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class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Shushan" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shushan_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shushan (disambiguation)">Shushan (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Susa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Susa (disambiguation)">Susa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Shusha" title="Shusha">Shusha</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Susa (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈsuːsə/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">SOO-sə</a>) was an ancient city in the lower <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a> about 250 km (160 mi) east of the <a href="/wiki/Tigris" title="Tigris">Tigris</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Karkheh_River" title="Karkheh River">Karkheh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dez_River" title="Dez River">Dez</a> Rivers in Iran. One of the most important cities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>, Susa served as the capital of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> and the winter capital of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, and remained a strategic centre during the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian</a> periods. <table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Susa</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname">شوش</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:History_of_Egypt,_Chaldea,_Syria,_Babylonia_and_Assyria_(1903)_(14584070300).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/220px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/330px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg/440px-History_of_Egypt%2C_Chaldea%2C_Syria%2C_Babylonia_and_Assyria_%281903%29_%2814584070300%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="532"></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">The Palace of Darius in Susa</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa is located in Iran"><img alt="Susa is located in Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/250px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Iran_relief_location_map.jpg/500px-Iran_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1071"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:50.383%;left:23.209%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Susa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Susa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Shown within Iran</div>Show map of Iran</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><a href="/wiki/File:West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa is located in West and Central Asia"><img alt="Susa is located in West and Central Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/250px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/375px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg/500px-West_Asia_non_political_with_water_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5948" data-file-height="3836"></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.57%;left:48.485%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="Susa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/8px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/12px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg/16px-Archaeological_site_icon_%28red%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16"></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Susa</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Susa (West and Central Asia)</div>Show map of West and Central Asia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Shush,_Iran" title="Shush, Iran">Shush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Region</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros Mountains</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Susa&params=32_11_26_N_48_15_28_E_type:landmark">32°11′26″N 48°15′28″E / 32.19056°N 48.25778°E / 32.19056; 48.25778</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data category">Settlement</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data">Susa</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">4200 BCE<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abandoned</th><td class="infobox-data">1218 CE</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Events</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Susa" title="Battle of Susa">Battle of Susa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Site notes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Condition</th><td class="infobox-data">Abandoned and in ruins</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Susa</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: i, ii, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1455">1455</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2015 (39th <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> The site currently consists of three archaeological mounds, covering an area of around 1 square kilometre (0.39 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The city of <a href="/wiki/Shush,_Iran" title="Shush, Iran">Shush</a> is located on the site of ancient Susa. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Literary_references">2 Literary references</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Biblical_texts">2.1 Biblical texts</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Pseudepigrapha">2.2 Pseudepigrapha</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Excavation_history">3 Excavation history</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#History">4 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Early_settlement">4.1 Early settlement</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Susa_I_period_(4200%E2%80%933800_BC)">4.2 Susa I period (4200–3800 BC)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Metallurgy">4.2.1 Metallurgy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Ceramic_objects">4.2.2 Ceramic objects</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Susa_II_and_Uruk_influence_(3800%E2%80%933100_BC)">4.3 Susa II and Uruk influence (3800–3100 BC)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Susa_III,_or_%22Proto-Elamite%22,_period_(3100%E2%80%932700_BC)">4.4 Susa III, or "Proto-Elamite", period (3100–2700 BC)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Elamites">4.5 Elamites</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700%E2%80%931500_BC)">4.5.1 Old Elamite period (c. 2700–1500 BC)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Kutik-Inshushinak">4.5.2 Kutik-Inshushinak</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Indus-Susa_relations_(2400%E2%80%932100_BC)">4.6 Indus-Susa relations (2400–2100 BC)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500%E2%80%931100_BC)">4.6.1 Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1100 BC)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100%E2%80%93540_BC)">4.6.2 Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100–540 BC)</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-19"><a href="#Neo-Assyrians">4.6.2.1 Neo-Assyrians</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Susa_after_Achaemenid_Persian_conquest">4.7 Susa after Achaemenid Persian conquest</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Seleucid_period">4.8 Seleucid period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Parthian_period">4.9 Parthian period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Sassanid_period">4.10 Sassanid period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Islamic_period">4.11 Islamic period</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Today">4.12 Today</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#World_Heritage_listing">5 World Heritage listing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Gallery">6 Gallery</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#See_also">7 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-29"><a href="#Notes">8 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-30"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Further_reading">10 Further reading</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-32"><a href="#Excavation_reports">10.1 Excavation reports</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#External_links">11 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The name Susa is of Elamiate origin and has appeared in many languages: <ul><li>Middle <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>: 𒀸𒋗𒊺𒂗, romanized: Šušen<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184%5D-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Middle and Neo-<a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>: 𒋢𒋢𒌦, romanized: Šušun<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184%5D-3">[3]</a></li> <li>Neo-<a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>: 𒀸𒋗𒐼𒀭, romanized: Šušan<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183%5D-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a> <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a>: 𒀸𒋗𒐼, romanized: Šuša<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183%5D-4">[4]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: שׁוּשָׁן Šūšān</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Σοῦσα Soûsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Persian language">Old Persian</a>: 𐏂𐎢𐏁𐎠 Çūšā</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Persian language">Middle Persian</a>: 𐭮𐭥𐭱𐭩 Sūš or 𐭱𐭥𐭮 Šūs</li> <li>New <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: شوش Šuš <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[ʃuʃ]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>: ܫܘܫ Šuš<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Literary_references">Literary references</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Literary references" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elam_Map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/330px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="555" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 300px;height: 259px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/330px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png" data-width="300" data-height="259" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/500px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Elam_Map-en.svg/600px-Elam_Map-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map showing the area of the Elamite kingdom (in orange) and the neighboring areas. The approximate <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> extension of the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> is shown.</figcaption></figure> Susa was one of the most important cities of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">Ancient Near East</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historic literature</a>, Susa appears in the very earliest Sumerian records: for example, it is described as one of the places obedient to <a href="/wiki/Inanna" title="Inanna">Inanna</a>, patron deity of <a href="/wiki/Uruk" title="Uruk">Uruk</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Enmerkar_and_the_Lord_of_Aratta" title="Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta">Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biblical_texts">Biblical texts</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biblical texts" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Susa is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Ketuvim" title="Ketuvim">Ketuvim</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a> by the name Shushan, mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Esther" title="Book of Esther">Book of Esther</a>, but also once each in the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezra" title="Book of Ezra">Ezra</a> (Ezra 4:9), <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Nehemiah" title="Book of Nehemiah">Nehemiah</a> (Nehemiah 1:1) and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Daniel" title="Book of Daniel">Daniel</a> (Daniel 8:2). According to these texts, Nehemiah lived in Susa during the <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a> of the 6th century BC (Daniel mentions it in a prophetic vision), while <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> became queen there, married to <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">King Ahasuerus</a>, and saved the Jews from <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. A tomb presumed to be that of Daniel is located in the area, known as Shush-Daniel. However, a large portion of the current structure is actually a much later construction dated to the late nineteenth century, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1871.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudepigrapha">Pseudepigrapha</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pseudepigrapha" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Susa is further mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Jubilees" title="Book of Jubilees">Book of Jubilees</a> (8:21 & 9:2) as one of the places within the inheritance of <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a> and his eldest son <a href="/wiki/Elam,_son_of_Shem" title="Elam, son of Shem">Elam</a>; and in 8:1, "Susan" is also named as the son (or daughter, in some translations) of Elam. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Excavation_history">Excavation history</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Excavation history" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Susa_map.jpg/220px-Susa_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2774" data-file-height="1968"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Susa_map.jpg/220px-Susa_map.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Susa_map.jpg/330px-Susa_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Susa_map.jpg/440px-Susa_map.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Site of Susa</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg/250px-S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1160"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg/250px-S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg/330px-S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg/500px-S03_06_01_017_image_2344.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Assyria. Ruins of Susa, Brooklyn Museum Archives, Goodyear Archival Collection</figcaption></figure> The site was examined in 1836 by <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Rawlinson,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet">Henry Rawlinson</a> and then by <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">A. H. Layard</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 1851, some modest excavation was done by <a href="/wiki/William_Loftus_(archaeologist)" title="William Loftus (archaeologist)">William Loftus</a>, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Fenwick_Williams" title="Fenwick Williams">Fenwick Williams</a>, who identified it as Susa.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Among his finds was a jar containing around 110 coins, the earliest of which was dated to 697-98 AD.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1885 and 1886 <a href="/wiki/Marcel-Auguste_Dieulafoy" title="Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy">Marcel-Auguste Dieulafoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Dieulafoy" title="Jane Dieulafoy">Jane Dieulafoy</a> began the first French excavations, discovering glazed bricks, column bases, and capitals from the palace of the Achaemenid kings.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> However, they failed to identify mudbrick walls, which were then destroyed in the course of excavation.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> Almost all of the excavations at Susa, post-1885, were organized and authorized by the French government.<a href="#cite_note-Peters_1915_82%E2%80%9393-13">[13]</a> In two treaties in 1894 and 1899, the French gained a monopoly on all archaeological excavations in Iran indefinitely.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Morgan" title="Jacques de Morgan">Jacques de Morgan</a>, after visiting the site in 1891, conducted major excavations from 1897 until 1911.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The excavations that were conducted in Susa brought many artistic and historical artifacts back to France. These artifacts filled multiple halls in the Museum of the Louvre throughout the late 1890s and early 1900s.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peters_1915_82%E2%80%9393-13">[13]</a> De Morgan's most important work was the excavation of the Grande Tranchée in the Acropole mound, where he found the stele of <a href="/wiki/Naram-Sin_of_Akkad" title="Naram-Sin of Akkad">Naram-Sin</a>, a collection of Babylonian <a href="/wiki/Kudurru" title="Kudurru">kudurrus</a> (boundary stones), the stele bearing the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a>, an ornamented bronze table of snakes, the bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Napir-Asu" title="Napir-Asu">Queen Napir-Asu</a>, and thousands of inscribed bricks. His finds showed Susa to be the most important center of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite civilization</a>, which was effectively discovered by the French mission at Susa.<a href="#cite_note-:0-12">[12]</a> Excavation efforts continued under <a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Mecquenem_(archaeologist)" title="Roland de Mecquenem (archaeologist)">Roland De Mecquenem</a> until 1914, at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>. French work at Susa resumed after the war, led by De Mecquenem, continuing until <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> To supplement the original publications of De Mecquenem the archives of his excavation have now been put online thanks to a grant from the Shelby White Levy Program.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Ghirshman" title="Roman Ghirshman">Roman Ghirshman</a> took over direction of the French efforts in 1946, after the end of the war.