contract.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F_A_ketubah_Jewish_marriage_contract.jpg/440px-%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%9F_A_ketubah_Jewish_marriage_contract.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A ketubah Jewish marriage contract Iran 1930, Younes & Soraya Nazarian library, University of Haifa Digital collections</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> implemented modernizing reforms, which greatly improved the life of Jews. The influence of the Shi'a clergy was weakened, and the restrictions on Jews and other religious minorities were abolished.<a href="#cite_note-sanasarian2-47">[46]</a> According to Charles Recknagel and Azam Gorgin of <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a>, during the reign of Reza Shah "the political and social conditions of the Jews changed fundamentally." <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> prohibited mass conversion of Jews and eliminated the concept of uncleanness of non-Muslims. He allowed incorporation of modern Hebrew into the curriculum of Jewish schools and publication of Jewish newspapers. Jews were also allowed to hold government jobs.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> By 1932, Tehran's Jewish population had risen to 6,568.<a href="#cite_note-Sohrabi-40">[39]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Iran</a> declared itself neutral, but was <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">invaded by Anglo-Soviet forces in 1941</a>. During the Allied occupation, many Polish and Jewish refugees that escaped <a href="/wiki/General_Government" title="General Government">Nazi-occupied Poland</a> settled within Iran (see <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="Iran–Poland relations">Iran–Poland relations</a>).<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> At the time of the establishment of the state of <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> in 1948, there were approximately 140,000–150,000 Jews living in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, the historical center of Iranian Jewry. Over 95% have since migrated abroad.<a href="#cite_note-mio-org-il-52">[51]</a> The violence and disruption in Arab life associated with the founding of Israel and its victory in the <a href="/wiki/1948_Arab%E2%80%93Israeli_War" title="1948 Arab–Israeli War">1948 Arab–Israeli War</a> drove increased anti-Jewish sentiment in Iran. This continued until 1953, in part because of the weakening of the central government and strengthening of clergy in the political struggles between the shah and prime minister <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mossadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Mossadegh">Mohammad Mossadegh</a>. From 1948 to 1953, about one-third of Iranian Jews, most of them poor, immigrated to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-sanasarian1-53">[52]</a> <a href="/wiki/David_Littman_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Littman (historian)">David Littman</a> puts the total figure of Iranian Jews who immigrated to Israel between 1948 and 1978 at 70,000.<a href="#cite_note-littman3-46">[45]</a> After the deposition of Mossadegh in 1953, the reign of shah <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" title="Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Mohammad Reza Pahlavi</a> was the most prosperous era for the Jews of Iran. By the 1970s, only 1% of Iranian Jews were classified as lower class; 80% were middle class and 10% wealthy. Although Jews accounted for only a fraction of a percent of Iran's population, in 1979 two of the 18 members of the Iranian Academy of Sciences, 80 of the 4,000 university lecturers, and 600 of the 10,000 physicians in Iran were Jews.<a href="#cite_note-sanasarian1-53">[52]</a> Prior to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Islamic Revolution</a> in 1979, there were 100,000 Jews in Iran, mostly concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> (60,000), <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> (18,000), <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a> (4,000), and <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> (3,000). Jews were also located in other various cities throughout Iran, including <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a> (800), <a href="/wiki/Salmas" title="Salmas">Salmas</a> (400), <a href="/wiki/Miandoab" title="Miandoab">Miandoab</a> (60), <a href="/wiki/Baneh" title="Baneh">Baneh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saqqez" title="Saqqez">Saqqez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tazeh_Qaleh,_East_Azerbaijan" title="Tazeh Qaleh, East Azerbaijan">Tazeh Qaleh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chichakluy-e_Bash_Qaleh" title="Chichakluy-e Bash Qaleh">Chichakluy-e Bash Qaleh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garrus,_East_Azerbaijan" title="Garrus, East Azerbaijan">Garrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qaslan" title="Qaslan">Qaslan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuyserkan" title="Tuyserkan">Tuyserkan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahavand" title="Nahavand">Nahavand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hashtrud" title="Hashtrud">Hashtrud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zahab-e_Olya" title="Zahab-e Olya">Zehab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babol" title="Babol">Babol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siahkal" title="Siahkal">Siahkal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Damavand" class="mw-redirect" title="Damavand">Damavand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bushehr" title="Bushehr">Bushehr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazerun" title="Kazerun">Kazerun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torbat-e_Heydarieh" title="Torbat-e Heydarieh">Torbat-e Heydarieh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarakhs" title="Sarakhs">Sarakhs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khorramabad" title="Khorramabad">Khorramabad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_Republic_(1979–present)">Islamic Republic (1979–present)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Islamic Republic (1979–present)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> At the time of the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a>, 80,000–100,000 Jews were living in Iran. From then on, Jewish emigration from Iran dramatically increased, as about 20,000 Jews left within several months of the revolution alone.<a href="#cite_note-littman3-46">[45]</a> The majority of Iran's Jewish population, some 60,000 Jews, emigrated in the aftermath of the revolution, of whom 35,000 went to the United States, 20,000 to Israel, and 5,000 to Europe (mainly to the United Kingdom, France, Denmark, Germany, Italy, and Switzerland).<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Some sources put the Iranian Jewish population in the mid and late 1980s as between 50,000 and 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> An estimate based on the 1986 census put the figure considerably higher for the same time, around 55,000.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> From the mid-1990s to the present there has been more uniformity in the figures, with most government sources since then estimating roughly 25,000 Jews remaining in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ynet-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> These less recent official figures are considered bloated, and the Jewish community may not amount to more than 10,000.<a href="#cite_note-Hakakian-62">[61]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran#Religious_affiliations" title="Demographics of Iran">2012 census</a> put the figure at about 8,756.<a href="#cite_note-census-63">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah" title="Ayatollah">Ayatollah</a> <a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a> met with the Jewish community upon his return from exile in Paris, when heads of the community, disturbed by the execution of one of their most distinguished representatives, the industrialist <a href="/wiki/Habib_Elghanian" title="Habib Elghanian">Habib Elghanian</a>, arranged to meet him in Qom. At one point he said: <blockquote>In the holy Quran, Moses, salutations upon him and all his kin, has been mentioned more than any other prophet. Prophet Moses was a mere shepherd when he stood up to the might of pharaoh and destroyed him. Moses, the Speaker-to-Allah, represented pharaoh's slaves, the downtrodden, the mostazafeen of his time.</blockquote> At the end of the discussion Khomeini declared, "We recognize our Jews as separate from those godless, bloodsucking Zionists"<a href="#cite_note-Hakakian-62">[61]</a> and issued a <a href="/wiki/Fatwa" title="Fatwa">fatwa</a> decreeing that the Jews were to be protected.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Habib Elghanian was arrested and sentenced to death by an Islamic revolutionary tribunal shortly after the Islamic revolution for charges including corruption, contacts with Israel and Zionism, and "friendship with the enemies of God", and was executed by a firing squad. He was the first Jew and businessman to be executed by the Islamic government. His execution caused fear among the Jewish community and caused many to flee Iran.<a href="#cite_note-shahrzade-65">[64]</a> Soli Shahvar, professor of Iranian Studies at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Haifa" title="University of Haifa">University of Haifa</a> describes the process of dispossession : "There were two waves of confiscation of homes, farmlands and factories of Jews in Iran. In the first wave, the authorities seized the properties of a small group of Jews who were accused of helping Zionism financially. In the second wave, authorities confiscated the properties of Jews who had to leave the country after the Revolution. They left everything in fear for their lives and the Islamic Republic confiscated their properties using their absence as an excuse".<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, which lasted from 1980 to 1988, Iranian Jews were conscripted into the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces</a>, and 13 were killed in the war.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> In the Islamic republic, Jews have become more religious. Families who had been secular in the 1970s started adhering to <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> dietary laws and more strictly observed rules against driving on the <a href="/wiki/Shabbat" title="Shabbat">Shabbat</a>. They stopped going to restaurants, cafes and cinemas and the <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> became the focal point of their social lives.<a href="#cite_note-sephardicstudies-68">[67]</a> Haroun Yashyaei, a film producer and former chairman of the Central Jewish Community in Iran said, "<a href="/wiki/Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Khomeini">Khomeini</a> didn't mix up our community with <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a> – he saw us as Iranians."<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> In June 2007, though there were reports that wealthy expatriate Jews established a fund to offer incentives to Iranian Jews to immigrate to Israel, few took them up on the offer. The Society of Iranian Jews dismissed this act as "immature political enticements" and said that their national identity was not for sale.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Jews in the Islamic Republic of Iran are formally to be treated equally and free to practice their religion. There is even a seat in the Iranian parliament reserved for the representative of the Iranian Jews. However, de facto discrimination is common.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Current_status">Current status</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Current status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg/220px-YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="684"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg/220px-YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg/330px-YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg/440px-YusefAbad_synagogue_Tehran.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Yusef Abad synagogue in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></figcaption></figure> Iran's Jewish community is officially recognized as a religious minority group by the government, and, like the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christians</a>, they are allocated one seat in the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">Iranian Parliament</a>. <a href="/wiki/Siamak_Moreh_Sedgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamak Moreh Sedgh">Siamak Moreh Sedgh</a> is the current Jewish member of the parliament, replacing <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Motamed" title="Maurice Motamed">Maurice Motamed</a> in the 2008 election. In 2000, former Jewish MP <a href="/wiki/Manuchehr_Eliasi" title="Manuchehr Eliasi">Manuchehr Eliasi</a> estimated that at that time there were still 60,000–85,000 Jews in Iran; most other sources put the figure at 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In 2011 the Jewish population numbered 8,756.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> In 2016 Jewish population numbered 9,826.<a href="#cite_note-Iranian_National_Census_2016-6">[5]</a> In 2019 the Jewish Population numbered 8,300<a href="#cite_note-worldpopulationreview.com-3">[3]</a> and they constitute 0.01% of Iranian population, a number confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Sergio_DellaPergola" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergio DellaPergola">Sergio DellaPergola</a>, a leading Jewish demographer.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Iranian Jews have their own newspaper (called "Ofogh-e-Bina") with Jewish scholars performing Judaic research at <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>'s "Central Library of Jewish Association".<a href="#cite_note-PersianRabbi-75">[74]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dr._Sapir_Hospital_and_Charity_Center" title="Dr. Sapir Hospital and Charity Center">Dr. Sapir Jewish Hospital</a> is <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>'s largest charity hospital of any religious minority community in the country;<a href="#cite_note-PersianRabbi-75">[74]</a> however, most of its patients and staff are Muslim.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-76">[75]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbi" title="Chief Rabbi">Chief Rabbi</a> <a href="/wiki/Yousef_Hamadani_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousef Hamadani Cohen">Yousef Hamadani Cohen</a> was the spiritual leader for the Jewish community of Iran from 1994 to 2007, when he was succeeded by Mashallah Golestani-Nejad.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In August 2000, Cohen met with Iranian President <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a> for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> In 2003, Cohen and Motamed met with Khatami at <a href="/wiki/Yusef_Abad_Synagogue" title="Yusef Abad Synagogue">Yusef Abad Synagogue</a>, which was the first time a President of Iran had visited a synagogue since the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution">Islamic Revolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iranjewish.com-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haroun_Yashayaei" title="Haroun Yashayaei">Haroun Yashayaei</a> is the chairman of the Jewish Committee of Tehran and leader of Iran's Jewish community.<a href="#cite_note-iranjewish.com-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> On 26 January 2007, Yashayaei's letter to President <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> concerning his Holocaust denial comments brought about worldwide media attention.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The Jews of Iran have been best known for certain occupations like making gold jewelry and dealing in antiques, textiles and carpets.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Societal_environment">Societal environment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Societal environment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Iranian Jewish men are <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Iran" title="Conscription in Iran">conscripted</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iranian Armed Forces</a> like all Iranian men. Many Iranian Jews fought during the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (1980–1988) as drafted soldiers, and about 15 were killed.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> An Israeli news outlet, Israel Hayom, reported that Iranian Jews in Israel say that they viewed Iran as their home and were allowed to practice Judaism freely, but that there was suspicion and fear too.