CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Hindu temple architecture - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"45b41cba-94b6-40e0-a3d9-29e983f3e987","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Hindu_temple_architecture","wgTitle":"Hindu temple architecture","wgCurRevisionId":1277771755,"wgRevisionId":1277771755,"wgArticleId":702658,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles needing additional references from December 2017","All articles needing additional references","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017","Pages with Indonesian IPA","Articles containing Khmer-language text", "Commons category link is on Wikidata","CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)","Hindu temple architecture","Sacral architecture"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Hindu_temple_architecture","wgRelevantArticleId":702658,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false, "wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q80706","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges": "ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.gallery","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.17"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg/1200px-Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg/800px-Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg/640px-Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="427"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Hindu temple architecture - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Hindu_temple_architecture rootpage-Hindu_temple_architecture skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hindu+temple+architecture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hindu+temple+architecture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Hindu+temple+architecture" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hindu+temple+architecture" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_period_(4-6th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_period_(4-6th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Classical period (4-6th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_period_(4-6th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_period_(7th_to_16th_century)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_period_(7th_to_16th_century)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Medieval period (7th to 16th century)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval_period_(7th_to_16th_century)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asian_Hindu_temples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asian_Hindu_temples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Southeast Asian Hindu temples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asian_Hindu_temples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>The site</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>The plan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_builders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_builders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>The builders</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_builders-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The builders subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_builders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Schools_of_temple_building_tradition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schools_of_temple_building_tradition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Schools of temple building tradition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schools_of_temple_building_tradition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Various_styles_of_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Various_styles_of_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Various styles of architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Various_styles_of_architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Various styles of architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Various_styles_of_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dravidian_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravidian_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Dravidian architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dravidian_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dravida_and_Nagara_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dravida_and_Nagara_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Dravida and Nagara architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dravida_and_Nagara_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_styles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_styles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Regional styles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_styles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Badami_Chalukya_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Badami_Chalukya_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3.1</span> <span>Badami Chalukya architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Badami_Chalukya_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bengal_temple_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bengal_temple_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3.2</span> <span>Bengal temple architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bengal_temple_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gadag_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gadag_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3.3</span> <span>Gadag architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gadag_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kalinga_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalinga_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3.4</span> <span>Kalinga architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalinga_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Māru-Gurjara_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Māru-Gurjara_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3.5</span> <span>Māru-Gurjara architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Māru-Gurjara_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nepal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nepal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nepal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nepal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newar_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newar_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>Newar architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newar_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia_as_part_of_Greater_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia_as_part_of_Greater_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Southeast Asia as part of Greater India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia_as_part_of_Greater_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Champa_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Champa_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Champa architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Champa_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesian_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesian_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.2</span> <span>Indonesian architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesian_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khmer_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khmer_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.3</span> <span>Khmer architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khmer_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glossary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glossary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Glossary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glossary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindu temple architecture</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" title="عمارة المعبد الهندوسي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عمارة المعبد الهندوسي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="হিন্দু মন্দিরের স্থাপত্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হিন্দু মন্দিরের স্থাপত্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arquitectura_de_los_templos_hinduistas" title="Arquitectura de los templos hinduistas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Arquitectura de los templos hinduistas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_des_temples_hindouistes" title="Architecture des temples hindouistes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Architecture des temples hindouistes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हिन्दू मन्दिर वास्तुकला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हिन्दू मन्दिर वास्तुकला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architettura_dei_templi_ind%C3%B9" title="Architettura dei templi indù – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Architettura dei templi indù" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9D" title="אדריכלות מקדשים הינדואים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדריכלות מקדשים הינדואים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AA" title="ಹಿಂದೂ ದೇವಾಲಯ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಿಂದೂ ದೇವಾಲಯ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_templom%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9szet" title="Hindu templomépítészet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hindu templomépítészet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%B5_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ഹൈന്ദവ ക്ഷേത്ര വാസ്തുവിദ്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹൈന്ദവ ക്ഷേത്ര വാസ്തുവിദ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B9%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%81_%E0%AC%AE%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B0_%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A5%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%A4%E0%AD%8D%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%B3%E0%AC%BE" title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ ମନ୍ଦିର ସ୍ଥାପତ୍ୟକଳା – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ହିନ୍ଦୁ ମନ୍ଦିର ସ୍ଥାପତ୍ୟକଳା" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkitektura_e_tempujve_hindu" title="Arkitektura e tempujve hindu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Arkitektura e tempujve hindu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindujska_tempeljska_arhitektura" title="Hindujska tempeljska arhitektura – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hindujska tempeljska arhitektura" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indijski_hram" title="Indijski hram – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Indijski hram" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="இந்துக் கோயில் கட்டிடக்கலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்துக் கோயில் கட்டிடக்கலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%93%E0%B9%8C" title="สถาปัตยกรรมโบสถ์พราหมณ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถาปัตยกรรมโบสถ์พราหมณ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80706#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hindu_temple_architecture" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple_architecture"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Hindu_temple_architecture" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&oldid=1277771755" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Hindu_temple_architecture&id=1277771755&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHindu_temple_architecture"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHindu_temple_architecture"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Temple_architecture_of_India" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80706" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg/192px-Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg/288px-Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg/384px-Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:128px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg/192px-01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg/288px-01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg/384px-01AnnamalaiyarTemple%26Thiruvannamalai%26TamilNadu%26AerialViewfromVirupakshaCave.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2457" data-file-height="1638" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:009202022_Peruvanam_Mahadeva_temple,_Cherpu_Kerala_045.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/009202022_Peruvanam_Mahadeva_temple%2C_Cherpu_Kerala_045.jpg/181px-009202022_Peruvanam_Mahadeva_temple%2C_Cherpu_Kerala_045.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/009202022_Peruvanam_Mahadeva_temple%2C_Cherpu_Kerala_045.jpg/272px-009202022_Peruvanam_Mahadeva_temple%2C_Cherpu_Kerala_045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/009202022_Peruvanam_Mahadeva_temple%2C_Cherpu_Kerala_045.jpg/362px-009202022_Peruvanam_Mahadeva_temple%2C_Cherpu_Kerala_045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4384" data-file-height="3288" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:205px;max-width:205px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:135px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chandika_Devi_temple_at_Kothi_near_Rekong_Peo_Himachal_Pradesh_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chandika_Devi_temple_at_Kothi_near_Rekong_Peo_Himachal_Pradesh_India.jpg/203px-Chandika_Devi_temple_at_Kothi_near_Rekong_Peo_Himachal_Pradesh_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="203" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chandika_Devi_temple_at_Kothi_near_Rekong_Peo_Himachal_Pradesh_India.jpg/305px-Chandika_Devi_temple_at_Kothi_near_Rekong_Peo_Himachal_Pradesh_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Chandika_Devi_temple_at_Kothi_near_Rekong_Peo_Himachal_Pradesh_India.jpg/406px-Chandika_Devi_temple_at_Kothi_near_Rekong_Peo_Himachal_Pradesh_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Types of Hindu temple architecture in India from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Nagara_Style" title="Nagara Style">Nagara</a> style of northern India, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravida</a> style of southern India, <a href="/wiki/Kerala_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala architecture">Kerala</a> style with Dravida influences and <a href="/wiki/Kath_kuni_architecture" title="Kath kuni architecture">Kathkuni</a> style of northern Indian hills with Nagara influences.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding:0.2em;background:#FFC569;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/90px-1_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/135px-1_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/1_Om.svg/180px-1_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="padding-bottom:0.35em; border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">Origins</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"><b>Historical</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hinduism" title="History of Hinduism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_of_the_Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion of the Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic Hinduism">Vedic Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_folk_religion" title="Dravidian folk religion">Dravidian folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">Śramaṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_religions_in_India" title="Tribal religions in India">Tribal religions in India</a></li></ul> <p><b>Traditional</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa-Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_royal_genealogies" title="Epic-Puranic royal genealogies">Epic-Puranic royal genealogies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic-Puranic_chronology" title="Epic-Puranic chronology">Epic-Puranic chronology</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sampradaya" title="Sampradaya">Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Major Sampradaya (Traditions)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaivism" title="Shaivism">Shaivism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kapalika" title="Kapalika">Kapalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijña</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarta_tradition" title="Smarta tradition">Smartism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><i><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Other Sampradaya (Traditions)</a></i></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Absolute Reality / Unifying Force</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other major <a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devis</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Vedic Deities:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Tridasha">Tridasha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adityas" title="Adityas">Adityas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudras" title="Rudras">Rudras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasus">Vasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashvins" title="Ashvins">Ashvins</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahadevi" title="Mahadevi">Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rigvedic_deities" title="Rigvedic deities">Other Vedic Deities</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Post-Vedic:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avatar" title="Avatar">Avatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navadurga" title="Navadurga">Navadurga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishvakarma" title="Vishvakarma">Vishvakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubera" title="Kubera">Kubera</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Concepts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Worldview</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ontology</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tattva" title="Tattva">Tattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Subtle elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchikarana" title="Panchikarana">Panchikarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancha_Bhuta" title="Pancha Bhuta">Gross elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Para_Brahman" title="Para Brahman">Supreme reality</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nirguna_brahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirguna brahman">Nirguna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saguna_brahman" title="Saguna brahman">Saguna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saccid%C4%81nanda" title="Saccidānanda">Saccidānanda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">God</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Devi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devata" title="Devata">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Hinduism" title="God in Hinduism">God in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_gender_in_Hinduism" title="God and gender in Hinduism">God and gender</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārtha (Meaning of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80%C5%9Brama_(stage)" title="Āśrama (stage)">Āśrama (Stages of life)</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%E1%B9%9Bhastha" title="Gṛhastha">Gṛhastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81naprastha" title="Vānaprastha">Vānaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Three_Yogas" title="Three Yogas">Three paths to liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Liberation</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Mokṣa-related topics:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Mind</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman (self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81tman_(Hinduism)" title="Anātman (Hinduism)">Anātman (non-self)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_bodies_doctrine" title="Three bodies doctrine">Sūkṣma śarīra (subtle body)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antahkarana" title="Antahkarana">Antaḥkaraṇa (mental organs)</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Hinduism)" title="Prajñā (Hinduism)">Prajña (wisdom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda_(Hindu_philosophy)" title="Ānanda (Hindu philosophy)">Ānanda (happiness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viveka" title="Viveka">Viveka (discernment)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vairagya" title="Vairagya">Vairagya (dispassion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatva" title="Samatva">Sama (equanimity)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Dama (temperance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati (self-settledness)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titiksha" title="Titiksha">Titiksha (forbearance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Hinduism" title="Faith in Hinduism">Shraddha (faith)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samadhana (concentration)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arishadvargas" title="Arishadvargas">Arishadvargas (six enemies)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahamkara" title="Ahamkara">Ahamkara (attachment)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Ethics</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti śastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Achourya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-possession" title="Non-possession">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacharya" title="Brahmacharya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arjava" title="Arjava">Arjava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santosha" title="Santosha">Santosha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaucha" title="Shaucha">Shaucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources of dharma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Epistemology</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyaksha" title="Pratyaksha">Pratyakṣa (perception)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anumāṇa" title="Pramana">Anumāṇa (inference)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upam%C4%81%E1%B9%87a" class="mw-redirect" title="Upamāṇa">Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Arthāpatti" title="Pramana">Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana#Anupalabdi" title="Pramana">Anupalabdi (non-perception, negation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda" title="Shabda">Śabda (word, testimony)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a>, sacrifice, and charity</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arti_(Hinduism)" title="Arti (Hinduism)">Ārtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_in_Hinduism" title="Prayer in Hinduism">Prarthana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arauta" title="Śrauta">Śrauta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kīrtana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarpana" title="Tarpana">Tarpana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pr%C4%81ya%C5%9Bcitta" title="Prāyaścitta">Prāyaścitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_(Hinduism)" title="Tirtha (Hinduism)">Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatra" title="Yatra">Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthadana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matha" title="Matha">Matha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_classical_dance" title="Indian classical dance">Nritta-Nritya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sev%C4%81" title="Sevā">Sevā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_in_Hinduism" title="Exorcism in Hinduism">Exorcism</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Meditation</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam%C4%81dh%C4%81na" title="Samādhāna">Samādhāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhy%C4%81sana" title="Nididhyāsana">Nididhyāsana</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadhu" title="Sadhu">Sadhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogi" title="Yogi">Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogini" title="Yogini">Yogini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">Asana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hatha_yoga" title="Hatha yoga">Hatha yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jnana_yoga" title="Jnana yoga">Jnana yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti_yoga" title="Bhakti yoga">Bhakti yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81ja_yoga" title="Rāja yoga">Rāja yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundalini_yoga" title="Kundalini yoga">Kundalini yoga</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Arts</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharatanatyam" title="Bharatanatyam">Bharatanatyam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathak" title="Kathak">Kathak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathakali" title="Kathakali">Kathakali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuchipudi" title="Kuchipudi">Kuchipudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipuri_dance" title="Manipuri dance">Manipuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohiniyattam" title="Mohiniyattam">Mohiniyattam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odissi" title="Odissi">Odissi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattriya" title="Sattriya">Sattriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Mela" title="Bhagavata Mela">Bhagavata Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakshagana" title="Yakshagana">Yakshagana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandiya_Raas" title="Dandiya Raas">Dandiya Raas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_music" title="Carnatic music">Carnatic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandav_Lila" title="Pandav Lila">Pandav Lila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalaripayattu" title="Kalaripayattu">Kalaripayattu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silambam" title="Silambam">Silambam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adimurai" title="Adimurai">Adimurai</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Samskara_(rite_of_passage)" title="Samskara (rite of passage)">Rites of passage</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Pumsavana Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simantonnayana" title="Simantonnayana">Simantonnayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Nāmakaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyāraṃbhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_wedding" title="Hindu wedding">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyesti</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Maha Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami-Dussehra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophical schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Astika" class="mw-redirect" title="Astika">Six Astika schools</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Achintya Bheda Abheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Svabhavika_Bhedabheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svabhavika Bhedabheda">Svabhavika Bhedabheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other schools</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Gurus, Rishi, Philosophers</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient India">Ancient</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saptarshi" title="Saptarshi">Saptarshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vashistha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vashistha">Vashistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atri" title="Atri">Atri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamadagni" title="Jamadagni">Jamadagni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyaya Sutras">Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishvamitra" title="Vishvamitra">Vishvamitra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharadwaja" class="mw-redirect" title="Bharadwaja">Bharadwaja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agastya" title="Agastya">Agastya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiras" title="Angiras">Angiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtavakra" title="Ashtavakra">Ashtavakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanada_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanada (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashastapada" title="Prashastapada">Prashastapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valmiki" title="Valmiki">Valmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yajnavalkya</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">Medieval</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akka_Mahadevi" title="Akka Mahadevi">Akka Mahadevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allama_Prabhu" title="Allama Prabhu">Allama Prabhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvars" title="Alvars">Alvars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basava" title="Basava">Basava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramdas_Kathiababa" title="Ramdas Kathiababa">Ramdas Kathiababa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changdev" class="mw-redirect" title="Changdev">Chāngadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eknath" title="Eknath">Eknath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangesha_Upadhyaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Gangesha Upadhyaya">Gangesha Upadhyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorakshanath" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorakshanath">Gorakshanatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa_Thakur" title="Haridasa Thakur">Haridasa Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannatha_Dasa_(Odia_poet)" title="Jagannatha Dasa (Odia poet)">Jagannatha Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayanta_Bhatta" title="Jayanta Bhatta">Jayanta Bhatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatīrtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B1%C4%81ne%C5%9Bvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Jñāneśvar">Jñāneśvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanaka_Dasa" title="Kanaka Dasa">Kanaka Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhus%C5%ABdana_Sarasvat%C4%AB" title="Madhusūdana Sarasvatī">Madhusūdana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsyendranath" class="mw-redirect" title="Matsyendranath">Matsyendranatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morya_Gosavi" title="Morya Gosavi">Morya Gosavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukundraj" title="Mukundraj">Mukundarāja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narahari_Tirtha" title="Narahari Tirtha">Narahari Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Saraswati" title="Narasimha Saraswati">Narasimha Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nayanars" title="Nayanars">Nayanars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarkacharya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarkacharya">Nimbarkacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prabh%C4%81kara" title="Prabhākara">Prabhākara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Swami" class="mw-redirect" title="Raghavendra Swami">Raghavendra Swami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunatha_Siromani" title="Raghunatha Siromani">Raghunatha Siromani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramprasad_Sen" title="Ramprasad Sen">Ramprasad Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupa_Goswami" title="Rupa Goswami">Rupa Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddheshwar" title="Siddheshwar">Siddheshwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripada_Srivallabha" class="mw-redirect" title="Sripada Srivallabha">Sripada Srivallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syama_Sastri" title="Syama Sastri">Śyāma Śastri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyagaraja" title="Tyagaraja">Tyagaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81caspati_Mi%C5%9Bra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vācaspati Miśra">Vācaspati Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvalluvar" title="Thiruvalluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyaranya" title="Vidyaranya">Vidyaranya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasaraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyasaraja">Vyasaraja</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Modern</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Aurobindo" title="Sri Aurobindo">Aurobindo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktisiddhanta_Sarasvati" title="Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati">Bhaktisiddhanta Sarasvati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaktivinoda_Thakur" title="Bhaktivinoda Thakur">Bhaktivinoda Thakur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandrashekarendra_Saraswati" class="mw-redirect" title="Chandrashekarendra Saraswati">Chandrashekarendra Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinmayananda" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinmayananda">Chinmayananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaggi_Vasudev" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaggi Vasudev">Jaggi Vasudev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnananda_Saraswati" title="Krishnananda Saraswati">Krishnananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavatar_Babaji" title="Mahavatar Babaji">Mahavatar Babaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narayana_Guru" title="Narayana Guru">Narayana Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigamananda_Paramahansa" title="Nigamananda Paramahansa">Nigamananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisargadatta_Maharaj" title="Nisargadatta Maharaj">Nisargadatta Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._C._Bhaktivedanta_Swami_Prabhupada" title="A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami Prabhupada">Prabhupada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarvepalli_Radhakrishnan" title="Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan">Radhakrishnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramachandra_Dattatrya_Ranade" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramachandra Dattatrya Ranade">R. D. Ranade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramakrishna" title="Ramakrishna">Ramakrishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Rama_Tirtha" class="mw-redirect" title="Swami Rama Tirtha">Rama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Shankar_(spiritual_leader)" title="Ravi Shankar (spiritual leader)">Ravi Shankar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Ramdas" title="Swami Ramdas">Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Samarth" title="Swami Samarth">Samarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathya_Sai_Baba" title="Sathya Sai Baba">Sathya Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sai_Baba_of_Shirdi" title="Sai Baba of Shirdi">Shirdi Sai Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Shraddhanand" title="Swami Shraddhanand">Shraddhanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddharameshwar_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Siddharameshwar Maharaj">Siddharameshwar Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivananda_Saraswati" title="Sivananda Saraswati">Sivananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailanga" title="Trailanga">Trailanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U._G._Krishnamurti" title="U. G. Krishnamurti">U. G. Krishnamurti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upasni_Maharaj" class="mw-redirect" title="Upasni Maharaj">Upasni Maharaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vethathiri_Maharishi" title="Vethathiri Maharishi">Vethathiri Maharishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramahansa_Yogananda" title="Paramahansa Yogananda">Yogananda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81stra_pram%C4%81%E1%B9%87am_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Śāstra pramāṇam in Hinduism">Sources and classification of scripture</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80c%C4%81ra" title="Ācāra">Ācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmatusti" title="Atmatusti">Ātmatuṣṭi</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Divisions</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhitapatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Samhitapatha">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div></dt></dl> <dl><dd><i>Rigveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Yajurveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Samaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dd><i>Atharvaveda:</i></dd></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedangas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedangas">Vedangas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_metre" title="Vedic metre">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Hindu scriptures">Other scriptures</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)"><i>Agama</i>s (Hinduism)</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vāmana Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana">Garuda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahma Vaivarta Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kūrma Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya Purana</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Vedas#Upaveda" title="Vedas">Upavedas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhanurveda" title="Dhanurveda">Dhanurveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gandharvaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Gandharvaveda">Gandharvaveda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sthapatyaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Sthapatyaveda">Sthapatyaveda</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">samhitas</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Śastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kama_Sutra" title="Kama Sutra">Kama Sutra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samkhya_Pravachana_Sutra" title="Samkhya Pravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_suktas_and_stutis" title="List of suktas and stutis">stutis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">Bhashya</a> </div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kanakadhara_Stotra" title="Kanakadhara Stotra">Kanakadhara Stotra</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Stuti" title="Shiva Stuti">Shiva Stuti</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Stuti" title="Vayu Stuti">Vayu Stuti</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_literature" title="Tamil literature">Tamil literature</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Naalayira Divya Prabandham</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tiruppukal" title="Tiruppukal">Tiruppukal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kural" title="Kural">Kural</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam/Ramavataram</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Abirami_Antati" title="Abirami Antati">Abirami Antati</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></i></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed; border-bottom:1px dotted"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other texts</a></div></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Hindu Culture & Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Society</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayastha" title="Kayastha">Kayastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalit" title="Dalit">Dalit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81ti" title="Jāti">Jāti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">Gotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvija" title="Dvija">Dvija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasa" title="Dasa">Dasa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Art</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_art" title="Hindu art">Hindu art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Hindu iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_aesthetics" title="Indian aesthetics">Indian aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">Yantra</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Architecture</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hindu temple architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talamana" title="Talamana">Talamana</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Music</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_music" title="Hindu music">Hindu music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shruti_(music)" title="Shruti (music)">Shruti (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svara" title="Svara">Svara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alank%C4%81ra" title="Alankāra">Alankāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tala_(music)" title="Tala (music)">Tala (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raga" title="Raga">Raga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_(aesthetics)" title="Rasa (aesthetics)">Rasa (aesthetics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangita" title="Sangita">Sangita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadya" title="Vadya">Vadya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li></ul></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Food & Diet Customs</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diet_in_Hinduism" title="Diet in Hinduism">Diet in Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sattvic_diet" title="Sattvic diet">Sattvic diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitahara" title="Mitahara">Mitahara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jhatka" title="Jhatka">Jhatka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vrata" title="Vrata">Vrata</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Time Keeping Practices</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu units of time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchangam" title="Panchangam">Panchangam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaka_era" title="Shaka era">Shaka era</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hindu Pilgrimage</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other society-related topics:</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Discrimination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_organisations" title="List of Hindu organisations">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_reform_movements" title="Hindu reform movements">Reform movements</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border:1px solid #FFC569;background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;padding-left:3em; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Other topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="text-align:center;padding-top:0; background-color:#FDE7B9; border:2px solid #FDE7B9"> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_Hinduism" title="Balinese Hinduism">Balinese Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Shaktism" title="Caribbean Shaktism">Caribbean Shaktism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts">Template:Hindu scriptures and texts</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Hinduism & Other Religions</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Jainism" title="Hinduism and Jainism">Hinduism and Jainism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">and Buddhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">and Sikhism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">and Judaism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism and Christianity">and Christianity</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">and Islam</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><div style="font-size: 100%; background-color:#ffd6ad; border-top:0px dashed">Other Related Links (Templates)</div></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"> Hindu Scriptures & Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_philosophy" title="Template:Hindu philosophy"> Hindu Philosphy</a></li> <li>Sampradayas (Traditions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saivism" title="Template:Saivism"> Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"> Vaishnavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Saktism" title="Template:Saktism"> Shaktism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/16px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/31px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Hinduism portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hinduism" title="Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hinduism" title="Template talk:Hinduism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hinduism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Architecture_of_a_Vishnu_temple,_Nagara_style_with_Ardhamandapa,_Mandapa,_Garbha_Griya,_Sikhara,_Amalaka,_Kalasa_marked.