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Together with his wife <a href="/wiki/Tania_Ghirshman" title="Tania Ghirshman">Tania Ghirshman</a>, he continued there until 1967. The Ghirshmans concentrated on excavating a single part of the site, the hectare sized Ville Royale, taking it all the way down to bare earth.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> The pottery found at the various levels enabled a stratigraphy to be developed for Susa.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> From 1969 until 1979 excavations were conducted under <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrot" title="Jean Perrot">Jean Perrot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> In 2019 the Susa salvage project was launched to counter the construction of a transportation underpass in the vicinity of the site.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlement">Early settlement</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early settlement" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Urban_history" title="Urban history">urban history</a>, Susa is one of the oldest-known settlements of the region. Based on calibrated <a href="/wiki/Carbon-14_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon-14 dating">carbon-14 dating</a>, the foundation of a settlement there occurred as early as 4200 BC.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> In the region around Susa were a number of towns (with their own platforms) and villages that maintained a trading relationship with the city, especially those along the Zagro frontier.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The founding of Susa corresponded with the abandonment of nearby villages. Potts suggests that the settlement may have been founded to try to reestablish the previously destroyed settlement at <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Mish" title="Chogha Mish">Chogha Mish</a>, about 25 km to the west.<a href="#cite_note-Potts:_Elam-30">[30]</a> Previously, <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Mish" title="Chogha Mish">Chogha Mish</a> was a very large settlement, and it featured a similar massive platform that was later built at Susa.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a> Another important settlement in the area is <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Bonut" title="Chogha Bonut">Chogha Bonut</a>, which was discovered in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-:1-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susa_I_period_(4200–3800_BC)">Susa I period (4200–3800 BC)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Susa I period (4200–3800 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg/330px-Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2398" data-file-height="1753"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 320px;height: 234px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg/330px-Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg" data-width="320" data-height="234" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg/500px-Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg/960px-Iran_%C3%A9poque_d%27Obeid_S%C3%A8vres.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Goblet and cup, Iran, Susa I style, 4th millennium BC – <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a>; goblet height c. 12 cm; <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_%E2%80%93_Cit%C3%A9_de_la_c%C3%A9ramique" title="Sèvres – Cité de la céramique">Sèvres – Cité de la céramique</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></div> Shortly after Susa was first settled over 6000 years ago, its inhabitants erected a monumental platform that rose over the flat surrounding landscape.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The exceptional nature of the site is still recognizable today in the artistry of the ceramic vessels that were placed as offerings in a thousand or more graves near the base of the temple platform.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Susa's earliest settlement is known as the Susa I period (c. 4200–3900 BC). Two settlements named by archaeologists the Acropolis (7 ha) and the Apadana (6.3 ha), would later merge to form Susa proper (18 ha).<a href="#cite_note-Potts:_Elam-30">[30]</a> The Apadana was enclosed by 6 metre thick walls of <a href="/wiki/Rammed_earth" title="Rammed earth">rammed earth</a> (this particular place is named <a href="/wiki/Apadana" title="Apadana">Apadana</a> because it also contains a late <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> structure of this type). Nearly two thousand pots of Susa I style were recovered from the cemetery, most of them now in the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>. The vessels found are eloquent testimony to the artistic and technical achievements of their makers, and they hold clues about the organization of the society that commissioned them.<a href="#cite_note-Aruz_1992_26-34">[34]</a> Painted ceramic vessels from Susa in the earliest first style are a late, regional version of the Mesopotamian <a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid</a> ceramic tradition that spread across the Near East during the fifth millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-Aruz_1992_26-34">[34]</a> Susa I style was very much a product of the past and of influences from contemporary ceramic industries in the mountains of western Iran. The recurrence in close association of vessels of three types—a drinking goblet or beaker, a serving dish, and a small jar—implies the consumption of three types of food, apparently thought to be as necessary for life in the afterworld as it is in this one. Ceramics of these shapes, which were painted, constitute a large proportion of the vessels from the cemetery. Others are coarse cooking-type jars and bowls with simple bands painted on them and were probably the grave goods of the sites of humbler citizens as well as adolescents and, perhaps, children.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The pottery is carefully made by hand. Although a slow wheel may have been employed, the asymmetry of the vessels and the irregularity of the drawing of encircling lines and bands indicate that most of the work was done freehand. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Metallurgy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Copper metallurgy is also attested during this period, which was contemporary with metalwork at some highland Iranian sites such as <a href="/wiki/Tepe_Sialk" title="Tepe Sialk">Tepe Sialk</a>. As many as 40 copper axes have been found at the Susa cemetery, as well as 10 round discs probably used as mirrors. Many awls and spatulas were also found. <dl><dd>"Metal finds from the burials in Susa are the major metal assemblage from the end of the 5th millennium BCE. Strata 27 to 25 contained the earliest burials with a large number of axes, made from unalloyed copper and copper with elevated As [Arsenic] levels."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></dd></dl> The cemetery of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chega_Sofla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chega Sofla (page does not exist)">Chega Sofla</a>, from the same timeframe, provides a lot of similar material, with many sophisticated metal objects.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Chega Sofla is located in the same geographical area. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ceramic_objects">Ceramic objects</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ceramic objects" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg/120px-Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2718" data-file-height="4518"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg/120px-Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg" data-width="120" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg/180px-Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg/240px-Louvre_Suse_I_Boisseau_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique_1_14012018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique,_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg/200px-Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="185" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3136" data-file-height="2904"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 185px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg/200px-Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="185" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg/300px-Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg/400px-Louvre_Suse_I_N%C3%A9cropole_du_tell_de_l%27Acropole_Coupe_d%C3%A9cor_g%C3%A9om%C3%A9trique%2C_SB_3175_1_14012018.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Master_of_animals,_Susa_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Master of animals, Susa I, Louvre Sb 2246."><noscript><img alt="Master of animals, Susa I, Louvre Sb 2246." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg/198px-Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="1775"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 198px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg/198px-Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg" data-alt="Master of animals, Susa I, Louvre Sb 2246." data-width="198" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg/297px-Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg/396px-Master_of_animals%2C_Susa_I.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Master_of_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of animals">Master of animals</a>, Susa I, Louvre Sb 2246.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sun_and_deities,_Susa_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sun and deities, Susa I, Louvre"><noscript><img alt="Sun and deities, Susa I, Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg/164px-Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1657"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 164px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg/164px-Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg" data-alt="Sun and deities, Susa I, Louvre" data-width="164" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg/245px-Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg/327px-Sun_and_deities%2C_Susa_I.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sun and deities, Susa I, Louvre</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susa_II_and_Uruk_influence_(3800–3100_BC)">Susa II and Uruk influence (3800–3100 BC)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Susa II and Uruk influence (3800–3100 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Susa came within the Uruk cultural sphere during the <a href="/wiki/Uruk_period" title="Uruk period">Uruk period</a>. An imitation of the entire state apparatus of Uruk, <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a> with Sumerian motifs, and monumental architecture is found at Susa. According to some scholars, Susa may have been a colony of Uruk. There is some dispute about the comparative <a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">periodization</a> of Susa and Uruk at this time, as well as about the extent of Uruk influence in Susa. Recent research indicates that Early Uruk period corresponds to Susa II period.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Daniel T. Potts, argues that the influence from the highland Iranian <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan</a> area in Susa was more significant at the early period, and also continued later on. Thus, Susa combined the influence of two cultures, from the highland area and from the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plains" class="mw-redirect" title="Alluvial plains">alluvial plains</a>. Potts also stresses the fact that the writing and numerical systems of Uruk were not simply borrowed in Susa wholesale. Rather, only partial and selective borrowing took place, that was adapted to Susa's needs. Despite the fact that Uruk was far larger than Susa at the time, Susa was not its colony, but still maintained some independence for a long time, according to Potts.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> An architectural link has also been suggested between Susa, Tal-i Malyan, and <a href="/wiki/Godin_Tepe" title="Godin Tepe">Godin Tepe</a> at this time, in support of the idea of the parallel development of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Cuneiform">Proto-Cuneiform</a> and proto-elamite scripts.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Some scholars believe that Susa was part of the greater Uruk culture. Holly Pittman, an art historian at the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia says, "they Susanians are participating entirely in an Uruk way of life. They are not culturally distinct; the material culture of Susa is a regional variation of that on the Mesopotamian plain". Gilbert Stein, director of the University of Chicago's Oriental Institute, says that "An expansion once thought to have lasted less than 200 years now apparently went on for 700 years. It is hard to think of any colonial system lasting that long. The spread of Uruk material is not evidence of Uruk domination; it could be local choice".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies,_with_horned_temple_(composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple in the center. Susa II or Uruk period (3800–3100 BC), found in excavations at Susa. Louvre Museum.[43][44]"><noscript><img alt="King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple in the center. Susa II or Uruk period (3800–3100 BC), found in excavations at Susa. Louvre Museum.[43][44]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg/172px-King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3744" data-file-height="4357"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 172px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg/172px-King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg" data-alt="King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple in the center. Susa II or Uruk period (3800–3100 BC), found in excavations at Susa. Louvre Museum.[43][44]" data-width="172" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg/258px-King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg/344px-King-priest_with_bow_fighting_enemies%2C_with_horned_temple_%28composite_of_two_imprints_of_the_same_cylinder_seal%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">King-priest with bow fighting enemies, with horned temple in the center. Susa II or Uruk period (3800–3100 BC), found in excavations at Susa. Louvre Museum.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Globular envelope with the accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period (c. 3500 BC). From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. The Louvre"><noscript><img alt="Globular envelope with the accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period (c. 3500 BC). From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. The Louvre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg/120px-Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="2000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg/120px-Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg" data-alt="Globular envelope with the accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period (c. 3500 BC). From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. The Louvre" data-width="110" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg/250px-Accountancy_clay_envelope_Louvre_Sb1932.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Globular envelope with the accounting tokens. Clay, Uruk period (c. 3500 BC). From the Tell of the Acropolis in Susa. <a href="/wiki/The_Louvre" class="mw-redirect" title="The Louvre">The Louvre</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II,_work_in_the_granaries_(composite).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Work in the granaries, Susa II, Louvre.[45]"><noscript><img alt="Work in the granaries, Susa II, Louvre.[45]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg/250px-Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="1444"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 159px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg/250px-Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg" data-alt="Work in the granaries, Susa II, Louvre.[45]" data-width="200" data-height="159" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg/330px-Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg/500px-Susa_II%2C_work_in_the_granaries_%28composite%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Work in the granaries, Susa II, Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Priest-King with bow and arrows, Susa II, Louvre.[46]"><noscript><img alt="Priest-King with bow and arrows, Susa II, Louvre.[46]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/250px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1283" data-file-height="1663"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 154px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/250px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg" data-alt="Priest-King with bow and arrows, Susa II, Louvre.[46]" data-width="154" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg/330px-Susa_II_King-Priest_with_bow_and_arrow.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Priest-King with bow and arrows, Susa II, Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_II,_prisoners.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Prisoners, Susa II, Louvre.[47]"><noscript><img alt="Prisoners, Susa II, Louvre.[47]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg/250px-Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1825" data-file-height="1932"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 189px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg/250px-Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg" data-alt="Prisoners, Susa II, Louvre.[47]" data-width="189" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg/330px-Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg/500px-Susa_II%2C_prisoners.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Prisoners, Susa II, Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Orant statuette, Susa II, Louvre.[48]"><noscript><img alt="Orant statuette, Susa II, Louvre.