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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American judge (1833–1905)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Wheeler Peckham</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="221" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/New_York_County_District_Attorney" title="New York County District Attorney">District Attorney of New York County</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />November 30, 1883 – December 9, 1883</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_(lawyer)" title="John Vincent (lawyer)">John Vincent</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Acting)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Olney" title="Peter B. Olney">Peter Olney</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1833-01-01</span>)</span>January 1, 1833<br /><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 27, 1905<span style="display:none">(1905-09-27)</span> (aged 72)<br /><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Albany_Law_School" title="Albany Law School">Albany Law School</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">LLB</a>)</span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Wheeler Hazard Peckham</b> (January 1, 1833 – September 27, 1905) was an American lawyer from <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Unsuccessful_nominations_to_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States">unsuccessful nominee</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peckham was born in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany, New York</a>, on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day" title="New Year's Day">New Year's Day</a>, 1833 to Rufus Wheeler Peckham and Isabella Adoline; his mother died when he was 15. He was educated at <a href="/wiki/The_Albany_Academy" title="The Albany Academy">The Albany Academy</a> and at his father's alma mater, <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a>, where he joined <a href="/wiki/Kappa_Alpha_Society" title="Kappa Alpha Society">The Kappa Alpha Society</a> before leaving early due to poor health. Peckham studied law at his father's partnership with <a href="/wiki/Lyman_Tremain" title="Lyman Tremain">Lyman Tremain</a> and was also among the first students to attend <a href="/wiki/Albany_Law_School" title="Albany Law School">Albany Law School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peckham then left New York to practice in the northwestern United States, where he became what the <i>New York Times</i> called "one of the best known attorneys in that part of the country."<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_H._Peckham's_Career_1894_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler_H._Peckham's_Career_1894-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_practice">Legal practice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Legal practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poor health caused him to return to New York City in 1867, where he established the firm of Miller & Peckham and gained fame first as a constitutional lawyer, and later as a special prosecutor for the State. He was involved in the unsuccessful prosecution of Mayor <a href="/wiki/A._Oakey_Hall" title="A. Oakey Hall">A. Oakey Hall</a> in 1872, and also prosecuted former <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Boss_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="Boss Tweed">"Boss" Tweed</a> with Tremain in 1873. Peckham again represented the State against Tweed in 1876, when he won a $6 million verdict in a civil fraud suit. </p><p>Championed by his brother and businessman <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Manning" title="Daniel Manning">Daniel Manning</a>, Peckham was appointed by Governor <a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> as <a href="/wiki/New_York_County_District_Attorney" title="New York County District Attorney">New York County District Attorney</a> on November 30, 1883, to fill the vacancy caused by the death of <a href="/wiki/John_McKeon" title="John McKeon">John McKeon</a>, despite pressure from a barrage of applicants. However, Peckham tendered his resignation a mere eight days after taking the oath of office, citing ill health. He then returned to private practice in the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a> offices of Miller, Peckham & Dixon, where he focused primarily on civil practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Wheeler_H._Peckham's_Career_1894_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wheeler_H._Peckham's_Career_1894-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peckham also served as the President of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Bar_Association" title="New York City Bar Association">New York City Bar Association</a> from 1892 to 1894. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomination_to_U.S._Supreme_Court">Nomination to U.S. Supreme Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Nomination to U.S. Supreme Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1894, Cleveland, who was then in his nonconsecutive second term as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a>, nominated Peckham to replace <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Blatchford" title="Samuel Blatchford">Samuel Blatchford</a> on the U.S. Supreme Court. However, the nomination was caught in the middle of a political tug-of-war between Cleveland and <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/David_B._Hill" title="David B. Hill">David B. Hill</a>, and Wheeler became the second nominee of Cleveland that Hill managed to block, by a vote of 32-41 on February 16, 1894. Senator <a href="/wiki/Edward_Douglass_White" title="Edward Douglass White">Edward Douglass White</a> was instead confirmed to the Court. By the time another seat on the Court was vacant after the death of <a href="/wiki/Howell_E._Jackson" title="Howell E. Jackson">Howell E. Jackson</a> in 1895, Hill had been weakened politically, and Cleveland turned to Wheeler's brother, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_W._Peckham" title="Rufus W. Peckham">Rufus</a>, who was confirmed within six days. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_role">Social role</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peckham was one of the most famed New York City lawyers of his time, and an active participant in New York City politics and society. He presided over social events as a member and president of the City Club, and he advocated for reform of "municipal degradation:" </p> <blockquote><p>The issue is simply one of men. You cannot remedy matters by law nor by system, you have got to remedy it by the simple expedient of turning out the maladministrators and putting in their places men who are honest and capable. We must organize a power that will overcome present conditions and put in office men who are capable and aggressively so. Vice, that has awakened such an outburst of public opinion, is but one of the things that must go.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>His father, <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham_(1809%E2%80%931873)" title="Rufus Wheeler Peckham (1809–1873)">Rufus Wheeler Peckham</a>, was also a lawyer, and a <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a> judge and <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">congressman</a>. His brother, also named <a href="/wiki/Rufus_Wheeler_Peckham" class="mw-redirect" title="Rufus Wheeler Peckham">Rufus Wheeler Peckham</a>, was also a New York lawyer, state court judge, and U.S. Supreme Court Justice. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peckham is buried in the Peckham family plot at <a href="/wiki/Albany_Rural_Cemetery" title="Albany Rural Cemetery">Albany Rural Cemetery</a>, along with his wife, Annie Aertsen Keasbey (1826, <a href="/wiki/Salem,_New_Jersey" title="Salem, New Jersey">Salem, New Jersey</a> – October 30, 1916), whom he married in 1855. His father, who was lost at sea, also has a <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Patterson1906" class="citation book cs1">Edward Patterson (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LMoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA3"><i>Memorial of Wheeler Hazard Peckham</i></a>. Association of the Bar of the City of New York. p. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memorial+of+Wheeler+Hazard+Peckham&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Association+of+the+Bar+of+the+City+of+New+York&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Edward+Patterson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LMoAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWheeler+Hazard+Peckham" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wheeler_H._Peckham's_Career_1894-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_H._Peckham's_Career_1894_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wheeler_H._Peckham's_Career_1894_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wheeler H. Peckham's Career: An Upright and Able Lawyer Who Has Served the Public Well.</i> <i>New York Times</i>, January 23, 1894.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twainquotes.com/19010105.html"><i>New York Times</i>, January 5, 1901</a>—account of dinner talk on "The Causes of Our Present Municipal Degradation," presided over by Wheeler Peckham. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Clemens" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Clemens">Samuel Clemens</a> was among the notable guests.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wheeler_Hazard_Peckham&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehistorybox.com/ny_city/nycity_brief_sketch_article00014.htm"><i>The History Box: Brief Sketches on Important Men of New York City</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tarlton.law.utexas.edu/lpop/etext/tweed/tweed.htm"><i>Trial of William M. Tweed</i></a> from <i>Celebrated Trials</i> by Henry Lauren Clinton, 1897.</li> <li>Many of the family names and dates were found at the Peckham family plot at Albany Rural Cemetery, Section 11, Lot 19.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_(lawyer)" title="John Vincent (lawyer)">John Vincent</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Acting</span></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/New_York_County_District_Attorney" title="New York County District Attorney">District Attorney of New York County</a> </b><br />1883 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Olney" title="Peter B. 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Martine">Martine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Fellows" title="John R. Fellows">Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Lancey_Nicoll" title="De Lancey Nicoll">Nicoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Fellows" title="John R. Fellows">Fellows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_M._Davis" title="Vernon M. Davis">Davis</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._K._Olcott" title="William M. K. Olcott">Olcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asa_Bird_Gardiner" title="Asa Bird Gardiner">Gardiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_A._Philbin" title="Eugene A. Philbin">Philbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Travers_Jerome" title="William Travers Jerome">Jerome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Seymour_Whitman" title="Charles Seymour Whitman">Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Perkins" title="Charles A. Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Swann" title="Edward Swann">Swann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joab_H._Banton" title="Joab H. Banton">Banton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._T._Crain" title="Thomas C. T. Crain">Crain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Dodge" title="William C. Dodge">Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hogan" title="Frank Hogan">Hogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuh" title="Richard Kuh">Kuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morgenthau" title="Robert Morgenthau">Morgenthau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Vance_Jr." title="Cyrus Vance Jr.">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvin_Bragg" title="Alvin Bragg">Bragg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(*) denotes Acting</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7992219#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7992219#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7992219#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000032821197">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/21294987">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/265026/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm98KMQcpgV47RV4kWhpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n90614029">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007369238005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xs6xn3">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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