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Architecture_of_a_Vishnu_temple%2C_Nagara_style_with_Ardhamandapa%2C_Mandapa%2C_Garbha_Griya%2C_Sikhara%2C_Amalaka%2C_Kalasa_marked.jpg/290px-Architecture_of_a_Vishnu_temple%2C_Nagara_style_with_Ardhamandapa%2C_Mandapa%2C_Garbha_Griya%2C_Sikhara%2C_Amalaka%2C_Kalasa_marked.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Architecture_of_a_Vishnu_temple%2C_Nagara_style_with_Ardhamandapa%2C_Mandapa%2C_Garbha_Griya%2C_Sikhara%2C_Amalaka%2C_Kalasa_marked.jpg/435px-Architecture_of_a_Vishnu_temple%2C_Nagara_style_with_Ardhamandapa%2C_Mandapa%2C_Garbha_Griya%2C_Sikhara%2C_Amalaka%2C_Kalasa_marked.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Architecture_of_a_Vishnu_temple%2C_Nagara_style_with_Ardhamandapa%2C_Mandapa%2C_Garbha_Griya%2C_Sikhara%2C_Amalaka%2C_Kalasa_marked.jpg/580px-Architecture_of_a_Vishnu_temple%2C_Nagara_style_with_Ardhamandapa%2C_Mandapa%2C_Garbha_Griya%2C_Sikhara%2C_Amalaka%2C_Kalasa_marked.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1508" data-file-height="1132" /></a><figcaption>Architecture of a Hindu temple (Nagara style). These core elements are evidenced in the oldest surviving 5th–6th century CE temples.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Hindu temple architecture</b> as the main form of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu architecture</a> has many different styles, though the basic nature of the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a> remains the same, with the essential feature an inner sanctum, the <i><a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">garbha griha</a></i> or womb-chamber, where the primary <i><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></i> or the image of a deity is housed in a simple bare cell. For rituals and prayers, this chamber frequently has an open space that can be moved in a clockwise direction. There are frequently additional buildings and structures in the vicinity of this chamber, with the largest ones covering several acres. On the exterior, the garbhagriha is crowned by a tower-like <i><a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">shikhara</a></i>, also called the <i><a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">vimana</a></i> in the south. <i><a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">Gopuram</a></i> gateways are elaborate in the south. The shrine building often includes an circumambulatory passage for <a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">parikrama</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mandapa" title="Mandapa">mandapa</a> congregation hall, and sometimes an <a href="/wiki/Antarala" title="Antarala">antarala</a> antechamber and porch between garbhagriha and mandapa. In addition to other small temples in the compound, there may be additional mandapas or buildings that are either connected or separate from the larger temples.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindu temple architecture reflects a synthesis of arts, the ideals of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, values, and the way of life cherished under Hinduism. The temple is a place for <i><a href="/wiki/Tirtha_and_Kshetra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirtha and Kshetra">Tirtha</a></i>—pilgrimage.<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All the cosmic elements that create and celebrate life in Hindu pantheon, are present in a Hindu temple—from fire to water, from images of nature to deities, from the feminine to the masculine, from <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a> to <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a>, from the fleeting sounds and incense smells to Purusha—the eternal nothingness yet universality—is part of a Hindu temple architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The form and meanings of architectural elements in a Hindu temple are designed to function as a place in which to create a link between man and the divine, to help his progress to spiritual knowledge and truth, his liberation it calls <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198860–61_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198860–61-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The architectural principles of Hindu temples in India are described in the <a href="/wiki/Shilpa_Shastras" title="Shilpa Shastras">Shilpa Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu Sastras</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbdutt_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbdutt-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hindu culture has encouraged aesthetic independence to its temple builders, and its architects have sometimes exercised considerable flexibility in creative expression by adopting other perfect geometries and mathematical principles in <i>Mandir</i> construction to express the <a href="/wiki/San%C4%81tana_Dharma" title="Sanātana Dharma">Hindu Way of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmgeometry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindu temple architecture and its various styles has had a profound influence on the stylistic origins of <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist architecture</a>. Aspects seen on Buddhist architecture like the <a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">stupa</a> may have been influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">shikhara</a>, a stylistic element which in some regions evolved to the <a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">pagoda</a> which are seen throughout <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_structures">Early structures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:442px;max-width:442px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Temple of Vāsudeva in Besnagar (2nd century BCE)</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Besnagar_lower_levels_BSN_3_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Besnagar_lower_levels_BSN_3_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar.jpg/230px-Besnagar_lower_levels_BSN_3_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Besnagar_lower_levels_BSN_3_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar.jpg/345px-Besnagar_lower_levels_BSN_3_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Besnagar_lower_levels_BSN_3_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar.jpg/460px-Besnagar_lower_levels_BSN_3_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1928" data-file-height="1314" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Initial excavations</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:206px;max-width:206px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar,_Besnagar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg/204px-Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg" decoding="async" width="204" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg/306px-Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg/408px-Elliptic_plan_of_the_Temple_next_to_the_Heliodorus_pillar%2C_Besnagar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2124" data-file-height="1626" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Elliptic plan of the Temple</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">Excavation of the huge Temple of <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> next to the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> in <a href="/wiki/Besnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Besnagar">Besnagar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Temple measured 30x30 meters, and the walls were 2.4 meters thick. Pottery remains assigns the site to the 2nd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further excavations also revealed the outline of a smaller elliptic temple structure, which was probably destroyed by the end of the 3rd century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The platform and the base of the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> are visible in the immediate background.</div></div></div></div> <p>Remains of early elliptical shrines discovered in <a href="/wiki/Besnagar" class="mw-redirect" title="Besnagar">Besnagar</a> (3rd-2nd century BCE)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nagari,_Rajasthan" title="Nagari, Rajasthan">Nagari</a> (1st century BCE), may be the earliest known Hindu temple structures, associated to the early <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavata">Bhagavata</a> tradition, a precursor of <a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SVM_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SVM-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, the earliest version of the <a href="/wiki/Murugan_Temple,_Saluvankuppam" title="Murugan Temple, Saluvankuppam">Murugan Temple, Saluvankuppam</a>, north-facing and in brick, appears to date from between the 3rd century BCE and 3rd century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Besnagar, the temple structures have been found in conjonction with the <a href="/wiki/Heliodorus_pillar" title="Heliodorus pillar">Heliodorus pillar</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archaeologists found an ancient elliptical foundation, extensive floor and plinth produced from burnt bricks. Further, the foundations for all the major components of a Hindu temple – <i>garbhagriha</i> (sanctum), <i>pradakshinapatha</i> (circumambulation passage), <i>antarala</i> (antechamber next to sanctum) and <i>mandapa</i> (gathering hall) – were found.<sup id="cite_ref-MDK92_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDK92-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sections had a thick support base for their walls. These core temple remains cover an area of 30 x 30 m.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sections had post-holes, which likely contained the wooden pillars for the temple superstructure above. In the soil were iron nails that likely held together the wooden pillars.<sup id="cite_ref-MDK92_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDK92-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The superstructure of the temple was likely made of wood, mud and other perishable materials.<sup id="cite_ref-MDK92_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDK92-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ancient temple complex discovered in <a href="/wiki/Nagari,_Rajasthan" title="Nagari, Rajasthan">Nagari</a> (Chittorgarh, Rajasthan) – about 500 kilometers to the west of <a href="/wiki/Vidisha" title="Vidisha">Vidisha</a>, has a sub-surface structure nearly identical to that of the Besnagar temple. The structure is also associated to the cult of <a href="/wiki/V%C4%81sudeva" title="Vāsudeva">Vāsudeva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83kar%E1%B9%A3a%E1%B9%87a" title="Saṃkarṣaṇa">Saṃkarṣaṇa</a>, and dated to the 1st century BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-MDK92_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MDK92-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_period_(4-6th_century)"><span id="Classical_period_.284-6th_century.29"></span>Classical period (4-6th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Classical period (4-6th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Hindu temples of the Gupta period</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:258px;max-width:258px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tigowa_1999_Kankali-Devi-Tempel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tigowa_1999_Kankali-Devi-Tempel.jpg/256px-Tigowa_1999_Kankali-Devi-Tempel.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tigowa_1999_Kankali-Devi-Tempel.jpg/384px-Tigowa_1999_Kankali-Devi-Tempel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Tigowa_1999_Kankali-Devi-Tempel.jpg/512px-Tigowa_1999_Kankali-Devi-Tempel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Kankali Devi temple in <a href="/wiki/Tigawa" title="Tigawa">Tigawa</a>, 5th century</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:130px;max-width:130px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:170px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_temple_mandapa_at_Eran,_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vishnu_temple_mandapa_at_Eran%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg/128px-Vishnu_temple_mandapa_at_Eran%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vishnu_temple_mandapa_at_Eran%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg/192px-Vishnu_temple_mandapa_at_Eran%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Vishnu_temple_mandapa_at_Eran%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg/256px-Vishnu_temple_mandapa_at_Eran%2C_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Vishnu temple in <a href="/wiki/Eran" title="Eran">Eran</a>, late 5th century.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:153px;max-width:153px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon_(detail).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon_%28detail%29.jpg/151px-Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon_%28detail%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon_%28detail%29.jpg/227px-Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon_%28detail%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon_%28detail%29.jpg/302px-Gupt_kalin_mandir_bhitargaon_%28detail%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3439" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Hindu temple of <a href="/wiki/Bhitargaon" title="Bhitargaon">Bhitargaon</a>, late 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:235px;max-width:235px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:175px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deogarh01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Deogarh01.jpg/233px-Deogarh01.jpg" decoding="async" width="233" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Deogarh01.jpg/350px-Deogarh01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Deogarh01.jpg/466px-Deogarh01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Dashavatara Temple, <a href="/wiki/Deogarh,_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Deogarh, Uttar Pradesh">Deogarh</a>, early 6th century</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Though there are very few remains of stone Hindu temples before the <a href="/wiki/Gupta_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Gupta dynasty">Gupta dynasty</a> in the 5th century CE, there may be earlier structures constructed from timber-based architecture. The <a href="/wiki/Indian_rock-cut_architecture" title="Indian rock-cut architecture">rock-cut</a> <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_Caves" title="Udayagiri Caves">Udayagiri Caves</a> (401 CE) are among the most important early sites, built with royal sponsorship, recorded by inscriptions, and with impressive sculpture.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earliest preserved Hindu temples are simple cell-like stone temples, some rock-cut and others structural, as at Temple 17 at <a href="/wiki/Sanchi" title="Sanchi">Sanchi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meister254_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meister254-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 6th or 7th century, these evolved into high shikhara stone superstructures. However, there is inscriptional evidence such as the ancient Gangadhara inscription from about 424 CE, states Meister, that towering temples existed before this time and these were possibly made from more perishable material. These temples have not survived.<sup id="cite_ref-meister254_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meister254-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-meister370_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meister370-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Examples of early major North Indian temples that have survived after the <a href="/wiki/Udayagiri_Caves" title="Udayagiri Caves">Udayagiri Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh">Madhya Pradesh</a> include those at <a href="/wiki/Tigawa" title="Tigawa">Tigawa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Temple,_Deogarh" class="mw-redirect" title="Vishnu Temple, Deogarh">Deogarh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nachna_Hindu_temples" title="Nachna Hindu temples">Parvati Temple, Nachna</a> (465),<sup id="cite_ref-meister370_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meister370-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bhitargaon" title="Bhitargaon">Bhitargaon</a>, the largest Gupta brick temple to survive,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sirpur_Group_of_Monuments#Hindu_monuments" title="Sirpur Group of Monuments">Lakshman Brick Temple, Sirpur</a> (600-625 CE); <a href="/wiki/Rajim#Rajiv_Lochan_Vishnu_Mandir" title="Rajim">Rajiv Lochan temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajim" title="Rajim">Rajim</a> (7th-century).<sup id="cite_ref-meister280_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meister280-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Gop_Temple" title="Gop Temple">Gop Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> (c. 550 or later) is an oddity, with no surviving close comparator.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No pre-7th century CE South Indian free-standing stone temples have survived. Examples of early major South Indian temples that have survived, some in ruins, include the diverse styles <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">at Mahabalipuram</a>, from the 7th and 8th centuries. According to Meister, the Mahabalipuram temples are "monolithic models of a variety of formal structures all of which already can be said to typify a developed "Dravida" (South Indian) order". They suggest a tradition and a knowledge base existed in South India by the time of the early Chalukya and Pallava era when these were built. In the <a href="/wiki/Deccan" class="mw-redirect" title="Deccan">Deccan</a>, Cave 3 of the <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a> cave temples was cut out in 578 CE, and Cave 1 is probably slightly earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples are found in <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-meister280_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meister280-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period_(7th_to_16th_century)"><span id="Medieval_period_.287th_to_16th_century.29"></span>Medieval period (7th to 16th century)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval period (7th to 16th century)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:248px;max-width:248px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bhima_Ratha_Pancha_Rathas_Mahabalipuram_India_-_panoramio_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bhima_Ratha_Pancha_Rathas_Mahabalipuram_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/246px-Bhima_Ratha_Pancha_Rathas_Mahabalipuram_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="246" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bhima_Ratha_Pancha_Rathas_Mahabalipuram_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/369px-Bhima_Ratha_Pancha_Rathas_Mahabalipuram_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Bhima_Ratha_Pancha_Rathas_Mahabalipuram_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg/492px-Bhima_Ratha_Pancha_Rathas_Mahabalipuram_India_-_panoramio_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:184px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ganesha_Ratha_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_A7C_02582.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ganesha_Ratha_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_A7C_02582.jpg/138px-Ganesha_Ratha_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_A7C_02582.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ganesha_Ratha_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_A7C_02582.jpg/207px-Ganesha_Ratha_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_A7C_02582.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Ganesha_Ratha_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_A7C_02582.jpg/276px-Ganesha_Ratha_Mahabalipuram_Sep22_A7C_02582.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3516" data-file-height="4688" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Bhima_Ratha" title="Bhima Ratha">Bhima Ratha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Ratha" title="Ganesha Ratha">Ganesha Ratha</a> temples at Mahabalipuram, ca, 600s.</div></div></div></div> <p>By about the 7th century most main features of the Hindu temple were established along with theoretical texts on temple architecture and building methods.<sup id="cite_ref-michellharle335_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michellharle335-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From between about the 7th and 13th centuries a large number of temples and their ruins have survived (though far fewer than once existed). Many regional styles developed, very often following political divisions, as large temples were typically built with royal patronage. The <a href="/wiki/Vesara" title="Vesara">Vesara</a> style originated in the region between the Krishna and Tungabhadra rivers that is contemporary north Karnataka. According to some art historians, the roots of Vesara style can be traced to the <a href="/wiki/Chalukya_dynasty" title="Chalukya dynasty">Chalukyas</a> of Badami (500-753AD) whose Early Chalukya or <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_architecture" title="Badami Chalukya architecture">Badami Chalukya architecture</a> built temples in a style that mixed some features of the <i>nagara</i> and the <i>dravida</i> styles, for example using both the northern <a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">shikhara</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">vimana</a> type of superstructure over the sanctum in different temples of similar date, as at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>. This style was further refined by the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Manyakheta" class="mw-redirect" title="Manyakheta">Manyakheta</a> (750-983AD) in sites such as <a href="/wiki/Ellora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellora">Ellora</a>. Though there is clearly a good deal of continuity with the Badami or Early Chalukya style,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> other writers only date the start of Vesara to the later <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_Empire" title="Western Chalukya Empire">Western Chalukyas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Basavakalyan" title="Basavakalyan">Kalyani</a> (983-1195 AD),<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in sites such as <a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doddabasappa_Temple" title="Doddabasappa Temple">Dambal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Temple,_Itagi" title="Mahadeva Temple, Itagi">Itagi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadag">Gadag</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and continued by the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysala empire">Hoysala empire</a> (1000-1330 AD). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8th_century_Shiva_spearing_evil_demon_at_Virupaksha_Shaiva_temple,_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/8th_century_Shiva_spearing_evil_demon_at_Virupaksha_Shaiva_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/220px-8th_century_Shiva_spearing_evil_demon_at_Virupaksha_Shaiva_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/8th_century_Shiva_spearing_evil_demon_at_Virupaksha_Shaiva_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/330px-8th_century_Shiva_spearing_evil_demon_at_Virupaksha_Shaiva_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/8th_century_Shiva_spearing_evil_demon_at_Virupaksha_Shaiva_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/440px-8th_century_Shiva_spearing_evil_demon_at_Virupaksha_Shaiva_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a> Hindu monuments, 7th-8th century.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ellora_cave16_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ellora_cave16_001.jpg/220px-Ellora_cave16_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ellora_cave16_001.jpg/330px-Ellora_cave16_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Ellora_cave16_001.jpg/440px-Ellora_cave16_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="853" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kailasa_temple,_Ellora" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasa temple, Ellora">Kailasanatha temple</a>, remarkably carved out of one single rock was built by Rashtrakuta king <a href="/wiki/Krishna_I" title="Krishna I">Krishna I</a> (r. 756–773 CE)<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest examples of <a href="/wiki/Pallava_art_and_architecture" title="Pallava art and architecture">Pallava architecture</a> are rock-cut temples dating from 610 to 690 CE and structural temples between 690 and 900 CE. The greatest accomplishments of the Pallava architecture are the rock-cut <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Monuments_at_Mahabalipuram" title="Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram">Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mahabalipuram" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahabalipuram">Mahabalipuram</a>, a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Shore_Temple" title="Shore Temple">Shore Temple</a>. This group includes both excavated pillared halls, with no external roof except the natural rock, and monolithic shrines where the natural rock is entirely cut away and carved to give an external roof. Early temples were mostly dedicated to Shiva. The Kailasanatha temple also called Rajasimha Pallaveswaram in <a href="/wiki/Kanchipuram" title="Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram</a> built by <a href="/wiki/Narasimhavarman_II" title="Narasimhavarman II">Narasimhavarman II</a> also known as Rajasimha is a fine example of the Pallava style temple. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya architecture</a> linked between the <a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Badami Chalukya Architecture">Badami Chalukya Architecture</a> of the 8th century and the <a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala architecture</a> popularised in the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-golden_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-golden1_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-golden1-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The art of Western Chalukyas is sometimes called the "<a href="/wiki/Gadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadag">Gadag</a> style" after the number of ornate temples they built in the <a href="/wiki/Tungabhadra" class="mw-redirect" title="Tungabhadra">Tungabhadra</a> – <a href="/wiki/Krishna_River" title="Krishna River">Krishna River</a> <a href="/wiki/Doab" title="Doab">doab</a> region of present-day <a href="/wiki/Gadag_district" title="Gadag district">Gadag district</a> in Karnataka.<sup id="cite_ref-gadag_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gadag-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their temple building reached its maturity and culmination in the 12th century, with over a hundred temples built across the deccan, more than half of them in present-day Karnataka. Apart from temples they are also well known for ornate stepped wells (<i>Pushkarni</i>) which served as ritual bathing places, many of which are well preserved in Lakkundi. Their stepped well designs were later incorporated by the Hoysalas and the Vijayanagara empire in the coming centuries. </p><p>In the north, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_of_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquests of the Indian subcontinent">Muslim invasions</a> from the 11th century onwards reduced the building of temples, and saw the loss of many existing ones.<sup id="cite_ref-michellharle335_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michellharle335-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The south also witnessed Hindu-Muslim conflict that affected the temples, but the region was relatively less affected than the north.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell19959–10,_Quote:_"The_era_under_consideration_opens_with_an_unprecedented_calamity_for_Southern_India:_the_invasion_of_the_region_at_the_turn_of_the_fourteenth_century_by_Malik_Kafur,_general_of_Alauddin,_Sultan_of_Delhi._Malik_Kafur's_forces_brought_to_an_abrupt_end_all_of_the_indigenous_ruling_houses_of_Southern_India,_not_one_of_which_was_able_to_withstand_the_assault_or_outlive_the_conquest._Virtually_every_city_of_importance_in_the_Kannada,_Telugu_and_Tamil_zones_succumbed_to_the_raids_of_Malik_Kafur,_forts_were_destroyed,_palaces_dismantled_and_temple_sanctuaries_wrecked_in_the_search_for_treasure._In_order_to_consolidate_the_rapidly_won_gains_of_this_pillage,_Malik_Kafur_established_himself_in_1323_at_Madurai_(Madura)_in_the_southernmost_part_of_the_Tamil_zone,_former_capital_of_the_Pandyas_who_were_dislodged_by_the_Delhi_forces._Madurai_thereupon_became_the_capital_of_the_Ma'bar_(Malabar)_province_of_the_[[Delhi_Sultanate|Delhi_empire]]."_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell19959–10,_Quote:_"The_era_under_consideration_opens_with_an_unprecedented_calamity_for_Southern_India:_the_invasion_of_the_region_at_the_turn_of_the_fourteenth_century_by_Malik_Kafur,_general_of_Alauddin,_Sultan_of_Delhi._Malik_Kafur's_forces_brought_to_an_abrupt_end_all_of_the_indigenous_ruling_houses_of_Southern_India,_not_one_of_which_was_able_to_withstand_the_assault_or_outlive_the_conquest._Virtually_every_city_of_importance_in_the_Kannada,_Telugu_and_Tamil_zones_succumbed_to_the_raids_of_Malik_Kafur,_forts_were_destroyed,_palaces_dismantled_and_temple_sanctuaries_wrecked_in_the_search_for_treasure._In_order_to_consolidate_the_rapidly_won_gains_of_this_pillage,_Malik_Kafur_established_himself_in_1323_at_Madurai_(Madura)_in_the_southernmost_part_of_the_Tamil_zone,_former_capital_of_the_Pandyas_who_were_dislodged_by_the_Delhi_forces._Madurai_thereupon_became_the_capital_of_the_Ma'bar_(Malabar)_province_of_the_[[Delhi_Sultanate|Delhi_empire]]."-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 14th century, the Hindu <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> came to power and controlled much of South India. During this period, the distinctive very tall <a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">gopuram</a> gatehouse, (actually a late development, from the 12th century or later), was typically added to older large temples.<sup id="cite_ref-michellharle335_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michellharle335-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asian_Hindu_temples">Southeast Asian Hindu temples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Southeast Asian Hindu temples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prambanan_Temple_Yogyakarta_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prambanan_Temple_Yogyakarta_Indonesia.jpg/200px-Prambanan_Temple_Yogyakarta_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prambanan_Temple_Yogyakarta_Indonesia.jpg/300px-Prambanan_Temple_Yogyakarta_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prambanan_Temple_Yogyakarta_Indonesia.jpg/400px-Prambanan_Temple_Yogyakarta_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4582" data-file-height="3055" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_(II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Angkor_%28II%29.jpg/200px-Angkor_%28II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Angkor_%28II%29.jpg/300px-Angkor_%28II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Angkor_%28II%29.jpg/400px-Angkor_%28II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5380" data-file-height="3587" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (9th century) and <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (12th century), examples of Southeast Asian Hindu temple architecture. Both temples were modelled after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a> in Hindu cosmology.</div></div></div></div> <p>Possibly the oldest Hindu temples in Southeast Asia dates back to 2nd century BCE from the <a href="/wiki/Funan" title="Funan">Funan</a> site of <a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Oc Eo</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_Delta" title="Mekong Delta">Mekong Delta</a>. They were probably dedicated to a sun god, Shiva and Vishnu. The temple were constructed using granite blocks and bricks, one with a small stepped pond.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg/290px-Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg/435px-Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg/580px-Salah_Satu_Upacara_Besar_Di_Pura_Agung_Besakih.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2809" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Besakih_Temple" title="Besakih Temple">Besakih Temple</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The earliest evidence trace to Sanskrit stone inscriptions found on the islands and the mainland Southeast Asia is the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%B5_C%E1%BA%A1nh_inscription" title="Võ Cạnh inscription">Võ Cạnh inscription</a> of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> dated to 2nd or 3rd century CE in Vietnam or in Cambodia between the 4th and 5th century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Ooi2004p587_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ooi2004p587-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the 14th-century local versions of Hindu temples were built in Myanmar, Malaysia, Indonesia, Thailand, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam. These developed several national traditions, and often mixed <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>. Theravada Buddhism prevailed in many parts of the South-East Asia, except Malaysia and Indonesia where Islam displaced them both.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bakker1990p160_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker1990p160-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hindu temples in Southeast Asia developed their own distinct versions, mostly based on Indian architectural models, both North Indian and South Indian styles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell1988159–161_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell1988159–161-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Southeast Asian temple architecture styles are different, and there is no known single temple in India that can be the source of the Southeast Asian temples. According to Michell, it is as if the Southeast Asian architects learned from "the theoretical prescriptions about temple building" from Indian texts, but never saw one. They reassembled the elements with their own creative interpretations. The Hindu temples found in Southeast Asia are more conservative and far more strongly link the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>-related cosmological elements of Indian thought than the Hindu temples found in the subcontinent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell1988159–161_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell1988159–161-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, unlike the Indian temples, the sacred architecture in Southeast Asia associated the ruler (<a href="/wiki/Devaraja" title="Devaraja">devaraja</a>) with the divine, with the temple serving as a memorial to the king as much as being house of gods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell1988159–161_46-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell1988159–161-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable examples of Southeast Asian Hindu temple architecture are the Shivaist <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> Trimurti temple compound in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (9th century),<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Vishnuite <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> (12th century).<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Design">Design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17th_century_Odisha_palm_leaf_manuscript_Hindu_temple_architecture_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/17th_century_Odisha_palm_leaf_manuscript_Hindu_temple_architecture_2.jpg/110px-17th_century_Odisha_palm_leaf_manuscript_Hindu_temple_architecture_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="405" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/17th_century_Odisha_palm_leaf_manuscript_Hindu_temple_architecture_2.jpg/165px-17th_century_Odisha_palm_leaf_manuscript_Hindu_temple_architecture_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/17th_century_Odisha_palm_leaf_manuscript_Hindu_temple_architecture_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="806" /></a><figcaption>17th-century palm leaf manuscript page on temple building, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A Hindu temple is a symmetry-driven structure, with many variations, on a square grid of <i>padas</i>, depicting perfect geometric shapes such as circles and squares.