[48]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg/250px-Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg/250px-Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg" data-alt="Orant statuette, Susa II, Louvre.[48]" data-width="200" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg/330px-Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg/500px-Orant_statuette-Sb_69-P5280684-gradient.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Orant statuette, Susa II, Louvre.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Susa_III,_or_"Proto-Elamite",_period_(3100–2700_BC)'>Susa III, or "Proto-Elamite", period (3100–2700 BC)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=12" title='Edit section: Susa III, or "Proto-Elamite", period (3100–2700 BC)' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></div> Susa III (3100–2700 BC) is also known as the '<a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a>' period.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> At this time, Banesh period pottery is predominant. This is also when the Proto-Elamite tablets first appear in the record. Subsequently, Susa became the centre of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> civilization. Ambiguous reference to Elam (<a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian</a>: 𒉏, romanized: NIM) appear also in this period in <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> records. Susa enters recorded history in the <a href="/wiki/Early_Dynastic_Period_of_Sumer" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Dynastic Period of Sumer">Early Dynastic period of Sumer</a>. A battle between <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> and Susa is recorded in 2700 BC, when <a href="/wiki/En-me-barage-si" class="mw-redirect" title="En-me-barage-si">En-me-barage-si</a> is said to have "made the land of Elam submit".<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 1484"><noscript><img alt="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 1484" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg/200px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="84" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2233" data-file-height="933"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 84px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg/200px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg" data-alt="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 1484" data-width="200" data-height="84" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg/300px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg/400px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_1484.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal, 3150–2800 BC. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 1484</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379"><noscript><img alt="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg/250px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="1319"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 139px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg/250px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg" data-alt="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379" data-width="139" data-height="100" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg/330px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Mythological_being_on_a_boat_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6379.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Mythological being on a boat Louvre Museum Sb 6379</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 6166"><noscript><img alt="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 6166" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/200px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="89" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2620" data-file-height="1166"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 89px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/200px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg" data-alt="Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 6166" data-width="200" data-height="89" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/300px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg/400px-Susa_III_or_Proto-Elamite_cylinder_seal_3150-2800_BC_Louvre_Museum_Sb_6166.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Susa III/ Proto-Elamite cylinder seal 3150–2800 BC Louvre Museum Sb 6166</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Economical tablet in Proto-Elamite script, Suse III, Louvre Museum, reference Sb 15200, circa 3100–2850 BC"><noscript><img alt="Economical tablet in Proto-Elamite script, Suse III, Louvre Museum, reference Sb 15200, circa 3100–2850 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg/250px-P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 145px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg/250px-P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg" data-alt="Economical tablet in Proto-Elamite script, Suse III, Louvre Museum, reference Sb 15200, circa 3100–2850 BC" data-width="145" data-height="100" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg/330px-P1180316_Louvre_Suse_III_tablette_%C3%A9conomique_Sb15200_rwk.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Economical tablet in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite script</a>, Suse III, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 15200, circa 3100–2850 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elamites">Elamites</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Elamites" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22,_Louvre_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg/250px-Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1185" data-file-height="1084"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 201px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg/250px-Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="201" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg/330px-Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg/500px-Puzur-Inshushinak_Ensi_Shushaki_in_the_%22Table_au_Lion%22%2C_Louvre_Museum.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Puzur-Inshushinak Ensi Shushaki (𒅤𒊭𒀭𒈹𒂞 𒑐𒋼𒋛 𒈹𒂞𒆠), "<a href="/wiki/Puzur-Inshushinak" title="Puzur-Inshushinak">Puzur-Inshushinak</a> <a href="/wiki/Ensi_(Sumerian)" title="Ensi (Sumerian)">Ensi</a> (Governor) of Susa", in the "Table au Lion", dated 2100 BC, Louvre Museum.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a></figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> period, Susa was the capital of a state called Susiana (Šušan), which occupied approximately the same territory of modern <a href="/wiki/Kh%C5%ABzest%C4%81n_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khūzestān Province">Khūzestān Province</a> centered on the <a href="/wiki/Karun" title="Karun">Karun River</a>. Control of Susiana shifted between <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>, Sumer, and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkad</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Elamite_kings" title="List of Elamite kings">Elamite monarchy</a>, many riches and materials were brought to Susa from the plundering of other cities.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> This was mainly due to the fact of Susa's location on Iran's South Eastern region, closer to the city of Babylon and cities in Mesopotamia. The use of the Elamite language as an administrative language was first attested in texts of ancient Ansan, Tall-e Mal-yan, dated 1000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> Previous to the era of Elamites, the Akkadian language was responsible for most or all of the text used in ancient documents. Susiana was incorporated by <a href="/wiki/Sargon_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Sargon the Great">Sargon the Great</a> into his <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a> in approximately 2330 BC.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elam_cool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/250px-Elam_cool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="383" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="640"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 383px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/250px-Elam_cool.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="383" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg/330px-Elam_cool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/36/Elam_cool.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Silver cup from <a href="/wiki/Marvdasht" title="Marvdasht">Marvdasht</a>, Iran, with a linear-Elamite inscription from the time of Kutik-Inshushinak. <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a></figcaption></figure> The main goddess of the city was <a href="/wiki/Nanaya" title="Nanaya">Nanaya</a>, who had a significant temple in Susa.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Old_Elamite_period_(c._2700–1500_BC)">Old Elamite period (c. 2700–1500 BC)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Old Elamite period (c. 2700–1500 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg/250px-Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="153" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1650" data-file-height="2063"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 122px;height: 153px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg/250px-Dynastic_list_Awan_Siwashi_Louvre_Sb17729.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="122" data-height="153" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:153px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_(transcription).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg/112px-Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="154" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2456" data-file-height="3372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 112px;height: 154px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg/112px-Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="112" data-height="154" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg/168px-Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg/224px-Awan_Kings_List_Sb_17729_%28transcription%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Dynastic list of twelve kings of Awan dynasty and twelve kings of the <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Shimashki Dynasty</a>, 1800–1600 BC, Susa, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a> Sb 17729.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a></div></div></div></div> The Old Elamite period began around 2700 BC. Historical records mention the conquest of Elam by <a href="/wiki/Enmebaragesi" title="Enmebaragesi">Enmebaragesi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Kish_(Sumer)" title="Kish (Sumer)">Kish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>. Three dynasties ruled during this period. Twelve kings of each of the first two dynasties, those of <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan</a> (or Avan; c. 2400–2100 BC) and <a href="/wiki/Shimashki_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shimashki Dynasty">Simashki</a> (c. 2100–1970 BC), are known from a list from Susa dating to the <a href="/wiki/First_Babylonian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="First Babylonian dynasty">Old Babylonian period</a>. Two Elamite dynasties said to have exercised brief control over parts of Sumer in very early times include Awan and <a href="/wiki/Hamazi" title="Hamazi">Hamazi</a>; and likewise, several of the stronger <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> rulers, such as <a href="/wiki/Eannatum" title="Eannatum">Eannatum</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lagash" title="Lagash">Lagash</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lugal-Anne-Mundu" title="Lugal-Anne-Mundu">Lugal-anne-mundu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Adab_(city)" title="Adab (city)">Adab</a>, are recorded as temporarily dominating Elam. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kutik-Inshushinak">Kutik-Inshushinak</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Kutik-Inshushinak" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Susa was the capital of an Akkadian province until ca. 2100 BC, when its governor, <a href="/wiki/Kutik-Inshushinak" class="mw-redirect" title="Kutik-Inshushinak">Kutik-Inshushinak</a>, rebelled and made it an independent state and a literary center. Also, he was the last from the <a href="/wiki/Awan_dynasty" title="Awan dynasty">Awan dynasty</a> according to the Susa kinglist.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> He unified the neighbouring territories and became the king of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a>. He encouraged the use of the <a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a> script, that remains undeciphered. The city was subsequently conquered by the neo-Sumerian <a href="/wiki/Third_Dynasty_of_Ur" title="Third Dynasty of Ur">Third Dynasty of Ur</a> and held until Ur finally collapsed at the hands of the Elamites under <a href="/wiki/Kindattu" title="Kindattu">Kindattu</a> in ca. 2004 BC. At this time, Susa was ruled by Elam again and became its capital under the Shimashki dynasty. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indus-Susa_relations_(2400–2100_BC)">Indus-Susa relations (2400–2100 BC)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Indus-Susa relations (2400–2100 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Numerous artifacts of <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley civilization">Indus Valley civilization</a> origin have been found in Susa from this period, especially seals and <a href="/wiki/Etched_carnelian_beads" title="Etched carnelian beads">etched carnelian beads</a>, pointing to <a href="/wiki/Indus-Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus-Mesopotamia relations">Indus-Mesopotamia relations</a> during this period.<a href="#cite_note-Site_officiel_du_mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2400–2100 BC. Elongated buffalo with line of standard Indus script signs. Tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 2425.[59][61] Indus script numbering convention per Asko Parpola.[62][63]"><noscript><img alt="Impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2400–2100 BC. Elongated buffalo with line of standard Indus script signs. Tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 2425.[59][61] Indus script numbering convention per Asko Parpola.[62][63]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg/250px-Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3308" data-file-height="2500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 132px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg/250px-Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg" data-alt="Impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2400–2100 BC. Elongated buffalo with line of standard Indus script signs. Tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 2425.[59][61] Indus script numbering convention per Asko Parpola.[62][63]" data-width="132" data-height="100" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg/330px-Susa_seal_with_Indus_signs.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Impression of an Indus cylinder seal discovered in Susa, in strata dated to 2400–2100 BC. Elongated buffalo with line of standard <a href="/wiki/Indus_script" title="Indus script">Indus script</a> signs. <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">Tell</a> of the Susa acropolis. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 2425.<a href="#cite_note-Site_officiel_du_mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Indus script numbering convention per <a href="/wiki/Asko_Parpola" title="Asko Parpola">Asko Parpola</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan script imported to Susa in 2340–2200 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 5614[64]"><noscript><img alt="Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan script imported to Susa in 2340–2200 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 5614[64]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/250px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="798"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 188px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/250px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg" data-alt="Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan script imported to Susa in 2340–2200 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 5614[64]" data-width="188" data-height="100" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/330px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg/500px-Indus_round_seal_with_impression_Elongated_buffalo_with_Harappan_scrpit_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb5614.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus round seal with impression. Elongated buffalo with Harappan script imported to Susa in 2340–2200 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 5614<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indian carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751.[65][66] These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira.[67]"><noscript><img alt="Indian carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751.[65][66] These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira.[67]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/173px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1819" data-file-height="1052"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 173px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/173px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg" data-alt="Indian carnelian beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 17751.[65][66] These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of Dholavira.[67]" data-width="173" data-height="100" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/260px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg/346px-Indus_carnelian_beads_with_white_design_imported_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb_13099.