<a href="#cite_note-Live_in_fear-86">[85]</a> Following the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Qassem_Soleimani" class="mw-redirect" title="Qassem Soleimani">Qassem Soleimani</a>, the head rabbi of Iran, <a href="/wiki/Yehuda_Gerami" title="Yehuda Gerami">Yehuda Gerami</a>, visited the family of Soleimani and issued anti-Israel statements. He later discussed the matter with an American audience, saying that Israel's attacks on Soleimani had stoked tensions in the Jewish community in Iran, and he felt the need to take public action to de-escalate the situation. He is reported to have said that the Iranian Jewish community prefers to avoid such political entanglements.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> On 31 July 2024, the Tehran Central Jewish committee issued a statement condemning the assassination of Hamas leader <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Haniyeh" title="Ismail Haniyeh">Ismail Haniyeh</a> and called for an Iranian response.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> It has been asserted that the majority of Iranian Jews prefer to stay in Iran because they are allowed to live a comfortable Jewish life there, but Sam Kermanian, who served as Secretary-General of the Iranian American Jewish Federation for fifteen years, disputed this claim, stating that the majority of Iranian Jews are elderly and only speak <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, and as a result they are less naturally inclined to emigrate.<a href="#cite_note-perlman-89">[88]</a> According to Ran Amrani, an Iranian-born Israeli director of a Persian language radio station with close ties inside Iran, wealthy Iranian Jews won't leave because the international sanctions on Iran have so downgraded Iran's currency in value that they would see a massive drop in their standard of living in Israel, with those who own multiple homes in Iran unable to afford a single apartment in Israel, while poor Iranian Jews would find it difficult to restart their lives in Israel in middle age. Amrani claimed that while Jews are allowed to practice their religion, they live in fear of being accused of spying for Israel and that they publicly distance themselves from Israel and Zionism to ensure their own security.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Opinion over the condition of Jews in Iran is divided. One Jewish voice presenting a benevolent view of the Iranian Islamic government and society toward Jews is film producer <a href="/wiki/Haroun_Yashayaei" title="Haroun Yashayaei">Haroun Yashayaei</a>, who says "<a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">[Ayatollah Ruhollah] Khomeini</a> didn't mix up our community with Israel and Zionism—he saw us as Iranians."<a href="#cite_note-csmonitor.com-91">[90]</a> Privately, many Jews complain of "discrimination, much of it of a social or bureaucratic nature." The Islamic government appoints the officials who run Jewish schools, most of these being Muslims, and until 2015, required that those schools must open on Saturdays, the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Sabbath" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Sabbath">Jewish Sabbath</a>.<a href="#cite_note-al-monitor.com-92">[91]</a> Criticism of this policy was the downfall of the last remaining newspaper of the Iranian Jewish community which was closed in 1991 after it criticized government control of Jewish schools. Instead of expelling Jews en masse like in Libya, Iraq, Egypt, and Yemen, the Iranians have adopted a policy of keeping Jews in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> The desire for survival may prompt Iranian Jews to overstate their anti-Israel positions. Their response to the questions regarding Israel have been outright denial of Israel or staying quiet. An example of the dilemma of Iranian Jews can be observed in this example :"We hear the ayatollah say that Israel was cooperating with the Shah and SAVAK, and we would be fools to say we support Israel. So we just keep quiet about it... Maybe it will work out. Anyway, what can we do? This is our home."<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Thirteen Jews have been executed in Iran since the Islamic revolution, most of them, at least in part for their alleged connections to Israel. Among them, one of the most prominent Jews of Iran in the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Habib_Elghanian" title="Habib Elghanian">Habib Elghanian</a> who was the head of the Iranian Jewish community was executed by a firing squad by the Islamic government shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolution_of_1979" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Revolution of 1979">Islamic Revolution of 1979</a> on the charge of having been in contact with Israel, among others. In May 1998, Jewish businessman Ruhollah Kadkhodah-Zadeh was hanged in prison without a public charge or legal proceeding, apparently for assisting Jews to emigrate.<a href="#cite_note-gaurdrt-95">[94]</a> In 2024, the pending execution of Persian Jew <a href="/wiki/Arvin_Ghahremani" title="Arvin Ghahremani">Arvin Ghahremani</a> was delayed by a month after a global campaign calling for his commutation and criticism that Ghahremani was being subjected to a discriminatory judicial system that prioritized Muslims over Jews.<a href="#cite_note-JPostMay20-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-JTAMay19-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact_with_non-Persian_Jews">Contact with non-Persian Jews</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Contact with non-Persian Jews" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2005_1223_iran_faith_600.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2005_1223_iran_faith_600.jpg/220px-2005_1223_iran_faith_600.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="559" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 236px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2005_1223_iran_faith_600.jpg/220px-2005_1223_iran_faith_600.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="236" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2005_1223_iran_faith_600.jpg/330px-2005_1223_iran_faith_600.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/2005_1223_iran_faith_600.jpg/440px-2005_1223_iran_faith_600.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A Persian Jew prays in a <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogue</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>, Iran, 1999.</figcaption></figure> Rabbis from the Haredi sect <a href="/wiki/Neturei_Karta" title="Neturei Karta">Neturei Karta</a>, which has historically been opposed to the existence of Israel have visited Iran on several occasions.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Defense_Organization" title="Jewish Defense Organization">Jewish Defense Organization</a>, protested against one such visit by members of a Neturei Karta faction after they attended <a href="/wiki/International_Conference_to_Review_the_Global_Vision_of_the_Holocaust" title="International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust">International Conference to Review the Global Vision of the Holocaust</a> in Tehran. <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Motamed" title="Maurice Motamed">Maurice Motamed</a>, a former Jewish Iranian parliamentarian states that in recent years, the Iranian government has allowed Jewish Iranians to visit their family members in Israel and it has also allowed those Iranians who are living in Israel to return to Iran for a visit.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> Limited cultural contacts are also allowed, such as the March 2006 Jewish <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dance</a> festival in Russia, in which a female team from Iran participated.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Iranian Jews are generally allowed to travel to Israel and emigrate abroad, though they must submit passport and visa requests to a special section of the passport office, face restrictions on families leaving en masse, and travels to Israel must be done via a third country. However, the rate of emigration has been low. Between October 2005 and September 2006, 152 Jews left Iran, down from 297 during the same period the previous year, and 183 the year before that. Most of those who left allegedly cited economic and family reasons as their main incentives for leaving. In July 2007, Iran's Jewish community rejected financial emigration incentives to leave Iran. Offers ranging from 5,000 to 30,000 British pounds, financed by a wealthy expatriate Jew with the support of the Israeli government, were turned down by Iran's Jewish leaders.<a href="#cite_note-perlman-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> To place the incentives in perspective, the sums offered were up to 3 times or more than the average annual income for an Iranian.<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> However, in late 2007 at least forty Iranian Jews accepted financial incentives offered by Jewish charities for immigrating to Israel.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Synagogues_and_Hebrew_schools">Synagogues and Hebrew schools</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Synagogues and Hebrew schools" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Iran" title="List of synagogues in Iran">List of synagogues in Iran</a></div> Most Jews live in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, the capital.<a href="#cite_note-Persiansourcethateedstranslating-109">[108]</a> Today[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> has 11 functioning <a href="/wiki/Synagogue" title="Synagogue">synagogues</a>, many of them with <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew schools">Hebrew schools</a>. It has two <a href="/wiki/Kosher" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosher">kosher</a> restaurants, an old-age home and a cemetery. There is a Jewish library with 20,000 titles.<a href="#cite_note-sephardicstudies-68">[67]</a> Traditionally however, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz,_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz, Iran">Shiraz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamedan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamedan">Hamedan</a>, Isfahan, <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nahawand" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahawand">Nahawand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babol" title="Babol">Babol</a> and some other cities of Iran were home to large populations of Jews. At present[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] there are 25 synagogues in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Persiansourcethateedstranslating-109">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> has a Jewish population of about 1,500, consisting mostly of businesspeople. As of 2015 there were 13 synagogues, including the primary synagogue on Palestine Square. In Esfahan, many Jewish businesses are concentrated in an area called "Jewish Passage".<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_discrimination">Legal discrimination</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Legal discrimination" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Iranian Jews remain under various discriminatory legal restrictions regarding their position in society. Jews are prohibited from holding significant governmental and decision-making positions. A Jew may not serve on the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a>, as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a>, or as a military commander. Jews may not serve as judges, and aside from the seat reserved for a Jew in the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Majlis</a>, Jews may not become a member of the Majlis through general elections. A Jew may not inherit property from a Muslim. By law, if one member of a Jewish family converts to Islam, that person inherits all family property. Jews also do not have equal rights to <a href="/wiki/Qisas" title="Qisas">Qisas</a>, or retribution, in the Iranian judicial system. For example, if a Jew were to kill a Muslim, the family of the victim would have the right to ask that the death penalty be imposed, but if a Muslim kills a Jew, the penalty would be left to the discretion of the judges with the wishes of the victim's family carrying no legal weight.<a href="#cite_note-tablet-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_curriculum">Islamic curriculum</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Islamic curriculum" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1996, there were still three schools in Tehran in which Jews were in a majority, but Jewish principals had been replaced. The school curriculum is Islamic and the <a href="/wiki/Tanakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanakh">Tanakh</a> is taught in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, rather than Hebrew. The <a href="/wiki/Ozar_Hatorah" title="Ozar Hatorah">Ozar Hatorah</a> organization conducts Hebrew lessons on Fridays. The government monitors activities in Jewish schools to ensure that the main language of education is Persian and not Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-tablet-111">[110]</a> In principle, but with some exceptions, there is little restriction of or interference with the Jewish religious practice; however, education of Jewish children has become more difficult in recent years. The government reportedly allows Hebrew instruction, recognizing that it is necessary for Jewish religious practice. However, it strongly discourages the distribution of Hebrew texts, in practice making it difficult to teach the language. Moreover, the government has required that several Jewish schools remain open on Saturdays, the Jewish Sabbath, in conformity with the schedule of other schools in the school system. Since certain kinds of work (such as writing or using electrical appliances) on the Sabbath violates Jewish law, this requirement to operate the schools has made it difficult for observant Jews both to attend school and adhere to a fundamental tenet of their religion.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Jewish_sites">Ancient Jewish sites</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ancient Jewish sites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many cities in Iran have Jewish sites or sites related to Judaism in some way. Prominent among these are <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai" title="Tomb of Esther and Mordechai">Tomb of Esther and Mordechai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Daniel#Susa%E2%80%8C,_Iran" title="Tomb of Daniel">Tomb of Daniel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk#Persian_shrine" title="Habakkuk">Tomb of Habakkuk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuyserkan" title="Tuyserkan">Tuyserkan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peyghambarieh" title="Peyghambarieh">Peyghambarieh</a> mausoleum in <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>. There is a pilgrimage site near Isfahan (<a href="/wiki/Pir_Bakran" title="Pir Bakran">Pir Bakran</a>) dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Serah" title="Serah">Serah</a>. There are also tombs of several outstanding Jewish scholars in Iran such as Harav Ohr Shraga in <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a> and Hakham Mullah Moshe Halevi (Moshe-Ha-Lavi), a 16th-century Spanish scholar, in <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, which are also visited by Muslim pilgrims.<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Habakuk_mausoleum_Tuyserkan_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The shrine of Habakkuk in Toyserkan"><noscript><img alt="The shrine of Habakkuk in Toyserkan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Habakuk_mausoleum_Tuyserkan_Iran.jpg/94px-Habakuk_mausoleum_Tuyserkan_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1437"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Habakuk_mausoleum_Tuyserkan_Iran.jpg/94px-Habakuk_mausoleum_Tuyserkan_Iran.jpg" data-alt="The shrine of Habakkuk in Toyserkan" data-width="94" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Habakuk_mausoleum_Tuyserkan_Iran.jpg/141px-Habakuk_mausoleum_Tuyserkan_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Habakuk_mausoleum_Tuyserkan_Iran.jpg/188px-Habakuk_mausoleum_Tuyserkan_Iran.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The shrine of <a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toyserkan" class="mw-redirect" title="Toyserkan">Toyserkan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Tomb of Esther and Mordechai in Hamadan"><noscript><img alt="The Tomb of Esther and Mordechai in Hamadan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg/80px-Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg/80px-Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg" data-alt="The Tomb of Esther and Mordechai in Hamadan" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg/119px-Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg/159px-Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai_exterior.