<sup id="cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmgeometry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Susan Lewandowski states that the underlying principle in a Hindu temple is built around the belief that all things are one and that everything is connected. A temple, states Lewandowski, "replicates again and again the Hindu beliefs in the parts mirroring, and at the same time <i>being</i>, the universal whole" like an "organism of repeating cells".<sup id="cite_ref-susanlchap4_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susanlchap4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 68, 71">: 68, 71 </span></sup> The pilgrim is welcomed through mathematically structured spaces, a network of art, pillars with carvings and statues that display and celebrate the four important and necessary principles of human life—the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">artha</a> (prosperity, wealth), the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">kama</a> (desire), the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> (virtues, ethical life) and the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a> (release, self-knowledge).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the centre of the temple, typically below and sometimes above or next to the deity, is mere hollow space with no decoration, symbolically representing <i>Purusa</i>, the Supreme Principle, the sacred Universal, one without form, which is present everywhere, connects everything, and is the essence of everyone. A Hindu temple is meant to encourage reflection, facilitate purification of one's mind, and trigger the process of inner realization within the devotee.<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The specific process is left to the devotee's school of belief. The primary deity of different Hindu temples varies to reflect this spiritual spectrum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_site">The site</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The site"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The appropriate site for a Mandir, suggest ancient Sanskrit texts, is near water and gardens, where lotus and flowers bloom, where swans, ducks and other birds are heard, where animals rest without fear of injury or harm.<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These harmonious places were recommended in these texts with the explanation that such are the places where gods play, and thus the best site for Hindu temples.<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-susanlchap4_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susanlchap4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While major Hindu mandirs are recommended at sangams (<a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">confluence</a> of rivers), river banks, lakes and seashore, the <i>Brhat Samhita</i> and <i>Puranas</i> suggest temples may also be built where a natural source of water is not present. Here too, they recommend that a pond be built preferably in front or to the left of the temple with water gardens. If water is neither present naturally nor by design, water is symbolically present at the consecration of temple or the deity. Temples may also be built, suggests <i>Visnudharmottara</i> in Part III of Chapter 93,<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> inside caves and carved stones, on hill tops affording peaceful views, mountain slopes overlooking beautiful valleys, inside forests and hermitages, next to gardens, or at the head of a town street. </p><p>In practice most temples are built as part of a village or town.<sup id="cite_ref-Michell_1988,_50_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michell_1988,_50-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some sites such as the capitals of kingdoms and those considered particularly favourable in terms of sacred geography had numerous temples. Many ancient capitals vanished and the surviving temples are now found in a rural landscape; often these are the best-preserved examples of older styles. <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brihadisvara_Temple,_Gangaikonda_Cholapuram" title="Brihadisvara Temple, Gangaikonda Cholapuram">Gangaikonda Cholapuram</a> are examples.<sup id="cite_ref-Michell_1988,_50_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michell_1988,_50-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_plan">The plan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The plan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg/360px-64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="360" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg/540px-64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg/720px-64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>The 8×8 (64) grid Manduka Hindu Temple Floor Plan, according to Vastupurusamandala. The 64 grid is the most sacred and common Hindu temple template. The bright saffron centre, where diagonals intersect above, represents the Purusha of Hindu philosophy.<sup id="cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmgeometry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The design, especially the floor plan, of the part of a Hindu temple around the sanctum or shrine follows a geometrical design called <i>vastu-purusha-mandala</i>. The name is a composite Sanskrit word with three of the most important components of the plan. <i>Mandala</i> means circle, <i>Purusha</i> is universal essence at the core of Hindu tradition, while <i>Vastu</i> means the dwelling structure.<sup id="cite_ref-sl6869_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sl6869-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vastupurushamandala is a <a href="/wiki/Yantra" title="Yantra">yantra</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The design lays out a Hindu temple in a symmetrical, self-repeating structure derived from central beliefs, myths, cardinality and mathematical principles.<sup id="cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmgeometry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The four cardinal directions help create the axis of a Hindu temple, around which is formed a perfect square in the space available. The circle of mandala circumscribes the square. The square is considered divine for its perfection and as a symbolic product of knowledge and human thought, while circle is considered earthly, human and observed in everyday life (moon, sun, horizon, water drop, rainbow). Each supports the other.<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The square is divided into perfect square grids. In large temples, this is often a 8×8 or 64-grid structure. In ceremonial temple superstructures, this is an 81 sub-square grid. The squares are called ‘‘padas’’.<sup id="cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmgeometry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The square is symbolic and has Vedic origins from fire altar, Agni. The alignment along cardinal direction, similarly is an extension of Vedic rituals of three fires. This symbolism is also found among Greek and other ancient civilizations, through the <a href="/wiki/Gnomon" title="Gnomon">gnomon</a>. In Hindu temple manuals, design plans are described with 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, 49, 64, 81 up to 1024 squares; 1 pada is considered the simplest plan, as a seat for a hermit or devotee to sit and meditate on, do yoga, or make offerings with Vedic fire in front. The second design of 4 padas has a symbolic central core at the diagonal intersection, and is also a meditative layout. The 9 pada design has a sacred surrounded centre, and is the template for the smallest temple. Older Hindu temple vastumandalas may use the 9 through 49 pada series, but 64 is considered the most sacred geometric grid in Hindu temples. It is also called Manduka, Bhekapada or Ajira in various ancient Sanskrit texts. Each pada is conceptually assigned to a symbolic element, sometimes in the form of a deity or to a spirit or apasara. The central square(s) of the 64 is dedicated to the Brahman (not to be confused with Brahmin), and are called Brahma padas.<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a Hindu temple's structure of symmetry and concentric squares, each concentric layer has significance. The outermost layer, Paisachika padas, signify aspects of Asuras and evil; the next inner concentric layer is Manusha padas signifying human life; while Devika padas signify aspects of Devas and good. The Manusha padas typically houses the ambulatory.<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The devotees, as they walk around in clockwise fashion through this ambulatory to complete <a href="/wiki/Parikrama" title="Parikrama">Parikrama</a> (or Pradakshina), walk between good on inner side and evil on the outer side. In smaller temples, the Paisachika pada is not part of the temple superstructure, but may be on the boundary of the temple or just symbolically represented. </p><p>The Paisachika padas, Manusha padas and Devika padas surround Brahma padas, which signifies creative energy and serves as the location for temple's primary idol for darsana. Finally at the very centre of Brahma padas is <i>Garbhagruha</i>(<i>Garbha</i>- Centre, <i>gruha</i>- house; literally the centre of the house) (Purusa Space), signifying Universal Principle present in everything and everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The spire of a Hindu temple, called Shikhara in north India and Vimana in south India, is perfectly aligned above the Brahma pada(s). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Circle_and_squares_in_Hindu_temple_Spires_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Circle_and_squares_in_Hindu_temple_Spires_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala.svg/200px-Circle_and_squares_in_Hindu_temple_Spires_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Circle_and_squares_in_Hindu_temple_Spires_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala.svg/300px-Circle_and_squares_in_Hindu_temple_Spires_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Circle_and_squares_in_Hindu_temple_Spires_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala.svg/400px-Circle_and_squares_in_Hindu_temple_Spires_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hindu_temple_Spire_design_principle_concentric_circles_squares_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_without_label.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hindu_temple_Spire_design_principle_concentric_circles_squares_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_without_label.svg/200px-Hindu_temple_Spire_design_principle_concentric_circles_squares_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_without_label.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hindu_temple_Spire_design_principle_concentric_circles_squares_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_without_label.svg/300px-Hindu_temple_Spire_design_principle_concentric_circles_squares_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_without_label.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Hindu_temple_Spire_design_principle_concentric_circles_squares_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_without_label.svg/400px-Hindu_temple_Spire_design_principle_concentric_circles_squares_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_without_label.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A Hindu temple has a Shikhara (Vimana or Spire) that rises symmetrically above the central core of the temple. These spires come in many designs and shapes, but they all have mathematical precision and geometric symbolism. One of the common principles found in Hindu temple spires is circles and turning-squares theme (left), and a concentric layering design (right) that flows from one to the other as it rises towards the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Beneath the mandala's central square(s) is the space for the formless shapeless all pervasive all connecting Universal Spirit, the Purusha. This space is sometimes referred to as <i>garbha-griya</i> (literally womb house) – a small, perfect square, windowless, enclosed space without ornamentation that represents universal essence.<sup id="cite_ref-sl6869_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sl6869-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In or near this space is typically a <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a>. This is the main deity image, and this varies with each temple. Often it is this idol that gives it a local name, such as Vishnu temple, Krishna temple, Rama temple, Narayana temple, Siva temple, Lakshmi temple, Ganesha temple, Durga temple, Hanuman temple, Surya temple, and others. It is this garbha-griya which devotees seek for ‘‘darsana’’ (literally, a sight of knowledge,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStella_Kramrisch19768_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStella_Kramrisch19768-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or vision<sup id="cite_ref-sl6869_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sl6869-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>Above the vastu-purusha-mandala is a high superstructure called the <i><a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">shikhara</a></i> in north India, and <i><a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">vimana</a></i> in south India, that stretches towards the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-sl6869_54-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sl6869-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, in makeshift temples, the superstructure may be replaced with symbolic bamboo with few leaves at the top. The vertical dimension's cupola or dome is designed as a pyramid, conical or other mountain-like shape, once again using principle of concentric circles and squares (see below).<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scholars such as Lewandowski state that this shape is inspired by cosmic mountain of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a> or Himalayan <a href="/wiki/Kailasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kailasa">Kailasa</a>, the abode of gods according to its ancient mythology.<sup id="cite_ref-susanlchap4_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-susanlchap4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 69–72">: 69–72 </span></sup> </p><p>In larger temples, the outer three padas are visually decorated with carvings, paintings or images meant to inspire the devotee.<sup id="cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some temples, these images or wall reliefs may be stories from Hindu Epics, in others they may be Vedic tales about right and wrong or virtues and vice, in some they may be idols of minor or regional deities. The pillars, walls and ceilings typically also have highly ornate carvings or images of the four just and necessary pursuits of life—kama, artha, dharma, and moksa. This walk around is called <i>pradakshina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-sl6869_54-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sl6869-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large temples also have pillared halls called mandapa. One on the east side, serves as the waiting room for pilgrims and devotees. The mandapa may be a separate structure in older temples, but in newer temples this space is integrated into the temple superstructure. Mega temple sites have a main temple surrounded by smaller temples and shrines, but these are still arranged by principles of symmetry, grids and mathematical precision. An important principle found in the layout of Hindu temples is mirroring and repeating fractal-like design structure,<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> each unique yet also repeating the central common principle, one which Susan Lewandowski refers to as “an organism of repeating cells”.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Exceptions to the square grid principle</dt></dl> <p>Predominant number of Hindu temples exhibit the perfect square grid principle.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there are some exceptions. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Teli_ka_Mandir" title="Teli ka Mandir">Teli ka Mandir</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gwalior" title="Gwalior">Gwalior</a>, built in the 8th century CE is not a square but is a rectangle consisting of stacked squares. Further, the temple explores a number of structures and shrines in 1:1, 1:2, 1:3, 2:5, 3:5 and 4:5 ratios. These ratios are exact, suggesting the architect intended to use these harmonic ratios, and the rectangle pattern was not a mistake, nor an arbitrary approximation. Other examples of non-square harmonic ratios are found at Naresar temple site of Madhya Pradesh and Nakti-Mata temple near Jaipur, Rajasthan. <a href="/wiki/Michael_W._Meister" title="Michael W. Meister">Michael Meister</a> states that these exceptions mean the ancient Sanskrit manuals for temple building were guidelines, and Hinduism permitted its artisans flexibility in expression and aesthetic independence.<sup id="cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mmgeometry-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hindu text <i>Sthapatya Veda</i> describes many plans and styles of temples of which the following are found in other derivative literature: <i>Chaturasra</i> (square), <i>Ashtasra</i> (octagonal), <i>Vritta</i> (circular), <i>Ayatasra</i> (rectangular), <i>Ayata Ashtasra</i> (rectangular-octagonal fusion), <i>Ayata Vritta</i> (elliptical), <i>Hasti Prishta</i> (apsidal), <i>Dvayasra Vrita</i> (rectangular-circular fusion); in Tamil literature, the <i>Prana Vikara</i> (shaped like a Tamil Om sign, <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamil_Om.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/20px-Tamil_Om.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/30px-Tamil_Om.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Tamil_Om.svg/40px-Tamil_Om.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span>) is also found. Methods of combining squares and circles to produce all of these plans are described in the Hindu texts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-69_with_Figure_5.8_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-69_with_Figure_5.8-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plan_of_Srirangam_Temple._Burgess,1910.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple, cross section and plan (1910 sketch)."><img alt="Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple, cross section and plan (1910 sketch)." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Plan_of_Srirangam_Temple._Burgess%2C1910.jpg/283px-Plan_of_Srirangam_Temple._Burgess%2C1910.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Plan_of_Srirangam_Temple._Burgess%2C1910.jpg/424px-Plan_of_Srirangam_Temple._Burgess%2C1910.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Plan_of_Srirangam_Temple._Burgess%2C1910.jpg/566px-Plan_of_Srirangam_Temple._Burgess%2C1910.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1485" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ranganathaswamy_Temple,_Srirangam" title="Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam">Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple</a>, cross section and plan (1910 sketch).</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 135.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 133.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1910_sketches,_Gondeshwar_temple_Sinnar,_Nashik_temple_overview,_cross_section_and_plan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nashik Maharashtra temple, cross section and plan (1910 sketch)"><img alt="Nashik Maharashtra temple, cross section and plan (1910 sketch)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1910_sketches%2C_Gondeshwar_temple_Sinnar%2C_Nashik_temple_overview%2C_cross_section_and_plan.jpg/200px-1910_sketches%2C_Gondeshwar_temple_Sinnar%2C_Nashik_temple_overview%2C_cross_section_and_plan.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1910_sketches%2C_Gondeshwar_temple_Sinnar%2C_Nashik_temple_overview%2C_cross_section_and_plan.jpg/301px-1910_sketches%2C_Gondeshwar_temple_Sinnar%2C_Nashik_temple_overview%2C_cross_section_and_plan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/1910_sketches%2C_Gondeshwar_temple_Sinnar%2C_Nashik_temple_overview%2C_cross_section_and_plan.jpg/401px-1910_sketches%2C_Gondeshwar_temple_Sinnar%2C_Nashik_temple_overview%2C_cross_section_and_plan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3343" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nashik Maharashtra temple, cross section and plan (1910 sketch)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 100px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 98px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1910_sketch_of_plan,_Govinda_Deva_temple_at_Vrindavan,_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vrindavan Uttar Pradesh temple plan"><img alt="Vrindavan Uttar Pradesh temple plan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Govinda_Deva_temple_at_Vrindavan%2C_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg/147px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Govinda_Deva_temple_at_Vrindavan%2C_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Govinda_Deva_temple_at_Vrindavan%2C_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg/221px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Govinda_Deva_temple_at_Vrindavan%2C_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Govinda_Deva_temple_at_Vrindavan%2C_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg/294px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Govinda_Deva_temple_at_Vrindavan%2C_Uttar_Pradesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Vrindavan Uttar Pradesh temple plan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 75.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 73.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1910_sketch_of_plan,_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple,_Khajuraho.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Khajuraho Madhya Pradesh temple plan"><img alt="Khajuraho Madhya Pradesh temple plan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple%2C_Khajuraho.jpg/110px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple%2C_Khajuraho.jpg" decoding="async" width="74" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple%2C_Khajuraho.jpg/166px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple%2C_Khajuraho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple%2C_Khajuraho.jpg/221px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Kandariya_Mahadeva_Temple%2C_Khajuraho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="760" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Khajuraho Madhya Pradesh temple plan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1910_sketch_of_plan,_Jagannath_Temple,_Puri_Odisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Puri Odisha temple complex plan"><img alt="Puri Odisha temple complex plan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri_Odisha.jpg/265px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri_Odisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="177" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri_Odisha.jpg/398px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri_Odisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri_Odisha.jpg/531px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Jagannath_Temple%2C_Puri_Odisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1075" data-file-height="972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Puri Odisha temple complex plan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 85.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 83.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1910_sketch_of_plan,_Rajarani_Temple,_Bhubaneswar_Odisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bhubneshwar Odisha, a smaller temple plan"><img alt="Bhubneshwar Odisha, a smaller temple plan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Rajarani_Temple%2C_Bhubaneswar_Odisha.jpg/125px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Rajarani_Temple%2C_Bhubaneswar_Odisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Rajarani_Temple%2C_Bhubaneswar_Odisha.jpg/188px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Rajarani_Temple%2C_Bhubaneswar_Odisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Rajarani_Temple%2C_Bhubaneswar_Odisha.jpg/250px-1910_sketch_of_plan%2C_Rajarani_Temple%2C_Bhubaneswar_Odisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bhubneshwar Odisha, a smaller temple plan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 142px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 140px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:12th_century_Halebid_Shiva_temple_plan_annotated.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Halebidu Karnataka temple plan"><img alt="Halebidu Karnataka temple plan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/12th_century_Halebid_Shiva_temple_plan_annotated.jpg/210px-12th_century_Halebid_Shiva_temple_plan_annotated.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/12th_century_Halebid_Shiva_temple_plan_annotated.jpg/315px-12th_century_Halebid_Shiva_temple_plan_annotated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/12th_century_Halebid_Shiva_temple_plan_annotated.jpg/421px-12th_century_Halebid_Shiva_temple_plan_annotated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1553" data-file-height="1772" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Halebidu Karnataka temple plan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:10th_to_13th_century_Chidambaram_Nataraja_Temple_plan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chidambaram Tamil Nadu temple plan"><img alt="Chidambaram Tamil Nadu temple plan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/10th_to_13th_century_Chidambaram_Nataraja_Temple_plan.svg/205px-10th_to_13th_century_Chidambaram_Nataraja_Temple_plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="137" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/10th_to_13th_century_Chidambaram_Nataraja_Temple_plan.svg/308px-10th_to_13th_century_Chidambaram_Nataraja_Temple_plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/10th_to_13th_century_Chidambaram_Nataraja_Temple_plan.svg/411px-10th_to_13th_century_Chidambaram_Nataraja_Temple_plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1442" data-file-height="1684" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Chidambaram Tamil Nadu temple plan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 251.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 249.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1915_sketch_of_a_Tamil_Hindu_temple_complex_architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Thiruvallur Sri Veera Raghavaswamy temple, Tamil Hindu temple complex."><img alt="Thiruvallur Sri Veera Raghavaswamy temple, Tamil Hindu temple complex." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1915_sketch_of_a_Tamil_Hindu_temple_complex_architecture.jpg/374px-1915_sketch_of_a_Tamil_Hindu_temple_complex_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1915_sketch_of_a_Tamil_Hindu_temple_complex_architecture.jpg/561px-1915_sketch_of_a_Tamil_Hindu_temple_complex_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/1915_sketch_of_a_Tamil_Hindu_temple_complex_architecture.jpg/747px-1915_sketch_of_a_Tamil_Hindu_temple_complex_architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1298" data-file-height="834" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Veeraraghava_Swamy_Temple,_Tiruvallur" class="mw-redirect" title="Veeraraghava Swamy Temple, Tiruvallur">Thiruvallur Sri Veera Raghavaswamy temple</a>, Tamil Hindu temple complex.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 241.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 239.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chitragupta_temple_belonging_to_Western_Group_of_Temples_at_Khajuraho_in_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mandapa and Shikara of Khajuraho Group of Monuments, ca. 885 CE and 1000 CE."><img alt="Mandapa and Shikara of Khajuraho Group of Monuments, ca. 885 CE and 1000 CE." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chitragupta_temple_belonging_to_Western_Group_of_Temples_at_Khajuraho_in_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg/359px-Chitragupta_temple_belonging_to_Western_Group_of_Temples_at_Khajuraho_in_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chitragupta_temple_belonging_to_Western_Group_of_Temples_at_Khajuraho_in_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg/538px-Chitragupta_temple_belonging_to_Western_Group_of_Temples_at_Khajuraho_in_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Chitragupta_temple_belonging_to_Western_Group_of_Temples_at_Khajuraho_in_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg/717px-Chitragupta_temple_belonging_to_Western_Group_of_Temples_at_Khajuraho_in_Madhya_Pradesh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mandapa" title="Mandapa">Mandapa</a> and Shikara of <a href="/wiki/Khajuraho_Group_of_Monuments" title="Khajuraho Group of Monuments">Khajuraho Group of Monuments</a>, ca. 885 CE and 1000 CE.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_builders">The builders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The builders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The temples were built by guilds of architects, artisans and workmen. Their knowledge and craft traditions, states Michell, were originally preserved by the <a href="/wiki/Oral_tradition" title="Oral tradition">oral tradition</a>, later with palm-leaf manuscripts.<sup id="cite_ref-michell55b_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell55b-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The building tradition was typically transmitted within families from one generation to the next, and this knowledge was jealously guarded. The guilds were like a corporate body that set rules of work and standard wages. These guilds over time became wealthy, and themselves made charitable donations as evidenced by inscriptions.<sup id="cite_ref-michell55b_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell55b-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> covered almost every aspect of life in the camps around the site where the workmen lived during the period of construction, which in the case of large projects might be several years.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The work was led by a chief architect (<i>sutradhara</i>). The construction superintendent was equal in his authority.<sup id="cite_ref-michell55b_63-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell55b-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important members were stonemason chief and the chief image-maker who collaborated to complete a temple. The sculptors were called <i>shilpins</i>. Women participated in temple building, but in lighter work such as polishing stones and clearing.<sup id="cite_ref-michell55b_63-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell55b-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hindu texts are inconsistent about which caste did the construction work, with some texts accepting all castes to work as a <i>shilpin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Brahmins</i> were the experts in art theory and guided the workmen when needed. They also performed consecration rituals of the superstructure and in the sanctum.<sup id="cite_ref-michell57_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell57-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the earliest periods of Hindu art, from about the 4th century to about the 10th century, the artists had considerable freedom and this is evidenced in the considerable variations and innovations in images crafted and temple designs. Later, much of this freedom was lost as iconography became more standardized and the demand for iconometry consistency increased.<sup id="cite_ref-michell57_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell57-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This "presumably reflected the influence of Brahman theologians" states Michell, and the "increasing dependence of the artist upon the <a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">brahmins</a>" on suitable forms of sacred images. The "individual pursuit of self-expression" in a temple project was not allowed and instead, the artist expressed the sacred values in the visual form through a temple, for the most part anonymously.<sup id="cite_ref-michell57_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell57-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Door_Desavatara_Deogarh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Door_Desavatara_Deogarh.jpg/180px-Door_Desavatara_Deogarh.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Door_Desavatara_Deogarh.jpg/270px-Door_Desavatara_Deogarh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Door_Desavatara_Deogarh.jpg/360px-Door_Desavatara_Deogarh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara_Temple,_Deogarh" title="Dashavatara Temple, Deogarh">Dashavatara temple</a> sculpture at Deogarh, completed about 500 CE.</figcaption></figure> <p>The sponsors used contracts for the building tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-michell57_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell57-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though great masters probably had assistants to help complete principal images in a temple, the reliefs panels in a Hindu temple were "almost certainly the inspiration of a single artist".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schools_of_temple_building_tradition">Schools of temple building tradition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Schools of temple building tradition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Along with guilds, surviving texts suggest that several schools of Hindu temple architecture had developed in ancient India. Each school developed its own <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">gurukuls</a> (study centres) and texts. Of these, state Bharne and Krusche, two became most prominent: the Vishwakarma school and the Maya (Devanagari: मय not to be pronounced as Maayaa) school.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466–72_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466–72-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1977p1_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1977p1-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Vishwakarma school is credited with treatises, terminology and innovations related to the Nagara style of architecture, while the Maya school with those related to the Dravida style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466–72_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466–72-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The style now called Vesara bridges and combines elements of the Nagara and the Dravida styles, it probably reflects one of the other extinct schools.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some scholars have questioned the relevance of these texts, whether the artists relied on <i>śilpa śāstras</i> theory and Sanskrit construction manuals probably written by Brahmins, and did these treatises precede or follow the big temples and ancient sculptures therein. Other scholars question whether big temples and complex symmetric architecture or sculpture with consistent themes and common iconography across distant sites, over many centuries, could have been built by artists and architects without adequate theory, shared terminology and tools, and if so how.<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy2009p41_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy2009p41-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466–72_68-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466–72-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Adam_Hardy" title="Adam Hardy">Adam Hardy</a> – an architecture historian and professor of Asian Architecture, the truth "must lie somewhere in between".<sup id="cite_ref-Hardy2009p41_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hardy2009p41-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to George Michell – an art historian and professor specializing in Hindu Architecture, the theory and the creative field practice likely co-evolved, and the construction workers and artists building complex temples likely consulted the theoreticians when they needed to.<sup id="cite_ref-michell57_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-michell57-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Various_styles_of_architecture">Various styles of architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Various styles of architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Architecture_of_the_Khajuraho_temples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Architecture_of_the_Khajuraho_temples.jpg/400px-Architecture_of_the_Khajuraho_temples.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Architecture_of_the_Khajuraho_temples.jpg/600px-Architecture_of_the_Khajuraho_temples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Architecture_of_the_Khajuraho_temples.jpg/800px-Architecture_of_the_Khajuraho_temples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="638" /></a><figcaption>Architecture of the Khajuraho temples</figcaption></figure><p>The ancient Hindu texts on architecture such as <i>Brihatsamhita</i> and others, states Michell, classify temples into five orders based on their typological features: <a href="/wiki/Nagara_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagara architecture">Nagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vesara" title="Vesara">Vesara</a>, ellipse and rectangle. The plan described for each include square, octagonal and apsidal. Their horizontal plan regulates the vertical form. Each temple architecture in turn has developed its own vocabulary, with terms that overlap but do not necessarily mean exactly the same thing in another style and may apply to a different part of the temple.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following a general historical division, the early Hindu temples, up to the 7th or 8th century, are often called classical or ancient temples, while those after the classical period to the 12th or 13th century are sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Medieval_India" title="Medieval India">medieval</a>. However, this division does not reflect a major break in Hindu architecture, which continued to evolve gradually across these periods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style of Hindu temple architecture is not only the result of the theology, spiritual ideas, and the early Hindu texts but also a result of innovation driven by regional availability of raw materials and the local climate.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89_74-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some materials of construction were imported from distant regions, but much of the temples were built from readily available materials. In some regions, such as in South Karnataka, the local availability of soft stone led to Hoysala architects to innovate architectural styles that are difficult with hard crystalline rocks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89_74-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other places, artists used to cut granite or other stones to build temples and create sculptures. Rock faces allowed artists to carve cave temples or a region's rocky terrain encouraged monolithic rock-cut temple architecture. In regions where stones were unavailable, brick temples flourished. Hindu temple architecture has historically been affected by the building material available in each region, its "tonal value, texture and structural possibilities" states Michell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89_74-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dravidian_architecture">Dravidian architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Dravidian architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Varadaraja_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_(31).