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indian <a href="/wiki/Carnelian" title="Carnelian">carnelian</a> beads with white design, etched in white with an alkali through a heat process, imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>, reference Sb 17751.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> These beads are identical with beads found in the Indus Civilization site of <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus bracelet, front and back, made of Pleuroploca trapezium or Turbinella pyrum imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.[68] This type of bracelet was manufactured in Mohenjo-daro, Lothal and Balakot.[69] The back is engraved with an oblong chevron design which is typical of shell bangles of the Indus Civilization.[70]"><noscript><img alt="Indus bracelet, front and back, made of Pleuroploca trapezium or Turbinella pyrum imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.[68] This type of bracelet was manufactured in Mohenjo-daro, Lothal and Balakot.[69] The back is engraved with an oblong chevron design which is typical of shell bangles of the Indus Civilization.[70]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/120px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1293"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 93px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/120px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg" data-alt="Indus bracelet, front and back, made of Pleuroploca trapezium or Turbinella pyrum imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.[68] This type of bracelet was manufactured in Mohenjo-daro, Lothal and Balakot.[69] The back is engraved with an oblong chevron design which is typical of shell bangles of the Indus Civilization.[70]" data-width="93" data-height="100" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg/250px-Indus_bracelet_made_of_Fasciolaria_Trapezium_or_Xandus_Pyrum_imported_front_and_back_with_inscribed_chevron_to_Susa_in_2600-1700_BCE_LOUVRE_Sb14473.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus bracelet, front and back, made of <a href="/wiki/Pleuroploca_trapezium" title="Pleuroploca trapezium">Pleuroploca trapezium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turbinella_pyrum" title="Turbinella pyrum">Turbinella pyrum</a> imported to Susa in 2400–2100 BC. Found in the tell of the Susa acropolis. Louvre Museum, reference Sb 14473.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> This type of bracelet was manufactured in <a href="/wiki/Mohenjo-daro" title="Mohenjo-daro">Mohenjo-daro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lothal" title="Lothal">Lothal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balakot" title="Balakot">Balakot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FeniXX_r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition_num%C3%A9rique-69">[69]</a> The back is engraved with an oblong chevron design which is typical of shell bangles of the Indus Civilization.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Indus Valley Civilization carnelian beads excavated in Susa."><noscript><img alt="Indus Valley Civilization carnelian beads excavated in Susa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg/120px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg" decoding="async" width="73" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1305" data-file-height="1791"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 73px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg/120px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg" data-alt="Indus Valley Civilization carnelian beads excavated in Susa." data-width="73" data-height="100" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg/250px-Indus_Valley_Civilization_carnelian_beads_excavated_in_Susa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Indus Valley Civilization carnelian beads excavated in Susa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 130px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus,_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE,_SB_13099.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jewelry with components from the Indus, Central Asia and Northern-eastern Iran found in Susa dated to 2400–2100 BC. Louvre - SB 13099; N 601."><noscript><img alt="Jewelry with components from the Indus, Central Asia and Northern-eastern Iran found in Susa dated to 2400–2100 BC. Louvre - SB 13099; N 601." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg/120px-Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3138" data-file-height="2860"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 110px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg/120px-Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg" data-alt="Jewelry with components from the Indus, Central Asia and Northern-eastern Iran found in Susa dated to 2400–2100 BC. Louvre - SB 13099; N 601." data-width="110" data-height="100" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg/250px-Jewelry_with_components_from_the_Indus%2C_Central_Asia_and_Northern-eastern_Iran_found_in_Susa_dated_to_2600-1700_BCE%2C_SB_13099.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jewelry with components from the Indus, Central Asia and Northern-eastern Iran found in Susa dated to 2400–2100 BC. Louvre - SB 13099; N 601.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_Elamite_period_(c._1500–1100_BC)">Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1100 BC)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Middle Elamite period (c. 1500–1100 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa,_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg/220px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg/220px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg/330px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg/440px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_basrelief_of_warrior_gods_1600-1100_BCE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Middle-Elamite basrelief of warrior gods, Susa, 1600–1100 BC</figcaption></figure> Around 1500 BC, the Middle Elamite period began with the rise of the Anshanite dynasties. Their rule was characterized by an "Elamisation" of Susa, and the kings took the title "king of Anshan and Susa". While, previously, the Akkadian language was frequently used in inscriptions, the succeeding kings, such as the Igihalkid dynasty of c. 1400 BC, tried to use Elamite. Thus, Elamite language and culture grew in importance in Susiana.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] This was also the period when the Elamite pantheon was being imposed in Susiana. This policy reached its height with the construction of the political and religious complex at <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a>, 30 km (19 mi) south-east of Susa. In ca. 1175 BC, the Elamites under <a href="/wiki/Shutruk-Nahhunte" class="mw-redirect" title="Shutruk-Nahhunte">Shutruk-Nahhunte</a> plundered the original <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> bearing the <a href="/wiki/Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> and took it to Susa. Archeologists found it in 1901. <a href="/wiki/Nebuchadnezzar_I" title="Nebuchadnezzar I">Nebuchadnezzar I</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> empire plundered Susa around fifty years later. <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish, Susa, 1500–1110 BC."><noscript><img alt="An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish, Susa, 1500–1110 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/250px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1504" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/250px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg" data-alt="An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish, Susa, 1500–1110 BC." data-width="200" data-height="133" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/330px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg/500px-Goatfishes_Louvre_Sb19.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An ornate design on this limestone ritual vat from the Middle Elamite period depicts creatures with the heads of goats and the tails of fish, Susa, 1500–1110 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil was built by Elamite king Untash-Napirisha circa 1300 BC."><noscript><img alt="The Ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil was built by Elamite king Untash-Napirisha circa 1300 BC." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/200px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="51" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="10057" data-file-height="2581"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 51px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/200px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg" data-alt="The Ziggurat at Chogha Zanbil was built by Elamite king Untash-Napirisha circa 1300 BC." data-width="200" data-height="51" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/300px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg/400px-Tchogha_Zanbil.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Ziggurat at <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a> was built by Elamite king <a href="/wiki/Untash-Napirisha" title="Untash-Napirisha">Untash-Napirisha</a> circa 1300 BC.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Susa,_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual,_circa_1150_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Susa, Middle-Elamite model of a sun ritual, circa 1150 BC"><noscript><img alt="Susa, Middle-Elamite model of a sun ritual, circa 1150 BC" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg/200px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 133px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg/200px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg" data-alt="Susa, Middle-Elamite model of a sun ritual, circa 1150 BC" data-width="200" data-height="133" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg/300px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg/400px-Susa%2C_Middle-Elamite_model_of_a_sun_ritual%2C_circa_1150_BCE.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Susa, Middle-Elamite model of a sun ritual, circa 1150 BC</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neo-Elamite_period_(c._1100–540_BC)">Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100–540 BC)</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Neo-Elamite period (c. 1100–540 BC)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Neo-Assyrians">Neo-Assyrians</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Neo-Assyrians" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Susa" title="Battle of Susa">Battle of Susa</a></div> In 647 BC, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Assyrian">Neo-Assyrian</a> king <a href="/wiki/Ashurbanipal" title="Ashurbanipal">Ashurbanipal</a> leveled the city during a war in which the people of Susa participated on the other side. A tablet unearthed in 1854 by <a href="/wiki/Austen_Henry_Layard" title="Austen Henry Layard">Austen Henry Layard</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nineveh" title="Nineveh">Nineveh</a> reveals Ashurbanipal as an "avenger", seeking retribution for the humiliations that the Elamites had inflicted on the Mesopotamians over the centuries: <blockquote> "Susa, the great holy city, abode of their gods, seat of their mysteries, I conquered. I entered its palaces, I opened their treasuries where silver and gold, goods and wealth were amassed. . . .I destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurat</a> of Susa. I smashed its shining copper horns. I reduced the temples of Elam to naught; their gods and goddesses I scattered to the winds. The tombs of their ancient and recent kings I devastated, I exposed to the sun, and I carried away their bones toward the land of Ashur. I devastated the provinces of Elam and, on their lands, I sowed salt."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> </blockquote> Assyrian rule of Susa began in 647 BC and lasted till <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Median</a> capture of Susa in 617 BC. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Susa_after_Achaemenid_Persian_conquest">Susa after Achaemenid Persian conquest</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Susa after Achaemenid Persian conquest" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_(42).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG/220px-National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="4928"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 332px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG/220px-National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="332" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG/330px-National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG/440px-National_Meusem_Darafsh_6_%2842%29.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Darius_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius I">Darius the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/220px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="355" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="4098"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 355px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/220px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="355" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/330px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/440px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Archers frieze from <a href="/wiki/Darius%27_palace_at_Susa" class="mw-redirect" title="Darius' palace at Susa">Darius' palace at Susa</a>. Detail of the beginning of the frieze</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg/220px-Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="347" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1459" data-file-height="2300"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 347px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg/220px-Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="347" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg/330px-Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg/440px-Darius_I_statue_list_of_subject_countries.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The 24 countries subject to the Achaemenid Empire at the time of Darius, on the <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statue_of_Darius_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Statue of Darius I">Statue of Darius I</a>.</figcaption></figure> Susa underwent a major <a href="/wiki/Political" class="mw-redirect" title="Political">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural">ethnocultural</a> transition when it became part of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> empire between 540 and 539 BC when it was captured by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> during his conquest of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> (Susiana), of which Susa was the capital.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The Nabonidus Chronicle records that, prior to the battle(s), Nabonidus had ordered cult statues from outlying Babylonian cities to be brought into the capital, suggesting that the conflict over Susa had begun possibly in the winter of 540 BC.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> It is probable that Cyrus negotiated with the Babylonian generals to obtain a compromise on their part and therefore avoid an armed confrontation.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Nabonidus was staying in the city at the time and soon fled to the capital, Babylon, which he had not visited in years.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Cyrus' conquest of Susa and the rest of Babylonia commenced a fundamental shift, bringing Susa under Persian control for the first time. <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> stated that Cyrus made Susa an imperial capital though there was no new construction in that period so this is in dispute.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Under Cyrus' son <a href="/wiki/Cambyses_II" title="Cambyses II">Cambyses II</a>, Susa became a center of political power as one of four capitals of the Achaemenid Persian empire, while reducing the significance of <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a> as the capital of Persis. Following Cambyses' brief rule, <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> began a major building program in Susa and <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, which included building a large <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_in_Susa" title="Palace of Darius in Susa">palace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> During this time he describes his new capital in an inscription: "This palace which I built at Susa, from afar its ornamentation was brought. Downward the earth was dug, until I reached rock in the earth. When the excavation had been made, then rubble was packed down, some 40 cubits in depth, another part 20 cubits in depth. On that rubble the palace was constructed."<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The city forms the setting of <a href="/wiki/The_Persians" title="The Persians">The Persians</a> (472 BC), an <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athenian</a> <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragedy</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> playwright <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a> that is the oldest surviving play in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_theatre" title="History of theatre">history of theatre</a>. Events mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a> book of <a href="/wiki/Esther" title="Esther">Esther</a> are said to have occurred in Susa during the Achaemenid period. The King <a href="/wiki/Ahasuerus" title="Ahasuerus">Ahasuerus</a> mentioned in that book may refer to <a href="/wiki/Xerxes_I" title="Xerxes I">Xerxes I</a> (486-465 BC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seleucid_period">Seleucid period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Seleucid period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_weddings_at_Susa,_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_(late_19th_century_engraving).