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Esther_and_Mordechai" title="Tomb of Esther and Mordechai">Tomb of Esther and Mordechai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Daniel_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Shrine of Daniel in Susa"><noscript><img alt="The Shrine of Daniel in Susa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tomb_of_Daniel_1.jpg/80px-Tomb_of_Daniel_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="2784"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tomb_of_Daniel_1.jpg/80px-Tomb_of_Daniel_1.jpg" data-alt="The Shrine of Daniel in Susa" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tomb_of_Daniel_1.jpg/120px-Tomb_of_Daniel_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Tomb_of_Daniel_1.jpg/160px-Tomb_of_Daniel_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Shrine of <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Peighambariyeh_Qazvin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='Peyghambarieh ("the place of the prophets"), Qazvin: Here, four Jewish prophets are said to be buried. Their Arabic names are Salam, Solum, al-Qiya, and Sohuli.'><noscript><img alt='Peyghambarieh ("the place of the prophets"), Qazvin: Here, four Jewish prophets are said to be buried. Their Arabic names are Salam, Solum, al-Qiya, and Sohuli.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peighambariyeh_Qazvin.jpg/120px-Peighambariyeh_Qazvin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="412"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 77px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peighambariyeh_Qazvin.jpg/120px-Peighambariyeh_Qazvin.jpg" data-alt='Peyghambarieh ("the place of the prophets"), Qazvin: Here, four Jewish prophets are said to be buried. Their Arabic names are Salam, Solum, al-Qiya, and Sohuli.' data-width="120" data-height="77" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peighambariyeh_Qazvin.jpg/180px-Peighambariyeh_Qazvin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Peighambariyeh_Qazvin.jpg/240px-Peighambariyeh_Qazvin.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Peyghambarieh ("the place of the prophets"), <a href="/wiki/Qazvin" title="Qazvin">Qazvin</a>: Here, four Jewish prophets are said to be buried. Their Arabic names are Salam, Solum, al-Qiya, and Sohuli.</div> </li> </ul> On 16 December 2014, authorities in Tehran unveiled a monument to slain Iranian Jewish soldiers who died during the country's long and bitter <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">war with Iraq between 1980 and 1988</a>. Banners showed the images of fallen soldiers, hailed as "<a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyrs</a>" in Farsi and Hebrew inscriptions. "We are not tenants in this country. We are Iranians, and we have been for 30 centuries," said <a href="/wiki/Ciamak_Moresadegh" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciamak Moresadegh">Ciamak Moresadegh</a>, the Iranian Jewish parliamentarian. "There is a distinction between us as Jews and Israel," added a shopkeeper in the historic city of Isfahan. "We consider ourselves Iranian Jews, and it has nothing to do with Israel whatsoever. This is the country we love."<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The tombs of Mordechai and Esther were desecrated during the <a href="/wiki/2023_Israel%E2%80%93Hamas_war" class="mw-redirect" title="2023 Israel–Hamas war">2023 Israel–Hamas war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Demographics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> The <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> estimated that in 1900 there were 35,000 Persian Jews in Iran (almost all of whom lived in present-day Iran),<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> although other sources estimate somewhat higher numbers for the same time. On the eve of Israel's <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Israeli Declaration of Independence">independence</a> in 1948, there were, by varying estimates, 100,000–150,000 Jews in Iran with relatively few Persian Jews residing outside the country. Today, there are an estimated 300,000–350,000 Jews of full or partial Persian ancestry living predominantly in Israel, with significant communities in the United States and Iran. Iranian Jews also emigrated to form smaller communities in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> (in particular Paris and London), and in Australia, Canada, and South America. A number of groups of Jews of Persia have split off since ancient times. They have been identified as separate communities, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a>. In addition, there are a large number of people in Iran who are, or who are the direct descendants of, Jews who converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí faith</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iran">Iran</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Iran" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Iran's Jewish population was reduced from 150,000 to 100,000 in 1948 to about 80,000 immediately before the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, due mostly to <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigration to Israel">immigration to Israel</a>. While immigration to Israel had slowed in the 1970s and the Jewish population of Iran had stabilized, the majority of Iran's remaining Jews <a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Iran%27s_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Exodus of Iran's Jews">left the country</a> in the aftermath of the overthrow of the <a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a>. In the 2000s, the Jewish population of Iran was estimated by most sources to be 25,000,<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ynet-60">[59]</a> (sources date from 2006, 2007, and 2008, respectively) though estimates varied, with some as high as 40,000 in 1998.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> and some as low as 17,000 by 2010<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> However, the official census in August 2012 indicated that there were only 8,756 Jews still living in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-census-63">[62]</a> In the 2016 <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran#Religious_affiliations" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian census</a>, the remaining Jewish population of Iran was 9,826<a href="#cite_note-Iranian_National_Census_2016-6">[5]</a> As of 2021, only 8,500 Jews still live in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-worldpopulationreview.com-3">[3]</a> After Israel, it is home to the second-largest Jewish population in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-58">[57]</a> Notable population centers include Tehran, Isfahan (1,200),<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a>. Historically, Jews maintained a presence in many more Iranian cities. Jews are protected in the Iranian constitution and allowed one seat in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Majlis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-haaretz.com-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Israel" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Jews_in_Israel" title="Iranian Jews in Israel">Iranian Jews in Israel</a></div> The largest group of Persian Jews is found in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>. As of 2007, Israel is home to just over 47,000 Iranian-born Jews and roughly 87,000 Israeli-born Jews with fathers born in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> While these numbers add up to about 135,000, when Israelis with more distant or solely maternal Iranian roots are included the total number of Persian Jews in Israel is estimated to be between 200,000<a href="#cite_note-foxnews.com-1">[1]</a>–250,000.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-2">[2]</a> A June 2009 <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a> blog article about Iranian-Israeli Jews showing solidarity with the Iranian protestors said, "The Israeli community of Iranian Jews numbers about 170,000 – including the first generation of Israeli-born – and is deeply proud of its roots."<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-122">[121]</a> The largest concentration of Persian Jews in Israel is found in the city <a href="/wiki/Holon" title="Holon">Holon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-latimes1-122">[121]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, Persian Jews are classified as <a href="/wiki/Mizrahim" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizrahim">Mizrahim</a>. Both former <a href="/wiki/President_of_Israel" title="President of Israel">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Katsav" title="Moshe Katsav">Moshe Katsav</a> and former <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defense_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Defense (Israel)">Minister of Defense</a> and former head of the opposition in the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> <a href="/wiki/Shaul_Mofaz" title="Shaul Mofaz">Shaul Mofaz</a> are of Persian Jewish origin. Katsav was born in <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a> and Mofaz was born in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>. Since at least the 1980s, Iranian Jews in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> have traditionally tended to vote <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: United States" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The United States is home to 60,000–80,000 Iranian Jews, most of whom have settled in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Los_Angeles_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Los Angeles area">Greater Los Angeles area</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Great_Neck,_New_York" title="Great Neck, New York">Great Neck, New York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>. Those in metropolitan Los Angeles have settled mostly in the affluent <a href="/wiki/Westside_(Los_Angeles_County)" title="Westside (Los Angeles County)">Westside</a> cities of <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica</a> and the Los Angeles Westside neighborhoods of <a href="/wiki/Brentwood,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Brentwood, Los Angeles, California">Brentwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westwood,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Westwood, Los Angeles, California">Westwood</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Los_Angeles,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="West Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California">West Los Angeles</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/San_Fernando_Valley" title="San Fernando Valley">San Fernando Valley</a> communities of <a href="/wiki/Tarzana,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarzana, Los Angeles, California">Tarzana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Encino,_Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Encino, Los Angeles, California">Encino</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Beverly_Hills">Beverly Hills</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Beverly Hills" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Iranians_in_Los_Angeles" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Iranians in Los Angeles">History of the Iranians in Los Angeles</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Los_Angeles" title="History of the Jews in Los Angeles">History of the Jews in Los Angeles</a></div> In particular, Persian Jews make up a sizeable proportion of the population of <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills,_California" title="Beverly Hills, California">Beverly Hills, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> Persian Jews constitute a great percentage of the 26% of the total population of Beverly Hills that identifies as <a href="/wiki/Iranian-American" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian-American">Iranian-American</a>.<a href="#cite_note-census1-128">[127]</a> Following the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, tens of thousands of Persian Jews migrated from Iran, forming one of the wealthiest waves of immigrants to ever come to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-latimes.com-124">[123]</a> The community is credited with revitalizing Beverly Hills and re-developing its architecture, and for the development of ornate mansions across the city.<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> According to the US Census Bureau's 2010 <a href="/wiki/American_Community_Survey" title="American Community Survey">American Community Survey</a>, 26% of Beverly Hills' 34,000 residents are of Iranian origin.<a href="#cite_note-census1-128">[127]</a> On 21 March 2007, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Delshad" title="Jimmy Delshad">Jimmy Delshad</a>, a Persian Jew who immigrated to the United States in 1958, became the Mayor of Beverly Hills. This election made Delshad one of the highest ranking elected Iranian-American officials in the United States. He once again took the post of mayor of Beverly Hills on 16 March 2010. Prominent Persian Jewish congregations in the Los Angeles area include <a href="/wiki/Nessah_Synagogue" title="Nessah Synagogue">Nessah Synagogue</a> and the Eretz-Siamak Cultural Center. Persian Jews also constitute a large part of the membership at <a href="/wiki/Sinai_Temple_(Los_Angeles,_California)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinai Temple (Los Angeles, California)">Sinai Temple</a> in Westwood, one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Judaism" title="Conservative Judaism">Conservative</a> congregations in the United States. The Iranian American Jewish Federation (IAJF) of Los Angeles is a prominent non-profit organization that has been serving the Iranian Jewish community of Greater Los Angeles for the last forty-one years. IAJF is a leading organization in their efforts to fight local and global Antisemitism, protect Iranian Jews domestically and abroad, promote a unified community, participating in social and public affairs, provide financial and psychosocial assistance to those in need through philanthropic activities, and more.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York">New York</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: New York" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Kings_Point,_New_York" title="Kings Point, New York">Kings Point</a>, a village constituting part of Great Neck, has the greatest percentage of Iranians in the United States (approximately 40%).<a href="#cite_note-census1-128">[127]</a> Unlike the Iranian community in Los Angeles, which contains a large number of non-Jewish Iranians, the Iranian population in and around Great Neck is almost entirely Jewish. Several thousand of the Great Neck area's 10,000 Iranian Jews trace their origins to the Iranian city of <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, constituting the largest Mashhadi community in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Many Mashhadi <a href="/wiki/Crypto-Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Crypto-Jews">crypto-Jews</a> made their Jewish observances more public again following the rise of the secular <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a> upon performing them privately for almost a century.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> The Mashadi community in Great Neck operates its own synagogues and community centers, and members typically marry within the community.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> The Iranian American Jewish Federation (IAJF) of New York has been serving the Iranian Jewish community for the last sixteen years. The organization's goal is to be a unifier amongst Iranian Jews in the Greater New York metropolitan area and engagement in philanthropic activities.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Related_Jewish_communities">Related Jewish communities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Related Jewish communities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mountain_Jews">Mountain Jews</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Mountain Jews" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> (primarily <a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestan</a>) are direct descendants of Iranian Jews.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a> They took shape as a community after <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a> ceded the areas in which they lived to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Gulistan" title="Treaty of Gulistan">Treaty of Gulistan</a> of 1813.<a href="#cite_note-Shapira-136">[135]</a> However, they maintained a Judeo-Persian language that shares a great deal of vocabulary and structure with <a href="/wiki/Modern_Persian" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Persian">modern Persian</a>. Most Azerbaijani Jews have immigrated to Israel since Azerbaijan gained independence.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bukharian_Jews">Bukharian Jews</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bukharian Jews" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharian Jews</a> traditionally spoke a dialect of Judeo-Persian and lived primarily the region of Central Asia (today modern day <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>). Until the start of the 16th century, the Jews of Iran and Central Asia constituted one community. However, during the Safavid dynasty, Iran adopted the Shia branch of Islam, while Central Asia retained their allegiance to the Sunni branch of Islam. Due to the hostile relationship between the neighboring states because of this, the links between the Jews of the area were severed, and the Jewish community was divided into two similar but separate communities.