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Varadaraja_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_%2831%29.jpg/350px-Varadaraja_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_%2831%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Varadaraja_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_%2831%29.jpg/525px-Varadaraja_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_%2831%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Varadaraja_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_%2831%29.jpg/700px-Varadaraja_Perumal_Temple_Kanchipuram_%2831%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Varadharaja_Perumal_Temple,_Kanchipuram" title="Varadharaja Perumal Temple, Kanchipuram">Kanchipuram Varadaraja Peruma temple's</a> <a href="/wiki/Gopura" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopura">Gopuram</a> and the temple tank <i>Anandasaras Pushkarini</i></figcaption></figure> <p>Dravidian architecture is an architectural idiom in Hindu temple architecture that emerged from <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">South India</a>, reaching its final form by the 1500 CE. It is seen in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temples</a>, and the most distinctive difference from north Indian styles is the use of a shorter and more pyramidal tower over the <a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">garbhagriha</a> or sanctuary called a <a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">vimana</a>, where the north has taller towers, usually bending inwards as they rise, called <a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">shikhara</a>. However, for modern visitors to larger temples the dominating feature is the high <a href="/wiki/Gopura" class="mw-redirect" title="Gopura">Gopura</a> or gatehouse at the edge of the compound; large temples have several, dwarfing the vimana; these are a much more recent development. There are numerous other distinct features such as the <i>dvarapalakas</i> – twin guardians at the main entrance and the inner sanctum of the temple and <i>goshtams</i> – deities carved in niches on the outer side walls of the <a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">garbhagriha</a>. </p><p>Mentioned as one of three styles of temple building in the ancient book <a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a>, the majority of the existing structures are located in the <a href="/wiki/South_India" title="South India">Southern Indian</a> states of <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_Nadu" title="Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" title="Andhra Pradesh">Andhra Pradesh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telangana" title="Telangana">Telangana</a>, some parts of <a href="/wiki/Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra">Maharashtra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various kingdoms and empires such as the <a href="/wiki/Satavahana_dynasty" title="Satavahana dynasty">Satavahanas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vakatakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vakatakas">Vakatakas</a> of Vidarbha, the <a href="/wiki/Cholas" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholas">Cholas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chera_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chera Dynasty">Chera</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kakatiyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kakatiyas">Kakatiyas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Reddi_Kingdom" title="Reddi Kingdom">Reddis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pandyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandyas">Pandyas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pallavas" class="mw-redirect" title="Pallavas">Pallavas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Ganga_dynasty" title="Western Ganga dynasty">Gangas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kadambas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadambas">Kadambas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rashtrakutas" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtrakutas">Rashtrakutas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalukyas">Chalukyas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hoysalas" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoysalas">Hoysalas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_Empire" title="Vijayanagara Empire">Vijayanagara Empire</a> among others have made substantial contribution to the evolution of the Dravida architecture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dravida_and_Nagara_architecture"><span class="anchor" id="Nagara_(नागर)_architecture"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dravida_(द्रविड)_architecture"></span><span class="anchor" id="Nagara_Architecture"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dravida_Architecture"></span><span class="anchor" id="Nagara_style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dravida_style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Nagara_Style"></span><span class="anchor" id="Dravida_Style"></span> Dravida and Nagara architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Dravida and Nagara architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Of the different styles of temple architecture in India, the Nagara architecture of northern India and the <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a> of southern India are most common.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other styles are also found. For example, the rainy climate and the materials of construction available in <a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal</a>, Kerala, Java and Bali Indonesia have influenced the evolutions of styles and structures in these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198889,_155–158_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198889,_155–158-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At other sites such as <a href="/wiki/Ellora" class="mw-redirect" title="Ellora">Ellora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, adjacent temples may have features drawing from different traditions, as well as features in a common style local to that region and period. In modern era literature, many styles have been named after the royal dynasties in whose territories they were built.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Feature </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Nagara_Style" title="Nagara Style">Nagara architecture</a><sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1977p7_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1977p7-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Vesara" title="Vesara">Vesara architecture</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian architecture</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1977p14_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1977p14-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>Reference </th></tr> <tr> <td width="160px">Main temple spire (tower) </td> <td>Shikhara above sanctum </td> <td> </td> <td>Vimana that may be multistorey (talas), the top of which is called the shikhara </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201468-70,_74-75_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201468-70,_74-75-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mandapa spire (tower) </td> <td>Yes </td> <td> </td> <td>No </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201468-70_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201468-70-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Curvature of the spire </td> <td>Curvilinear centred over the sanctum, also straight-edged pyramidal </td> <td> </td> <td>Straight-edged pyramidal, sometimes curvilinear centred over the sanctum<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sanctum </td> <td>Single or multi-storey </td> <td> </td> <td>Typically single (Vimana may be multi-storey) </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Plan </td> <td>Mandapa, sanctum and tower plans are predominantly <i>Chaturasra</i> (square); uncommon: <i>Ashtasra</i>, <i>Vritta</i>, <i>Ayatasra</i>, <i>Ayata Ashtasra</i>, <i>Ayata Vritta</i>, <i>Hasti Prishta</i>, <i>Dvayasra Vrita</i> </td> <td> </td> <td>Same, plus <i>Prana Vikara</i> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gopuram </td> <td>Not a prominent feature </td> <td> </td> <td>Characteristic, but not essential; after 10th century often higher than the vimana. May be several, on all sides of the compound, serving as landmarks for pilgrims </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other features </td> <td>Sacred pools, fewer pillared mandapas in temple grounds (separate dharmashala), prakara walls rare (e.g. Odisha after 14th century), single or multiple entrances into temple </td> <td> </td> <td>Sacred pools, many pillared mandapas in temple grounds (used for rites of passage ceremonies, <a href="/wiki/Choultry" title="Choultry">choultry</a>, temple rituals), prakara walls became common after 14th century, single or multiple entrances into temple </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70_86-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Major sub-styles </td> <td>Latina, Phamsana, Sekhari, Valabhi </td> <td> </td> <td>Tamil (upper and lower Dravidadesa), Karnata, Andhra, Kerala </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70_86-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Geography </td> <td>Northern, western and central of the Indian subcontinent </td> <td> </td> <td>Southern parts of the Indian subcontinent, southeast Asia </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70_86-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chronology of surviving stone-masonry monuments </td> <td>Late Kushana era, early Gupta: rudimentary archaic; 6th-10th century: zenith </td> <td> </td> <td>Late Gupta era: rudimentary; 6th-10th century: zenith </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Dhaky1977_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dhaky1977-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regional_styles">Regional styles</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Regional styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Indian_rock-cut_architecture" title="Indian rock-cut architecture">architecture of the rock-cut temples</a>, particularly the <i>rathas</i>, became a model for south Indian temples.<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Architectural features, particularly the sculptures, were widely adopted in <a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">South Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Names_of_Vietnam" title="Names of Vietnam">Annamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Javanese</a> temples.<sup id="cite_ref-Unesco_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unesco-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Descendants of the sculptors of the shrines are artisans in contemporary Mahabalipuram.<sup id="cite_ref-BruynBain2010_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BruynBain2010-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Badami_Chalukya_architecture">Badami Chalukya architecture</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Badami Chalukya architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Badami Chalukya Architecture style originated by 5th century in <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a> and was perfected in <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Badami" title="Badami">Badami</a>. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Chalukya Architecture of temples at Aihole and Pattadakal</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mallikarjuna_temple_complex_at_Aihole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mallikarjuna_temple_complex_at_Aihole.jpg/200px-Mallikarjuna_temple_complex_at_Aihole.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mallikarjuna_temple_complex_at_Aihole.jpg/300px-Mallikarjuna_temple_complex_at_Aihole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Mallikarjuna_temple_complex_at_Aihole.jpg/400px-Mallikarjuna_temple_complex_at_Aihole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aihole#Other_monuments" title="Aihole">Mallikarjuna temple complex</a> at <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a>, is a historic site of ancient and medieval era <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> monuments in north <a href="/wiki/Karnataka,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Karnataka, India">Karnataka, India</a> dated from the sixth century through the twelfth century CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Ray2010p17_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ray2010p17-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather_Elgood2000151_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather_Elgood2000151-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/200px-Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/300px-Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg/400px-Virupaksha_temple_at_Pattadakal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal#Chalukya_style_of_architecture" title="Pattadakal">The Virupaksha temple</a> (or Lokesvara temple) at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a>, built by queen Lokamahadevi (queen of Badami Chalukya <a href="/wiki/Vikramaditya_II" title="Vikramaditya II">King Vikramaditya II</a>) around 740 CE, now a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Between 500 and 757 CE, Badami Chalukyas built Hindu temples out of sandstone cut into enormous blocks from the outcrops in the chains of the Kaladgi hills. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Aihole" title="Aihole">Aihole</a>, known as the "Cradle of <a href="/wiki/Indian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian architecture">Indian architecture</a>," there are over 150 temples scattered around the village. The <a href="/wiki/Lad_Khan_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Lad Khan Temple">Lad Khan Temple</a> is the oldest. The <a href="/wiki/Durga_temple,_Aihole" title="Durga temple, Aihole">Durga Temple</a> is notable for its semi-circular apse, elevated plinth and the gallery that encircles the sanctum sanctorum. A sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> sitting atop a large cobra is at Hutchimali Temple. The Ravalphadi cave temple celebrates the many forms of Shiva. Other temples include the Konthi temple complex and the Meguti Jain temple. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a> is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>, where one finds the Virupaksha temple; it is the biggest temple, having carved scenes from the great epics of the <a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>. Other temples at <a href="/wiki/Pattadakal" title="Pattadakal">Pattadakal</a> are Mallikarjuna, Kashivishwanatha, Galaganatha and Papanath. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bengal_temple_architecture">Bengal temple architecture</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bengal temple architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal temple architecture</a></div> <p>Several styles of temple architecture developed in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>. Notable temple architectural styles of Bengal are the <i><a href="/wiki/Chala_Style" title="Chala Style">Chala</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Ratna_Style" title="Ratna Style"><i>Ratna</i></a> and <i>Dalan</i> temples.<sup id="cite_ref-mccutchion_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccutchion-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ratna-style-temples-with-an-ambulatory_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ratna-style-temples-with-an-ambulatory-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Chala-style</i> is a hut with a sloping roof, which follows the pattern of huts in most villages of Bengal. <i>Ratna-style</i> originated in Bengal from the 15th to 16th centuries, under the <a href="/wiki/Mallabhum_kingdom" title="Mallabhum kingdom">Mallabhum kingdom</a> (also called Malla dynasty). One of the most prominent features of the <i>Chala</i> and <i>Ratna</i> style is the <a href="/wiki/Terracotta" title="Terracotta">terracotta artwork</a> on the temple walls. The <i>Dalan-style</i> is flat-roofed temples with their heavy cornices on S-curved brackets, and this style was later influenced by European ideas in the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-mccutchion_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mccutchion-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prominent examples of <i>Chala-style</i> are Siddheshwari Kali Temple of <a href="/wiki/Kalna_City" title="Kalna City">Kalna City</a> and Palpara Terracotta Temple of Palpara. One of the prominent example of <i>Ratna-style</i> is Ramchandraji temple at Guptipara. The Sharabhuja Gauranga temple at Panchrol is an example of <i>Dalan-style</i>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Chala, Ratna and Dalan style Architecture of temples</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Charchala_temple_at_Palpara_in_Nadia_district_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Chala-style (Charchala) temple at Palpara in Nadia district."><img alt="Chala-style (Charchala) temple at Palpara in Nadia district." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Charchala_temple_at_Palpara_in_Nadia_district_01.jpg/200px-Charchala_temple_at_Palpara_in_Nadia_district_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Charchala_temple_at_Palpara_in_Nadia_district_01.jpg/300px-Charchala_temple_at_Palpara_in_Nadia_district_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Charchala_temple_at_Palpara_in_Nadia_district_01.jpg/400px-Charchala_temple_at_Palpara_in_Nadia_district_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Chala-style</i> (Charchala) temple at Palpara in Nadia district.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ram_Chandraji_temple_of_Guptipara_in_Hooghly_district_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ek-ratna Ramchandraji temple at Guptipara, Hooghly district"><img alt="Ek-ratna Ramchandraji temple at Guptipara, Hooghly district" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ram_Chandraji_temple_of_Guptipara_in_Hooghly_district_01.jpg/200px-Ram_Chandraji_temple_of_Guptipara_in_Hooghly_district_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ram_Chandraji_temple_of_Guptipara_in_Hooghly_district_01.jpg/300px-Ram_Chandraji_temple_of_Guptipara_in_Hooghly_district_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ram_Chandraji_temple_of_Guptipara_in_Hooghly_district_01.jpg/400px-Ram_Chandraji_temple_of_Guptipara_in_Hooghly_district_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Ek-ratna</i> Ramchandraji temple at <a href="/wiki/Guptipara" title="Guptipara">Guptipara</a>, Hooghly district</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple_(7169302531).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Naba-ratna Dakshineswar Kali Temple near Kolkata, North 24 Parganas district."><img alt="Naba-ratna Dakshineswar Kali Temple near Kolkata, North 24 Parganas district." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple_%287169302531%29.jpg/121px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple_%287169302531%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple_%287169302531%29.jpg/182px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple_%287169302531%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple_%287169302531%29.jpg/243px-Dakshineswar_Kali_Temple_%287169302531%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Naba-ratna</i> Dakshineswar Kali Temple near <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_24_Parganas_district" title="North 24 Parganas district">North 24 Parganas district</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sharabhuja_Gauranga_Dalan_temple_at_Panchrol_under_Purba_Medinipur_district_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dalan-style Sharabhuja Gauranga temple at Panchrol, Purba Medinipur district."><img alt="Dalan-style Sharabhuja Gauranga temple at Panchrol, Purba Medinipur district." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sharabhuja_Gauranga_Dalan_temple_at_Panchrol_under_Purba_Medinipur_district_03.jpg/200px-Sharabhuja_Gauranga_Dalan_temple_at_Panchrol_under_Purba_Medinipur_district_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sharabhuja_Gauranga_Dalan_temple_at_Panchrol_under_Purba_Medinipur_district_03.jpg/300px-Sharabhuja_Gauranga_Dalan_temple_at_Panchrol_under_Purba_Medinipur_district_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Sharabhuja_Gauranga_Dalan_temple_at_Panchrol_under_Purba_Medinipur_district_03.jpg/400px-Sharabhuja_Gauranga_Dalan_temple_at_Panchrol_under_Purba_Medinipur_district_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Dalan-style</i> Sharabhuja Gauranga temple at Panchrol, Purba Medinipur district.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Gadag_architecture">Gadag architecture</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Gadag architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Hindu temple architecture">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Gadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadag">Gadag</a> style of architecture is also called <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Western Chalukya architecture</a>. The style flourished for 150 years (1050 to 1200 CE); in this period, about 50 temples were built. Some examples are the Saraswati temple in the <a href="/wiki/Trikuteshwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikuteshwara">Trikuteshwara</a> temple complex at <a href="/wiki/Gadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadag">Gadag</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Doddabasappa_Temple" title="Doddabasappa Temple">Doddabasappa Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dambal" title="Dambal">Dambal</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kasivisvesvara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasivisvesvara Temple">Kasivisvesvara Temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a>, and the Amriteshwara temple at <a href="/wiki/Annigeri" title="Annigeri">Annigeri</a>. which is marked by ornate pillars with intricate sculpture. This style originated during the period of the <a href="/wiki/Kalyani_Chalukyas" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalyani Chalukyas">Kalyani Chalukyas</a> (also known as <a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukya">Western Chalukya</a>) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Someswara_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Someswara I (page does not exist)">Someswara I</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 972px;"> <li class="gallerycaption">Gadag/<a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Chalukya">Western Chalukya</a> style Architecture of temples</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stepped floorplan of Dattatreya Temple (one side of the shrine) with five projections at Chattarki in Gulbarga district, 12th century CE"><img alt="Stepped floorplan of Dattatreya Temple (one side of the shrine) with five projections at Chattarki in Gulbarga district, 12th century CE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg/200px-Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg/300px-Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/d6/Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg/400px-Stepped_Diamond_floorplan_of_Dattatreya_Temple_at_Chattarki_in_Gulbarga_district.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="195" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture#Kalyani_region" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Stepped floorplan</a> of Dattatreya Temple (one side of the shrine) with five projections at Chattarki in Gulbarga district, 12th century CE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_at_Kasivisvesvara_temple_in_Lakkundi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Shrine wall and superstructure in Kasivisvesvara temple at Lakkundi"><img alt="Shrine wall and superstructure in Kasivisvesvara temple at Lakkundi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Shrine_at_Kasivisvesvara_temple_in_Lakkundi.jpg/107px-Shrine_at_Kasivisvesvara_temple_in_Lakkundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="107" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Shrine_at_Kasivisvesvara_temple_in_Lakkundi.jpg/161px-Shrine_at_Kasivisvesvara_temple_in_Lakkundi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Shrine_at_Kasivisvesvara_temple_in_Lakkundi.jpg/214px-Shrine_at_Kasivisvesvara_temple_in_Lakkundi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="868" data-file-height="1312" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Shrine wall and superstructure in <a href="/wiki/Kasivisvesvara_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasivisvesvara Temple">Kasivisvesvara temple</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lakkundi" title="Lakkundi">Lakkundi</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ornate Gadag style pillars at Sarasvati Temple, Trikuteshwara temple complex at Gadag"><img alt="Ornate Gadag style pillars at Sarasvati Temple, Trikuteshwara temple complex at Gadag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG/108px-Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG" decoding="async" width="108" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG/162px-Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG/216px-Pillars_at_Sarasvati_Temple_in_Gadag.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1733" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ornate Gadag style pillars at Sarasvati Temple, <a href="/wiki/Trikuteshwara" class="mw-redirect" title="Trikuteshwara">Trikuteshwara</a> temple complex at <a href="/wiki/Gadag" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadag">Gadag</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 192px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Itagi_Mahadeva_temple.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Mahadeva Temple at Itagi, Koppal district in Karnataka, also called Devalaya Chakravarti,[94][95] 1112 CE, an example of dravida articulation with a nagara superstructure."><img alt="Mahadeva Temple at Itagi, Koppal district in Karnataka, also called Devalaya Chakravarti,[94][95] 1112 CE, an example of dravida articulation with a nagara superstructure." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Itagi_Mahadeva_temple.JPG/200px-Itagi_Mahadeva_temple.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Itagi_Mahadeva_temple.JPG/300px-Itagi_Mahadeva_temple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Itagi_Mahadeva_temple.JPG/400px-Itagi_Mahadeva_temple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="/wiki/Mahadeva_Temple,_Itagi#Details" title="Mahadeva Temple, Itagi">Mahadeva Temple</a> at Itagi, Koppal district in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a>, also called <i>Devalaya Chakravarti</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-deva_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deva-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fine_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fine-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1112 CE, an example of <i>dravida</i> articulation with a <i>nagara</i> superstructure.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Kalinga_architecture">Kalinga architecture</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Kalinga architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Kalinga_architecture" title="Kalinga architecture">Kalinga architecture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:306px;max-width:306px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">The three types of <a href="/wiki/Deula" title="Deula">Deulas</a></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:122px;max-width:122px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A1gara_sikhara_fel%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9se.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/N%C3%A1gara_sikhara_fel%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9se.svg/120px-N%C3%A1gara_sikhara_fel%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9se.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/N%C3%A1gara_sikhara_fel%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9se.svg/180px-N%C3%A1gara_sikhara_fel%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9se.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/N%C3%A1gara_sikhara_fel%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9se.svg/240px-N%C3%A1gara_sikhara_fel%C3%A9p%C3%ADt%C3%A9se.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="767" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Rekha and Pidha Deula of the <a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:180px;max-width:180px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vaitala_Mandira.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vaitala_Mandira.jpg/178px-Vaitala_Mandira.jpg" decoding="async" width="178" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vaitala_Mandira.jpg/267px-Vaitala_Mandira.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Vaitala_Mandira.jpg/356px-Vaitala_Mandira.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Khakhara Deula of the <a href="/wiki/Vaital_Deula" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaital Deula">Vaital Deula</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Special:EditPage/Hindu temple architecture">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The design which flourished in eastern Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Odisha" title="Odisha">Odisha</a> and Northern Andhra Pradesh are called Kalinga style of architecture. The style consists of three distinct type of temples namely <i>Rekha Deula</i>, <i>Pidha Deula</i> and <i>Khakhara Deula</i>. <a href="/wiki/Deula" title="Deula">Deula</a> means "temple" in the <a href="/wiki/Odia_language" title="Odia language">Odia language</a>. The former two are associated with <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a> temple while the third is mainly with <a href="/wiki/Chamunda" title="Chamunda">Chamunda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> temples. The Rekha deula and Khakhara deula houses the sanctum sanctorum while the Pidha Deula constitutes outer dancing and offering halls. </p><p>The prominent examples of Rekha Deula are <a href="/wiki/Lingaraja_Temple" title="Lingaraja Temple">Lingaraja Temple</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bhubaneswar" title="Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jagannath_Temple,_Puri" title="Jagannath Temple, Puri">Jagannath Temple of Puri</a>. One of the prominent example of Khakhara Deula is <a href="/wiki/Vaital_Deula" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaital Deula">Vaital Deula</a>. The Mukhasala structure that remains of the <a href="/wiki/Konark_Sun_Temple" title="Konark Sun Temple">Konark Sun Temple</a> is an example of Pidha Deula. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Navlakha_arial_view_02_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Navlakha_arial_view_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Navlakha_arial_view_02_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Navlakha_arial_view_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Navlakha_arial_view_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Navlakha_arial_view_02_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Navlakha_arial_view_02_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="1203" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Navlakha_Temple,_Ghumli" class="mw-redirect" title="Navlakha Temple, Ghumli">Navlakha Temple, Ghumli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a>, 12th century</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Māru-Gurjara_architecture"><span id="M.C4.81ru-Gurjara_architecture"></span>Māru-Gurjara architecture</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Māru-Gurjara architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ru-Gurjara_architecture" title="Māru-Gurjara architecture">Māru-Gurjara architecture</a>, or Solaṅkī style,<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a style of north Indian temple architecture that originated in <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> from the 11th to 13th centuries, under the <a href="/wiki/Chaulukya_dynasty" title="Chaulukya dynasty">Chaulukya dynasty</a> (or Solaṅkī dynasty).<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although originating as a regional style in Hindu temple architecture, it became especially popular in <a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Jain temples</a> and, mainly under <a href="/wiki/Jain" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain">Jain</a> patronage, later spread across India and to <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> communities around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegewald_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegewald-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the exteriors, the style is distinguished from other north Indian temple styles of the period in "that the external walls of the temples have been structured by increasing numbers of projections and recesses, accommodating sharply carved statues in niches. These are normally positioned in superimposed registers, above the lower bands of moldings. The latter display continuous lines of horse riders, elephants, and <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABrttimukha" class="mw-redirect" title="Kīrttimukha">kīrttimukhas</a>. Hardly any segment of the surface is left unadorned." The main <a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">shikhara</a> tower usually has many <i><a href="/wiki/Urushringa" title="Urushringa">urushringa</a></i> subsidiary spirelets on it, and two smaller side-entrances with porches are common in larger temples.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegewald_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegewald-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BAPS_Houston_Aarti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BAPS_Houston_Aarti.jpg/220px-BAPS_Houston_Aarti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BAPS_Houston_Aarti.jpg/330px-BAPS_Houston_Aarti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/BAPS_Houston_Aarti.jpg/440px-BAPS_Houston_Aarti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Devotions in the <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a> <a href="/wiki/BAPS_Shri_Swaminarayan_Mandir_Houston" title="BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston">temple in Houston, Texas</a> (2004)</figcaption></figure> <p>Interiors are if anything even more lavishly decorated, with elaborate carving on most surfaces. In particular, Jain temples often have small low domes carved on the inside with a highly intricate rosette design. Another distinctive feature is "flying" arch-like elements between pillars, touching the horizontal beam above in the centre, and elaborately carved. These have no structural function, and are purely decorative. The style developed large pillared halls, many open at the sides, with Jain temples often having one closed and two pillared halls in sequence on the main axis leading to the shrine.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The style mostly fell from use in Hindu temples in its original regions by the 13th century, especially as the area had fallen to the Muslim <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi Sultanate</a> by 1298. But, unusually for an Indian temple style, it continued to be used by Jains there and elsewhere, with a notable "revival" in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then it has continued in use in Jain and some Hindu temples, and from the late 20th century has spread to temples built outside India by both the Jain diaspora and Hindus. Some buildings mix Māru-Gurjara elements with those of local temple styles and modern international ones. Generally, where there is elaborate carving, often still done by craftsmen from Gujarat or Rajasthan, this has more ornamental and decorative work than small figures. In particular the style is used in India and abroad by the <a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a> sect. Sometimes the Māru-Gurjara influence is limited to the "flying arches" and mandapa ceiling rosettes, and a preference for white marble.<sup id="cite_ref-Hegewald_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hegewald-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nepal">Nepal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Nepal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Newar_architecture">Newar architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Newar architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This style is one of the oldest styles of temples on the Asian continent and derives its shape from Himalayan fir trees. The ground floor is typically the residence of the deity, either Hindu or Buddhist, while the upper floors are used as storage for religious items. There is <i>gajura</i> at the top which is the combination of a lotus base, an upside-down vase, a triangle and a kalasha. The pagoda style flourished in Nepal from the beginning of the 13th century. The temples of Pashupatinath, Changunarayan, Chandeshwori and Banepa are excellent examples of ancient architecture in the pagoda style. The Malla period produced various pagoda-style temples and palaces such as Nayatapola, Dattatraya of Bhaktapur, Kasthamandap of Kathmandu, Taleju Temple, Vajrabarahi, Vajrayogini.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asia_as_part_of_Greater_India">Southeast Asia as part of Greater India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia as part of Greater India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India#inf" title="Architecture of India">Influence of Indian architecture on other nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianization of Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indosphere" title="Indosphere">Indosphere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indomania" title="Indomania">Indomania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia</a></div> <p>Architecture of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_influence_on_Southeast_Asia" title="History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia">southeast nations was inspired</a> by the Indian temple architecture,<sup id="cite_ref-Brit_88-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brit-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Unesco_89-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unesco-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as those were <a href="/wiki/Indianization_of_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianization of Southeast Asia">Indianised</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Champa_architecture">Champa architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Champa architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Art_of_Champa#Temples_of_brick" title="Art of Champa">Champa architecture</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Th%C3%A1p_Po_Klaung_Garai,_Phan_Rang,_Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Th%C3%A1p_Po_Klaung_Garai%2C_Phan_Rang%2C_Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn.JPG/280px-Th%C3%A1p_Po_Klaung_Garai%2C_Phan_Rang%2C_Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Th%C3%A1p_Po_Klaung_Garai%2C_Phan_Rang%2C_Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn.JPG/420px-Th%C3%A1p_Po_Klaung_Garai%2C_Phan_Rang%2C_Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Th%C3%A1p_Po_Klaung_Garai%2C_Phan_Rang%2C_Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn.JPG/560px-Th%C3%A1p_Po_Klaung_Garai%2C_Phan_Rang%2C_Ninh_Thu%E1%BA%ADn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>The profile of the 13th-century <a href="/wiki/Po_Klong_Garai_Temple" title="Po Klong Garai Temple">Po Klong Garai Temple</a> near <a href="/wiki/Phan_Rang" class="mw-redirect" title="Phan Rang">Phan Rang</a> includes all the buildings typical of a Cham temple. From left to right one can see the <i>gopura</i>, the saddle-shaped <i>kosagrha</i>, and <i>mandapa</i> attached to the <i>kalan</i> tower.</figcaption></figure> <p>Between the 6th and the 16th century, the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> flourished in present-day central and southern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>. Unlike the Javanese that mostly used volcanic <a href="/wiki/Andesite" title="Andesite">andesite</a> stone for their temples, and <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> which mostly employed grey <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstones</a> to construct their religious buildings, the <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a> built their temples from reddish <a href="/wiki/Brick" title="Brick">bricks</a>. The most important remaining sites of Cham bricks temple architecture include <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n" title="Mỹ Sơn">Mỹ Sơn</a> near <a href="/wiki/Da_Nang" title="Da Nang">Da Nang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Po_Nagar" title="Po Nagar">Po Nagar</a> near <a href="/wiki/Nha_Trang" title="Nha Trang">Nha Trang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Po_Klong_Garai" title="Po Klong Garai">Po Klong Garai</a> near Phan Rang.