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg/250px-The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="594"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 250px;height: 186px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg/250px-The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg" data-width="250" data-height="186" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg/375px-The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg/500px-The_weddings_at_Susa%2C_Alexander_to_Stateira_and_Hephaistion_to_Drypetis_%28late_19th_century_engraving%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The marriages of <a href="/wiki/Stateira_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateira II">Stateira II</a> to <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> of <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> and her sister, <a href="/wiki/Drypteis" class="mw-redirect" title="Drypteis">Drypteis</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Hephaestion" title="Hephaestion">Hephaestion</a> at Susa in 324 BC, as depicted in a late-19th-century engraving.</figcaption></figure> Susa lost much of its importance after the invasion of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great of Macedon</a> in 331 BC. In 324 BC he met <a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a> here, who explored the Persian Gulf[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] as he returned from the Indus River by sea. In that same year Alexander celebrated in Susa with a <a href="/wiki/Susa_weddings" title="Susa weddings">mass wedding</a> between the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The city retained its importance under the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid">Seleucids</a> for approximately one century after Alexander, however Susa lost its position of imperial capital to <a href="/wiki/Seleucia" title="Seleucia">Seleucia on the Tigris</a> to become the regional capital of the <a href="/wiki/Satrapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Satrapy">satrapy</a> of Susiana.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Nevertheless, Susa retained its economic importance to the empire with its vast assortment of merchants conducting trade in Susa,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> using <a href="/wiki/Charax_Spasinu" title="Charax Spasinu">Charax Spasinou</a> as its port. The city was named Seleucia on the Eulaeus or Seleucia ad Eulaeum. <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a> minted coins there in substantial quantities.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Susa is rich in Greek inscriptions,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> perhaps indicating a significant number of Greeks living in the city. Especially in the royal city large, well-equipped peristyle houses have been excavated. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parthian_period">Parthian period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Parthian period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Around 147 BC Susa and the adjacent <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a> broke free from the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a>. The city was at least temporarily ruled by the rulers of the Elymais with <a href="/wiki/Kamnaskires_II_Nikephoros" title="Kamnaskires II Nikephoros">Kamnaskires II Nikephoros</a> minting coins there. The city may again have briefly returned to Seleucid rule, but starting with <a href="/wiki/Phraates_II" title="Phraates II">Phraates II</a> (about 138–127 BC) to <a href="/wiki/Gotarzes_II_of_Parthia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gotarzes II of Parthia">Gotarzes II</a> (about 40–51 AD) almost all rulers of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> coined coins in the city, indicating that it was firmly in the hands of the Parthians at least during this period. The city however retained a considerable amount of independence and retained its Greek city-state organization well into the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Parthia" title="Parthia">Parthian</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> From second half of the first century it was probably partly governed by rulers of Elymais again, but it became Parthian once again in 215.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Susa was a frequent place of refuge for Parthian and later, the Persian <a href="/wiki/Sassanid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Sassanid dynasty">Sassanid</a> kings, as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a> sacked Ctesiphon five different times between 116 and 297 AD. Susa was briefly captured in 116 AD by the Roman emperor <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> during the course of his <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign"> Parthian campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Never again would the Roman Empire advance so far to the east.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sassanid_period">Sassanid period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Sassanid period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Suzan was conquered and destroyed in 224 AD by the Sassanid <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a>, but rebuilt immediately thereafter, and perhaps even temporarily a royal residence. According to a later tradition, <a href="/wiki/Shapur_I" title="Shapur I">Shapur I</a> is said to have spent his twilight years in the city, although this tradition is uncertain and perhaps refers more to <a href="/wiki/Shapur_II" title="Shapur II">Shapur II</a>. Under the Sassanids, following the founding of <a href="/wiki/Gundeshapur" title="Gundeshapur">Gundeshapur</a> Susa slowly lost its importance. Archaeologically, the Sassanid city is less dense compared to the Parthian period, but there were still significant buildings, with the settlement extending over 400 hectares. Susa was also still very significant economically and a trading center, especially in gold trading. Coins also continued to be minted in the city. The city had a Christian community in a separate district with a Nestorian bishop, whose last representative is attested to in 1265. Archaeologically a stucco panel with the image of a Christian saint has been found. During the reign of Shapur II after Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in 312, and the identification of Christians as possible collaborators with the enemy Christians living in the Sasanian Empire were persecuted from 339 onwards.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Shapur II also imposed a double tax on the Christians during his war campaign against the Romans. Following a rebellion of Christians living in Susa, the king destroyed the city in 339 using 300 elephants.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> He later had the city rebuilt and resettled with prisoners of war and weavers, which is believed to have been after his victory over the Romans in Amida in 359. The weaver produced silk brocade.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> He renamed it Eran-Khwarrah-Shapur ("Iran's glory [built by] Shapur").<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_period">Islamic period</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Islamic period" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> During the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> an Arab army invaded Khuzistan under the command of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Musa al-Ash'ari">Abu Musa al-Ash'ari</a>. After taking most of the smaller fortified towns the army captured <a href="/wiki/Shushtar" title="Shushtar">Tustar</a> in 642 before proceeding to besiege Susa. A place of military importance, it also held the tomb of the Jewish prophet <a href="/wiki/Daniel_(biblical_figure)" title="Daniel (biblical figure)">Daniel</a>. Two stories are given in the Muslim sources of how the city fell. In the first, a Persian priest proclaimed from the walls that only a dajjal was fated to capture the city. A dajjal is an Islamic term for an <a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a>, a false messiah, compatible to the <a href="/wiki/Antichrist" title="Antichrist">Antichrist</a> in Christianity. In everyday use, it also means "deceiver" or "imposter". Siyah, a Persian general who had defected to Muslim side, claimed that by converting to Islam he had turned his back on Zoroastrianism and was thus a dajjal. Abu Musa agreed to Siyah's plan. Soon after as the sun came up one morning, the sentries on the walls saw a man in a Persian officer's uniform covered in blood lying on the ground before the main gate. Thinking it he had been left out overnight after a conflict the previous day, they opened the gate and some came out to collect him. As they approached, Siyah jumped up and killed them. Before the other sentries had time to react, Siyah and a small group of Muslim soldiers hidden nearby charged through the open gate. They held the gate open long enough for Muslim reinforcements to arrive and passing through the gate to take the city.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford-93">[93]</a> In the other story, once again the Muslims were taunted from the city wall that only an <a href="/wiki/Al-Masih_ad-Dajjal" title="Al-Masih ad-Dajjal">Al-Masih ad-Dajjal</a> could capture the city, and since there were none in the besieging army then they may as well give up and go home. One of the Muslim commanders was so angry and frustrated at this taunt that he went up to one of the city gates and kicked it. Instantly the chains snapped, the locks broke and it fell open.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-94">[94]</a> Following their entry into the city, the Muslims killed all of the Persian nobles.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-94">[94]</a> Once the city was taken, as Daniel (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: دانيال, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Danyal) was not mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>, the initial reaction of the Muslim was to destroy the cult by confiscating the treasure that had stored at the tomb since the time of the Achaemenids. They then broke open the silver coffin and carried off the mummified corpse, removing from the corpse a signet ring, which carried an image of a man between two lions. However, upon hearing what had happened, the caliph <a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a> ordered the ring to be returned and the body reburied under the riverbed.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-94">[94]</a> In time, Daniel became a Muslim cult figure and they as well as Christians began making pilgrimages to the site, despite several other places claiming to be the site of Daniel's grave.<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-94">[94]</a> Following the capture of Susa, the Muslims moved on to besiege <a href="/wiki/Gundeshapur" title="Gundeshapur">Gundeshapur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford-93">[93]</a> Susa recovered following its capture and remained a regional center of more than 400 hectares in size.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> A mosque was built, but also Nestorian bishops are still testifie. In addition, there was a Jewish community with its own synagogue. The city continued to be a manufacturing center of luxury fabrics during this period. Archaeologically, the Islamic period is characterized mainly by its rich ceramics. <a href="/wiki/Beth_Huzaye_(East_Syrian_Ecclesiastical_Province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Beth Huzaye (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)">Beth Huzaye (East Syrian Ecclesiastical Province)</a> had a significant Christian population during the first millennium, and was a diocese of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Church of the East</a> between the 5th and 13th centuries, in the metropolitan province of Beth Huzaye (Elam). In 1218, the city was razed by invading <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> and was never able to regain its previous importance. The city further degraded in the 15th century when the majority of its population moved to <a href="/wiki/Dezful" title="Dezful">Dezful</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Today">Today</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Today" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Today the ancient center of Susa is unoccupied, with the population living in the adjacent modern Iranian town of <a href="/wiki/Shush,_Iran" title="Shush, Iran">Shush</a> to the west and north of the historic ruins. Shush is the administrative capital of <a href="/wiki/Shush_County" title="Shush County">Shush County</a> in Iran's <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a> province. It had a population of 64,960 in 2005. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="World_Heritage_listing">World Heritage listing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: World Heritage listing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> In July 2015, it was inscribed on the list of <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-97">[97]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Letter in Greek of the Parthian king Artabanus II to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century AD (the city retained Greek institutions since the time of the Seleucid empire). Louvre Museum.[98]"><noscript><img alt="Letter in Greek of the Parthian king Artabanus II to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century AD (the city retained Greek institutions since the time of the Seleucid empire). Louvre Museum.[98]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg/120px-ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="1285"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 53px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg/120px-ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg" data-alt="Letter in Greek of the Parthian king Artabanus II to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century AD (the city retained Greek institutions since the time of the Seleucid empire). Louvre Museum.[98]" data-width="120" data-height="53" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg/250px-ArtabanIIGreekLetter.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Letter in Greek of the Parthian king <a href="/wiki/Artabanus_II_of_Parthia" title="Artabanus II of Parthia">Artabanus II</a> to the inhabitants of Susa in the 1st century AD (the city retained Greek institutions since the time of the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Seleucid empire">Seleucid empire</a>). <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glazed clay cup: Cup with rose petals, 8th–9th centuries"><noscript><img alt="Glazed clay cup: Cup with rose petals, 8th–9th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg/120px-Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="1293"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 110px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg/120px-Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg" data-alt="Glazed clay cup: Cup with rose petals, 8th–9th centuries" data-width="120" data-height="110" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg/250px-Rose_cup_Susa_Louvre_MAOS53.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glazed clay cup: Cup with rose petals, 8th–9th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Anthropoid sarcophagus"><noscript><img alt="Anthropoid sarcophagus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg/120px-Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2240"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 80px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg/120px-Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg" data-alt="Anthropoid sarcophagus" data-width="80" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg/250px-Unidentified_selucid_anthropoid_sarcophagus.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Anthropoid <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lion on a decorative panel from Darius I the Great's palace"><noscript><img alt="Lion on a decorative panel from Darius I the Great's palace" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg/120px-Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="93" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1262" data-file-height="980"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 93px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg/120px-Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg" data-alt="Lion on a decorative panel from Darius I the Great's palace" data-width="120" data-height="93" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg/180px-Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg/240px-Lion_Darius_Palace_Louvre_Sb3298.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lion on a decorative panel from <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Darius_at_Susa" class="mw-redirect" title="Palace of Darius at Susa">Darius I the Great's palace</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_(223%E2%80%93187_BC),_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD,_Louvre_Museum_(7462828632).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Marble head representing Seleucid King Antiochus III who was born near Susa around 242 BC.[99]"><noscript><img alt="Marble head representing Seleucid King Antiochus III who was born near Susa around 242 BC.[99]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_%28223%E2%80%93187_BC%29%2C_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462828632%29.jpg/120px-Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_%28223%E2%80%93187_BC%29%2C_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462828632%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="3805"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_%28223%E2%80%93187_BC%29%2C_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462828632%29.jpg/120px-Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_%28223%E2%80%93187_BC%29%2C_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462828632%29.jpg" data-alt="Marble head representing Seleucid King Antiochus III who was born near Susa around 242 BC.