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> Most Bukharian Jews have immigrated to <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> or the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> since the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lakhloukh_Jews">Lakhloukh Jews</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Lakhloukh Jews" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are estimated to be approximately four dozen Persian Jewish families living in <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, which call themselves Lakhloukh and speak <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>. They still hold identity papers from Iran, the country their ancestors left almost 80 years ago. These Persian Jews lived near the border of Iran and commonly practiced trade to sustain their communities. The most popular Lakhloukh Jewish family being the Malihi family, whom are all descendants of Jaha Malihi (A noble in the Persian Empire)<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> Iranian Jews speak standard <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_language" title="Kurdish language">Kurdish</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a> as their primary tongue, but various <a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Jewish languages</a> have been associated with the community over time.<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> They include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzhidi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Dzhidi language">Dzhidi</a> (Judæo-Persian)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukhori" class="mw-redirect" title="Bukhori">Bukhori</a> (Judæo-Bukharic)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jud%C3%A6o-Golpaygani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judæo-Golpaygani">Judæo-Golpaygani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Shirazi" title="Judeo-Shirazi">Judæo-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jud%C3%A6o-Hamedani" class="mw-redirect" title="Judæo-Hamedani">Judæo-Hamedani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juhuri_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Juhuri language">Juhuri language</a> (Judæo-Tat)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Kashani" title="Judeo-Kashani">Judæo-Kashani</a></li></ul> In addition, Iranian Jews in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> generally speak <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>, and Iranian Jews elsewhere will tend to speak the local language (e.g. English in the United States) with sprinkles of <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> and Hebrew. Many Jews from the Northwest area of Iran speak <a href="/wiki/Lish%C3%A1n_Did%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Lishán Didán">Lishán Didán</a> or other various dialects of Jewish Neo-Aramaic.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Jews from <a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanandaj" title="Sanandaj">Sanandaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saqqez" title="Saqqez">Saqqez</a>, and some other cities all speak various dialects that may or may not be intelligible to each other.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There are less than 5,000 known speakers today and the language faces extinction in the next few decades.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Genetics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic studies on Jews</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic studies</a> show that Persian and Iraqi Jews form a distinct cluster amongst the Jewish People and that the <a href="/wiki/MtDNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MtDNA">MtDNA</a> of Persian Jews and <a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Bukharian Jews</a> descend from a small number of female ancestors.<a href="#cite_note-jpost-146">[145]</a> Another study of L. Hao et al.<a href="#cite_note-pmid20560205-147">[146]</a> studied seven groups of Jewish populations with different geographic origin (Ashkenazi, Italian, Greek, Turkish, Iranian, Iraqi, and Syrian) and showed that the individuals all shared a common Middle Eastern background, although they were also genetically distinguishable from each other. In public comments, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ostrer" title="Harry Ostrer">Harry Ostrer</a>, the director of the Human Genetics Program at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> <a href="/wiki/Langone_Medical_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Langone Medical Center">Langone Medical Center</a>, and one of the authors of this study, concluded, "We have shown that Jewishness can be identified through genetic analysis, so the notion of a Jewish people is plausible."<a href="#cite_note-pmid20560205-147">[146]</a> An autosomal DNA study carried out in 2010 by Atzmon et al. examined the origin of Iranian, Iraqi, Syrian, Turkish, Greek, Sephardic, and Ashkenazi Jewish communities. The study compared these Jewish groups with 1043 unrelated individuals from 52 worldwide populations. To further examine the relationship between Jewish communities and European populations, 2407 European subjects were assigned and divided into 10 groups based on geographic region of their origin. This study confirmed previous findings of shared Middle Eastern origin of the above Jewish groups and found that "the genetic connections between the Jewish populations became evident from the frequent <a href="/wiki/Identity_by_descent" title="Identity by descent">identity by descent</a> (IBD) across these Jewish groups (63% of all shared segments). Jewish populations shared more and longer segments with one another than with non-Jewish populations, highlighting the commonality of Jewish origin. Among pairs of populations ordered by total sharing, 12 out of the top 20 were pairs of Jewish populations, and "none of the top 30 paired a Jewish population with a non-Jewish one". Atzmon concludes that "Each Jewish group demonstrated Middle Eastern ancestry and variable admixture from host population, while the split between Middle Eastern and European/Syrian Jews, calculated by simulation and comparison of length distributions of IBD segments, occurred 100–150 generations ago, which was described as "compatible with a historical divide that is reported to have occurred more than 2500 years ago" as the Jewish community in Iraq and Iran were formed by Jews in the Babylonian and Persian empires during and after Babylonian exile. The main difference between <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Jews" title="Mizrahi Jews">Mizrahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Jews" title="Ashkenazi Jews">Ashkenazi</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic</a> Jews was the absence of Southern European components in the former. According to these results, European/Syrian Jewish populations, including the Ashkenazi Jewish community, were formed later, as a result of the expulsion and migration of Jews from the <a href="/wiki/Land_of_Israel" title="Land of Israel">Land of Israel</a>, during Roman rule. Concerning Ashkenazi Jews, this study found that genetic dates "are incompatible with theories that Ashkenazi Jews are for the most part the direct lineal descendants of converted <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> or <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>". Citing Behar, Atzmon states that "Evidence for founder females of Middle Eastern origin has been observed in all Jewish populations based on non-overlapping mitochondrial haplotypes with coalescence times >2000 years". The closest people related to Jewish groups were the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bedouins" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedouins">Bedouins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Italians" title="Italians">Italians</a>. Regarding this relationship, the authors conclude that "These observations are supported by the significant overlap of Y chromosomal haplogroups between Israeli and Palestinian Arabs with Ashkenazi and non-Ashkenazi Jewish populations".<a href="#cite_note-Katsnelson2010-148">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid20560205-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid23052947-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> In 2011, Moorjani et al.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> detected 3%–5% sub-Saharan African ancestry in all eight of the diverse Jewish populations (Ashkenazi Jews, Syrian Jews, Iranian Jews, Iraqi Jews, Greek Jews, Turkish Jews, Italian Jews) that they analyzed. The timing of this African admixture among all Jewish populations was identical The exact date was not determined, but it was estimated to have taken place between 1,600 (<a href="/wiki/4th_Century_AD" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Century AD">4th Century AD</a>) and 3,400 (<a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Century_BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Century BC (page does not exist)">14th Century BC</a>) years ago. Although African admixture was determined among some South European and Near Eastern populations too, this admixture was found to be younger compared to the Jewish populations. This findings the authors explained as evidence regarding common origin of these 8 main Jewish groups. "It is intriguing that the Mizrahi Iranian and Iraqi Jews—who are thought to descend at least in part from Jews who were exiled to Babylon about 2,600 years ago share the signal of African admixture. A parsimonious explanation for these observations is that they reflect a history in which many of the Jewish groups descend from a common ancestral population which was itself admixed with Africans (most likely <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">Ancient Egyptians</a>), prior to the beginning of the Jewish diaspora that occurred in 8th to 6th century BC[E]" the authors concludes.<a href="#cite_note-pmid23052947-149">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medical_conditions">Medical conditions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Medical conditions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Patients with prolonged paralysis following administration of the anaesthetic <a href="/wiki/Succinylcholine" class="mw-redirect" title="Succinylcholine">succinylcholine</a> are often diagnosed with <a href="/wiki/Pseudocholinesterase_deficiency" title="Pseudocholinesterase deficiency">Pseudocholinesterase deficiency</a> which is a clinically silent condition in individuals who are not exposed to exogenous sources of choline esters. One possible outcome beyond prolonged general paralysis is paralysis of the muscles control respiratory function. This condition is found in the general population at a rate of 1 in 3000, while the condition is found in Persian Jews at a rate of 1 in 10.<a href="#cite_note-Pseudocholinesterase_Deficiency-153">[152]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Prominent_Persian_Jews">Prominent Persian Jews</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Prominent Persian Jews" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Disputed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-disputed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section's factual accuracy is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">disputed</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Iranian_Jews#Disputed" title="Talk:Iranian Jews">talk page</a>. Please help to ensure that disputed statements are <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">reliably sourced</a>. (May 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg/150px-Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1794"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 150px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg/150px-Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg" data-width="150" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg/225px-Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg/300px-Rita_Yahan_Farouz_1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rita_(Israeli_singer)" title="Rita (Israeli singer)">Rita Jahanforuz</a>, an Israeli pop star of Persian descent</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TechCrunch_Disrupt_NY_2015_-_Day_2_(16757057914).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/TechCrunch_Disrupt_NY_2015_-_Day_2_%2816757057914%29.jpg/220px-TechCrunch_Disrupt_NY_2015_-_Day_2_%2816757057914%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2003"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/TechCrunch_Disrupt_NY_2015_-_Day_2_%2816757057914%29.jpg/220px-TechCrunch_Disrupt_NY_2015_-_Day_2_%2816757057914%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/TechCrunch_Disrupt_NY_2015_-_Day_2_%2816757057914%29.jpg/330px-TechCrunch_Disrupt_NY_2015_-_Day_2_%2816757057914%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/TechCrunch_Disrupt_NY_2015_-_Day_2_%2816757057914%29.jpg/440px-TechCrunch_Disrupt_NY_2015_-_Day_2_%2816757057914%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sean_Rad" title="Sean Rad">Sean Rad</a>, founder of Tinder</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandana_Dayani_Headshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mandana_Dayani_Headshot.png/220px-Mandana_Dayani_Headshot.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1740"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 296px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mandana_Dayani_Headshot.png/220px-Mandana_Dayani_Headshot.png" data-width="220" data-height="296" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mandana_Dayani_Headshot.png/330px-Mandana_Dayani_Headshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Mandana_Dayani_Headshot.png/440px-Mandana_Dayani_Headshot.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mandana_Dayani" title="Mandana Dayani">Mandana Dayani</a>, activist and entrepreneur</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_era">Biblical era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Biblical era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra" title="Ezra">Ezra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk" title="Habakkuk">Habakkuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haggai" title="Haggai">Haggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordechai">Mordechai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nehemiah" title="Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zerubbabel" title="Zerubbabel">Zerubbabel</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-modern_era">Pre-modern era</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Pre-modern era" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mashallah_ibn_Athari" title="Mashallah ibn Athari">Mashallah ibn Athari</a> – Persian astrologer and astronomer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ad_al-Dawla" title="Sa'ad al-Dawla">Sa'ad al-Dawla</a> – physician and statesman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid-al-Din_Hamadani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashid-al-Din Hamadani">Rashid al-Din</a> – doctor, writer, and historian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Nahawandi" title="Benjamin Nahawandi">Benjamin Nahawandi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite</a> scholar of the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meulana_Shahin_Shirazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Meulana Shahin Shirazi">Meulana Shahin Shirazi</a> – early Persian poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Muhammad_Tabrizi" title="Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi">Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tabrizi</a> – philosopher and translator, converted to Islam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munabbih_ibn_Kamil" title="Munabbih ibn Kamil">Munabbih ibn Kamil</a> – a companion of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, converted to Islam</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubaidah_(scholar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ubaidah (scholar)">Abu Ubaidah</a> – religious scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Rawandi" title="Ibn al-Rawandi">Ibn al-Rawandi</a> – prominent philosopher, religious scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shushandukht" title="Shushandukht">Shushandukht</a> – Sassanian queen consort, mother of <a href="/wiki/Bahram_V" title="Bahram V">Bahram V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifra_Hormizd" title="Ifra Hormizd">Ifra Hormizd</a> – Sassanid noblewoman, mother of <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryam_Khanom" title="Maryam Khanom">Maryam Khanom</a> – Qajar royal consort</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masarjawaih" title="Masarjawaih">Masarjawaih</a> – Persian physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Isa" title="Abu Isa">Abu Isa</a> – self-proclaimed Jewish