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Typically, a Cham temple complex consisted of several different kinds of buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are <i>kalan</i>, a brick sanctuary, typically in the form of a tower with <i>garbahgriha</i> used to host the murti of deity. A <i>mandapa</i> is an entry hallway connected with a sanctuary. A <i>kosagrha</i> or "fire-house" is a temple construction typically with a saddle-shaped roof, used to house the valuables belonging to the deity or to cook for the deity. The <i>gopura</i> was a gate-tower leading into a walled temple complex. These building types are typical for Hindu temples in general; the classification is valid not only for the architecture of Champa, but also for other architectural traditions of <a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">Greater India</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesian_architecture">Indonesian architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indonesian architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian architecture">Indonesian architecture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">Balinese temple</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader" style="text-align:center">Prambanan, an example of Indonesian temple architecture</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:238px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg/172px-Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg/258px-Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg/344px-Shiva_Temple_of_Prambanan_in_Java_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="3700" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:238px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prambanan_Cross_Section_Shiva.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prambanan_Cross_Section_Shiva.svg/212px-Prambanan_Cross_Section_Shiva.svg.png" decoding="async" width="212" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prambanan_Cross_Section_Shiva.svg/318px-Prambanan_Cross_Section_Shiva.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Prambanan_Cross_Section_Shiva.svg/424px-Prambanan_Cross_Section_Shiva.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="487" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prambanan_Temple_Compound_Map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prambanan_Temple_Compound_Map_en.svg/196px-Prambanan_Temple_Compound_Map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="196" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prambanan_Temple_Compound_Map_en.svg/294px-Prambanan_Temple_Compound_Map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Prambanan_Temple_Compound_Map_en.svg/392px-Prambanan_Temple_Compound_Map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="557" data-file-height="578" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:203px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prambanan_Plain_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Prambanan_Plain_en.svg/188px-Prambanan_Plain_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Prambanan_Plain_en.svg/282px-Prambanan_Plain_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Prambanan_Plain_en.svg/376px-Prambanan_Plain_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> temple (Shivagrha) of Central Java, an example of the 9th century Indonesian Javanese Hindu temple architecture with mandala layout and prasad tower crowned with stylized ratna-vajra.</div></div></div></div> <p>Temples are called <i><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">candi</a></i> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="id-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA/Malay">[ˈtʃandi]</a></span>) in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, whether it is Buddhist or Hindu. A candi refers to a structure based on the Indian type of single-celled shrine, with a pyramidal tower above it (<a href="/wiki/Meru_tower" title="Meru tower">Meru tower</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>), and a portico for entrance,<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly built between the 7th to 15th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Hindu <a href="/wiki/Balinese_architecture" title="Balinese architecture">Balinese architecture</a>, a <i>candi</i> shrine can be found within a <i><a href="/wiki/Balinese_temple" title="Balinese temple">pura</a></i> compound. The best example of Indonesian Javanese Hindu temple architecture is the 9th century <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a> (Shivagrha) temple compound, located in Central Java, near <a href="/wiki/Yogyakarta" title="Yogyakarta">Yogyakarta</a>. This largest Hindu temple in Indonesia has three main prasad towers, dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> gods. Shiva temple, the largest main temple is towering to 47 metre-high (154 ft). </p><p>The term "candi" itself is believed was derived from <i><a href="/wiki/Chandi" title="Chandi">Candika</a></i>, one of the manifestations of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a> as the goddess of death.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>candi</i> architecture follows the typical Hindu architecture traditions based on <a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a>. The temple layout, especially in central Java period, incorporated <a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">mandala</a> temple plan arrangements and also the typical high towering spires of Hindu temples. The candi was designed to mimic <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Meru (mythology)">Meru</a>, the holy mountain the abode of gods. The whole temple is a model of Hindu universe according to <a href="/wiki/Hindu_cosmology" title="Hindu cosmology">Hindu cosmology</a> and the layers of <a href="/wiki/Loka" title="Loka">Loka</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SEDYAWATIp4_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEDYAWATIp4-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>candi</i> structure and layout recognize the hierarchy of the zones, spanned from the less holy to the holiest realms. The Indic tradition of Hindu-Buddhist architecture recognize the concept of arranging elements in three parts or three elements. Subsequently, the design, plan and layout of the temple follows the rule of space allocation within three elements; commonly identified as foot (base), body (centre), and head (roof). They are <a href="/wiki/Bhuloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuloka">Bhurloka</a> represented by the outer courtyard and the foot (base) part of each temples, <a href="/wiki/Bhuvarloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhuvarloka">Bhuvarloka</a> represented by the middle courtyard and the body of each temples, and <a href="/wiki/Svarloka" class="mw-redirect" title="Svarloka">Svarloka</a> which symbolized by the roof of Hindu structure usually crowned with <i><a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">ratna</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">sanskrit</a>: jewel) or <a href="/wiki/Vajra" title="Vajra">vajra</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khmer_architecture">Khmer architecture</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Khmer architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Khmer_architecture" title="Khmer architecture">Khmer architecture</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Angkor_Wat_M3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Angkor_Wat_M3.png/200px-Angkor_Wat_M3.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Angkor_Wat_M3.png/300px-Angkor_Wat_M3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Angkor_Wat_M3.png/400px-Angkor_Wat_M3.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="577" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">A diagram map of <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a> reveal the concentric square galleries. On the right is an aerial view of the central structure of Angkor Wat, in front of it lies the cruciform terrace.</div></div></div></div> <p>Before the 14th century, the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a> flourished in present-day <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> with its influence extended to most of mainland Southeast Asia. Its great capital, <a href="/wiki/Angkor" title="Angkor">Angkor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khmer_language" title="Khmer language">Khmer</a>: <span lang="km">អង្គរ</span>, "Capital City", derived from Sanskrit "nagara"), contains some of the most important and the most magnificent example of Khmer temple architecture. The classic style of Angkorian temple is demonstrated by the 12th century <a href="/wiki/Angkor_Wat" title="Angkor Wat">Angkor Wat</a>. Angkorian builders mainly used <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laterite" title="Laterite">laterite</a> as temple building materials. </p><p>The main superstructure of typical Khmer temple is a towering <i>prasat</i> called <i><a href="/wiki/Prang_(architecture)" title="Prang (architecture)">prang</a></i> which houses the <i>garbhagriha</i> inner chamber, where the <i>murti</i> of Vishnu or Shiva, or a <i>lingam</i> resides. Khmer temples were typically enclosed by a concentric series of walls, with the central sanctuary in the middle; this arrangement represented the mountain ranges surrounding <a href="/wiki/Mount_Meru" title="Mount Meru">Mount Meru</a>, the mythical home of the gods. Enclosures are the spaces between these walls, and between the innermost wall and the temple itself. The walls defining the enclosures of Khmer temples are frequently lined by galleries, while passage through the walls is by way of gopuras located at the cardinal points. The main entrance usually adorned with elevated causeway with cruciform terrace.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Glossary">Glossary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Glossary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hindu texts on temple architecture have an extensive terminology. Most terms have several different names in the various Indian languages used in different regions of India, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Sanscrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanscrit">Sanscrit</a> names used in ancient texts. A few of the more common terms are tabulated below, mostly in their Sanscrit/Hindi forms:<sup id="cite_ref-carthage_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carthage-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th width="120px" style="background: #ffad66;">Term </th> <th>Explanation </th> <th>Synonyms or Similar </th> <th>Illustrative Hindu text<br />mention / design rules </th> <th>Reference </th> <th class="unsortable">Image </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagati_(temple)" title="Jagati (temple)">Adhisthana</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stylobate" title="Stylobate">stylobate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plinth" class="mw-redirect" title="Plinth">plinth</a>, base typically with mouldings on the side, on which a temple building or pillar stands </td> <td>Athavaksham, Pista, Pitha </td> <td><i>Manasara</i> XIV, <i>Kamikagama</i> 35, <i>Suprabhedagama</i> 31 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple,_architectural_element_adhisthana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple%2C_architectural_element_adhisthana.jpg/100px-Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple%2C_architectural_element_adhisthana.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple%2C_architectural_element_adhisthana.jpg/150px-Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple%2C_architectural_element_adhisthana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple%2C_architectural_element_adhisthana.jpg/200px-Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple%2C_architectural_element_adhisthana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amalaka" title="Amalaka">Amalaka</a> </td> <td>a crowning ornament on the top of shikara, shape of an Indian <i><a href="/wiki/Phyllanthus_emblica" title="Phyllanthus emblica">amalok</a></i> fruit that looks like a <a href="/wiki/Gear" title="Gear">cogged</a> wheel. The amalaka supports the <i>kalasha</i>. </td> <td> </td> <td><i>Mayamata śilpaśāstra</i> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014283_112-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014283-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:8th_century_Galaganatha_temple_Amalaka,_Pattadakal_monuments_Karnataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/8th_century_Galaganatha_temple_Amalaka%2C_Pattadakal_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/100px-8th_century_Galaganatha_temple_Amalaka%2C_Pattadakal_monuments_Karnataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/8th_century_Galaganatha_temple_Amalaka%2C_Pattadakal_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/150px-8th_century_Galaganatha_temple_Amalaka%2C_Pattadakal_monuments_Karnataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/8th_century_Galaganatha_temple_Amalaka%2C_Pattadakal_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/200px-8th_century_Galaganatha_temple_Amalaka%2C_Pattadakal_monuments_Karnataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2698" data-file-height="3337" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antarala" title="Antarala">Antarala</a> </td> <td>lit. interior space of any building; in temples, it is the intermediate space (vestibule, antechamber) between the sanctum and space where pilgrims gather </td> <td>Sukhanasi </td> <td><i>Manasara</i> XV, XXIII; <i>Kamikagama</i> XXXV </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014283_112-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014283-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum,_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg/100px-A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg/150px-A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg/200px-A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="448" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ardhamandapa" title="Ardhamandapa">Ardhamandapa</a> </td> <td>half hall at each entrance, usually the reception area that connects to the mandapa </td> <td> </td> <td><i>Manasara</i> XIV, <i>Kamikagama</i> 35, <i>Suprabhedagama</i> 31 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Ardhamandapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Ardhamandapa.jpg/100px-Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Ardhamandapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Ardhamandapa.jpg/150px-Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Ardhamandapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Ardhamandapa.jpg/200px-Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Ardhamandapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ayatana </td> <td>assembly hall, grounds inside a temple or monastery compound </td> <td> </td> <td><i>Agni Purana</i> XLIII, <i>Matsya Purana</i> CCLXX, <i>Chandogya Upanishad</i> 6.8.2 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201059–60_113-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201059–60-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bhadra </td> <td>a projection often aligned to one of the cardinal directions; typically of central part of walls; decoration or a projected porch for pilgrims; also may be a tower storey projection </td> <td> </td> <td><i>Manasara</i> XXX-XXXIV </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dvarapala" title="Dvarapala">Dvarapala</a> </td> <td>a gate guardian often portrayed as a warrior or fearsome giant </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gana" title="Gana">Gana</a> </td> <td>a mythical dwarf or goblin usually with a protruded belly and with humorous expression </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995388_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995388-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gana,_dwarfs_goblins_in_Indian_temple_architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gana%2C_dwarfs_goblins_in_Indian_temple_architecture.jpg/100px-Gana%2C_dwarfs_goblins_in_Indian_temple_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gana%2C_dwarfs_goblins_in_Indian_temple_architecture.jpg/150px-Gana%2C_dwarfs_goblins_in_Indian_temple_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Gana%2C_dwarfs_goblins_in_Indian_temple_architecture.jpg/200px-Gana%2C_dwarfs_goblins_in_Indian_temple_architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">Garbhagriha</a> </td> <td>The womb-house, adytum, <a href="/wiki/Sanctum_sanctorum" title="Sanctum sanctorum">sanctum sanctorum</a>; it is the loci of the temple and the <i><a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">darshana</a></i>, the spiritual space that Hindus circumambulate clockwise about. This is where the main <i><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a></i> image is placed. Usually the space is very plain, with no distractions from the murti, which is rich in symbolism. A large temple may have many shrines, each with a garbhagriya. </td> <td>Garbha-griya, Garbha-geha, Sibika, Garbha, Mula-sthana </td> <td><i>Brihat Samhita</i> LXI </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-carthage_110-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-carthage-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:108px;max-width:108px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:47px;max-width:47px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:7th_-_8th_century_Shiva_linga_at_the_Sangameswara_temple,_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/7th_-_8th_century_Shiva_linga_at_the_Sangameswara_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/45px-7th_-_8th_century_Shiva_linga_at_the_Sangameswara_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/7th_-_8th_century_Shiva_linga_at_the_Sangameswara_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/68px-7th_-_8th_century_Shiva_linga_at_the_Sangameswara_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/7th_-_8th_century_Shiva_linga_at_the_Sangameswara_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg/90px-7th_-_8th_century_Shiva_linga_at_the_Sangameswara_temple%2C_Pattadakal_Hindu_monuments_Karnataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="3945" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:57px;max-width:57px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum,_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg/55px-A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg/83px-A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg/110px-A_schematic_of_a_simple_Hindu_temple_showing_the_sanctum%2C_antarala_and_mandapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="448" /></a></span></div></div></div></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gavaksha" title="Gavaksha">Gavaksha</a> </td> <td>one of the arch motifs; it is horseshoe-shaped, found with windows or for decorating spires, pillars and other elements </td> <td>Gavaksa, kudu </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201473-80_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201473-80-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell200039–44_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell200039–44-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Architectural_Slab_with_Gavaksha_Relief_with_Female_Face_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Govind_Dev_Mandir_-_Vrindaban_-_ACCN_51-3607_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5491.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Architectural_Slab_with_Gavaksha_Relief_with_Female_Face_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Govind_Dev_Mandir_-_Vrindaban_-_ACCN_51-3607_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5491.JPG/100px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Architectural_Slab_with_Gavaksha_Relief_with_Female_Face_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Govind_Dev_Mandir_-_Vrindaban_-_ACCN_51-3607_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5491.JPG/150px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Architectural_Slab_with_Gavaksha_Relief_with_Female_Face_-_Circa_5th_Century_CE_-_Govind_Dev_Mandir_-_Vrindaban_-_ACCN_51-3607_-_Government_Museum_-_Mathura_2013-02-23_5491.JPG/200px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Gopuram" title="Gopuram">Gopuram</a> </td> <td>a gateway at entrance or one that connects two sacred spaces of the temple; becomes very large in South Indian temples, which may have several; it has roots in ancient Indian monasteries and the Vedic word <i>gomatipur</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010157_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010157-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Gopura, Dvara attalaka </td> <td><i>Agni Purana</i> XLII, <i>Manasara</i> XI, XXXIII verses 1–601, LVIII </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014284_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014284-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010157–161_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010157–161-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mannargudi_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mannargudi_temple.jpg/120px-Mannargudi_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mannargudi_temple.jpg/180px-Mannargudi_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Mannargudi_temple.jpg/240px-Mannargudi_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="462" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hara </td> <td>neck ornament such as necklace </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005147_120-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005147-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pillar_in_Ellora_Caves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pillar_in_Ellora_Caves.jpg/100px-Pillar_in_Ellora_Caves.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pillar_in_Ellora_Caves.jpg/150px-Pillar_in_Ellora_Caves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pillar_in_Ellora_Caves.jpg/200px-Pillar_in_Ellora_Caves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="960" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jali" title="Jali">Jala</a> </td> <td>a trellis, stone grille, net, first seen in 6th-century temples </td> <td>Jali, Indra koshtha </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201068,_190_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201068,_190-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jala_stone_trellis_windows_Indian_architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jala_stone_trellis_windows_Indian_architecture.jpg/100px-Jala_stone_trellis_windows_Indian_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jala_stone_trellis_windows_Indian_architecture.jpg/150px-Jala_stone_trellis_windows_Indian_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Jala_stone_trellis_windows_Indian_architecture.jpg/200px-Jala_stone_trellis_windows_Indian_architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2256" data-file-height="1504" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jagati_(temple)" title="Jagati (temple)">Jagati</a> </td> <td>any moulded base or pedestal for the temple or a statue that extends out, part of platform that forms a terrace to stand on or circumambulate around on, while reading the reliefs and friezes </td> <td>Jagata, Pithika, Jagati-pitha, Kati, Vasudha </td> <td><i>Samarangana-sutradhara</i> LXVIII, <i>Agni Purana</i> XLII, <i>Suprabhedagama</i> 31.19 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStella_Kramrisch1976145_with_footnote_44_122-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStella_Kramrisch1976145_with_footnote_44-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jagati_of_the_Chennakeshava_temple_Somanathapura.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jagati_of_the_Chennakeshava_temple_Somanathapura.jpg/100px-Jagati_of_the_Chennakeshava_temple_Somanathapura.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jagati_of_the_Chennakeshava_temple_Somanathapura.jpg/150px-Jagati_of_the_Chennakeshava_temple_Somanathapura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Jagati_of_the_Chennakeshava_temple_Somanathapura.jpg/200px-Jagati_of_the_Chennakeshava_temple_Somanathapura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="2432" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalasha" title="Kalasha">Kalasha</a> </td> <td>the pinnacle element of a temple, a vase finial, cupola or pitcher </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kalasam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalasam">Kalasam</a>, Stupi, Kumuda </td> <td><i>Agni Purana</i> CIV, <i>Kamikagama</i> 55 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995388_114-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995388-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010108–109_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010108–109-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalasa_architectural_element_in_Indian_temples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kalasa_architectural_element_in_Indian_temples.jpg/100px-Kalasa_architectural_element_in_Indian_temples.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kalasa_architectural_element_in_Indian_temples.jpg/150px-Kalasa_architectural_element_in_Indian_temples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Kalasa_architectural_element_in_Indian_temples.jpg/200px-Kalasa_architectural_element_in_Indian_temples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4448" data-file-height="3608" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kunda </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">temple tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stepwell" title="Stepwell">stepwell</a>, pool, usually with steps, public utility for taking a dip; often connected to a nearby river or mountain stream </td> <td>Pushkarani, Sara, Sagar, Tadaga, Udapana, Var, Vapi </td> <td><i>Garuda Purana</i> XLVI, <i>Mahanirvana tantra</i> XIII </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201074,_162,_192,_312,_454_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201074,_162,_192,_312,_454-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiruvannamalai_Temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tiruvannamalai_Temple.jpg/100px-Tiruvannamalai_Temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tiruvannamalai_Temple.jpg/150px-Tiruvannamalai_Temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Tiruvannamalai_Temple.jpg/200px-Tiruvannamalai_Temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2027" data-file-height="1520" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lata </td> <td>liana, creeper-style plant, vine, one type of scroll work; also found on shikhara </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005151_125-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005151-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Makara_(Hindu_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makara (Hindu mythology)">Makara</a> </td> <td>a mythical fusion sea creature with fish-crocodile like face, trunk or snout, legs sometimes with lion claws and a tail; vahana of <a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>Suprabhedagama</i> 31.68-72 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010219,_389_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010219,_389-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1847_drawing_by_Kittoe,_Makara,_Elephant,_Buddhist_Bodhgaya_Mahabodhi_temple_complex,_Bihar_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1847_drawing_by_Kittoe%2C_Makara%2C_Elephant%2C_Buddhist_Bodhgaya_Mahabodhi_temple_complex%2C_Bihar_05.jpg/100px-1847_drawing_by_Kittoe%2C_Makara%2C_Elephant%2C_Buddhist_Bodhgaya_Mahabodhi_temple_complex%2C_Bihar_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1847_drawing_by_Kittoe%2C_Makara%2C_Elephant%2C_Buddhist_Bodhgaya_Mahabodhi_temple_complex%2C_Bihar_05.jpg/150px-1847_drawing_by_Kittoe%2C_Makara%2C_Elephant%2C_Buddhist_Bodhgaya_Mahabodhi_temple_complex%2C_Bihar_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/1847_drawing_by_Kittoe%2C_Makara%2C_Elephant%2C_Buddhist_Bodhgaya_Mahabodhi_temple_complex%2C_Bihar_05.jpg/200px-1847_drawing_by_Kittoe%2C_Makara%2C_Elephant%2C_Buddhist_Bodhgaya_Mahabodhi_temple_complex%2C_Bihar_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="671" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mandapa" title="Mandapa">Mandapa</a> </td> <td>pillared hall or pavilion, with pillars usually carved; a mandapa is typically square, rectangle, octagonal or circular; it may have walls with perforated stone windows, it may just be open on some or all sides. Large temples may have many interconnected mandapas. It is a gathering place, a place for pilgrims to rest (choultry), a part of the circumambulation space, or to wait during prayers or <a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskara (rite of passage)</a> rituals. A mandapa may have a tower (shikhara) of its own, but it is lower than that above the sanctum. </td> <td>Mandapam, Mantapa, Jagamohan </td> <td><i>Manasara</i> XXXII-XXXIV, <i>Kamikagama</i> 50, <i>Brihat samhita</i>, <i>Vishnu Purana</i> 6.124-136 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995389_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995389-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014284_118-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014284-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010468–489,_513_128-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010468–489,_513-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mandapa_architectural_element_of_Hindu_temples.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mandapa_architectural_element_of_Hindu_temples.jpg/100px-Mandapa_architectural_element_of_Hindu_temples.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mandapa_architectural_element_of_Hindu_temples.jpg/150px-Mandapa_architectural_element_of_Hindu_temples.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mandapa_architectural_element_of_Hindu_temples.jpg/200px-Mandapa_architectural_element_of_Hindu_temples.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3027" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mulaprasada </td> <td>main shrine in a temple complex </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995389_127-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995389-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nisha </td> <td>niche on temple walls or in pillars for sculptures or stele </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005154_129-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005154-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nyasa </td> <td>the art of arranging images and friezes to create a narrative or composition, in some texts it refers to relative placement of images within a panel to summarize a Hindu legend or fable; also a form a ritual. </td> <td> </td> <td><i>Vastusutra Upanishad</i> VI </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005154_129-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005154-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prakara" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakara">Prakara</a> </td> <td>wall that separates an inner zone of temple ground from an outer zone; typically concentric, defensive and fortified, a feature added after the wars and plunders starting in the 14th-century </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014285_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014285-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Starza1993p20_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Starza1993p20-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prakara_walls,_Dravidian_style_courtyards,_Indian_architecture,_1915_sketch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Prakara_walls%2C_Dravidian_style_courtyards%2C_Indian_architecture%2C_1915_sketch.png/100px-Prakara_walls%2C_Dravidian_style_courtyards%2C_Indian_architecture%2C_1915_sketch.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Prakara_walls%2C_Dravidian_style_courtyards%2C_Indian_architecture%2C_1915_sketch.png/150px-Prakara_walls%2C_Dravidian_style_courtyards%2C_Indian_architecture%2C_1915_sketch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Prakara_walls%2C_Dravidian_style_courtyards%2C_Indian_architecture%2C_1915_sketch.png/200px-Prakara_walls%2C_Dravidian_style_courtyards%2C_Indian_architecture%2C_1915_sketch.png 2x" data-file-width="1044" data-file-height="770" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prastara" title="Prastara">Prastara</a> </td> <td>entablature, horizontal superstructure of bands and moldings above column capitals, sometimes functions as a parapet of a storey </td> <td>Chaiva, gopanam, kapotam, mancham </td> <td><i>Manasara</i> XVI; <i>Kamikagama</i> LIV </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy199582,_390_133-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy199582,_390-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014112,_126–130,_149–152,_280_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014112,_126–130,_149–152,_280-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010328–336_135-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010328–336-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1834_sketch_of_prastaras,_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg/100px-1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg/150px-1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg/200px-1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="2063" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ratha_(architecture)" title="Ratha (architecture)">Ratha</a> </td> <td>a facet or vertical offset projection on the plan of the sanctum and <a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">shikhara</a> above, or other structure. It is generally carried up from the bottom of the temple to the superstructure. A <a href="/wiki/Ratha" title="Ratha">ratha</a>, meaning cart, is also the temple chariot used for processing the murti at festivals, and a "ratha temple" is one designed to resemble a cart, with wheels on the sides, and often horses. The most famous example is the <a href="/wiki/Sun_Temple,_Konarak" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun Temple, Konarak">Sun Temple, Konarak</a>. </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sala </td> <td>Round barrel-roofed, wagon-roofed pavilion; rooted in the thatched roofed stall for people or cattle tradition, then other materials of construction; any mansion or griha; a pilgrim services building with mandapas or pillared veranda or both inside the temple complex, Hindu texts describe multi-storey Sala; in south, sala are structures used as a decorative motif, or an actual roof, as at the top of gopurams; rooted in ancient thatched roof styles. </td> <td>Chala </td> <td><i>Manasara</i> XXXV verses 1-404 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010484–489_138-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010484–489-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahabalipuram_-_Mamallapuram_stone_carvings_(15).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mahabalipuram_-_Mamallapuram_stone_carvings_%2815%29.jpg/100px-Mahabalipuram_-_Mamallapuram_stone_carvings_%2815%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mahabalipuram_-_Mamallapuram_stone_carvings_%2815%29.jpg/150px-Mahabalipuram_-_Mamallapuram_stone_carvings_%2815%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Mahabalipuram_-_Mamallapuram_stone_carvings_%2815%29.jpg/200px-Mahabalipuram_-_Mamallapuram_stone_carvings_%2815%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">Shikhara</a>/<a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">Vimana</a> </td> <td>In North India, the tower above the sanctum (entire spire above mulaprasada); in South India, that top part of tower that is above the vimana </td> <td>Shikha, Shikhanta, Shikhamani, <a href="/wiki/Deul" class="mw-redirect" title="Deul">Deul</a> in East India, Garbhaka, Garbhamandira </td> <td><i>Brihat Samhita</i> LVI </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995390_139-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995390-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010490–491_140-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010490–491-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005158_141-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005158-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Sikhara.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Sikhara.jpg/100px-Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Sikhara.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Sikhara.jpg/150px-Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Sikhara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Sikhara.jpg/200px-Khajuraho_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple_Sikhara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Stambha" title="Stambha">Stambha</a> </td> <td>A pillar; it can be a load bearing element or an independent standing element with <i>diya</i> (lamps) and Hindu icons below, around and / or on top; the designs vary significantly by region, in Kerala Hindu temples they are at the entrance; on festive occasions the wick lamps are loaded with oil and lit up. </td> <td>Kambha, Dhvajastambha, Kodimaram </td> <td><i>Manasara</i> XV, <i>Kaśyapa śilpa śāstra</i> IX </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014148-149_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014148-149-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kodimaram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kodimaram.jpg/100px-Kodimaram.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kodimaram.jpg/150px-Kodimaram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Kodimaram.jpg/200px-Kodimaram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3386" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sukanasa" title="Sukanasa">Sukanasa</a> </td> <td>an external ornamented feature over the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Garbhagriha" title="Garbhagriha">garbhagriha</a> or inner shrine. It sits on the face of the <a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">shikhara</a> tower (in South India, the <a href="/wiki/Vimana_(architectural_feature)" title="Vimana (architectural feature)">vimana</a>) as a sort of <a href="/wiki/Antefix" title="Antefix">antefix</a>. Can refer to the <a href="/wiki/Antarala" title="Antarala">antarala</a> below as well. </td> <td>sukanasa-sika </td> <td><i>Agni Purana</i> XLII </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010495–496_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010495–496-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pattadakal_si1479.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pattadakal_si1479.jpg/100px-Pattadakal_si1479.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pattadakal_si1479.jpg/150px-Pattadakal_si1479.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Pattadakal_si1479.jpg/200px-Pattadakal_si1479.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tala_(Hindu_architecture)" title="Tala (Hindu architecture)">Tala</a> </td> <td>tier or storey of a shikhara, vimana or gopuram </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995390_139-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995390-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Torana" title="Torana">Torana</a> </td> <td>any arch or canopy motif, ornament or architectural member in temples and buildings; it also refers to an arched gateway </td> <td>Numerous terms, e.g. Gavaksha (from 'cow eye'-shaped) </td> <td><i>Garuda Purana</i> XLVII, <i>Manasara</i> XLVI verses 1-77 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010148–149_144-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010148–149-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Torana,_architectural_element_is_Indian_temples,_at_Bhubaneshwar_Odisha.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_Torana%2C_architectural_element_is_Indian_temples%2C_at_Bhubaneshwar_Odisha.jpg/100px-A_Torana%2C_architectural_element_is_Indian_temples%2C_at_Bhubaneshwar_Odisha.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_Torana%2C_architectural_element_is_Indian_temples%2C_at_Bhubaneshwar_Odisha.jpg/150px-A_Torana%2C_architectural_element_is_Indian_temples%2C_at_Bhubaneshwar_Odisha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/A_Torana%2C_architectural_element_is_Indian_temples%2C_at_Bhubaneshwar_Odisha.jpg/200px-A_Torana%2C_architectural_element_is_Indian_temples%2C_at_Bhubaneshwar_Odisha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Urushringa" title="Urushringa">Urushringa</a> </td> <td>subsidiary turret-like shikharas on the side of the main shikhara; the primary turret is called <i>shringa</i> </td> <td> </td> <td><i>Brihat Samhita</i> LVI, <i>Agni Purana</i> CIV </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010470–471_146-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010470–471-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kandariya_Mahadev,_Khajuraho.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kandariya_Mahadev%2C_Khajuraho.jpg/100px-Kandariya_Mahadev%2C_Khajuraho.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kandariya_Mahadev%2C_Khajuraho.jpg/150px-Kandariya_Mahadev%2C_Khajuraho.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Kandariya_Mahadev%2C_Khajuraho.jpg/200px-Kandariya_Mahadev%2C_Khajuraho.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture,_single_storey_gopura.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Single storey gopura (Dravidian architecture)"><img alt="Single storey gopura (Dravidian architecture)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_single_storey_gopura.jpg/154px-1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_single_storey_gopura.