[99]" data-width="96" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_%28223%E2%80%93187_BC%29%2C_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462828632%29.jpg/250px-Male_head_wearing_a_head-band_resembling_king_of_Syria_Antiochus_III_%28223%E2%80%93187_BC%29%2C_late_1st_century_BC%E2%80%93early_1st_century_AD%2C_Louvre_Museum_%287462828632%29.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Marble head representing <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus III">Antiochus III</a> who was born near Susa around 242 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Jonsson,_David_J._2005_566-99">[99]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Glazed clay vase: Vase with palmtrees, 8th–9th centuries"><noscript><img alt="Glazed clay vase: Vase with palmtrees, 8th–9th centuries" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg/79px-Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg" decoding="async" width="79" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="1980"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 79px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg/79px-Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg" data-alt="Glazed clay vase: Vase with palmtrees, 8th–9th centuries" data-width="79" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg/118px-Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg/157px-Palmtree_vase_Susa_Louvre_MAOS383.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Glazed clay vase: Vase with palmtrees, 8th–9th centuries</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa."><noscript><img alt="Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/82px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="877"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 82px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/82px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg" data-alt="Winged sphinx from the palace of Darius the Great at Susa." data-width="82" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/123px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg/164px-Sphinx_Darius_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Winged <a href="/wiki/Sphinx" title="Sphinx">sphinx</a> from the palace of <a href="/wiki/Darius_the_Great" title="Darius the Great">Darius the Great</a> at Susa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Tomb of Daniel"><noscript><img alt="Tomb of Daniel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG/120px-Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG/120px-Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG" data-alt="Tomb of Daniel" data-width="90" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG/250px-Daniel_Barry_Kent.JPG 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Daniel" title="Tomb of Daniel">Tomb of Daniel</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ninhursag1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ninhursag with the spirit of the forests next to the seven-spiked cosmic tree of life. Relief from Susa."><noscript><img alt="Ninhursag with the spirit of the forests next to the seven-spiked cosmic tree of life. Relief from Susa." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ninhursag1.jpg/120px-Ninhursag1.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="514"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 94px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ninhursag1.jpg/120px-Ninhursag1.jpg" data-alt="Ninhursag with the spirit of the forests next to the seven-spiked cosmic tree of life. Relief from Susa." data-width="94" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Ninhursag1.jpg/250px-Ninhursag1.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ninhursag" title="Ninhursag">Ninhursag</a> with the spirit of the forests next to the seven-spiked cosmic tree of life. Relief from Susa.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="19th-century engraving of Daniel's tomb in Susa, from Voyage en Perse Moderne, by Flandin and Coste."><noscript><img alt="19th-century engraving of Daniel's tomb in Susa, from Voyage en Perse Moderne, by Flandin and Coste." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg/105px-Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1314" data-file-height="1504"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 105px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg/105px-Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg" data-alt="19th-century engraving of Daniel's tomb in Susa, from Voyage en Perse Moderne, by Flandin and Coste." data-width="105" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg/157px-Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg/210px-Tomb_of_Daniel.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">19th-century engraving of <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Daniel" title="Tomb of Daniel">Daniel's tomb</a> in Susa, from Voyage en Perse Moderne, by Flandin and Coste.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archers frieze from Darius' palace at Susa. Detail of the beginning of the frieze, left. Louvre Museum"><noscript><img alt="Archers frieze from Darius' palace at Susa. Detail of the beginning of the frieze, left. Louvre Museum" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/74px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2540" data-file-height="4098"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 74px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/74px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg" data-alt="Archers frieze from Darius' palace at Susa. Detail of the beginning of the frieze, left. Louvre Museum" data-width="74" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/111px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg/149px-Archers_frieze_Darius_1st_Palace_Suse_Louvre_AOD_488_a.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Archers frieze from Darius' palace at Susa. Detail of the beginning of the frieze, left. <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ribbed torc with lion heads, Achaemenid artwork, excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1901, found in the Acropole Tomb"><noscript><img alt="Ribbed torc with lion heads, Achaemenid artwork, excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1901, found in the Acropole Tomb" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg/120px-Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1550"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 109px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg/120px-Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg" data-alt="Ribbed torc with lion heads, Achaemenid artwork, excavated by Jacques de Morgan, 1901, found in the Acropole Tomb" data-width="120" data-height="109" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg/250px-Torque_Susa_Louvre_Sb2760.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ribbed <a href="/wiki/Torc" title="Torc">torc</a> with lion heads, Achaemenid artwork, excavated by <a href="/wiki/Jacques_de_Morgan" title="Jacques de Morgan">Jacques de Morgan</a>, 1901, found in the <a href="/wiki/Acropole_Tomb" title="Acropole Tomb">Acropole Tomb</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Shush_Castle.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Shush Castle, 2011"><noscript><img alt="Shush Castle, 2011" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shush_Castle.JPG/120px-Shush_Castle.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shush_Castle.JPG/120px-Shush_Castle.JPG" data-alt="Shush Castle, 2011" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shush_Castle.JPG/180px-Shush_Castle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Shush_Castle.JPG/240px-Shush_Castle.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shush Castle, 2011</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Children_in_Susa.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Children in Susa"><noscript><img alt="Children in Susa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Children_in_Susa.JPG/120px-Children_in_Susa.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 90px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Children_in_Susa.JPG/120px-Children_in_Susa.JPG" data-alt="Children in Susa" data-width="120" data-height="90" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Children_in_Susa.JPG/250px-Children_in_Susa.JPG 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Children in Susa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='Herm pillar with Hermes, from the well of the "Dungeon" in Susa.'><noscript><img alt='Herm pillar with Hermes, from the well of the "Dungeon" in Susa.' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg/51px-Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg" decoding="async" width="51" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="3500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 51px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg/51px-Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg" data-alt='Herm pillar with Hermes, from the well of the "Dungeon" in Susa.' data-width="51" data-height="120" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg/77px-Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg/103px-Terracotta_herm_Louvre_Sb785.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Herma" class="mw-redirect" title="Herma">Herm</a> pillar with Hermes, from the well of the "Dungeon" in Susa.</div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 18px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/40px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" data-alt="flag" data-width="32" data-height="18" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/60px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/120px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abulites" title="Abulites">Abulites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choqa_Zanbil" class="mw-redirect" title="Choqa Zanbil">Choqa Zanbil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Elamite Empire">Elam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_of_the_ancient_Near_East" title="List of cities of the ancient Near East">List of cities of the ancient Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_continuously_inhabited_cities" title="List of oldest continuously inhabited cities">List of oldest continuously inhabited cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Khuzestan" title="Muslim conquest of Khuzestan">Muslim conquest of Khuzestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Short_chronology_timeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Short chronology timeline">Short chronology timeline</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldhistory.org/timeline/susa/">"Susa timeline"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Susa+timeline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldhistory.org%2Ftimeline%2Fsusa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Curtis2013" class="citation book cs1">John Curtis (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fDimj7F2VVgC&q=Shush+Susa&pg=PR16">"Introduction"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Jean_Perrot" title="Jean Perrot">Perrot, Jean</a> (ed.). The Palace of Darius at Susa: The Great Royal Residence of Achaemenid Persia. I.B.Tauris. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781848856219" title="Special:BookSources/9781848856219"><bdi>9781848856219</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Palace+of+Darius+at+Susa%3A+The+Great+Royal+Residence+of+Achaemenid+Persia&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781848856219&rft.au=John+Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfDimj7F2VVgC%26q%3DShush%2BSusa%26pg%3DPR16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184]-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184%5D_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1184%5D_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHinzKoch1987">Hinz & Koch 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up">1184</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987[httpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183]-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183%5D_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHinzKoch1987%5BhttpsarchiveorgdetailsElamischesWorterbuch2pagen449mode2up_1183%5D_4-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHinzKoch1987">Hinz & Koch 1987</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2/page/n449/mode/2up">1183</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Thomas A. 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Routledge. p. 93. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1"><bdi>978-1-000-03485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Elam+CA.+4200%E2%80%93525+BC&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03485-1&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez-Mon&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxHaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-Mon2020" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT101">The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC</a>. Routledge. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1"><bdi>978-1-000-03485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Elam+CA.+4200%E2%80%93525+BC&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03485-1&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez-Mon&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxHaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-Mon2020" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT97">The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC</a>. Routledge. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1"><bdi>978-1-000-03485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Elam+CA.+4200%E2%80%93525+BC&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03485-1&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez-Mon&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxHaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT97&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÁlvarez-Mon2020" class="citation book cs1">Álvarez-Mon, Javier (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxHaDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT110">The Art of Elam CA. 4200–525 BC</a>. Routledge. p. 110. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-000-03485-1"><bdi>978-1-000-03485-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Elam+CA.+4200%E2%80%93525+BC&rft.pages=110&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-000-03485-1&rft.aulast=%C3%81lvarez-Mon&rft.aufirst=Javier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxHaDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> D. T. Potts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7lK6l7oF_ccC&pg=PA743">A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East.</a> Volume 94 of Blackwell Companions to the Ancient World. John Wiley & Sons, 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1405189886" title="Special:BookSources/1405189886">1405189886</a> p. 743 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Per <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_King_List" title="Sumerian King List">Sumerian King List</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Translation of the Akkadian portion into French, in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mmoires04franuoft">Mémoires</a>. Paris: P. Geuthner. 1899. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mmoires04franuoft/page/4">4</a>–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=4-7&rft.pub=P.+Geuthner&rft.date=1899&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmmoires04franuoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAruzFino2001" class="citation journal cs1">Aruz, Joan; Fino, Elisabetta Valtz (2001). "Ancient near Eastern Art". The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin. 59 (1): 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3269163">10.2307/3269163</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-1521">0026-1521</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3269163">3269163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Ancient+near+Eastern+Art&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=8&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0026-1521&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3269163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3269163&rft.aulast=Aruz&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Fino%2C+Elisabetta+Valtz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikołajczak2011" class="citation journal cs1">Mikołajczak, Tytus K. (2011). "Elam and Persia. Edited by Javier Álvarez-Mon and Mark B. Garrison. Winona Lake, IN: Eisenbrauns, 2011. pp. xviii + 493. $89.50 (cloth)". Journal of Near Eastern Studies. 72 (2): 284–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F671453">10.1086/671453</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-2968">0022-2968</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Near+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Elam+and+Persia.+Edited+by+Javier+%C3%81lvarez-Mon+and+Mark+B.+Garrison.+Winona+Lake%2C+IN%3A+Eisenbrauns%2C+2011.+pp.+xviii+%2B+493.+%2489.50+%28cloth%29.&rft.volume=72&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E284-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F671453&rft.issn=0022-2968&rft.aulast=Miko%C5%82ajczak&rft.aufirst=Tytus+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> FOSTER, BENJAMIN R, "'International' Trade at Sargonic Susa (Susa in the Sargonic Period III)", Altorientalische Forschungen, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 59-68, 1993 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Potts: Elam, pp. 364. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210803163644/https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/dynastic-list-kings-awan-and-simashki">"Awan King List"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.louvre.fr/en/oeuvre-notices/dynastic-list-kings-awan-and-simashki">the original</a> on 3 August 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Awan+King+List&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Foeuvre-notices%2Fdynastic-list-kings-awan-and-simashki&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSCHEIL1931" class="citation journal cs1">SCHEIL, V. (1931). "Dynasties Élamites d'Awan et de Simaš". Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale. 28 (1): 1–46. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0373-6032">0373-6032</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23283945">23283945</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Assyriologie+et+d%27arch%C3%A9ologie+orientale&rft.atitle=Dynasties+%C3%89lamites+d%27Awan+et+de+Sima%C5%A1&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23283945%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0373-6032&rft.aulast=SCHEIL&rft.aufirst=V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Potts: Elam, pp. 122. </li> <li id="cite_note-Site_officiel_du_musée_du_Louvre-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Site_officiel_du_mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Site_officiel_du_mus%C3%A9e_du_Louvre_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelfr.louvre.fr/cartelfr/visite?srv=car_not_frame&idNotice=13544">"Site officiel du musée du Louvre"</a>. cartelfr.louvre.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelfr.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Site+officiel+du+mus%C3%A9e+du+Louvre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelfr.louvre.fr%2Fcartelfr%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not_frame%26idNotice%3D13544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1996" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA425">Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927</a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120611795" title="Special:BookSources/9788120611795"><bdi>9788120611795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohenjo-Daro+and+the+Indus+Civilization%3A+Being+an+Official+Account+of+Archaeological+Excavations+at+Mohenjo-Daro+Carried+Out+by+the+Government+of+India+Between+the+Years+1922+and+1927&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788120611795&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDs_hazstxY4C%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1996" class="citation book cs1">Marshall, John (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ds_hazstxY4C&pg=PA425">Mohenjo-Daro and the Indus Civilization: Being an Official Account of Archaeological Excavations at Mohenjo-Daro Carried Out by the Government of India Between the Years 1922 and 1927</a>. Asian Educational Services. p. 425. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788120611795" title="Special:BookSources/9788120611795"><bdi>9788120611795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mohenjo-Daro+and+the+Indus+Civilization%3A+Being+an+Official+Account+of+Archaeological+Excavations+at+Mohenjo-Daro+Carried+Out+by+the+Government+of+India+Between+the+Years+1922+and+1927&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Asian+Educational+Services&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788120611795&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDs_hazstxY4C%26pg%3DPA425&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mohenjodaroonline.net/index.php/indus-script/corpus-by-asko-parpola">"Corpus by Asko Parpola"</a>. Mohenjodaro.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mohenjodaro&rft.atitle=Corpus+by+Asko+Parpola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohenjodaroonline.net%2Findex.php%2Findus-script%2Fcorpus-by-asko-parpola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Also, for another numbering scheme: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMahadevan1987" class="citation book cs1">Mahadevan, Iravatham (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/TheIndusScript.TextConcordanceAndTablesIravathanMahadevan/The%20Indus%20Script.%20Text%2C%20Concordance%20and%20Tables%20-Iravathan%20Mahadevan#page/n41/mode/2up">The Indus Script. Text, Concordance And Tables Iravathan Mahadevan</a>. Archaeological Survey of India. pp. 32–36.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indus+Script.+Text%2C+Concordance+And+Tables+Iravathan+Mahadevan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E36&rft.pub=Archaeological+Survey+of+India&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Mahadevan&rft.aufirst=Iravatham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FTheIndusScript.TextConcordanceAndTablesIravathanMahadevan%2FThe%2520Indus%2520Script.%2520Text%252C%2520Concordance%2520and%2520Tables%2520-Iravathan%2520Mahadevan%23page%2Fn41%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.louvre.fr/ark:/53355/cl010179441">"Louvre Museum - cachet -2340 / -2200 (Akkad) - Lieu de création : Vallée de l'Indus - Lieu de découverte : Suse - SB 5614; AS 15374"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louvre+Museum+-+cachet+-2340+%2F+-2200+%28Akkad%29+-+Lieu+de+cr%C3%A9ation+%3A+Vall%C3%A9e+de+l%27Indus+-+Lieu+de+d%C3%A9couverte+%3A+Suse+-+SB+5614%3B+AS+15374&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollections.louvre.fr%2Fark%3A%2F53355%2Fcl010179441&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuimet2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guimet, Musée (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA354">Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan</a> (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. pp. 354–355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782402052467" title="Special:BookSources/9782402052467"><bdi>9782402052467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cit%C3%A9s+oubli%C3%A9es+de+l%27Indus%3A+Arch%C3%A9ologie+du+Pakistan&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E354-%3C%2Fspan%3E355&rft.pub=FeniXX+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782402052467&rft.aulast=Guimet&rft.aufirst=Mus%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HpYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n419">Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus</a>. p. 395.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+first+cities+%3A+the+third+millennium+B.C.+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus.&rft.pages=395&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ%2Fpage%2Fn419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNandagopal2018" class="citation book cs1">Nandagopal, Prabhakar (13 August 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120032858/https://www.academia.edu/37860117">Decorated Carnelian Beads from the Indus Civilization Site of Dholavira (Great Rann of Kachchha, Gujarat)</a>. Archaeopress Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-917-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78491-917-7"><bdi>978-1-78491-917-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/37860117">the original</a> on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Decorated+Carnelian+Beads+from+the+Indus+Civilization+Site+of+Dholavira+%28Great+Rann+of+Kachchha%2C+Gujarat%29&rft.pub=Archaeopress+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2018-08-13&rft.isbn=978-1-78491-917-7&rft.aulast=Nandagopal&rft.aufirst=Prabhakar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F37860117&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cartelen.louvre.fr/cartelen/visite?srv=car_not&idNotice=13532">"Louvre Museum Official Website"</a>. cartelen.louvre.fr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cartelen.louvre.fr&rft.atitle=Louvre+Museum+Official+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcartelen.louvre.fr%2Fcartelen%2Fvisite%3Fsrv%3Dcar_not%26idNotice%3D13532&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FeniXX_réédition_numérique-69"><a href="#cite_ref-FeniXX_r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition_num%C3%A9rique_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuimet2016" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guimet, Musée (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-HpYDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA355">Les Cités oubliées de l'Indus: Archéologie du Pakistan</a> (in French). FeniXX réédition numérique. p. 355. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782402052467" title="Special:BookSources/9782402052467"><bdi>9782402052467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cit%C3%A9s+oubli%C3%A9es+de+l%27Indus%3A+Arch%C3%A9ologie+du+Pakistan&rft.pages=355&rft.pub=FeniXX+r%C3%A9%C3%A9dition+num%C3%A9rique&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9782402052467&rft.aulast=Guimet&rft.aufirst=Mus%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-HpYDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ/page/n422">Art of the first cities : the third millennium B.C. from the Mediterranean to the Indus</a>. p. 398.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Art+of+the+first+cities+%3A+the+third+millennium+B.C.+from+the+Mediterranean+to+the+Indus.&rft.pages=398&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FArtOfTheFirstCitiesTheThirdMillenniumB.C.FromTheMediterraneanToTheIndusEditedByJ%2Fpage%2Fn422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> "Persians: Masters of Empire" <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8094-9104-4">0-8094-9104-4</a> p. 7-8 </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTavernier" class="citation web cs1">Tavernier, Jan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/enligne/arta/pdf/2004.003-Tavernier.pdf">"Some Thoughts in Neo-Elamite Chronology"</a> (PDF). p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+Thoughts+in+Neo-Elamite+Chronology&rft.pages=27&rft.aulast=Tavernier&rft.aufirst=Jan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achemenet.com%2Fressources%2Fenligne%2Farta%2Fpdf%2F2004.003-Tavernier.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Kuhrt, Amélie. "Babylonia from Cyrus to Xerxes", in The Cambridge Ancient History: Vol IV — Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean, pp.112–138. Ed. John Boardman. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 1982. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-22804-2">0-521-22804-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Tolini, Gauthier, Quelques éléments concernant la prise de Babylone par Cyrus, Paris. "Il est probable que des négociations s'engagèrent alors entre Cyrus et les chefs de l'armée babylonienne pour obtenir une reddition sans recourir à l'affrontement armé." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achemenet.com/ressources/enligne/arta/pdf/2005.003-Tolini.pdf">p. 10</a> (PDF) </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> The Harran Stelae H2 – A, and the <a href="/wiki/Nabonidus_Chronicle" title="Nabonidus Chronicle">Nabonidus Chronicle</a> (Seventeenth year) show that Nabonidus had been in Babylon before 10 October 539, because he had already returned from Harran and had participated in the Akitu of Nissanu 1 [4 April], 539 BC. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Waters, Matt, "CYRUS AND SUSA", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol.102, pp.115–18, 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Unvala, J. M., "The Palace of Darius the Great and the Apadāna of Artaxerxes II in Susa", Bulletin of the School of Oriental Studies, University of London, vol.5, no.2, pp.229–32, 1929 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Kent, Roland G., "The Record of Darius's Palace at Susa", Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 1–23, 1933 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> van Oppen de Rutter, Branko F., "THE SUSA MARRIAGES — A HISTORIOGRAPHICAL NOTE", Ancient Society, vol. 44, pp. 25–41, 2014 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapdetrey2007" class="citation book cs1">Capdetrey, Laurent (2007). Le Pouvoir Séleucide. 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New York: Cosimo. p. 310. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-136-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60206-136-1"><bdi>978-1-60206-136-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parthia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=310&rft.pub=Cosimo&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-60206-136-1&rft.aulast=Rawlinson&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Robert J. Wenke, Elymeans, Parthians, and the Evolution of Empires in Southwestern Iran, Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. 101, no. 3, pp. 303–315, 1981 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeusner1972" class="citation journal cs1">Neusner, Jacob (1972). "Babylonian Jewry And Shapur Ii's Persecution of Christianity From 339 to 379 CE". Hebrew Union College Annual. 43. Hebrew Union College Press: 77–102.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Union+College+Annual&rft.atitle=Babylonian+Jewry+And+Shapur+Ii%27s+Persecution+of+Christianity+From+339+to+379+CE&rft.volume=43&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E77-%3C%2Fspan%3E102&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Neusner&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarperAruzTallon1993" class="citation book cs1">Harper, Prudence; Aruz, Joan; Tallon, Frangoise (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/RoyalCityofSusaAncientNearEasternTreasuresintheLouvre/RoyalCityofSusaAncientNearEasternTreasuresintheLouvre_djvu.txt">The Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre</a>. New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 162.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+City+of+Susa%3A+Ancient+Near+Eastern+Treasures+in+the+Louvre&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=162&rft.pub=The+Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Harper&rft.aufirst=Prudence&rft.au=Aruz%2C+Joan&rft.au=Tallon%2C+Frangoise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2FRoyalCityofSusaAncientNearEasternTreasuresintheLouvre%2FRoyalCityofSusaAncientNearEasternTreasuresintheLouvre_djvu.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Potts: Elam, pp. 429. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Daryaee, Touraj (2009). "SHAPUR II". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/shapur-ii">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SHAPUR+II&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fshapur-ii&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Crawford-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crawford_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2013" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Peter (2013). The War of the Three Gods: Romans, Persians and the Rise of Islam. Barnsley: Pen & Sword Military. pp. 183–184. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-612-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84884-612-8"><bdi>978-1-84884-612-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+War+of+the+Three+Gods%3A+Romans%2C+Persians+and+the+Rise+of+Islam&rft.place=Barnsley&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E184&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-84884-612-8&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kennedy-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_94-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_94-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kennedy_94-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2007" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Hugh (2007). The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 128–129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84657-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84657-4"><bdi>978-0-297-84657-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Arab+Conquests%3A+How+the+Spread+of+Islam+Changed+the+World+We+Live+In&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E128-%3C%2Fspan%3E129&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84657-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Hugh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmiet1972" class="citation book cs1">Amiet, Pierre (1972). Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique en Iran: Glyptique susienne des origines à l'époque des Perses achéménides: cachets, sceaux-cylindres et empreintes antiques découverts à Suse de 1913 à 1967. Paris: P. Geuthner.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+la+D%C3%A9l%C3%A9gation+arch%C3%A9ologique+en+Iran%3A+Glyptique+susienne+des+origines+%C3%A0+l%27%C3%A9poque+des+Perses+ach%C3%A9m%C3%A9nides%3A+cachets%2C+sceaux-cylindres+et+empreintes+antiques+d%C3%A9couverts+%C3%A0+Suse+de+1913+%C3%A0+1967&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=P.+Geuthner&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Amiet&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Streck,_Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth1997" class="citation book cs1">M. Streck, <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Edmund_Bosworth" title="Clifford Edmund Bosworth">Clifford Edmund Bosworth</a> (1997). <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam, San-Sze</a>. Vol. IX. Leiden: Brill. pp. 898–899. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004104228" title="Special:BookSources/9789004104228"><bdi>9789004104228</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam%2C+San-Sze&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E898-%3C%2Fspan%3E899&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9789004104228&rft.au=M.+Streck%2C+Clifford+Edmund+Bosworth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-97"><a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1455">"Susa"</a>. UNESCO. 2015. Retrieved 15 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Susa&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Epigraphy of Later Parthia, «Voprosy Epigrafiki: Sbornik statei», 7, 2013, pp. 276-284 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Letter-in-Greek-of-king-Artaban-II-to-the-inhabitants-of-Susa-Louvre-Museum_fig1_335679719">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jonsson,_David_J._2005_566-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Jonsson,_David_J._2005_566_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJonsson,_David_J.2005" class="citation book cs1">Jonsson, David J. (2005). The Clash of Ideologies. Xulon Press. p. 566. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59781-039-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59781-039-5"><bdi>978-1-59781-039-5</bdi></a>. <q>Antiochus III was born in 242 BC, the son of Seleucus II, near Susa, Iran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clash+of+Ideologies&rft.pages=566&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-59781-039-5&rft.au=Jonsson%2C+David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotts1999" class="citation book cs1">Potts, Daniel T. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mc4cfzkRVj4C">The archaeology of Elam: Formation and transformation of an ancient Iranian state</a>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56496-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56496-0"><bdi>978-0-521-56496-0</bdi></a>. World Archaeology Series.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+Elam%3A+Formation+and+transformation+of+an+ancient+Iranian+state&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56496-0&rft.aulast=Potts&rft.aufirst=Daniel+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dmc4cfzkRVj4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosworth1975" class="citation book cs1">Bosworth, C. E. (1975). The Cambridge History of Iran, Volume 3 (1): The Seleucid, Parthian and Sasanian periods. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20093-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20093-6"><bdi>978-0-521-20093-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran%2C+Volume+3+%281%29%3A+The+Seleucid%2C+Parthian+and+Sasanian+periods&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20093-6&rft.aulast=Bosworth&rft.aufirst=C.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/paleo_0153-9345_1988_num_14_1_4439.pdf">[8]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]Charvát, Petr, "Archaeology and social history: the Susa sealings, ca. 4000-2340 BC.", Paléorient, 57-63, 1988</li> <li>Clawson, H. Phelps, "Pottery of Susa I", Parnassus, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 26–27, 1939</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaryaee2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Touraj_Daryaee" title="Touraj Daryaee">Daryaee, Touraj</a> (2014). Sasanian Persia: The Rise and Fall of an Empire. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0857716668" title="Special:BookSources/978-0857716668"><bdi>978-0857716668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sasanian+Persia%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+an+Empire&rft.pub=I.B.Tauris&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0857716668&rft.aulast=Daryaee&rft.aufirst=Touraj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJalalipour2014" class="citation book cs1">Jalalipour, Saeid (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sasanika.org/wp-content/uploads/GardPaper11-The-Arab-Conquest-of-Persia-The-Kh%23U00c5zist%23U00c4-n-Province.pdf">The Arab Conquest of Persia: The Khūzistān Province before and after the Muslims Triumph</a> (PDF). Sasanika.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arab+Conquest+of+Persia%3A+The+Kh%C5%ABzist%C4%81n+Province+before+and+after+the+Muslims+Triumph&rft.pub=Sasanika&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Jalalipour&rft.aufirst=Saeid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sasanika.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FGardPaper11-The-Arab-Conquest-of-Persia-The-Kh%2523U00c5zist%2523U00c4-n-Province.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li>Le Breton, L., "The Early Periods at Susa, Mesopotamian Relations", Iraq, vol. 19, no. 2, pp. 79–124, 1957</li> <li>Pelzel, Suzanne M., "Dating the Early Dynastic Votive Plaques from Susa", Journal of Near Eastern Studies, vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1–15, 1977</li> <li>Jean Perrot, "Le Palais de Darius à Suse. Une résidence royale sur la route de Persépolis à Babylone", SORBONNE PUPS, Paris, 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2840506812" title="Special:BookSources/978-2840506812">978-2840506812</a></li> <li>Poebel, Arno, "The Acropolis of Susa in the Elamite Inscriptions", The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures, vol. 49, no. 2, pp. 125–40, 1933</li> <li>UNVALA, J. M., "Three Panels from Susa", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol. 25, no. 4, pp. 179–85, 1928</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestenholtzGuthartz1996" class="citation book cs1">Westenholtz, J. G.; Guthartz, L. Taylor (1996). Royal Cities of the Biblical World. Jerusalem: Rubin Mass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9657027011" title="Special:BookSources/978-9657027011"><bdi>978-9657027011</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Cities+of+the+Biblical+World&rft.place=Jerusalem&rft.pub=Rubin+Mass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9657027011&rft.aulast=Westenholtz&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft.au=Guthartz%2C+L.+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Woolley, C. Leonard, "The Painted Pottery of Susa", Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, no. 1, pp. 35–50, 1928</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Excavation_reports">Excavation reports</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Excavation reports" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Although numerous excavation reports have been published so far, many excavations are not or only partially published. Above all, the found architecture was often presented only in short preliminary reports and plans. <ul><li>Pierre Amiet, "Glyptique susienne des origines à l'époque des Perses achéménides: cachets, sceaux-cylindres et empreintes antiques découverts à Suse de 1913 à 1967", Mémoires de la Délégation archéologique en Iran, Paris 1972.</li> <li>Elizabeth Carter, "Suse, Ville Royale", Paléorient, vol. 4, pp. 197–211, 1979 DOI: 10.3406/paleo.1978.4222</li> <li>Elizabeth Carter, "The Susa Sequence – 3000–2000 B. C. Susa, Ville Royale I", American Journal of Archaeology, vol. 83, no. 2, pp. 451–454, 1979</li> <li>Elizabeth Carter, "Excavations in Ville-Royale-I at Susa: The third Millennium B.C.", Cahiers de la DAFI, vol. 11, pp. 11–139, 1980</li> <li>Roman Ghirshman, "Cinq campagnes de fouilles a Suse (1946–1951)", In: Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale 46, pp 1–18, 1952</li> <li>Ghirshman, Roman, and M. J. STEVE, "SUSE CAMPAGNE DE L'HIVER 1964-1965: Rapport Préliminaire", Arts Asiatiques, vol. 13, pp. 3–32, 1966</li> <li>GHIRSHMAN, R., "SUSE CAMPAGNE DE L'HIVER 1965-1966 Rapport Préliminaire", Arts Asiatiques, vol. 15, pp. 3–27, 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Malbran-Labat" title="Florence Malbran-Labat">Florence Malbran-Labat</a>, "Les inscriptions royales de Suse: briques de l'époque paléo-élamite à l 'empire néo-élamite", Paris 1995.</li> <li>Laurianne Martinez-Sève, "Les figurines de Suse", Réunion des Musées Nationaux, Paris 2002, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7118-4324-6" title="Special:BookSources/2-7118-4324-6">2-7118-4324-6</a>.</li> <li>de Mecquenem, R., "LES DERNIERS RÉSULTATS DES FOUILLES DE SUSE", Revue Des Arts Asiatiques, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 73–88, 1929</li> <li>de MECQUENEM, R., "FOUILLES DE SUSE: CAMPAGNES DES ANNÉES 1914-1921-1922", Revue d'Assyriologie et d'archéologie Orientale, vol. 19, no. 3, pp. 109–40, 1922</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/download/histoireettrava00morggoog/histoireettrava00morggoog.pdf">[9]</a> Jacques de Morgan, "Histoire et travaux de la Délégation en Perse du Ministère de l'instruction publique, 1897-1905", E. Leroux, 1905</li> <li>Jacques de Morgan, G. Jéquier, G. Lampre, "Fouilles à Suse, 1897–1898 et 1898–1899", Paris 1900</li> <li>Perrot, Jean, et al., "Recherches Archéologiques a Suse et En Susiane En 1969 et En 1970", Syria, vol. 48, no. 1/2, pp. 21–51, 1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Le_Rider" title="Georges Le Rider">Georges Le Rider</a>, "Suse sous les Séleucides et les Parthes: les trouvailles monétaires et l'histoire de la ville", Mémoires de la Délégation Archéologique en Iran, Paris 1965.</li> <li>Vincent Scheil, "Inscriptions of Achéménides à Suse. Actes juridiques susiens", Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse, vol. 21–24, Paris 1929–1933.</li> <li>Agnes Spycket, "Les figurines de Suse", Paris 1992.</li> <li>Marie-Joseph Steve, Hermann Gasche, "L'Acropole de Suse. Nouvelles fouilles (rapport préliminaire)", Mémoires de la Mission Archéologique de Perse vol. 46, Leiden 1971.</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Susa" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Susa">Susa</a>.</div></div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Susa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHinzKoch1987" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walther_Hinz" class="extiw" title="de:Walther Hinz">Hinz, Walther</a> [in German]; <a href="/wiki/Heidemarie_Koch" title="Heidemarie Koch">Koch, Heidemarie</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ElamischesWorterbuch.2">Elamisches Wörterbuch</a> [Elamite Wordbook] (in German). Vol. 2. <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dietrich_Reimer_Verlag" class="extiw" title="de:Dietrich Reimer Verlag">Dietrich Reimer Verlag</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elamisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch&rft.place=Berlin%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Dietrich+Reimer+Verlag&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Hinz&rft.aufirst=Walther&rft.au=Koch%2C+Heidemarie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FElamischesWorterbuch.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASusa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/early-works-on-the-acropolis-at-susa/">"Early Works on the Acropolis at Susa" Expedition Magazine 10.4 1968</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.metmuseum.org/resources/metpublications/pdf/Royal_City_of_Susa_Ancient_Near_Eastern_Treasures_in_the_Louvre.pdf">Royal City of Susa: Ancient Near Eastern Treasures in the Louvre - Metropolitan Museum - 1992</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oi.uchicago.edu/gallery/iran-aerial-survey-flights#10G11_72dpi.png">Aerial views of Susa at the Oriental Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode=Text&PrimaryPublication=&MuseumNumber=&Provenience=susa&Period=&TextSearch=&ObjectID=&requestFrom=Submit+Query">Digital Images of Cuneiform Tablets from Susa – CDLI</a></li> <li>Hamid-Reza Hosseini, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jadidonline.com/story/10032009/frnk/susa_shush">Shush at the foot of Louvre</a> (Shush dar dāman-e <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a>), in Persian, Jadid Online, 10 March 2009.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/475900/Archaeological-findings-may-push-back-Susa-s-history-by-millennia">Archaeological findings may push back Susa's history by millennia - Tehran Times - August 21, 2022</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B1%E1%88%B3" title="ሱሳ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሱሳ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شوشان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شوشان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1)" title="شوش (تاریخی شهر) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شوش (تاریخی شهر)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Суза – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Суза" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Сузы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сузы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Суза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Суза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Iran)" title="Susa (Iran) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Susa (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAsy" title="Súsy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Súsy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Persien)" title="Susa (Persien) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Susa (Persien)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Σούσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σούσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzo" title="Suzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Suzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(hiria)" title="Susa (hiria) – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Susa (hiria)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4_(%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C)" title="شوش (شهر باستانی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شوش (شهر باستانی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suse_(Iran)" title="Suse (Iran) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Suse (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%82%AC_(%EC%97%98%EB%9E%8C)" title="수사 (엘람) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수사 (엘람)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%B8%D5%B7_(%D6%84%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A1%D6%84)" title="Շոշ (քաղաք) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շոշ (քաղաք)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE" title="सूसा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सूसा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza_(Iran)" title="Suza (Iran) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Suza (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_(kota)" title="Susan (kota) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Susan (kota)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(citt%C3%A0_antica)" title="Susa (città antica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Susa (città antica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9F_(%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A8)" title="שושן (עיר) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושן (עיר)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="სუზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სუზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shushani" title="Shushani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Shushani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%C3%BBsa" title="Soûsa – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Soûsa" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Irania)" title="Susa (Irania) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Susa (Irania)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABsa_(Ir%C4%81na)" title="Sūsa (Irāna) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sūsa (Irāna)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%ABzai" title="Sūzai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sūzai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%BAza" title="Szúza – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szúza" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Суза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Суза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sosa" title="Sosa – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sosa" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%B8" title="സൂസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സൂസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="სუზა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სუზა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="شوشان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="شوشان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%87%D8%B1" title="شوش باستانی شهر – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شوش باستانی شهر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Iran)" title="Susa (Iran) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Susa (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5" title="スーサ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スーサ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(Iran)" title="Susa (Iran) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Susa (Iran)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza" title="Suza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Suza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza" title="Suza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Suza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sus%C3%A3" title="Susã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Susã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Сузы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Сузы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAsy" title="Súsy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Súsy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suza,_Perzija" title="Suza, Perzija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Suza, Perzija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%B4%DB%86%D8%B4" title="شاری کۆنینەی شۆش – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شاری کۆنینەی شۆش" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0_(%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4)" title="Суза (град) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Суза (град)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE" title="சூசா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சூசா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B2" title="ซูซา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซูซา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa_(antik_kent)" title="Susa (antik kent) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Susa (antik kent)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Сузи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сузи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%86_(%D8%B4%DB%81%D8%B1)" title="سوسن (شہر) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوسن (شہر)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa" title="Susa – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Susa" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%92%92" title="苏撒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏撒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%96%A9" title="蘇薩 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇薩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susa,_%C4%B0ran" title="Susa, İran – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Susa, İran" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%96%A9" title="蘇薩 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="蘇薩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> <ul id="footer-icons" class="footer-icons"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" 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