prophet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar-Zutra_II" title="Mar-Zutra II">Mar-Zutra II</a> – Jewish exilarch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qavam_family" title="Qavam family">Qavam family</a> – one of the most influential families during the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imrani" title="Imrani">Imrani</a> – Persian poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yudghanites" title="Yudghanites">Yudghan</a> – religious leader from Hamadan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba%27i_ben_Lotf" title="Baba'i ben Lotf">Baba'i ben Lotf</a> – Persian poet, author of the first <a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian" title="Judeo-Persian">Judeo-Persian</a> chronicle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anan_ben_David" title="Anan ben David">Anan ben David</a> – founder of the <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_al-Kumisi" title="Daniel al-Kumisi">Daniel al-Kumisi</a> – prominent scholar of <a href="/wiki/Karaite_Judaism" title="Karaite Judaism">Karaite Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrahat" title="Aphrahat">Aphrahat</a> – Persian saint, converted to Christianity</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics_and_military">Politics and military</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Politics and military" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Alliance,_Baron_Alliance" title="David Alliance, Baron Alliance">David Alliance, Baron Alliance</a> – Iranian-born British businessman; <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democrats_(UK)" title="Liberal Democrats (UK)">Liberal Democrat</a> politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Ben-Ari" title="Michael Ben-Ari">Michael Ben-Ari</a> – Israeli politician and current member of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makan_Delrahim" title="Makan Delrahim">Makan Delrahim</a> – <a href="/wiki/United_States_Assistant_Attorney_General" title="United States Assistant Attorney General">United States Assistant Attorney General</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Antitrust_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust Division">United States Department of Justice Antitrust Division</a> under the Trump Administration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Delshad" title="Jimmy Delshad">Jimmy Delshad</a> – Iranian-American former two-term mayor of <a href="/wiki/Beverly_Hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverly Hills">Beverly Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuchehr_Eliasi" title="Manuchehr Eliasi">Manuchehr Eliasi</a> – former Jewish member of the Majlis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitan_Ben_Eliyahu" title="Eitan Ben Eliyahu">Eitan Ben Eliyahu</a> – former Major General in the Israeli Defence Forces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saeed_Emami" title="Saeed Emami">Saeed Emami</a> – former conservative Deputy Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a> (alleged by critics to have Jewish ancestry<a href="#cite_note-aidanederland1-154">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-PBS-155">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naser_Makarem_Shirazi" title="Naser Makarem Shirazi">Naser Makarem Shirazi</a> – Iranian Shia religious leader (alleged by a critic to have Jewish ancestry<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reza_Hekmat" title="Reza Hekmat">Reza Hekmat</a> – Prime Minister of Iran (alleged to have Iranian Jewish ancestry<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziz_Daneshrad" title="Aziz Daneshrad">Aziz Daneshrad</a> – political activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Halutz" title="Dan Halutz">Dan Halutz</a> – former <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Israel)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Israel)">chief of staff</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Defense_Forces" title="Israel Defense Forces">Israel Defense Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Kaplan" title="Anna Kaplan">Anna Kaplan</a> – American politician and current member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Senate" title="New York State Senate">New York State Senate</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Katsav" title="Moshe Katsav">Moshe Katsav</a> – former President of Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaul_Mofaz" title="Shaul Mofaz">Shaul Mofaz</a> – former Israeli <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Defense_(Israel)" title="Ministry of Defense (Israel)">Minister of Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Motamed" title="Maurice Motamed">Maurice Motamed</a> – former Jewish member of the Majlis of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Nahai" title="David Nahai">David Nahai</a> – former head of the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Department_of_Water_and_Power" title="Los Angeles Department of Water and Power">Los Angeles Department of Water and Power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abie_Nathan" title="Abie Nathan">Abie Nathan</a> – humanitarian and peace activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siamak_Moreh_Sedgh" class="mw-redirect" title="Siamak Moreh Sedgh">Siamak Moreh Sedgh</a> – Jewish member of the Majlis of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroun_Yashayaei" title="Haroun Yashayaei">Haroun Yashayaei</a> – chairman of the board of the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Jewish_Committee" title="Tehran Jewish Committee">Tehran Jewish Committee</a> and leader of Iran's Jewish community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordechai_Zar" title="Mordechai Zar">Mordechai Zar</a> – Israeli politician and former member of the Knesset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellie_Cohanim" title="Ellie Cohanim">Ellie Cohanim</a> – Deputy <a href="/wiki/Special_Envoy_to_Monitor_and_Combat_Anti-Semitism" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism">Special Envoy to Monitor and Combat Anti-Semitism</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalya_Attar" title="Dalya Attar">Dalya Attar</a> – American politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshfegh_Hamadani" title="Moshfegh Hamadani">Moshfegh Hamadani</a> – political journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tali_Farhadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Tali Farhadian">Tali Farhadian</a> – attorney and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Shkalim" title="Esther Shkalim">Esther Shkalim</a> – Israeli poet, researcher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Hayyim" title="Shmuel Hayyim">Shmuel Hayyim</a> – journalist, politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shula_Keshet" title="Shula Keshet">Shula Keshet</a> – political activist and writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitsana_Darshan-Leitner" title="Nitsana Darshan-Leitner">Nitsana Darshan-Leitner</a> – attorney, activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meirav_Ben-Ari" title="Meirav Ben-Ari">Meirav Ben-Ari</a> – Israeli politician, member of the <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Nazarian" title="Sharon Nazarian">Sharon Nazarian</a> – Iranian-born Senior Vice President of International Affairs for the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Defamation_League" title="Anti-Defamation League">ADL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rokni" title="David Rokni">David Rokni</a> – Israeli colonel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galit_Distel-Atbaryan" title="Galit Distel-Atbaryan">Galit Distel-Atbaryan</a> – Israeli politician, member of the Knesset</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Avtabi" title="Eliezer Avtabi">Eliezer Avtabi</a> – former Israeli politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Roffe_Ofir" title="Sharon Roffe Ofir">Sharon Roffe Ofir</a> – Israeli journalist and politician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Payam_Akhavan" title="Payam Akhavan">Payam Akhavan</a> – international lawyer (convert to the Bahá’í faith)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Peyman" title="David Peyman">David Peyman</a> – attorney, worked for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_academia">Science and academia</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Science and academia" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbas_Amanat" title="Abbas Amanat">Abbas Amanat</a> – professor of history at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (born to a family of Jewish descent that converted to the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaul_Bakhash" title="Shaul Bakhash">Shaul Bakhash</a> – professor of Iranian studies at <a href="/wiki/George_Mason_University" title="George Mason University">George Mason University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Cohen-Gadol" title="Aaron Cohen-Gadol">Aaron Cohen-Gadol</a> – neurosurgeon specializing in surgical treatment of brain tumors and aneurysms</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pejman_Salimpour" title="Pejman Salimpour">Pejman Salimpour</a> – professor, physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedram_Salimpour" title="Pedram Salimpour">Pedram Salimpour</a> – physician, entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farshid_Delshad" title="Farshid Delshad">Farshid Delshad</a> – historical-comparative linguistics in <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avshalom_Elitzur" title="Avshalom Elitzur">Avshalom Elitzur</a> – physicist and philosopher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleiman_Haim" class="mw-redirect" title="Soleiman Haim">Soleiman Haim</a> – compiled an early and influential <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> dictionary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakim_Yazghel_Haqnazar" title="Hakim Yazghel Haqnazar">Hakim Yazghel Haqnazar</a> – court physician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraj_Lalezari" title="Iraj Lalezari">Iraj Lalezari</a> – academic and chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Levy" title="Habib Levy">Habib Levy</a> – historian best known for his extensive research on the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Jews_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jews in Iran">history of Jews in Iran</a>; author of Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran: The Outset of the Diaspora.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amnon_Netzer" title="Amnon Netzer">Amnon Netzer</a> – professor of the history and culture of Iranian Jews</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rahbar" title="Samuel Rahbar">Samuel Rahbar</a> – discoverer of <a href="/wiki/HbA1C" class="mw-redirect" title="HbA1C">HbA1C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Samadi" title="David B. Samadi">David B. Samadi</a> – expert in <a href="/wiki/Robotic_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Robotic surgery">robotic oncology</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_Soomekh" title="Saba Soomekh">Saba Soomekh</a> – professor of religious studies and Middle Eastern History at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, and author of books on Iranian Jewish culture</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehsan_Yarshater" title="Ehsan Yarshater">Ehsan Yarshater</a> – historian & founder of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia Iranica">Encyclopedia Iranica</a> (born to Jewish parents who converted to the Baháʼí Faith)<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_B._H._Youdim" title="Moussa B. H. Youdim">Moussa B. H. Youdim</a> – Israeli neurologist, neuropharmacologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babak_Azizzadeh" title="Babak Azizzadeh">Babak Azizzadeh</a> – cosmetic surgeon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armin_Tehrany" title="Armin Tehrany">Armin Tehrany</a> – orthopedic surgeon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Ourian" title="Simon Ourian">Simon Ourian</a> – plastic surgeon</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Nazarian" title="Sheila Nazarian">Sheila Nazarian</a> – plastic surgeon and television personality</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Business_and_economics">Business and economics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Business and economics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="David Alliance">David Alliance</a> – British businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Amiri" title="Mike Amiri">Mike Amiri</a> – American fashion designer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asadollah_Asgaroladi" title="Asadollah Asgaroladi">Asadollah Asgaroladi</a> – Iranian billionaire (convert to Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habibollah_Asgaroladi" title="Habibollah Asgaroladi">Habibollah Asgaroladi</a> – leading Iranian conservative politician (convert to Islam)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Bakhshi" title="Jon Bakhshi">Jon Bakhshi</a> – American restaurateur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Darius_Bikoff" title="J. Darius Bikoff">J. Darius Bikoff</a> – founder and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Energy_Brands" title="Energy Brands">Energy Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandana_Dayani" title="Mandana Dayani">Mandana Dayani</a> – Iranian-American attorney, entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Elghanayan" title="Henry Elghanayan">Henry Elghanayan</a> – real estate developer New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Elghanian" title="Habib Elghanian">Habib Elghanian</a> – prominent businessman executed by the Islamic Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghermezian_family" title="Ghermezian family">Ghermezian family</a> – billionaire shopping mall developers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manucher_Ghorbanifar" title="Manucher Ghorbanifar">Manucher Ghorbanifar</a> – former <a href="/wiki/SAVAK" title="SAVAK">SAVAK</a> agent, central figure in the Iran–Contra affair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Hakim" title="Kamran Hakim">Kamran Hakim</a> – real estate developer in New York City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moussa_Kermanian" title="Moussa Kermanian">Moussa Kermanian</a> – real estate developer in Los Angeles and journalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Kadisha" title="Neil Kadisha">Neil Kadisha</a> – businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasser_David_Khalili" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasser David Khalili">Nasser David Khalili</a> – billionaire property developer and art collector</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwaja_Israel_Sarhad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khwaja Israel Sarhad (page does not exist)">Khwaja Israel Sarhad</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Khwaja_Fanous_Kalantar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khwaja Fanous Kalantar (page does not exist)">Khwaja Fanous Kalantar</a>, landowners, diplomats, and tycoons hailing from <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, Iran (<a href="/wiki/New_Julfa" title="New Julfa">New Julfa</a>) (see <a href="/wiki/Khwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja">Khwaja</a>)<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Maslavi" title="Saul Maslavi">Saul Maslavi</a> – president and CEO of <a href="/wiki/Jovani_Fashion" title="Jovani Fashion">Jovani Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Larian" title="Isaac Larian">Isaac Larian</a> – American billionaire, <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">chief executive officer</a> of <a href="/wiki/MGA_Entertainment" title="MGA Entertainment">MGA Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Mateen" class="mw-redirect" title="Justin Mateen">Justin Mateen</a> – co-founder and former <a href="/wiki/Chief_marketing_officer" title="Chief marketing officer">chief marketing officer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tinder_(app)" title="Tinder (app)">Tinder</a> dating app</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Merage" class="mw-redirect" title="David Merage">David Merage</a> – co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Hot_Pockets" title="Hot Pockets">Hot Pockets</a> snack food company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Merage" title="Paul Merage">Paul Merage</a> – co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Hot_Pockets" title="Hot Pockets">Hot Pockets</a> snack food company</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Moinian" title="Joseph Moinian">Joseph Moinian</a> – New York City real estate developer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezri_Namvar" title="Ezri Namvar">Ezri Namvar</a> – Iranian-born businessman and convicted criminal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Ohebshalom" title="Fred Ohebshalom">Fred Ohebshalom</a> – founder of Empire Management Real Estate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Parnes" title="Joseph Parnes">Joseph Parnes</a> – investment