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_single_storey_gopura.jpg/231px-1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_single_storey_gopura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_single_storey_gopura.jpg/308px-1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_single_storey_gopura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="2016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Single storey gopura (Dravidian architecture)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture,_two_storey_gopura.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two storey gopura (Dravidian architecture)"><img alt="Two storey gopura (Dravidian architecture)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_two_storey_gopura.jpg/144px-1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_two_storey_gopura.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_two_storey_gopura.jpg/216px-1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_two_storey_gopura.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_two_storey_gopura.jpg/287px-1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_two_storey_gopura.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2120" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two storey gopura (Dravidian architecture)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1834_sketch_of_pillar_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture,_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pillar elements (shared by Nagara and Dravidian)"><img alt="Pillar elements (shared by Nagara and Dravidian)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1834_sketch_of_pillar_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_03.jpg/121px-1834_sketch_of_pillar_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1834_sketch_of_pillar_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_03.jpg/182px-1834_sketch_of_pillar_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/1834_sketch_of_pillar_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_03.jpg/242px-1834_sketch_of_pillar_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1242" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pillar elements (shared by Nagara and Dravidian)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1834_sketch_of_athisthana,_base_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Athisthana architectural elements of a Hindu temple"><img alt="Athisthana architectural elements of a Hindu temple" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1834_sketch_of_athisthana%2C_base_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg/123px-1834_sketch_of_athisthana%2C_base_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1834_sketch_of_athisthana%2C_base_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg/184px-1834_sketch_of_athisthana%2C_base_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/1834_sketch_of_athisthana%2C_base_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg/246px-1834_sketch_of_athisthana%2C_base_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="2192" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Athisthana architectural elements of a Hindu temple</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1834_sketch_of_prastaras,_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Entablature elements"><img alt="Entablature elements" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg/125px-1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg/187px-1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg/250px-1834_sketch_of_prastaras%2C_entablature_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="2063" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Entablature elements</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture,_four_storey_vimana.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A vimana with mandapam elements (Dravidian architecture)"><img alt="A vimana with mandapam elements (Dravidian architecture)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_four_storey_vimana.jpg/167px-1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_four_storey_vimana.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_four_storey_vimana.jpg/251px-1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_four_storey_vimana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_four_storey_vimana.jpg/335px-1834_sketch_of_elements_in_Hindu_temple_architecture%2C_four_storey_vimana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1618" data-file-height="1934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A vimana with mandapam elements (Dravidian architecture)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Temple_architecture_of_India" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Temple architecture of India">Temple architecture of India</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_tank" title="Temple tank">Temple tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_altars" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic altars">Vedic altars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian architecture">Indonesian architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi of Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_architecture" title="Rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock-cut_architecture" title="Indian rock-cut architecture">Indian rock-cut architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Cambodia#Angkorian_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Cambodia">Architecture of Angkor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemadpanthi" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemadpanthi">Hemadpanthi</a> architecture Style</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhvajastambha" title="Dhvajastambha">Dhvajastambha</a> (flagstaff)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard Salomon dates the earliest Cambodian Sanskrit inscriptions to the 5th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Salomon1998p155_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Salomon1998p155-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In rare cases, such as the Brihadishvara temple at Gangaikondacholapuram, the centre is outside the temple.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">These are the usual terms, but there are many variants or different ones in the many Indian languages, ancient and modern.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stellakvolume1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stellakvolume1_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stella_Kramrisch" title="Stella Kramrisch">Stella Kramrisch</a>, The Hindu Temple, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0222-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0222-3">978-81-208-0222-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198860–61-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198860–61_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Michell1988">George Michell 1988</a>, pp. 60–61.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jack Hebner (2010), Architecture of the Vastu Sastra - According to Sacred Science, in Science of the Sacred (Editor: David Osborn), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0557277247" title="Special:BookSources/978-0557277247">978-0557277247</a>, pp 85-92; N Lahiri (1996), Archaeological landscapes and textual images: a study of the sacred geography of late medieval Ballabgarh, World Archaeology, 28(2), pp 244-264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbdutt-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bbdutt_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BB Dutt (1925), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J3jEJFNxdy4C">Town planning in Ancient India</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-487-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8205-487-5">978-81-8205-487-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mmgeometry-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mmgeometry_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister1983" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Michael (1983). "Geometry and Measure in Indian Temple Plans: Rectangular Temples". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>44</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">266–</span>296. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3249613">10.2307/3249613</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3249613">3249613</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Geometry+and+Measure+in+Indian+Temple+Plans%3A+Rectangular+Temples&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E296&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3249613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3249613%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarle1994" class="citation book cs1">Harle, James Coffin (1994). <i>The art and architecture of the Indian subcontinent</i> (2nd ed.). New Haven London: Yale University Press. p. 201. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+and+architecture+of+the+Indian+subcontinent&rft.place=New+Haven+London&rft.pages=201&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06217-5&rft.aulast=Harle&rft.aufirst=James+Coffin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichell1990" class="citation book cs1">Michell, George (1990). <i>The Penguin guide to the monument of India</i>. The Penguin guide to the monument of India. London: Penguin book. pp. <span class="nowrap">228–</span>229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-008144-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-008144-2"><bdi>978-0-14-008144-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+guide+to+the+monument+of+India&rft.place=London&rft.series=The+Penguin+guide+to+the+monument+of+India&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E228-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.pub=Penguin+book&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-14-008144-2&rft.aulast=Michell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UesUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA41"><i>Approaches to Iconology</i></a>. Brill Archive. 1985. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07772-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-07772-0"><bdi>978-90-04-07772-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Approaches+to+Iconology&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-90-04-07772-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUesUAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhosh1967" class="citation book cs1">Ghosh, A. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3416858"><i>Indian Archaeology 1963-64, A Review</i></a>. ASI. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.3416858">10.5281/zenodo.3416858</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Archaeology+1963-64%2C+A+Review&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=ASI&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.3416858&rft.aulast=Ghosh&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3416858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArchaeological_Survey_Of_India1965" class="citation book cs1">Archaeological Survey Of India (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1442629"><i>Indian Archaeology -- A Review 1964-65</i></a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20, BSN-3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5281%2Fzenodo.1442629">10.5281/zenodo.1442629</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Archaeology+--+A+Review+1964-65&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E20%2C+BSN-3&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5281%2Fzenodo.1442629&rft.au=Archaeological+Survey+Of+India&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1442629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Julia (31 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA40"><i>Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD</i></a>. Left Coast Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-344-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-344-3"><bdi>978-1-61132-344-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Landscapes+in+Central+India%3A+Sanchi+Hill+and+Archaeologies+of+Religious+and+Social+Change%2C+C.+Third+Century+BC+to+Fifth+Century+AD&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013-08-31&rft.isbn=978-1-61132-344-3&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzkyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SVM-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SVM_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMishraRay2016" class="citation book cs1">Mishra, Susan Verma; Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CtDLDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA5"><i>The Archaeology of Sacred Spaces: The temple in western India, 2nd century BCE–8th century CE</i></a>. Routledge. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-19374-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-19374-6"><bdi>978-1-317-19374-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Sacred+Spaces%3A+The+temple+in+western+India%2C+2nd+century+BCE%E2%80%938th+century+CE&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-19374-6&rft.aulast=Mishra&rft.aufirst=Susan+Verma&rft.au=Ray%2C+Himanshu+Prabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCtDLDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRay2004" class="citation journal cs1">Ray, Himanshu Prabha (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4128336">"The Apsidal Shrine in Early Hinduism: Origins, Cultic Affiliation, Patronage"</a>. <i>World Archaeology</i>. <b>36</b> (3): 348. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0043824042000282786">10.1080/0043824042000282786</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0043-8243">0043-8243</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4128336">4128336</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161072766">161072766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Apsidal+Shrine+in+Early+Hinduism%3A+Origins%2C+Cultic+Affiliation%2C+Patronage&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=348&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0043-8243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161072766%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4128336%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0043824042000282786&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Himanshu+Prabha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4128336&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Julia (31 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA176"><i>Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD</i></a>. Left Coast Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">176–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-344-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-344-3"><bdi>978-1-61132-344-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Landscapes+in+Central+India%3A+Sanchi+Hill+and+Archaeologies+of+Religious+and+Social+Change%2C+C.+Third+Century+BC+to+Fifth+Century+AD&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E176-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013-08-31&rft.isbn=978-1-61132-344-3&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzkyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA176&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFN._Ramya2010" class="citation news cs1">N. Ramya (1 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/New-finds-of-old-temples-enthuse-archaeologists/articleshow/6242174.cms">"New finds of old temples enthuse archaeologists"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_India" title="The Times of India">The Times of India</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120915014729/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-08-01/chennai/28281794_1_inscription-shore-temple-oldest-temples">Archived</a> from the original on 15 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+India&rft.atitle=New+finds+of+old+temples+enthuse+archaeologists&rft.date=2010-08-01&rft.au=N.+Ramya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchennai%2FNew-finds-of-old-temples-enthuse-archaeologists%2Farticleshow%2F6242174.cms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKumar2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Kumar, Ashish (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3360811">"Heliodorous Pillar of Besnagar- Past and Present (pp. 13-19)"</a>. <i>Heritage and Us</i>. Year 2 (1): <span class="nowrap">15–</span>16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heritage+and+Us&rft.atitle=Heliodorous+Pillar+of+Besnagar-+Past+and+Present+%28pp.+13-19%29&rft.volume=Year+2&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Kumar&rft.aufirst=Ashish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F3360811&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MDK92-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MDK92_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDK92_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDK92_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MDK92_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhare1975" class="citation journal cs1">Khare, M. D. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138838">"THE HELIODORUS PILLAR—A FRESH APPRAISAL, BY JOHN IRWIN ( AARP—ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY RESEARCH PAPERS—DECEMBER 1974 ) A REJOINDER"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Indian History Congress</i>. <b>36</b>: <span class="nowrap">92–</span>93. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44138838">44138838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=THE+HELIODORUS+PILLAR%E2%80%94A+FRESH+APPRAISAL%2C+BY+JOHN+IRWIN+%28+AARP%E2%80%94ART+AND+ARCHAEOLOGY+RESEARCH+PAPERS%E2%80%94DECEMBER+1974+%29+A+REJOINDER&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E92-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44138838%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Khare&rft.aufirst=M.+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44138838&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA." class="citation book cs1">A., Gosh. <i>Indian Archaeology: A Review 1963-64</i>. Calcutta: Archaeological survey of India. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Archaeology%3A+A+Review+1963-64&rft.place=Calcutta&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=Archaeological+survey+of+India&rft.aulast=A.&rft.aufirst=Gosh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2013" class="citation book cs1">Shaw, Julia (31 August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jzkyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA264"><i>Buddhist Landscapes in Central India: Sanchi Hill and Archaeologies of Religious and Social Change, C. Third Century BC to Fifth Century AD</i></a>. Left Coast Press. p. 264, note 14; 265, note 10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-344-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61132-344-3"><bdi>978-1-61132-344-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Landscapes+in+Central+India%3A+Sanchi+Hill+and+Archaeologies+of+Religious+and+Social+Change%2C+C.+Third+Century+BC+to+Fifth+Century+AD&rft.pages=264%2C+note+14%3B+265%2C+note+10&rft.pub=Left+Coast+Press&rft.date=2013-08-31&rft.isbn=978-1-61132-344-3&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjzkyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarle1994" class="citation book cs1">Harle, James C. (January 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LwcBVvdqyBkC&pg=PA116"><i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 116. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-06217-5"><bdi>978-0-300-06217-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Indian+Subcontinent&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1994-01&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06217-5&rft.aulast=Harle&rft.aufirst=James+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLwcBVvdqyBkC%26pg%3DPA116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle (1994), 87-100; Michell (1988), 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meister254-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meister254_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meister254_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister1988–1989" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>49</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">254–</span>256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250039">10.2307/3250039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250039">3250039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Pr%C4%81s%C4%81da+as+Palace%3A+K%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADina+Origins+of+the+N%C4%81gara+Temple&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E256&rft.date=1988%2F1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3250039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3250039%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meister370-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meister370_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meister370_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael Meister (1987), Hindu Temple, in <i>The Encyclopedia of Religion</i>, editor: Mircea Eliade, Volume 14, Macmillan, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-909850-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-909850-5">0-02-909850-5</a>, page 370</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell (1990), 192</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell (1990), 157; Michell (1988), 96</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meister280-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meister280_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-meister280_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister1988–1989" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Michael W. (1988–1989). "Prāsāda as Palace: Kūṭina Origins of the Nāgara Temple". <i>Artibus Asiae</i>. <b>49</b> (<span class="nowrap">3–</span>4): <span class="nowrap">254–</span>280. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3250039">10.2307/3250039</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3250039">3250039</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Artibus+Asiae&rft.atitle=Pr%C4%81s%C4%81da+as+Palace%3A+K%C5%AB%E1%B9%ADina+Origins+of+the+N%C4%81gara+Temple&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E254-%3C%2Fspan%3E280&rft.date=1988%2F1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3250039&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3250039%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 136-138; Michell (1988), 90, 96-98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell (1990), 349</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michael W. Meister and M.A. Dhaky (1983), <i>South India: Lower Dravidadesa</i>, Encyclopaedia of Indian Temple Architecture, Vol. I, Part I, Princeton University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691784021" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691784021">978-0691784021</a>, pages 30-53</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michellharle335-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michellharle335_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michellharle335_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michellharle335_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell (1988), 18, 50-54, 89, 149-155; Harle (1994), 335</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell, 149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 254</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 256-261</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lisa Nadine Owen, Beyond Buddhist and Brahmanical Activity: The Place of the Jain Rock-Cut Excavations at Ellora, PhD thesis 2006, University of Texas at Austin p. 255</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-golden-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-golden_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An important period in the development of Indian art (Kamath 2001, p115)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-golden1-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-golden1_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthikaje" class="citation web cs1">Arthikaje. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061104095148/http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">"History of Karnataka – Chalukyas of Kalyani"</a>. 1998–2000 OurKarnataka.Com, Inc. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourkarnataka.com/history.htm">the original</a> on 4 November 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-11-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Karnataka+%E2%80%93+Chalukyas+of+Kalyani&rft.pub=1998%E2%80%932000+OurKarnataka.Com%2C+Inc&rft.au=Arthikaje&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ourkarnataka.com%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gadag-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gadag_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKannikeswaran" class="citation web cs1">Kannikeswaran. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.templenet.com/Karnataka/kalyani_chalukya.html">"Temples of Karnataka, Kalyani Chalukyan temples"</a>. webmaster@templenet.com,1996–2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-12-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Temples+of+Karnataka%2C+Kalyani+Chalukyan+temples&rft.pub=webmaster%40templenet.com%2C1996%E2%80%932006&rft.au=Kannikeswaran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.templenet.com%2FKarnataka%2Fkalyani_chalukya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell19959–10,_Quote:_"The_era_under_consideration_opens_with_an_unprecedented_calamity_for_Southern_India:_the_invasion_of_the_region_at_the_turn_of_the_fourteenth_century_by_Malik_Kafur,_general_of_Alauddin,_Sultan_of_Delhi._Malik_Kafur's_forces_brought_to_an_abrupt_end_all_of_the_indigenous_ruling_houses_of_Southern_India,_not_one_of_which_was_able_to_withstand_the_assault_or_outlive_the_conquest._Virtually_every_city_of_importance_in_the_Kannada,_Telugu_and_Tamil_zones_succumbed_to_the_raids_of_Malik_Kafur,_forts_were_destroyed,_palaces_dismantled_and_temple_sanctuaries_wrecked_in_the_search_for_treasure._In_order_to_consolidate_the_rapidly_won_gains_of_this_pillage,_Malik_Kafur_established_himself_in_1323_at_Madurai_(Madura)_in_the_southernmost_part_of_the_Tamil_zone,_former_capital_of_the_Pandyas_who_were_dislodged_by_the_Delhi_forces._Madurai_thereupon_became_the_capital_of_the_Ma'bar_(Malabar)_province_of_the_[[Delhi_Sultanate|Delhi_empire]]."-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell19959–10,_Quote:_"The_era_under_consideration_opens_with_an_unprecedented_calamity_for_Southern_India:_the_invasion_of_the_region_at_the_turn_of_the_fourteenth_century_by_Malik_Kafur,_general_of_Alauddin,_Sultan_of_Delhi._Malik_Kafur's_forces_brought_to_an_abrupt_end_all_of_the_indigenous_ruling_houses_of_Southern_India,_not_one_of_which_was_able_to_withstand_the_assault_or_outlive_the_conquest._Virtually_every_city_of_importance_in_the_Kannada,_Telugu_and_Tamil_zones_succumbed_to_the_raids_of_Malik_Kafur,_forts_were_destroyed,_palaces_dismantled_and_temple_sanctuaries_wrecked_in_the_search_for_treasure._In_order_to_consolidate_the_rapidly_won_gains_of_this_pillage,_Malik_Kafur_established_himself_in_1323_at_Madurai_(Madura)_in_the_southernmost_part_of_the_Tamil_zone,_former_capital_of_the_Pandyas_who_were_dislodged_by_the_Delhi_forces._Madurai_thereupon_became_the_capital_of_the_Ma'bar_(Malabar)_province_of_the_[[Delhi_Sultanate|Delhi_empire]]."_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Michell1995">George Michell 1995</a>, pp. 9–10, Quote: "The era under consideration opens with an unprecedented calamity for Southern India: the invasion of the region at the turn of the fourteenth century by Malik Kafur, general of Alauddin, Sultan of Delhi. Malik Kafur's forces brought to an abrupt end all of the indigenous ruling houses of Southern India, not one of which was able to withstand the assault or outlive the conquest. Virtually every city of importance in the Kannada, Telugu and Tamil zones succumbed to the raids of Malik Kafur, forts were destroyed, palaces dismantled and temple sanctuaries wrecked in the search for treasure. In order to consolidate the rapidly won gains of this pillage, Malik Kafur established himself in 1323 at Madurai (Madura) in the southernmost part of the Tamil zone, former capital of the Pandyas who were dislodged by the Delhi forces. Madurai thereupon became the capital of the Ma'bar (Malabar) province of the <a href="/wiki/Delhi_Sultanate" title="Delhi Sultanate">Delhi empire</a>.".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenThắng2017" class="citation journal cs1">Sen, Võ Văn; Thắng, Đặng Văn (2017-10-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://asrjetsjournal.org/index.php/American_Scientific_Journal/article/view/3393">"Recognition of Oc Eo Culture Relic in Thoai Son District an Giang Province, Vienam"</a>. <i>American Scientific Research Journal for Engineering, Technology, and Sciences (ASRJETS)</i>. <b>36</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">271–</span>293. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2313-4402">2313-4402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Scientific+Research+Journal+for+Engineering%2C+Technology%2C+and+Sciences+%28ASRJETS%29&rft.atitle=Recognition+of+Oc+Eo+Culture+Relic+in+Thoai+Son+District+an+Giang+Province%2C+Vienam&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E271-%3C%2Fspan%3E293&rft.date=2017-10-06&rft.issn=2313-4402&rft.aulast=Sen&rft.aufirst=V%C3%B5+V%C4%83n&rft.au=Th%E1%BA%AFng%2C+%C4%90%E1%BA%B7ng+V%C4%83n&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasrjetsjournal.org%2Findex.php%2FAmerican_Scientific_Journal%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ooi2004p587-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ooi2004p587_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keat_Gin_Ooi" title="Keat Gin Ooi">Ooi, Keat Gin</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA587"><i>Southeast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. <span class="nowrap">587–</span>588. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-770-2"><bdi>978-1-57607-770-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southeast+Asia%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia%2C+from+Angkor+Wat+to+East+Timor&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E587-%3C%2Fspan%3E588&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-770-2&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQKgraWbb7yoC%26pg%3DPA587&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salomon1998p155-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Salomon1998p155_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Salomon1998" class="citation book cs1">Richard Salomon (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XYrG07qQDxkC"><i>Indian Epigraphy: A Guide to the Study of Inscriptions in Sanskrit, Prakrit, and the other Indo-Aryan Languages</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-535666-3"><bdi>978-0-19-535666-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Epigraphy%3A+A+Guide+to+the+Study+of+Inscriptions+in+Sanskrit%2C+Prakrit%2C+and+the+other+Indo-Aryan+Languages&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E157&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-535666-3&rft.au=Richard+Salomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXYrG07qQDxkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell (1988), 18-19, 54, 159-182</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bakker1990p160-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bakker1990p160_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Salomon1990" class="citation book cs1">Richard Salomon (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=McwUAAAAIAAJ">"Indian Tirthas in Southeast Asia"</a>. In Hans Bakker (ed.). <i>The History of Sacred Places in India As Reflected in Traditional Literature: Papers on Pilgrimage in South Asia</i>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">160–</span>176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09318-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09318-8"><bdi>978-90-04-09318-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Indian+Tirthas+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Sacred+Places+in+India+As+Reflected+in+Traditional+Literature%3A+Papers+on+Pilgrimage+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E176&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09318-8&rft.au=Richard+Salomon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMcwUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "In the Indianized regions of ancient southeast Asia, comprising the modern nations of Burma, Thailand, Malaysia, Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and Indonesia (...)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell1988159–161-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell1988159–161_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell1988159–161_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell1988159–161_46-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Michell1988">George Michell 1988</a>, pp. 159–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://borobudurpark.com/en/temple/prambanan-2/">"Prambanan - Taman Wisata Candi"</a>. <i>borobudurpark.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=borobudurpark.com&rft.atitle=Prambanan+-+Taman+Wisata+Candi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fborobudurpark.com%2Fen%2Ftemple%2Fprambanan-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre" class="citation web cs1">Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/668">"Angkor"</a>. <i>whc.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=whc.unesco.org&rft.atitle=Angkor&rft.aulast=Centre&rft.aufirst=UNESCO+World+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-susanlchap4-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-susanlchap4_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susanlchap4_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-susanlchap4_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Lewandowski, The Hindu Temple in South India, in Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment, Anthony D. King (Editor), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710202345" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710202345">978-0710202345</a>, Routledge, Chapter 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alain Daniélou (2001), The Hindu Temple: Deification of Eroticism, Translated from French to English by Ken Hurry, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89281-854-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89281-854-9">0-89281-854-9</a>, pp 101-127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Samuel Parker (2010), Ritual as a Mode of Production: Ethnoarchaeology and Creative Practice in Hindu Temple Arts, South Asian Studies, 26(1), pp 31-57; Michael Rabe, Secret Yantras and Erotic Display for Hindu Temples, (Editor: David White), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120817784" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120817784">978-8120817784</a>, Princeton University Readings in Religion (Motilal Banarsidass Publishers), Chapter 25, pp 435-446</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stella_Kramrisch" title="Stella Kramrisch">Stella Kramrisch</a>, The Hindu Temple, Vol 1, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0222-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0222-3">978-81-208-0222-3</a>, page 5-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Michell_1988,_50-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Michell_1988,_50_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Michell_1988,_50_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell (1988), 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sl6869-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sl6869_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sl6869_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sl6869_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sl6869_54-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sl6869_54-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Lewandowski, The Hindu Temple in South India, in Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment, Anthony D. King (Editor), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710202345" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710202345">978-0710202345</a>, Routledge, pp 68-69</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch (1976), The Hindu Temple Volume 1 & 2, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0223-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0223-3">81-208-0223-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In addition to square (4) sided layout, Brhat Samhita also describes Vastu and mandala design principles based on a perfect triangle (3), hexagon (6), octagon (8) and hexadecagon (16) sided layouts, according to <a href="/wiki/Stella_Kramrisch" title="Stella Kramrisch">Stella Kramrisch</a>. The 49 grid design is called Sthandila and of great importance in creative expressions of Hindu temples in South India, particularly in ‘‘Prakaras’’.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister2006" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Michael W. (March 2006). "Mountain Temples and Temple-Mountains: Masrur". <i>Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians</i>. <b>65</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">26–</span>49. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F25068237">10.2307/25068237</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25068237">25068237</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Society+of+Architectural+Historians&rft.atitle=Mountain+Temples+and+Temple-Mountains%3A+Masrur&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E49&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F25068237&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25068237%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStella_Kramrisch19768-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStella_Kramrisch19768_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1976">Stella Kramrisch 1976</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trivedi, K. (1989). Hindu temples: models of a fractal universe. The Visual Computer, 5(4), 243-258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan Lewandowski, The Hindu Temple in South India, in Buildings and Society: Essays on the Social Development of the Built Environment, Anthony D. King (Editor), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0710202345" title="Special:BookSources/978-0710202345">978-0710202345</a>, Routledge, pp 71-73</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeister1979" class="citation journal cs1">Meister, Michael W. (April–June 1979). "Maṇḍala and Practice in Nāgara Architecture in North India". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i>. <b>99</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">204–</span>219. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F602657">10.2307/602657</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/602657">602657</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Oriental+Society&rft.atitle=Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dala+and+Practice+in+N%C4%81gara+Architecture+in+North+India&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E204-%3C%2Fspan%3E219&rft.date=1979-04%2F1979-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F602657&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F602657%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Meister&rft.aufirst=Michael+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-69_with_Figure_5.8-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-69_with_Figure_5.8_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014">Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014</a>, pp. 66-69 with Figure 5.8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michell55b-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michell55b_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell55b_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell55b_63-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell55b_63-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell (1988), 55–56 with Figure 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell (1988), 55-57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stella Kramrisch (1994), Exploring India's Sacred Art, Editor: Stella Miller, Motilal Banarsidass, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1208-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1208-6">978-81-208-1208-6</a>, pages 60–64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-michell57-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-michell57_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell57_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell57_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell57_66-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-michell57_66-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell (1988), 54-55, 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell (1988), 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466–72-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466–72_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466–72_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466–72_68-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014">Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014</a>, pp. 66–72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhaky1977p1-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1977p1_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhusudan_A._Dhaky1977" class="citation book cs1">Madhusudan A. Dhaky (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VyW32NwcMr4C"><i>The Indian Temple Forms in Karṇāṭa Inscriptions and Architecture</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-065-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-065-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Temple+Forms+in+Kar%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%ADa+Inscriptions+and+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-065-5&rft.au=Madhusudan+A.