advisor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_David_Rabhan" title="Erwin David Rabhan">Erwin David Rabhan</a> – businessman, longtime friend of <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Rad" title="Sean Rad">Sean Rad</a> – co-founder and former CEO of <a href="/wiki/Tinder_(app)" title="Tinder (app)">Tinder</a> dating app</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assadollah_Rashidian" title="Assadollah Rashidian">Assadollah Rashidian</a> – businessman, played a critical role in the <a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 Overthrow of Mohammed Mossadegh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouriel_Roubini" title="Nouriel Roubini">Nouriel Roubini</a> – economist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shaoul" title="Ben Shaoul">Ben Shaoul</a> – co-founder of Magnum Real Estate Group</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joel_Simkhai" title="Joel Simkhai">Joel Simkhai</a> – founder of <a href="/wiki/Grindr" title="Grindr">Grindr</a> dating app</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahbod_Moghadam" title="Mahbod Moghadam">Mahbod Moghadam</a> – co-founder of Everipedia, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Genius_(website)" class="mw-redirect" title="Genius (website)">Genius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Mizrahi" title="Sam Mizrahi">Sam Mizrahi</a> – Canadian real estate developer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Haghani" title="Victor Haghani">Victor Haghani</a> – American financier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraydun_Manocherian" title="Fraydun Manocherian">Fraydun Manocherian</a> – Manhattan real estate developer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Saghian" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Saghian">Richard Saghian</a> – Founder of <a href="/wiki/Fashion_Nova" title="Fashion Nova">Fashion Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Negari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Negari (page does not exist)">Daniel Negari</a> – founder of <a href="/wiki/.xyz" title=".xyz">.xyz</a> domain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohan_Retail_Investment_Group" title="Kohan Retail Investment Group">Mike Kohan</a> – founder of <a href="/wiki/Kohan_Retail_Investment_Group" title="Kohan Retail Investment Group">Kohan Retail Investment Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Sabet" title="Habib Sabet">Habib Sabet</a> – Iranian industrialist (convert to the Bahá’í Faith)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essie_Sakhai" title="Essie Sakhai">Essie Sakhai</a> – art dealer, businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely_Sakhai" title="Ely Sakhai">Ely Sakhai</a> – art dealer, owner of several <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a> art galleries</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasson_Khakshouri" title="Sasson Khakshouri">Sasson Khakshouri</a> – businessman, founder of the international <a href="/wiki/Kremlin_Cup" title="Kremlin Cup">Kremlin Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Mahfar" title="Jack Mahfar">Jack Mahfar</a> – Iranian-born businessman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hakim" title="Albert Hakim">Albert Hakim</a> – businessman, figure in the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Contra_affair" title="Iran–Contra affair">Iran–Contra affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Eshaghoff" title="Sam Eshaghoff">Sam Eshaghoff</a> – American real estate developer</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hootan_Yaghoobzadeh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hootan Yaghoobzadeh (page does not exist)">Hootan Yaghoobzadeh</a> – co-founder of Staple Street Capital</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eli_Zelkha" title="Eli Zelkha">Eli Zelkha</a> – entrepreneur, venture capitalist, professor, and inventor of <a href="/wiki/Ambient_intelligence" title="Ambient intelligence">ambient intelligence</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art_and_entertainment">Art and entertainment</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Art and entertainment" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Larian" title="Isaac Larian">Isaac Larian</a> – creator of Bratz dolls</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Ahdoot" title="Dan Ahdoot">Dan Ahdoot</a> – stand-up comedian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Ahdout" title="Jonathan Ahdout">Jonathan Ahdout</a> – actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hossein_Amanat" title="Hossein Amanat">Hossein Amanat</a> – architect, designer of the <a href="/wiki/Azadi_Tower" title="Azadi Tower">Azadi Tower</a> in Tehran (born to a family of Jewish descent that converted to the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jojo_Anavim" title="Jojo Anavim">Jojo Anavim</a> – artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yossi_Banai" title="Yossi Banai">Yossi Banai</a> – Israeli performer, singer, and actor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Danielpour" title="Richard Danielpour">Richard Danielpour</a> – composer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Delshad" title="Yuval Delshad">Yuval Delshad</a> – film director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Diaan" title="David Diaan">David Diaan</a> – actor, producer, screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n_Eory" title="Irán Eory">Irán Eory</a> – Iranian-born Mexican actress and model</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chohreh_Feyzdjou" title="Chohreh Feyzdjou">Chohreh Feyzdjou</a> – French-Iranian painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_Gabbay" title="Hamid Gabbay">Hamid Gabbay</a> – Iranian-born architect</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roya_Hakakian" title="Roya Hakakian">Roya Hakakian</a> – writer and poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mor_Karbasi" title="Mor Karbasi">Mor Karbasi</a> – singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamran_Khavarani" title="Kamran Khavarani">Kamran Khavarani</a> – architect, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony_Korine" title="Harmony Korine">Harmony Korine</a> – director, screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Maddahi" title="Ben Maddahi">Ben Maddahi</a> – prominent American music executive</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faranak_Margolese" title="Faranak Margolese">Faranak Margolese</a> – writer, best known as author of Off the Derech</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Masada" title="Jamie Masada">Jamie Masada</a> – comedian and businessman. Founder of the <a href="/wiki/Laugh_Factory" title="Laugh Factory">Laugh Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heshmat_Moayyad" title="Heshmat Moayyad">Heshmat Moayyad</a> – writer, translator (convert to Bahá’í Faith)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dora_Levy_Mossanen" title="Dora Levy Mossanen">Dora Levy Mossanen</a> – author of historical fiction</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moze_Mossanen" title="Moze Mossanen">Moze Mossanen</a> – Canadian film director and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottessa_Moshfegh" title="Ottessa Moshfegh">Ottessa Moshfegh</a> – American author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gina_Nahai" class="mw-redirect" title="Gina Nahai">Gina Nahai</a> – writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morteza_Neidavoud" title="Morteza Neidavoud">Morteza Neidavoud</a> – musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Nes" title="Adi Nes">Adi Nes</a> – photographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorit_Rabinyan" title="Dorit Rabinyan">Dorit Rabinyan</a> – Israeli writer, screenwriter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_(Israeli_singer)" title="Rita (Israeli singer)">Rita</a> – Israeli pop star</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maer_Roshan" title="Maer Roshan">Maer Roshan</a> – writer, entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooshang_Seyhoun" title="Hooshang Seyhoun">Hooshang Seyhoun</a> – prominent Iranian architect (convert to the Bahá’í Faith)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lior_Shamriz" title="Lior Shamriz">Lior Shamriz</a> – filmmaker</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahram_Shiva" title="Shahram Shiva">Shahram Shiva</a> – performance poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalia_Sofer" title="Dalia Sofer">Dalia Sofer</a> – writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Solemani" title="Sarah Solemani">Sarah Solemani</a> – English actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahar_Soomekh" title="Bahar Soomekh">Bahar Soomekh</a> – Iranian-born American actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tami_Stronach" title="Tami Stronach">Tami Stronach</a> – choreographer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subliminal_(rapper)" title="Subliminal (rapper)">Subliminal</a> – Israeli hip-hop singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Shadow_(rapper)" title="The Shadow (rapper)">The Shadow</a> – Israeli hip-hop singer and right-wing activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elie_Tahari" title="Elie Tahari">Elie Tahari</a> – high-end fashion designer<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Toub" title="Shaun Toub">Shaun Toub</a> – Iranian-born American actor, recipient of the Sephard award at the Los Angeles <a href="/wiki/Sephardic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardic">Sephardic</a> Film Festival<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elham_Yaghoubian" title="Elham Yaghoubian">Elham Yaghoubian</a>- writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Yari" title="Bob Yari">Bob Yari</a> – film producer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_figures">Religious figures</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Religious figures" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Bakshi-Doron" title="Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron">Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron</a> – previous <a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi Jews">Sephardic</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Rabbinate_of_Israel" title="Chief Rabbinate of Israel">Chief Rabbi of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuley_Boteach" title="Shmuley Boteach">Shmuley Boteach</a> – American rabbi<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yousef_Hamadani_Cohen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yousef Hamadani Cohen">Yousef Hamadani Cohen</a> – former chief rabbi of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uriel_Davidi" title="Uriel Davidi">Uriel Davidi</a> – former chief rabbi of Iran</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mashallah_Golestani-Nejad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mashallah Golestani-Nejad (page does not exist)">Mashallah Golestani-Nejad</a> – current chief rabbi of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutfu%27ll%C3%A1h_Hak%C3%ADm" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutfu'lláh Hakím">Lutfu'lláh Hakím</a> – Baháʼí leader (born to a family of Jewish descent that converted to the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menahem_Shemuel_Halevy" title="Menahem Shemuel Halevy">Menahem Shemuel Halevy</a> – Iranian rabbi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yedidia_Shofet" title="Yedidia Shofet">Yedidia Shofet</a> – former chief rabbi of Iran</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younes_Hamami_Lalehzar" title="Younes Hamami Lalehzar">Younes Hamami Lalehzar</a> – prominent religious leader</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliyahu_Ben_Haim" title="Eliyahu Ben Haim">Eliyahu Ben Haim</a> – Sephardic rabbi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Zion_Abba_Shaul" title="Ben Zion Abba Shaul">Ben Zion Abba Shaul</a> – rabbi, religious scholar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Zion_Melamed" title="Ezra Zion Melamed">Ezra Zion Melamed</a> – biblical scholar</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menashe_Amir" title="Menashe Amir">Menashe Amir</a> – Persian-language broadcaster in Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soleyman_Binafard" title="Soleyman Binafard">Soleyman Binafard</a> – wrestler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanina_Mizrahi" title="Hanina Mizrahi">Hanina Mizrahi</a> – educator, public figure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_Frech" title="Ezra Frech">Ezra Frech</a> – American Paralympic athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Kohan-Sedq" title="Janet Kohan-Sedq">Janet Kohan-Sedq</a> – track and field athlete</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamsi_Hekmat" title="Shamsi Hekmat">Shamsi Hekmat</a> – women's rights activist who pioneered reforms on <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">women's status in Iran</a>. Founded the first Iranian Jewish women's organization (Sazman Banovan Yahud i Iran) in 1947</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leandra_Medine" title="Leandra Medine">Leandra Medine</a> – author, blogger, and humor writer best known for Man Repeller, an independent fashion and lifestyle website</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_Sarshar" title="Homa Sarshar">Homa Sarshar</a> – journalist, author, and feminist activist. Columnist for Zan-e-Ruz magazine Kayhan daily newspaper (1964–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Elay_Shaltiel" title="Albert Elay Shaltiel">Albert Elay Shaltiel</a> – philanthropist, founder and director of <a href="/wiki/ILAI_Fund" title="ILAI Fund">ILAI Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houshang_Mashian" title="Houshang Mashian">Houshang Mashian</a> – Iranian-Israeli chess master</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliezer_Kashani" title="Eliezer Kashani">Eliezer Kashani</a> – member of <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhzivland" title="Akhzivland">Eli Avivi</a> – founder of the micronation <a href="/wiki/Akhzivland" title="Akhzivland">Akhzivland</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="Iran–Israel relations">Iran–Israel relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">History of the Jews in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exodus_of_Iranian_Jews" title="Exodus of Iranian Jews">Exodus of Iranian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">History of the Jews under Muslim rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_exodus_from_the_Muslim_world" title="Jewish exodus from the Muslim world">Jewish exodus from the Muslim world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisemitism_in_Islam" title="Antisemitism in Islam">Antisemitism in Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic%E2%80%93Jewish_relations" title="Islamic–Jewish relations">Islamic–Jewish relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jud%C3%A6o-Iranian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judæo-Iranian languages">Judæo-Iranian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jud%C3%A6o-Persian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judæo-Persian languages">Judæo-Persian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Persian_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Persian dialects">Judeo-Persian dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaifeng_Jews" title="Kaifeng Jews">Kaifeng Jews</a> – a small community of Persian Jewish descent which lives in <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, a city in the <a href="/wiki/Henan" title="Henan">Henan</a> province of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Jews" title="List of Asian Jews">List of Asian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purim" title="Purim">Purim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_minorities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious minorities in Iran">Religious minorities in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allahdad_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Allahdad incident">Allahdad incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiraz_blood_libel" class="mw-redirect" title="Shiraz blood libel">Shiraz blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Jewish_Committee" title="Tehran Jewish Committee">Tehran Jewish Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Sapir_Hospital_and_Charity_Center" title="Dr. Sapir Hospital and Charity Center">Dr. Sapir Hospital and Charity Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Rabbis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Rabbis of Iran">List of Chief Rabbis of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_synagogues_in_Iran" title="List of synagogues in Iran">List of synagogues in Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_religious_centers_in_Tehran#Synagogues" title="List of religious centers in Tehran">List of Synagogues in Tehran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_of_Iran_(documentary_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews of Iran (documentary film)">Jews of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/30_Years_After" title="30 Years After">30 Years After</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madare_sefr_darajeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Madare sefr darajeh">Madare sefr darajeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Holocaust_Cartoon_Competition" title="International Holocaust Cartoon Competition">International Holocaust Cartoon Competition</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Australian">Iranian Australian</a> shows that 3% of them are Jewish. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Citations" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-foxnews.com-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foxnews.com_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foxnews.com_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-foxnews.com_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060808190242/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,207337,00.html">"Iranian Jews Living in U.S. Have Complex Feelings About Mideast Crisis"</a>. Fox News. 7 August 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,207337,00.html">the original</a> on 8 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Iranian+Jews+Living+in+U.S.+Have+Complex+Feelings+About+Mideast+Crisis&rft.date=2006-08-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2F0%2C2933%2C207337%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_2-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/IranianThreat/News/Article.aspx?id=168515">Why are people going to Iran?</a>. Jpost.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-worldpopulationreview.com-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-worldpopulationreview.com_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldpopulationreview.com_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldpopulationreview.com_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-worldpopulationreview.com_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/country-rankings/jewish-population-by-country">"Jewish Population by Country 2023"</a>. worldpopulationreview.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Jewish+Population+by+Country+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fcountry-rankings%2Fjewish-population-by-country&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jews-of-iran-a-modern-history">"Jews of Iran: A Modern History"</a>. myjewishlearning.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myjewishlearning.com&rft.atitle=Jews+of+Iran%3A+A+Modern+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.myjewishlearning.com%2Farticle%2Fjews-of-iran-a-modern-history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Iranian_National_Census_2016-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Iranian_National_Census_2016_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranian_National_Census_2016_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Iranian_National_Census_2016_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/ch_nsonvm_95.pdf">"Iranian Census Report 2016"</a> (PDF). Iranian Statistics Agency.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iranian+Census+Report+2016&rft.pub=Iranian+Statistics+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amar.org.ir%2FPortals%2F0%2Fcensus%2F1395%2Fresults%2Fch_nsonvm_95.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorder2010" class="citation book cs1">Gorder, Christian (2010). Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-Muslims in Iran. Lexington Books. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Persia+and+the+Status+of+Non-Muslims+in+Iran&rft.pages=8&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gorder&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> Kevin Alan Brook. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hEuIveNl9kcC&dq=jews+in+armenia+descend+from+persian+jews&pg=PA233">The Jews of Khazaria</a> Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1442203021" title="Special:BookSources/1442203021">1442203021</a> p. 233 </li> <li id="cite_note-foa-9"><a href="#cite_ref-foa_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728082558/http://www.friends-of-armenia.org/institutional/history-of-armenian-jews/44-jewish-community-of-armenia">"Բեն Օլանդերի հատուկ ներկայացումը Նյու Յորքում նվիրված Ռաուլ Վալլենբերգին,Երեքշաբթի 9 Նոյեմբերի 2010 թ."</a> Friends-of-armenia.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.friends-of-armenia.org/institutional/history-of-armenian-jews/44-jewish-community-of-armenia">the original</a> on 28 July 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Friends-of-armenia.org&rft.atitle=%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B6+%D5%95%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF+%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A8+%D5%86%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82+%D5%85%D5%B8%D6%80%D6%84%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4+%D5%B6%D5%BE%D5%AB%D6%80%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE+%D5%8C%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC+%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%AB%D5%B6%2C%D4%B5%D6%80%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A9%D5%AB+9+%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%B5%D5%A5%D5%B4%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB+2010+%D5%A9.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.friends-of-armenia.org%2Finstitutional%2Fhistory-of-armenian-jews%2F44-jewish-community-of-armenia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> James Stuart Olson, Lee Brigance Pappas, Nicholas Charles Pappas. An Ethnohistorical Dictionary of the Russian and Soviet Empires. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1994 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0313274975" title="Special:BookSources/0313274975">0313274975</a> p. 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Begley, Sharon. (7 August 2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://in.reuters.com/article/us-science-genetics-jews-idINBRE8751EI20120806">Genetic study offers clues to history of North Africa's Jews | Reuters</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151229175118/http://in.reuters.com/article/us-science-genetics-jews-idINBRE8751EI20120806">Archived</a> 29 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In.reuters.com. Retrieved 2013-04-16. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dangoor.com/74034.html">The Jews of Iraq</a>. Dangoor.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-230041/Iran">Iran on the Britannica Online Encyclopedia</a>. Britannica.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.country-data.com/cgi-bin/query/r-6443.html">Iran – Jews</a>. Country-data.com. Retrieved 2011-05-29. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gorder_2010_17-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gorder_2010_17_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gorder_2010_17_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGorder2010" class="citation book cs1">Gorder, Christian (2010). Christianity in Persia and the Status of Non-Muslims in Iran. Lexington Books. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Christianity+in+Persia+and+the+Status+of+Non-Muslims+in+Iran&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Gorder&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrabbe2004" class="citation book cs1">Grabbe, Lester L. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-MnE5T_0RbMC&q=gave+the+Jews+permission+to+return+to+Yehud+province+and+to+rebuild+the+Temple&pg=PA355">A History of the Jews and Judaism in the Second Temple Period: Yehud: A History of the Persian Province of Judah</a>. T & T Clark. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-567-08998-4"><bdi>978-0-567-08998-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Jews+and+Judaism+in+the+Second+Temple+Period%3A+Yehud%3A+A+History+of+the+Persian+Province+of+Judah&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=T+%26+T+Clark&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-567-08998-4&rft.aulast=Grabbe&rft.aufirst=Lester+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-MnE5T_0RbMC%26q%3Dgave%2Bthe%2BJews%2Bpermission%2Bto%2Breturn%2Bto%2BYehud%2Bprovince%2Band%2Bto%2Brebuild%2Bthe%2BTemple%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1995" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Philip R. (1995). John D Davies (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WQttyS7HRrIC&q=authenticity+decree+cyrus&pg=PA219">Words Remembered, Texts Renewed: Essays in Honour of John F.A. Sawyer</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-542-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85075-542-5"><bdi>978-1-85075-542-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Words+Remembered%2C+Texts+Renewed%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+John+F.A.+Sawyer&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-85075-542-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Philip+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWQttyS7HRrIC%26q%3Dauthenticity%2Bdecree%2Bcyrus%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaryJ1-18"><a href="#cite_ref-MaryJ1_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn_Leith2001" class="citation book cs1">Winn Leith, Mary Joan (2001) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&q=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World">"Israel among the Nations: The Persian Period"</a>. In Michael David Coogan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zFhvECwNQD0C&q=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World">The Oxford History of the Biblical World</a> (<a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>). <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>; <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 285. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-513937-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-513937-2"><bdi>0-19-513937-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98016042">98016042</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44650958">44650958</a>. Retrieved 14 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Israel+among+the+Nations%3A+The+Persian+Period&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.place=Oxford%3B+New+York&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44650958&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98016042&rft.isbn=0-19-513937-2&rft.aulast=Winn+Leith&rft.aufirst=Mary+Joan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzFhvECwNQD0C%26q%3DThe%2BOxford%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BBiblical%2BWorld&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2005" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Sara Raup (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mfiJ6foYhMAC&q=ahasuerus+xerxes&pg=PA17">Historical Fictions and Hellenistic Jewish Identity: Third Maccabees in Its Cultural Context</a>. University of California Press. pp. 16–17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23307-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23307-2"><bdi>978-0-520-23307-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Fictions+and+Hellenistic+Jewish+Identity%3A+Third+Maccabees+in+Its+Cultural+Context&rft.pages=16-17&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23307-2&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Sara+Raup&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmfiJ6foYhMAC%26q%3Dahasuerus%2Bxerxes%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/exhibit/parthians/essay.html">http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/exhibit/parthians/essay.html</a> (see esp para's 3 and 5) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050205080800/http://depts.washington.edu/uwch/silkroad/exhibit/parthians/essay.html">Archived</a> 5 February 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/parthians.html">http://www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/parthians.html</a> (see esp para. 2) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060515174235/http://www.loyno.edu/~seduffy/parthians.html">Archived</a> 15 May 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parents.berkeley.edu/madar-pedar/jewshistory.html">A brief history of Iranian Jews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709075542/http://parents.berkeley.edu/madar-pedar/jewshistory.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (see esp para. 20) </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parthia.com/parthia_arts.htm#Language">Art & Culture</a>, Parthia.com </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/eieol/armol-4.html">https://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/eieol/armol-4.html</a> (see esp para. 5) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051122202212/https://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/eieol/armol-4.html">Archived</a> 22 November 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Translation of the inscription of Bahram II, cited after <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parents.berkeley.edu/madar-pedar/jewshistory.html">A brief history of Iranian Jews</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110709075542/http://parents.berkeley.edu/madar-pedar/jewshistory.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. The interpretation of the listed terms is based on J. Wiesehöfer, Das antike Persien (1993), p. 266. The translation of mandak (mktky) "baptists" is tentative, and has also been suggested to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Mandaeans" title="Mandaeans">Mandaeans</a>, see Kurt Rudolph, Gnosis und Spätantike Religionsgeschichte: Gesammelte Aufsätze (2020), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y_gFEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA616">p. 616 fn 22</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Three.html">Battuta's Travels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061231051250/http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Ibn_Battuta/Battuta's_Trip_Three.html">Archived</a> 31 December 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-littman2-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-littman2_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-littman2_27-1">b</a> Littman (1979), p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-r1-28"><a href="#cite_ref-r1_28-0">^</a> Joanna Sloame <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Bukharan_Jews.html">Bukharan Jews</a>. Jewish Virtual Library </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Lewis (1984), pp. 33–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-JadidAlIslam-30"><a href="#cite_ref-JadidAlIslam_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPirnazar" class="citation web cs1">Pirnazar, Jaleh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190911223620/https://www.fis-iran.org/en/irannameh/volxix/mashhad-jewish-community">"The "Jadid al-Islams" of Mashhad"</a>. Foundation for Iranian Studies. Bethesda, MD. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fis-iran.org/en/irannameh/volxix/mashhad-jewish-community">the original</a> on 11 September 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Foundation+for+Iranian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+%22Jadid+al-Islams%22+of+Mashhad&rft.aulast=Pirnazar&rft.aufirst=Jaleh&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fis-iran.org%2Fen%2Firannameh%2Fvolxix%2Fmashhad-jewish-community&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/babai-ben-nuriel">"BĀBĀʾĪ BEN NŪRĪʾEL – Encyclopaedia Iranica"</a>. Iranicaonline.org. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iranicaonline.org&rft.atitle=B%C4%80B%C4%80%CA%BE%C4%AA+BEN+N%C5%AAR%C4%AA%CA%BEEL+%E2%80%93+Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fbabai-ben-nuriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> Lewis (1984), p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Littman (1979), p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Lewis (1984), p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> Lewis (1984), pp. 181–83 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahir2016" class="citation web cs1">Tahir, Saif (3 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blogs.timesofisrael.com/the-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi-pakistan/">"The lost Jewish history of Rawalpindi, Pakistan"</a>. blogs.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 27 February 2023. <q>The history of Jews in Rawalpindi dates back to 1839 when many Jewish families from Mashhad fled to save themselves from the persecutions and settled in various parts of subcontinent including Peshawar and Rawalpindi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blogs.timesofisrael.com&rft.atitle=The+lost+Jewish+history+of+Rawalpindi%2C+Pakistan&rft.date=2016-03-03&rft.aulast=Tahir&rft.aufirst=Saif&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblogs.timesofisrael.com%2Fthe-lost-jewish-history-of-rawalpindi-pakistan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConsidine2017" class="citation book cs1">Considine, Craig (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/993691884">Islam, race, and pluralism in the Pakistani diaspora</a>. Milton: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-46276-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-46276-9"><bdi>978-1-315-46276-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993691884">993691884</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%2C+race%2C+and+pluralism+in+the+Pakistani+diaspora&rft.place=Milton&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993691884&rft.isbn=978-1-315-46276-9&rft.aulast=Considine&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F993691884&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2018" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Naveed Aman (12 May 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dailytimes.com.pk/239196/pakistani-jews-and-pti/">"Pakistani Jews and PTI"</a>. Daily Times. Retrieved 27 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Pakistani+Jews+and+PTI&rft.date=2018-05-12&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Naveed+Aman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdailytimes.com.pk%2F239196%2Fpakistani-jews-and-pti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rda.gop.pk/rawalpindi/">"Rawalpindi – Rawalpindi Development Authority"</a>. Rawalpindi Development Authority (rda.gop.pk). Retrieved 27 February 2023. <q>Jews first arrived in Rawalpindi's Babu Mohallah neighbourhood from Mashhad, Persia in 1839, in order to flee from anti-Jewish laws instituted by the Qajar dynasty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rawalpindi+Development+Authority+%28rda.gop.pk%29&rft.atitle=Rawalpindi+%E2%80%93+Rawalpindi+Development+Authority&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frda.gop.pk%2Frawalpindi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sohrabi-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sohrabi_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sohrabi_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sohrabi_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSohrabi2023" class="citation journal cs1">Sohrabi, Narciss M. (2023). "The politics of in/visibility: The Jews of urban Tehran". Studies in Religion. 53: 4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F00084298231152642">10.1177/00084298231152642</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257370493">257370493</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Religion&rft.atitle=The+politics+of+in%2Fvisibility%3A+The+Jews+of+urban+Tehran&rft.volume=53&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2023&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F00084298231152642&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257370493%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sohrabi&rft.aufirst=Narciss+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman2020" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Louis A. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv2f4v64p">Jews and Palestinians in the Late Ottoman Era, 1908-1914: Claiming the Homeland</a>. Vol. 1. Edinburgh University Press. p. 47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-5399-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-5399-8"><bdi>978-1-4744-5399-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.3366/j.ctv2f4v64p">10.3366/j.ctv2f4v64p</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Palestinians+in+the+Late+Ottoman+Era%2C+1908-1914%3A+Claiming+the+Homeland&rft.pages=47&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctv2f4v64p%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-5399-8&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.3366%2Fj.ctv2f4v64p&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Littman (1979), p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> Levy, Habib. 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(1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=210&letter=P">"Persia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Persia&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Fview.jsp%3Fartid%3D210%26letter%3DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevy1999" class="citation book cs1">Levy, Habib (1999). Comprehensive History of the Jews of Iran. Costa Mesa, CA: Mazda Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Comprehensive+History+of+the+Jews+of+Iran&rft.place=Costa+Mesa%2C+CA&rft.pub=Mazda+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Levy&rft.aufirst=Habib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>"Iran. 1997" (1997). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Judaica" title="Encyclopaedia Judaica">Encyclopaedia Judaica</a> (CD-ROM Edition Version 1.0). Ed. <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Roth" title="Cecil Roth">Cecil Roth</a>. Keter Publishing House. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-07-0665-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-07-0665-4">978-965-07-0665-4</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis, Bernard</a> (1984). The Jews of Islam. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00807-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00807-3"><bdi>978-0-691-00807-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+of+Islam&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00807-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLittman1979" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Littman_(historian)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Littman (historian)">Littman, David</a> (1979). "Jews Under Muslim Rule: The Case Of Persia". The Wiener Library Bulletin. XXXII (New series 49/50).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wiener+Library+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Jews+Under+Muslim+Rule%3A+The+Case+Of+Persia&rft.volume=XXXII&rft.issue=New+series+49%2F50&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Littman&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Foltz" title="Richard Foltz">Foltz, Richard</a> (2013). Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present. London: Oneworld publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-308-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-308-0"><bdi>978-1-78074-308-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+Iran%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oneworld+publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-308-0&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanasarian2000" class="citation book cs1">Sanasarian, Eliz (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780521770736">Religious Minorities in Iran</a>. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77073-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77073-6"><bdi>978-0-521-77073-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Minorities+in+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77073-6&rft.aulast=Sanasarian&rft.aufirst=Eliz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780521770736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShalom" class="citation journal cs1">Shalom, Sabar. "Esther's Children: A Portrait of Iranian Jews (review)". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 95 (2, Spring 2005).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jewish+Quarterly+Review&rft.atitle=Esther%27s+Children%3A+A+Portrait+of+Iranian+Jews+%28review%29&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2%2C+Spring+2005&rft.aulast=Shalom&rft.aufirst=Sabar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserstein2003" class="citation conference cs1">Wasserstein, Bernard (2003). "Evolving Jewish Ethnicities or Jewish Ethnicity: End of the Road?". Conference on Contextualizing Ethnicity: Discussions across Disciplines, Center for the International Study of Ethnicity. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Evolving+Jewish+Ethnicities+or+Jewish+Ethnicity%3A+End+of+the+Road%3F&rft.btitle=Conference+on+Contextualizing+Ethnicity%3A+Discussions+across+Disciplines%2C+Center+for+the+International+Study+of+Ethnicity&rft.place=North+Carolina+State+University%2C+Raleigh%2C+North+Carolina&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Wasserstein&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillis2002" class="citation book cs1">Willis, Charles James (2002). Persia as It Is: Being Sketches of Modern Persian Life and Character. Cambridge: Adamant Media Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-9297-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4021-9297-5"><bdi>978-1-4021-9297-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia+as+It+Is%3A+Being+Sketches+of+Modern+Persian+Life+and+Character&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Adamant+Media+Corporation&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-4021-9297-5&rft.aulast=Willis&rft.aufirst=Charles+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Karmel Melamed, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930204229/http://www.jta.org/cgi-bin/iowa/news/article/20070220persiancandidates.html/">Persian Jews politicking on Rodeo Drive</a> JTA International Wire News Service, 20 February 2007.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Houman_M._Sarshar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Houman M. Sarshar (page does not exist)">Houman M. Sarshar</a>: The Jews of Iran. The History, Religion, and Culture of a Community in the Islamic World. I.B. Tauris, London/New York 2014, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-888-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78076-888-5">978-1-78076-888-5</a></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sephardicstudies.org/iran.html">Sephardic Studies, Iran</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/religions/articles/history_of_iranian_jews1.php">History of the Iranian Jews</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharon2010" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Sharon, Moshe (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/bahaism-conversion-to-COM_0002940?s.num=86&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world&s.start=80&s.q=Persian">"Bahaism, Conversion to"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stillman" title="Norman Stillman">Stillman, Norman A.</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bahaism%2C+Conversion+to&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Sharon&rft.aufirst=Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%2Fbahaism-conversion-to-COM_0002940%3Fs.num%3D86%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%26s.start%3D80%26s.q%3DPersian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahimiyan2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Rahimiyan, Orly R. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world/aliya-to-mandatory-palestine-and-israel-from-iran-SIM_000750?s.num=15&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world&s.q=Iran">"Aliya to Mandatory Palestine and Israel from Iran"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Norman_Stillman" title="Norman Stillman">Norman A. Stillman</a> (ed.). Encyclopedia of Jews in the Islamic World. Brill Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aliya+to+Mandatory+Palestine+and+Israel+from+Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Jews+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.pub=Brill+Online&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Rahimiyan&rft.aufirst=Orly+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%2Faliya-to-mandatory-palestine-and-israel-from-iran-SIM_000750%3Fs.num%3D15%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopedia-of-jews-in-the-islamic-world%26s.q%3DIran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIranian+Jews" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sarechal.com/">Former Jewish Ghetto in Tehran</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Media</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_iNektvD5i4">Documentary about Iranians in Israel</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranjewish.com/pic.htm#pesonal">Pictures of Persian Jews </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070706140351/http://ijchronicle.com/">Iranian Jewish Chronicle Magazine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/cyrus/cyrus_decree_jews.php">Iran Chamber Society The Cyrus Prism: The Decree of return for the Jews, 539 BCE</a>, edited by Charles F. Horne,</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.savepasargad.com/audio-visual2/Kurosh-Englisg.htm">In Search of Cyrus the Great, directed by Cyrus Kar, in production. (preview only)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100304095326/http://www.savepasargad.com/audio-visual2/Kurosh-Englisg.htm">Archived</a> 4 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haifa-primo.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/collectionDiscovery?vid=HAU&inst=972HAI_MAIN&collectionId=81198552700002791&lang=en_US">Cenrer for Iranian Jewish Oral History Archive</a> on the Digital collections of <a href="/wiki/Younes_and_Soraya_Nazarian_Library" title="Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library">Younes and Soraya Nazarian Library</a>, University of Haifa</li></ul> <dl><dt>Miscellaneous</dt></dl> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranjewish.com">Tehran Jewish Committee</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://derakhte-zendegi.com">Persian Jewish TV Committee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230926105709/http://derakhte-zendegi.com/">Archived</a> 26 September 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&oldid=1257834345">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&oldid=1257834345</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Iranian_Jews&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 16 November 2024, at 21:40 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF_%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="يهود فرس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يهود فرس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_y%C9%99hudil%C9%99ri" title="İran yəhudiləri – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran yəhudiləri" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ایران یهودی‌‌‌لری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایران یهودی‌‌‌لری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judentum_im_Iran" title="Judentum im Iran – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Judentum im Iran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jud%C3%ADos_persas" title="Judíos persas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Judíos persas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%87%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="یهودیان ایرانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یهودیان ایرانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80_%EC%9C%A0%EB%8C%80%EC%9D%B8" title="이란 유대인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이란 유대인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B6_%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Հրեաներն Իրանում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրեաներն Իրանում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahudi_Iran" title="Yahudi Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yahudi Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebrei_iraniani" title="Ebrei iraniani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ebrei iraniani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%94%D7%93%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="יהדות איראן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יהדות איראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AE%E3%83%A6%E3%83%80%E3%83%A4%E4%BA%BA" title="イランのユダヤ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イランのユダヤ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ایرانی یہود – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایرانی یہود" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeus_da_P%C3%A9rsia" title="Judeus da Pérsia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Judeus da Pérsia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B8" title="Персидские евреи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Персидские евреи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebrenjt%C3%AB_persian%C3%AB" title="Hebrenjtë persianë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Hebrenjtë persianë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persiska_judar" title="Persiska judar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Persiska judar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="பாரசீக யூதர்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாரசீக யூதர்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran_Yahudileri" title="İran Yahudileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran Yahudileri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D1%94%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Перські євреї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Перські євреї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DB%8C%DB%81%D9%88%D8%AF" title="ایرانی یہود – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایرانی یہود" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%AF%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E4%BA%BA" title="波斯猶太人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="波斯猶太人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> 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