+Dhaky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVyW32NwcMr4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarapada_Bhattacharyya1986" class="citation book cs1">Tarapada Bhattacharyya (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGAPNQAACAAJ"><i>The Canons of Indian Art: Or, a Study on Vāstuvidyā</i></a>. Firma KLM. pp. <span class="nowrap">i–</span>v, <span class="nowrap">87–</span>99, <span class="nowrap">201–</span>204, <span class="nowrap">291–</span>292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-1618-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-1618-3"><bdi>978-0-8364-1618-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canons+of+Indian+Art%3A+Or%2C+a+Study+on+V%C4%81stuvidy%C4%81&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Ei-%3C%2Fspan%3Ev%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E99%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E204%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E291-%3C%2Fspan%3E292&rft.pub=Firma+KLM&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-1618-3&rft.au=Tarapada+Bhattacharyya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGAPNQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarapada_Bhattacharyya1986" class="citation book cs1">Tarapada Bhattacharyya (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cGAPNQAACAAJ"><i>The Canons of Indian Art: Or, a Study on Vāstuvidyā</i></a>. Firma KLM. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-1618-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8364-1618-3"><bdi>978-0-8364-1618-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canons+of+Indian+Art%3A+Or%2C+a+Study+on+V%C4%81stuvidy%C4%81&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E163&rft.pub=Firma+KLM&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8364-1618-3&rft.au=Tarapada+Bhattacharyya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcGAPNQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardy2009p41-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy2009p41_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hardy2009p41_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2009" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy, Adam (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://orca.cf.ac.uk/13911/1/Dravida%20Temples%20in%20the%20Samarangana.pdf">"Drāvida Temples in the Samarānganasūtradhāra"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>South Asian Studies</i>. <b>25</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">41–</span>62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02666030.2009.9628698">10.1080/02666030.2009.9628698</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15290721">15290721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Dr%C4%81vida+Temples+in+the+Samar%C4%81nganas%C5%ABtradh%C4%81ra&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02666030.2009.9628698&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15290721%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Forca.cf.ac.uk%2F13911%2F1%2FDravida%2520Temples%2520in%2520the%2520Samarangana.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Michell1988">George Michell 1988</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89_74-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89_74-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89_74-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198888-89_74-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Michell1988">George Michell 1988</a>, p. 88-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFergusson1864" class="citation book cs1">Fergusson, James (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mmtDAQAAMAAJ&q=dravidian+architecture+in+maharashtra"><i>The Rock-cut Temples of India: Illustrated by Seventy-four Photographs Taken on the Spot by Major Gill</i></a>. J. Murray.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rock-cut+Temples+of+India%3A+Illustrated+by+Seventy-four+Photographs+Taken+on+the+Spot+by+Major+Gill&rft.pub=J.+Murray&rft.date=1864&rft.aulast=Fergusson&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmmtDAQAAMAAJ%26q%3Ddravidian%2Barchitecture%2Bin%2Bmaharashtra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy2007" class="citation book cs1">Hardy, Adam (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ&q=dravidian+architecture+in+maharashtra"><i>The Temple Architecture of India</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02827-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02827-8"><bdi>978-0-470-02827-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Temple+Architecture+of+India&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-02827-8&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofUVAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Ddravidian%2Barchitecture%2Bin%2Bmaharashtra&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), 5; Michell (1988), 88-89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198889,_155–158-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell198889,_155–158_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Michell1988">George Michell 1988</a>, pp. 89, 155–158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Michell (1988), 155-182; Hardy (1995), 5-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhaky1977p7-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1977p7_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhusudan_A._Dhaky1977" class="citation book cs1">Madhusudan A. Dhaky (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VyW32NwcMr4C"><i>The Indian Temple Forms in Karṇāṭa Inscriptions and Architecture</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-065-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-065-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Temple+Forms+in+Kar%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%ADa+Inscriptions+and+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-065-5&rft.au=Madhusudan+A.+Dhaky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVyW32NwcMr4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hardy (1995), 5-8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhaky1977p14-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1977p14_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhusudan_A._Dhaky1977" class="citation book cs1">Madhusudan A. Dhaky (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VyW32NwcMr4C"><i>The Indian Temple Forms in Karṇāṭa Inscriptions and Architecture</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">14–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-065-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-065-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Temple+Forms+in+Kar%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%ADa+Inscriptions+and+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E14-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-065-5&rft.au=Madhusudan+A.+Dhaky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVyW32NwcMr4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201468-70,_74-75-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201468-70,_74-75_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014">Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014</a>, p. 68-70, 74-75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201468-70-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201468-70_84-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014">Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014</a>, p. 68-70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70_86-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70_86-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70_86-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70_86-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201466-70_86-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014">Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014</a>, p. 66-70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dhaky1977-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dhaky1977_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadhusudan_A._Dhaky1977" class="citation book cs1">Madhusudan A. Dhaky (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VyW32NwcMr4C"><i>The Indian Temple Forms in Karṇāṭa Inscriptions and Architecture</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">7–</span>19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-065-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-065-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-065-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indian+Temple+Forms+in+Kar%E1%B9%87%C4%81%E1%B9%ADa+Inscriptions+and+Architecture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-065-5&rft.au=Madhusudan+A.+Dhaky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVyW32NwcMr4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brit-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_88-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brit_88-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/photocoll/t/019pho0000472s1u00027000.html">"The Rathas, monolithic [Mamallapuram]"</a>. Online Gallery of British Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Rathas%2C+monolithic+%5BMamallapuram%5D&rft.pub=Online+Gallery+of+British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Fonlineex%2Fapac%2Fphotocoll%2Ft%2F019pho0000472s1u00027000.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unesco-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unesco_89-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unesco_89-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/249/">"Group of Monuments at Mahabalipuram"</a>. UNESCO.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 October</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Group+of+Monuments+at+Mahabalipuram&rft.pub=UNESCO.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F249%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BruynBain2010-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BruynBain2010_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBruynBainAllardiceShonar_Joshi2010" class="citation book cs1">Bruyn, Pippa de; Bain, Keith; Allardice, David; Shonar Joshi (18 February 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qG-9cwHOcCIC&pg=PA333"><i>Frommer's India</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 333–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-64580-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-64580-2"><bdi>978-0-470-64580-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Frommer%27s+India&rft.pages=333-&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-02-18&rft.isbn=978-0-470-64580-2&rft.aulast=Bruyn&rft.aufirst=Pippa+de&rft.au=Bain%2C+Keith&rft.au=Allardice%2C+David&rft.au=Shonar+Joshi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqG-9cwHOcCIC%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ray2010p17-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ray2010p17_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHimanshu_Prabha_Ray2010" class="citation book cs1">Himanshu Prabha Ray (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QgFPAQAAIAAJ"><i>Archaeology and Text: The Temple in South Asia</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>18, 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806096-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-806096-3"><bdi>978-0-19-806096-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Archaeology+and+Text%3A+The+Temple+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E18%2C+27&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-806096-3&rft.au=Himanshu+Prabha+Ray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQgFPAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeather_Elgood2000151-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeather_Elgood2000151_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeather_Elgood2000">Heather Elgood 2000</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffery_D._Long2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_D._Long" title="Jeffery D. Long">Jeffery D. Long</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkkFCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA29"><i>Historical Dictionary of Hinduism</i></a>. Scarecrow. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7960-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-7960-7"><bdi>978-0-8108-7960-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Hinduism&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Scarecrow&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-7960-7&rft.au=Jeffery+D.+Long&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkkFCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span>, Quote: "AIHOLE. Pronounced "Eye-ho-lé", village in northern Karnataka that, from the fourth to the sixth centuries CE, was a major city (...)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mccutchion-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mccutchion_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mccutchion_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McCutchion, David J., <i>Late Mediaeval Temples of Bengal</i>, first published 1972, reprinted 2017, pp. 1–14, 19–22. The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81574-65-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81574-65-2">978-93-81574-65-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ratna-style-temples-with-an-ambulatory-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ratna-style-temples-with-an-ambulatory_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker-Ritterspach2016" class="citation book cs1">Becker-Ritterspach, Raimund Otto Artur (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://himalbooks.com/product/ratna-style-temples-with-an-ambulatory-selected-temple-concepts-in-bengal-and-the-kathmandu-valley/"><i>Ratna style Temples with an Ambulatory: Selected temple concepts in Bengal and the Kathmandu Valley</i></a> (First ed.). Kathmandu, Nepal: Himal Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9937-597-29-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-9937-597-29-6"><bdi>978-9937-597-29-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ratna+style+Temples+with+an+Ambulatory%3A+Selected+temple+concepts+in+Bengal+and+the+Kathmandu+Valley&rft.place=Kathmandu%2C+Nepal&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Himal+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-9937-597-29-6&rft.aulast=Becker-Ritterspach&rft.aufirst=Raimund+Otto+Artur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhimalbooks.com%2Fproduct%2Fratna-style-temples-with-an-ambulatory-selected-temple-concepts-in-bengal-and-the-kathmandu-valley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deva-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deva_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cousens (1926), p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fine-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fine_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamath (2001), pp. 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegewald, note 3. Mitchell (1988) uses "Solanki style", while Harle is reluctant to tie the style to a specific name.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mitchell (1988), 123; Hegewald</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hegewald-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hegewald_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegewald_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegewald_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegewald</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hegewald; Harle, 219–220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 239–240; Hegewald</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShokoohy1996" class="citation journal cs1">Shokoohy, Mehradad (November 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1356186300008129">"Nepal: a guide to the art and architecture of the Kathmandu Valley. By Michael Hutt, with contributions by David N. Gellner, Axel Michaels, Greta Rana and Govinda Tandan. pp. 240, 16 col. pl., 263 bl. & wh. photos, 11 figs, 22 maps and plans. Gartmore, Stirling, Paul Strachan. Kiscadale, 1994. £25.00"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society</i>. <b>6</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">454–</span>455. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs1356186300008129">10.1017/s1356186300008129</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1356-1863">1356-1863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=Nepal%3A+a+guide+to+the+art+and+architecture+of+the+Kathmandu+Valley.+By+Michael+Hutt%2C+with+contributions+by+David+N.+Gellner%2C+Axel+Michaels%2C+Greta+Rana+and+Govinda+Tandan.+pp.+240%2C+16+col.+pl.%2C+263+bl.+%26+wh.+photos%2C+11+figs%2C+22+maps+and+plans.+Gartmore%2C+Stirling%2C+Paul+Strachan.+Kiscadale%2C+1994.+%C2%A325.00.&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E454-%3C%2Fspan%3E455&rft.date=1996-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs1356186300008129&rft.issn=1356-1863&rft.aulast=Shokoohy&rft.aufirst=Mehradad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1017%2Fs1356186300008129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tran Ky Phuong, <i>Vestiges of Champa Civilization</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_105-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_105-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Rawson: The Art of Southeast Asia</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSoekmono1995">Soekmono (1995)</a>, p. 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoekmono1973" class="citation book cs1">Soekmono, Dr R. (1973). <i>Pengantar Sejarah Kebudayaan Indonesia 2</i>. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Penerbit Kanisius. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-979-413-290-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-979-413-290-6"><bdi>978-979-413-290-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pengantar+Sejarah+Kebudayaan+Indonesia+2&rft.place=Yogyakarta%2C+Indonesia&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Penerbit+Kanisius&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-979-413-290-6&rft.aulast=Soekmono&rft.aufirst=Dr+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEDYAWATIp4-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEDYAWATIp4_108-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSedyawati2013">Sedyawati (2013)</a>, p. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Glaize, <i>Monuments of the Angkor Group</i>, p.27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-carthage-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-carthage_110-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-carthage_110-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160302071937/http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/Khajuraho/architecture.html">"Khajuraho Architecture"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personal.carthage.edu/jlochtefeld/picturepages/Khajuraho/architecture.html">the original</a> on 2016-03-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Khajuraho+Architecture&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonal.carthage.edu%2Fjlochtefeld%2Fpicturepages%2FKhajuraho%2Farchitecture.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995387_111-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam_Hardy1995">Adam Hardy 1995</a>, p. 387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014283-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014283_112-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014283_112-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014">Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014</a>, p. 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201059–60-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201059–60_113-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 59–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995388-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995388_114-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995388_114-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam_Hardy1995">Adam Hardy 1995</a>, p. 388.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201473-80-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche201473-80_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014">Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014</a>, p. 73-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell200039–44-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGeorge_Michell200039–44_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGeorge_Michell2000">George Michell 2000</a>, pp. 39–44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010157-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010157_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014284-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014284_118-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014284_118-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014">Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014</a>, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010157–161-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010157–161_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 157–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005147-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005147_120-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005">Alice Boner & Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā 2005</a>, p. 147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201068,_190-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201068,_190_121-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 68, 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStella_Kramrisch1976145_with_footnote_44-122"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStella_Kramrisch1976145_with_footnote_44_122-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1976">Stella Kramrisch 1976</a>, p. 145 with footnote 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010108–109-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010108–109_123-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 108–109.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201074,_162,_192,_312,_454-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya201074,_162,_192,_312,_454_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 74, 162, 192, 312, 454.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005151-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005151_125-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005">Alice Boner & Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā 2005</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010219,_389-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010219,_389_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 219, 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995389-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995389_127-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995389_127-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam_Hardy1995">Adam Hardy 1995</a>, p. 389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010468–489,_513-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010468–489,_513_128-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 468–489, 513.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005154-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005154_129-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005154_129-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005">Alice Boner & Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā 2005</a>, p. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_ŚarmāBettina_Bäumer1996" class="citation book cs1">Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā; Bettina Bäumer (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O2eKhTXstG4C"><i>The essence of form in sacred art</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. <span class="nowrap">79–</span>99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0090-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0090-8"><bdi>978-81-208-0090-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+essence+of+form+in+sacred+art&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E99&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0090-8&rft.au=Alice+Boner&rft.au=Sad%C4%81%C5%9Biva+Rath+%C5%9Aarm%C4%81&rft.au=Bettina+B%C3%A4umer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO2eKhTXstG4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014285-131"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014285_131-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014">Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014</a>, p. 285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Starza1993p20-132"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Starza1993p20_132-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO._M._Starza1993" class="citation book cs1">O. M. Starza (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v4bV3beb0n8C"><i>The Jagannatha Temple at Puri: Its Architecture, Art, and Cult</i></a>. BRILL Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">20–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09673-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09673-8"><bdi>978-90-04-09673-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jagannatha+Temple+at+Puri%3A+Its+Architecture%2C+Art%2C+and+Cult&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E20-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09673-8&rft.au=O.+M.+Starza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv4bV3beb0n8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy199582,_390-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy199582,_390_133-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam_Hardy1995">Adam Hardy 1995</a>, p. 82, 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014112,_126–130,_149–152,_280-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014112,_126–130,_149–152,_280_134-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014">Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014</a>, pp. 112, 126–130, 149–152, 280.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010328–336-135"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010328–336_135-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 328–336.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle, 153, 252</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle (1994), pp. 148, 158, 280, 301</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010484–489-138"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010484–489_138-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 484–489.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995390-139"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995390_139-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAdam_Hardy1995390_139-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAdam_Hardy1995">Adam Hardy 1995</a>, p. 390.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010490–491-140"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010490–491_140-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 490–491.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005158-141"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005158_141-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005">Alice Boner & Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā 2005</a>, p. 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014148-149-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014148-149_142-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014">Vinayak Bharne & Krupali Krusche 2014</a>, p. 148-149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010495–496-143"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010495–496_143-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 495–496.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010148–149-144"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010148–149_144-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 148–149.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harle (1994), 219</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010470–471-146"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010470–471_146-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010">Prasanna Kumar Acharya 2010</a>, pp. 470–471.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010" class="citation cs2">Prasanna Kumar Acharya (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/encyclopaediaofh07achauoft#page/n9/mode/2up"><i>An encyclopaedia of Hindu architecture</i></a>, Oxford University Press (Republished by Motilal Banarsidass), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-534-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-534-6"><bdi>978-81-7536-534-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+encyclopaedia+of+Hindu+architecture&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28Republished+by+Motilal+Banarsidass%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-7536-534-6&rft.au=Prasanna+Kumar+Acharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fencyclopaediaofh07achauoft%23page%2Fn9%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya1997" class="citation book cs1">Prasanna Kumar Acharya (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rbayQwAACAAJ"><i>A Dictionary of Hindu Architecture: Treating of Sanskrit Architectural Terms with Illustrative Quotations</i></a>. Oxford University Press (Reprinted in 1997 by Motilal Banarsidass). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-113-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7536-113-3"><bdi>978-81-7536-113-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Hindu+Architecture%3A+Treating+of+Sanskrit+Architectural+Terms+with+Illustrative+Quotations&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+%28Reprinted+in+1997+by+Motilal+Banarsidass%29&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7536-113-3&rft.au=Prasanna+Kumar+Acharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrbayQwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya1996" class="citation book cs1">Prasanna Kumar Acharya (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Jw79PAAACAAJ"><i>Hindu Architecture in India and Abroad</i></a>. Laurier. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0732-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-215-0732-5"><bdi>978-81-215-0732-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Architecture+in+India+and+Abroad&rft.pub=Laurier&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-81-215-0732-5&rft.au=Prasanna+Kumar+Acharya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJw79PAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014" class="citation cs2">Vinayak Bharne; Krupali Krusche (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CGukBgAAQBAJ"><i>Rediscovering the Hindu Temple: The Sacred Architecture and Urbanism of India</i></a>, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6734-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4438-6734-4"><bdi>978-1-4438-6734-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+the+Hindu+Temple%3A+The+Sacred+Architecture+and+Urbanism+of+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-4438-6734-4&rft.au=Vinayak+Bharne&rft.au=Krupali+Krusche&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCGukBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_Boner1990" class="citation book cs1">Alice Boner (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=doQLZ21CGScC"><i>Principles of Composition in Hindu Sculpture: Cave Temple Period</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0705-1"><bdi>978-81-208-0705-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Composition+in+Hindu+Sculpture%3A+Cave+Temple+Period&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0705-1&rft.au=Alice+Boner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdoQLZ21CGScC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005" class="citation cs2">Alice Boner; Sadāśiva Rath Śarmā (2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=itQUAAAAIAAJ"><i>Śilpa Prakāśa</i></a>, Brill Academic (Reprinted by Motilal Banarsidass), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2052-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2052-4"><bdi>978-81-208-2052-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%9Ailpa+Prak%C4%81%C5%9Ba&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+%28Reprinted+by+Motilal+Banarsidass%29&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2052-4&rft.au=Alice+Boner&rft.au=Sad%C4%81%C5%9Biva+Rath+%C5%9Aarm%C4%81&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DitQUAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.K._CoomaraswamyMichael_W._Meister1995" class="citation book cs1">A.K. Coomaraswamy; Michael W. Meister (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5B1QAAAAMAAJ"><i>Essays in Architectural Theory</i></a>. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563805-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-563805-9"><bdi>978-0-19-563805-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essays+in+Architectural+Theory&rft.pub=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-563805-9&rft.au=A.K.+Coomaraswamy&rft.au=Michael+W.+Meister&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5B1QAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Dehejia, V. (1997). <i>Indian Art</i>. Phaidon: London. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7148-3496-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7148-3496-3">0-7148-3496-3</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeather_Elgood2000" class="citation book cs1">Heather Elgood (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cj2tAwAAQBAJ"><i>Hinduism and the Religious Arts</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70739-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-304-70739-3"><bdi>978-0-304-70739-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism+and+the+Religious+Arts&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-304-70739-3&rft.au=Heather+Elgood&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dcj2tAwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hardy1995" class="citation cs2">Adam Hardy (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aU0hCAS2-08C"><i>Indian Temple Architecture: Form and Transformation</i></a>, Abhinav Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-312-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-312-0"><bdi>978-81-7017-312-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Temple+Architecture%3A+Form+and+Transformation&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-312-0&rft.au=Adam+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaU0hCAS2-08C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hardy2007" class="citation book cs1">Adam Hardy (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ofUVAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Temple Architecture of India</i></a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02827-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02827-8"><bdi>978-0-470-02827-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Temple+Architecture+of+India&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-02827-8&rft.au=Adam+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DofUVAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam_Hardy2015" class="citation book cs1">Adam Hardy (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_oADrgEACAAJ"><i>Theory and Practice of Temple Architecture in Medieval India: Bhoja's Samarāṅgaṇasūtradhāra and the Bhojpur Line Drawings</i></a>. Indira Gandhi National Centre for the Arts. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-81406-41-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-81406-41-0"><bdi>978-93-81406-41-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theory+and+Practice+of+Temple+Architecture+in+Medieval+India%3A+Bhoja%27s+Samar%C4%81%E1%B9%85ga%E1%B9%87as%C5%ABtradh%C4%81ra+and+the+Bhojpur+Line+Drawings&rft.pub=Indira+Gandhi+National+Centre+for+the+Arts&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-93-81406-41-0&rft.au=Adam+Hardy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_oADrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hardy, Adam (2007). <i>The Temple Architecture of India</i>, Wiley: Chichester. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02827-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-02827-8">978-0-470-02827-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegewald2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hegewald, Julia A. B. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/a/ars/13441566.0045.005?view=text;rgn=main">"The International Jaina Style? Māru-Gurjara Temples Under the Solaṅkīs, throughout India and in the Diaspora"</a>. <i>Ars Orientalis</i>. <b>45</b> (20210122). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3998%2Fars.13441566.0045.005">10.3998/ars.13441566.0045.005</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2328-1286">2328-1286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Orientalis&rft.atitle=The+International+Jaina+Style%3F+M%C4%81ru-Gurjara+Temples+Under+the+Sola%E1%B9%85k%C4%ABs%2C+throughout+India+and+in+the+Diaspora&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=20210122&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3998%2Fars.13441566.0045.005&rft.issn=2328-1286&rft.aulast=Hegewald&rft.aufirst=Julia+A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fa%2Fars%2F13441566.0045.005%3Fview%3Dtext%3Brgn%3Dmain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Harle, J.C., <i>The Art and Architecture of the Indian Subcontinent</i>, 2nd edn. 1994, Yale University Press Pelican History of Art, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300062176" title="Special:BookSources/0300062176">0300062176</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnut_A._JacobsenHelene_BasuAngelika_Malinar2009" class="citation book cs1">Knut A. Jacobsen; Helene Basu; Angelika Malinar; et al. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QnVQSAAACAAJ"><i>Brill's Encyclopedia of Hinduism: Sacred texts, ritual traditions, arts, concepts</i></a>. Brill Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-17893-9"><bdi>978-90-04-17893-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brill%27s+Encyclopedia+of+Hinduism%3A+Sacred+texts%2C+ritual+traditions%2C+arts%2C+concepts&rft.pub=Brill+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-90-04-17893-9&rft.au=Knut+A.+Jacobsen&rft.au=Helene+Basu&rft.au=Angelika+Malinar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQnVQSAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonica_Juneja2001" class="citation book cs1">Monica Juneja (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7N7VAAAAMAAJ"><i>Architecture in Medieval India: Forms, Contexts, Histories</i></a>. Orient Blackswan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-228-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7824-228-6"><bdi>978-81-7824-228-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+in+Medieval+India%3A+Forms%2C+Contexts%2C+Histories&rft.pub=Orient+Blackswan&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-81-7824-228-6&rft.au=Monica+Juneja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7N7VAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1976" class="citation cs2">Stella Kramrisch (1976), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNcXrBlI9S0C"><i>The Hindu Temple Volume 1</i></a>, Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0223-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0223-0"><bdi>978-81-208-0223-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple+Volume+1&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprinted+1946+Princeton+University+Press%29&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0223-0&rft.au=Stella+Kramrisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNNcXrBlI9S0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1979" class="citation book cs1">Stella Kramrisch (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8-aS52MgIkMC"><i>The Hindu Temple Volume 2</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass (Reprinted 1946 Princeton University Press). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0224-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0224-7"><bdi>978-81-208-0224-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple+Volume+2&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+%28Reprinted+1946+Princeton+University+Press%29&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0224-7&rft.au=Stella+Kramrisch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8-aS52MgIkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_W._MeisterMadhusudan_Dhaky1986" class="citation book cs1">Michael W. Meister; Madhusudan Dhaky (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRY3AQAAIAAJ"><i>Encyclopaedia of Indian temple architecture</i></a>. American Institute of Indian Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7992-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-7992-4"><bdi>978-0-8122-7992-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+temple+architecture&rft.pub=American+Institute+of+Indian+Studies&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-7992-4&rft.au=Michael+W.+Meister&rft.au=Madhusudan+Dhaky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDRY3AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Michell1988" class="citation cs2">George Michell (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ajgImLs62gwC"><i>The Hindu Temple: An Introduction to Its Meaning and Forms</i></a>, University of Chicago Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-53230-1"><bdi>978-0-226-53230-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple%3A+An+Introduction+to+Its+Meaning+and+Forms&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-226-53230-1&rft.au=George+Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DajgImLs62gwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Michell2000" class="citation cs2">George Michell (2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVl2QgAACAAJ"><i>Hindu Art and Architecture</i></a>, Thames & Hudson, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20337-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-20337-8"><bdi>978-0-500-20337-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-500-20337-8&rft.au=George+Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVl2QgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Michell, George (1990), <i>The Penguin Guide to the Monuments of India, Volume 1: Buddhist, Jain, Hindu</i>, 1990, Penguin Books, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0140081445" title="Special:BookSources/0140081445">0140081445</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Michell1995" class="citation cs2">George Michell (1995), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W6bphUvvPf4C"><i>Architecture and Art of Southern India</i></a>, Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44110-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44110-0"><bdi>978-0-521-44110-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Architecture+and+Art+of+Southern+India&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44110-0&rft.au=George+Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW6bphUvvPf4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993" class="citation book cs1">T. A. Gopinatha Rao (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC"><i>Elements of Hindu iconography</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0878-2"><bdi>978-81-208-0878-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Hindu+iconography&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0878-2&rft.au=T.+A.+Gopinatha+Rao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMJD-KresBwIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rajan, K.V. Soundara (1998). <i>Rock-Cut Temple Styles</i>. Somaiya Publications: Mumbai. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-7039-218-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-7039-218-7">81-7039-218-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedyawati2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sedyawati, Edi; Santiko, Hariani; Djafar, Hasan; Maulana, Ratnaesih; Ramelan, Wiwin Djuwita Sudjana; Ashari, Chaidir (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MsLiCQAAQBAJ"><i>Candi Indonesia: Seri Jawa</i></a> (in Indonesian and English). Jakarta: Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-602-17669-3-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-602-17669-3-4"><bdi>978-602-17669-3-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Candi+Indonesia%3A+Seri+Jawa&rft.place=Jakarta&rft.pub=Direktorat+Jenderal+Kebudayaan&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-602-17669-3-4&rft.aulast=Sedyawati&rft.aufirst=Edi&rft.au=Santiko%2C+Hariani&rft.au=Djafar%2C+Hasan&rft.au=Maulana%2C+Ratnaesih&rft.au=Ramelan%2C+Wiwin+Djuwita+Sudjana&rft.au=Ashari%2C+Chaidir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMsLiCQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAjay_J._Sinha2000" class="citation book cs1">Ajay J. Sinha (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WvqLzaSUGi8C"><i>Imagining Architects: Creativity in the Religious Monuments of India</i></a>. University of Delaware Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-684-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87413-684-5"><bdi>978-0-87413-684-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Architects%3A+Creativity+in+the+Religious+Monuments+of+India&rft.pub=University+of+Delaware+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87413-684-5&rft.au=Ajay+J.+Sinha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWvqLzaSUGi8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoekmono1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Soekmono" title="Soekmono">Soekmono, R.</a> (1995). <a href="/wiki/Jan_Fontein" title="Jan Fontein">Jan Fontein</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7cd2Ha7fT90C"><i>The Javanese Candi: Function and Meaning, Volume 17 from Studies in Asian Art and Archaeology, Vol 17</i></a>. Leiden: E.J. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10215-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10215-6"><bdi>978-90-04-10215-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Javanese+Candi%3A+Function+and+Meaning%2C+Volume+17+from+Studies+in+Asian+Art+and+Archaeology%2C+Vol+17&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=E.J.+BRILL&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10215-6&rft.aulast=Soekmono&rft.aufirst=R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7cd2Ha7fT90C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStella_SneadWendy_DonigerGeorge_Michell1989" class="citation book cs1">Stella Snead; Wendy Doniger; George Michell (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animalsinfourwor1989snea"><i>Animals in Four Worlds: Sculptures from India</i></a></span>. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76726-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-76726-0"><bdi>978-0-226-76726-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animals+in+Four+Worlds%3A+Sculptures+from+India&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-226-76726-0&rft.au=Stella+Snead&rft.au=Wendy+Doniger&rft.au=George+Michell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimalsinfourwor1989snea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD_Srinivasan1997" class="citation book cs1">D Srinivasan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vZheP9dIX9wC"><i>Many Heads, Arms, and Eyes: Origin, Meaning, and Form of Multiplicity in Indian Art</i></a>. BRILL Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10758-8"><bdi>978-90-04-10758-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Many+Heads%2C+Arms%2C+and+Eyes%3A+Origin%2C+Meaning%2C+and+Form+of+Multiplicity+in+Indian+Art&rft.pub=BRILL+Academic&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10758-8&rft.au=D+Srinivasan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvZheP9dIX9wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_Stein1978" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hq5BngAACAAJ"><i>South Indian Temples</i></a>. Vikas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-0449-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7069-0449-9"><bdi>978-0-7069-0449-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Indian+Temples&rft.pub=Vikas&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-7069-0449-9&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHq5BngAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_Stein1989" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OpxeaYQbGDMC"><i>The New Cambridge History of India: Vijayanagara</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26693-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26693-2"><bdi>978-0-521-26693-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+History+of+India%3A+Vijayanagara&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26693-2&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOpxeaYQbGDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurton_SteinDavid_Arnold2010" class="citation book cs1">Burton Stein; David Arnold (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QY4zdTDwMAQC"><i>A History of India</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-2351-1"><bdi>978-1-4443-2351-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+India&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-2351-1&rft.au=Burton+Stein&rft.au=David+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQY4zdTDwMAQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1997" class="citation book cs1">Kapila Vatsyayan (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vwLJc3pBzzUC&pg=PR10"><i>The Square and the Circle of the Indian Arts</i></a>. Abhinav Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-362-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7017-362-5"><bdi>978-81-7017-362-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Square+and+the+Circle+of+the+Indian+Arts&rft.pub=Abhinav+Publications&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-7017-362-5&rft.au=Kapila+Vatsyayan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvwLJc3pBzzUC%26pg%3DPR10&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHindu+temple+architecture" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/george/">Sabha, Vedic altar, Indian temples and Buddhist Mandala: Drawings</a>, Patrick George, University of Pennsylvania</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/Time2.pdf">Space and Cosmology in the Hindu Temple</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040624010732/http://pages.slc.edu/~eraymond/ccorner/representation2.html">Hindu Javanese Temples</a> (archived 24 June 2004)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Architecture_of_India82" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Architecture_of_India" title="Template:Architecture of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Architecture_of_India" title="Template talk:Architecture of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Architecture of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Architecture_of_India82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_India" title="Architecture of India">Architecture of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Indian_architecture" title="Ancient Indian architecture">Ancient Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assam-type_architecture" title="Assam-type architecture">Assam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_temple_architecture" title="Bengal temple architecture">Bengal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chala_Style" title="Chala Style">Chala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratna_Style" title="Ratna Style">Ratna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harappan_architecture" title="Harappan architecture">Harappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu-northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nagara_Style" title="Nagara Style">Nagara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_architecture" title="Kalinga architecture">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ru-Gurjara_architecture" title="Māru-Gurjara architecture">Māru-Gurjara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikhara" title="Shikhara">Shikhara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhumija_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhumija (architecture)">Bhumija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latina_(architecture)" title="Latina (architecture)">Latina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekhari_(architecture)" title="Sekhari (architecture)">Sekhari</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemadpanti_architecture" title="Hemadpanti architecture">Hemadpanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_architecture" title="Meitei architecture">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilachal_architecture" title="Nilachal architecture">Nilachal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_rock-cut_architecture" title="Indian rock-cut architecture">Rock-cut</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_architecture" title="Hindu architecture">Hindu-southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dravidian_architecture" title="Dravidian architecture">Dravidian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badami_Chalukya_architecture" title="Badami Chalukya architecture">Badami Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Chalukya_architecture" title="Western Chalukya architecture">Chalukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoysala_architecture" title="Hoysala architecture">Hoysala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_architecture" title="Kadamba architecture">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerala_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerala architecture">Thantra-Samuchayam/Shilparatnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayanagara_architecture" title="Vijayanagara architecture">Vijayanagara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Islamic_architecture" title="Indo-Islamic architecture">Indo-Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_architecture" title="Mughal architecture">Mughal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akbari_Architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Akbari Architecture">Akbari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharqi_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharqi architecture">Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_Shahi_architecture" title="Qutb Shahi architecture">Qutb Shahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Saracenic_Revival_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Saracenic Revival architecture">Indo-Saracenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_temple" title="Jain temple">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_architecture" title="Sikh architecture">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Bengal" title="Architecture of Bengal">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Gujarat" title="Architecture of Gujarat">Gujarat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Karnataka" title="Architecture of Karnataka">Karnataka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kerala" title="Architecture of Kerala">Kerala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Maharashtra" title="Architecture of Maharashtra"> Maharashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_architecture" title="Kalinga architecture">Odisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Rajasthan" title="Architecture of Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Tamil_Nadu" title="Architecture of Tamil Nadu"> Tamil Nadu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Uttarakhand" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Uttarakhand">Uttarakhand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Uttar_Pradesh" title="Architecture of Uttar Pradesh">Uttar Pradesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Telangana" title="Architecture of Telangana">Telangana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By city</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_temples_in_Bhubaneswar" class="mw-redirect" title="List of temples in Bhubaneswar">Bhubaneswar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Chennai" title="Architecture of Chennai">Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Delhi" title="Architecture of Delhi">Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hyderabad" title="Architecture of Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Jaipur" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Jaipur">Jaipur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lucknow" title="Architecture of Lucknow">Lucknow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Mumbai" title="Architecture of Mumbai">Mumbai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Architecture_in_India" title="Category:Architecture in India">Category:Architecture in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindudharma" title="Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindudharma" title="Template talk:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindudharma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px&#124;link=Aum_Hinduism_14px_topics723" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Aum" title="Aum"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/15px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/23px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Aum_Om_red.svg/30px-Aum_Om_red.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HinduSwastika.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/14px-HinduSwastika.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/21px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/HinduSwastika.svg/28px-HinduSwastika.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="142" data-file-height="145" /></a></span> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li>Index</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Hinduism">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Om" title="Om">Om</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Ishvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puru%E1%B9%A3%C4%81rtha" title="Puruṣārtha">Puruṣārthas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_in_religion#Hindu_ethics" title="Ethics in religion">Niti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achourya" title="Achourya">Asteya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aparigraha" class="mw-redirect" title="Aparigraha">Aparigraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">Damah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion#Hinduism" title="Compassion">Dayā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Schools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Āstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81bh%C4%81vika_Bhed%C4%81bheda" class="mw-redirect" title="Svābhāvika Bhedābheda">Svābhāvika Bhedābheda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Hindu "Om" symbol"><img alt="Hindu "Om" symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/100px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/150px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg/200px-Aum_Om_navy_blue_circle_hollow_coral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="507" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Classification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Śruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smṛti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedic_chant" title="Vedic chant">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitrayaniya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Upaveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Upaveda">Upavedas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">Ayurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_martial_arts" title="Indian martial arts">Dhanurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natyaveda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sthapatyaveda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedanga</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyākaraṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agama_(Hinduism)" title="Agama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitisara" title="Nitisara">Nitisara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharmaśāstra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manusmriti" title="Manusmriti">Manusmriti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81radasm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Nāradasmṛti">Nāradasmṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C4%81j%C3%B1avalkya_Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Yājñavalkya Smṛti">Yājñavalkya Smṛti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subhashita" title="Subhashita">Subhashita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandham" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugal">Thiruppugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirukkural" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirukkural">Thirukkural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamba_Ramayanam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamba Ramayanam">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athichudi" title="Athichudi">Athichudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Antati" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Antati">Abhirami Antati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedarthasamgraha" title="Vedarthasamgraha">Vedarthasamgraha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_deities" title="Hindu deities">Deities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Gods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trimurti" title="Trimurti">Trimurti</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma" title="Brahma">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva" title="Shiva">Shiva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni" title="Agni">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha" title="Ganesha">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra" title="Indra">Indra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kartikeya" title="Kartikeya">Kartikeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surya" title="Surya">Surya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varuna" title="Varuna">Varuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu" title="Vayu">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_gods" title="Category:Hindu gods"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Devi" title="Devi">Goddesses</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tridevi" title="Tridevi">Tridevi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saraswati" title="Saraswati">Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parvati" title="Parvati">Parvati</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durga" title="Durga">Durga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali" title="Kali">Kali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavidya" title="Mahavidya">Mahavidya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrika">Matrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Hindu_goddess)" title="Sati (Hindu goddess)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Shakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shashthi" title="Shashthi">Shashthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_goddesses" title="Category:Hindu goddesses"><i>more</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Worship_in_Hinduism" title="Worship in Hinduism">Worship</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">Murti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naivedhya" class="mw-redirect" title="Naivedhya">Naivedhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajna" title="Yajna">Yajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homa_(ritual)" title="Homa (ritual)">Homa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapas_(Indian_religions)" title="Tapas (Indian religions)">Tapas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhy%C4%81na_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhyāna in Hinduism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">Tirthatana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">Sanskaras</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbhadhana" title="Garbhadhana">Garbhadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana" title="Pumsavana">Pumsavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumsavana_Simantonayana" title="Pumsavana Simantonayana">Simantonayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jatakarma" title="Jatakarma">Jatakarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81makara%E1%B9%87a" title="Nāmakaraṇa">Namakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkramana" title="Nishkramana">Nishkramana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annaprashana" title="Annaprashana">Annaprashana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chudakarana" title="Chudakarana">Chudakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karnavedha" title="Karnavedha">Karnavedha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidy%C4%81ra%E1%B9%83bha%E1%B9%83" title="Vidyāraṃbhaṃ">Vidyarambha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanayana" title="Upanayana">Upanayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keshanta" title="Keshanta">Keshanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritu_Kala_Samskaram" title="Ritu Kala Samskaram">Ritushuddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samavartanam" title="Samavartanam">Samavartanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivaah" class="mw-redirect" title="Vivaah">Vivaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antyesti" title="Antyesti">Antyeshti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Varnashrama</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Varna_(Hinduism)" title="Varna (Hinduism)">Varna</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmin" title="Brahmin">Brahmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshatriya" title="Kshatriya">Kshatriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishya" title="Vaishya">Vaishya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shudra" title="Shudra">Shudra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashrama_(stage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashrama (stage)">Ashrama</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahmacarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Brahmacarya">Brahmacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grihastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Grihastha">Grihastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaprastha" class="mw-redirect" title="Vanaprastha">Vanaprastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sannyasa" title="Sannyasa">Sannyasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_festivals" title="List of Hindu festivals">Festivals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwali" title="Diwali">Diwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holi" title="Holi">Holi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maha_Shivaratri" title="Maha Shivaratri">Shivaratri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raksha_Bandhan" title="Raksha Bandhan">Raksha Bandhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratri" title="Navaratri">Navaratri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Durga_Puja" title="Durga Puja">Durga Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramlila" title="Ramlila">Ramlila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijayadashami" title="Vijayadashami">Vijayadashami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesh_Chaturthi" title="Ganesh Chaturthi">Ganesh Chaturthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama_Navami" title="Rama Navami">Rama Navami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna_Janmashtami" title="Krishna Janmashtami">Janmashtami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onam" title="Onam">Onam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pongal_(festival)" title="Pongal (festival)">Pongal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makar_Sankranti" title="Makar Sankranti">Makar Sankranti</a></li> <li>New Year <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihu" title="Bihu">Bihu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_Padwa" title="Gudi Padwa">Gudi Padwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahela_Baishakh" class="mw-redirect" title="Pahela Baishakh">Pahela Baishakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puthandu" title="Puthandu">Puthandu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisakhi" title="Vaisakhi">Vaisakhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishu" title="Vishu">Vishu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugadi" title="Ugadi">Ugadi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbh_Mela" title="Kumbh Mela">Kumbh Mela</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haridwar_Kumbh_Mela" title="Haridwar Kumbh Mela">Haridwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashik-Trimbakeshwar_Simhastha" title="Nashik-Trimbakeshwar Simhastha">Nashik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayag_Kumbh_Mela" title="Prayag Kumbh Mela">Prayag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujjain_Simhastha" title="Ujjain Simhastha">Ujjain</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ratha_Yatra_(Puri)" title="Ratha Yatra (Puri)">Ratha Yatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teej" title="Teej">Teej</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasant_Panchami" title="Vasant Panchami">Vasant Panchami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hindu_festivals" title="Template:Hindu festivals">Others</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sv%C4%81dhy%C4%81ya" title="Svādhyāya">Svādhyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste" title="Namaste">Namaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bindi_(decoration)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bindi (decoration)">Bindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilaka" title="Tilaka">Tilaka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFC569;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Related</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus" title="Hindus">Hindus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindus#Etymology" title="Hindus">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Hindus" title="Lists of Hindus">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_denominations" title="Hindu denominations">Denominations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_law" title="Hindu law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hindu_sentiment" title="Anti-Hindu sentiment">Anti-Hindu sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Hinduism" title="Criticism of Hinduism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_gurus_and_sants" title="List of Hindu gurus and sants">Hindu gurus and sants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_studies" title="Hindu studies">Hindu studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_iconography" title="Hindu iconography">Iconography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_mythology" title="Hindu mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindutva" title="Hindutva">Hindutva</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Hindus" title="Persecution of Hindus">Persecution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage sites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_pilgrimage_sites_in_India" title="Hindu pilgrimage sites in India">India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_other_religions" title="Hinduism and other religions">Relations with other religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Hinduism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Hinduism">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Islamic_relations" title="Hindu–Islamic relations">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Jainism and Hinduism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Judaism" title="Hinduism and Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Theosophy" title="Hinduism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Hinduism_terms" title="Glossary of Hinduism terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_by_country" title="Hinduism by country">Hinduism by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu temples">Hindu temples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_temples" title="List of Hindu temples">List</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Architecture</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:#FFC569;;font-weight:bold;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hinduism" title="Outline of Hinduism">Outline</a><br /> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hinduism" title="Category:Hinduism">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Hinduism" title="Portal:Hinduism">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Hinduism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Hinduism">WikiProject</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&oldid=1277771755">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&oldid=1277771755</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_temple_architecture" title="Category:Hindu temple architecture">Hindu temple architecture</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sacral_architecture" title="Category:Sacral architecture">Sacral architecture</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_December_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from December 2017">Articles needing additional references from December 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2017" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Indonesian_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Indonesian IPA">Pages with Indonesian IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Khmer-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Khmer-language text">Articles containing Khmer-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Indonesian-language_sources_(id)" title="Category:CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)">CS1 Indonesian-language sources (id)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 February 2025, at 16:47<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hindu_temple_architecture&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindu temple architecture</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>16 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-78657f6676-5knmd","wgBackendResponseTime":142,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.796","walltime":"2.129","ppvisitednodes":{"value":15308,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":379163,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":11757,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":34,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":439090,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1674.425 1 -total"," 29.63% 496.118 2 Template:Reflist"," 15.12% 253.219 50 Template:Cite_book"," 12.31% 206.155 66 Template:Sfn"," 7.89% 132.168 12 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.37% 123.338 1 Template:IPA"," 6.50% 108.837 19 Template:ISBN"," 6.19% 103.659 1 Template:Hinduism"," 6.02% 100.731 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 4.82% 80.654 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.040","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":24282237,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFA.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFA.K._CoomaraswamyMichael_W._Meister1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Hardy1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Hardy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAdam_Hardy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAjay_J._Sinha2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlice_Boner1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_Śarmā2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlice_BonerSadāśiva_Rath_ŚarmāBettina_Bäumer1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArchaeological_Survey_Of_India1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArthikaje\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBecker-Ritterspach2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBruynBainAllardiceShonar_Joshi2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton_Stein1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton_Stein1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton_SteinDavid_Arnold2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCentre\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFD_Srinivasan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFergusson1864\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Michell1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Michell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Michell2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhosh1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHardy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarle1994\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHeather_Elgood2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHegewald2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHimanshu_Prabha_Ray2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffery_D._Long2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKannikeswaran\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKapila_Vatsyayan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhare1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnut_A._JacobsenHelene_BasuAngelika_Malinar2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKumar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadhusudan_A._Dhaky1977\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFMeister1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeister1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeister1988–1989\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMeister2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_W._MeisterMadhusudan_Dhaky1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichell1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishraRay2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonica_Juneja2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFN._Ramya2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO._M._Starza1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrasanna_Kumar_Acharya2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Salomon1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Salomon1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedyawati2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenThắng2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShaw2013\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFShokoohy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoekmono1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoekmono1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStella_Kramrisch1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStella_SneadWendy_DonigerGeorge_Michell1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFT._A._Gopinatha_Rao1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTarapada_Bhattacharyya1986\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVinayak_BharneKrupali_Krusche2014\"] = 1,\n [\"Dravida_(द्रविड)_architecture\"] = 1,\n [\"Dravida_Architecture\"] = 1,\n [\"Dravida_Style\"] = 1,\n [\"Dravida_style\"] = 1,\n [\"Nagara_(नागर)_architecture\"] = 1,\n [\"Nagara_Architecture\"] = 1,\n [\"Nagara_Style\"] = 1,\n [\"Nagara_style\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Architecture of India\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 8,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 50,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 12,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 7,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Hindu Temple Architecture\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 5,\n [\"Google books\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 2,\n [\"Hindudharma\"] = 1,\n [\"Hinduism\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 19,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 2,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 11,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 2,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 66,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","260","26.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","140","14.0"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","10.0"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","80","8.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","6.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","40","4.0"],["makeMessage \u003Cmw.message.lua:76\u003E","40","4.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:706\u003E","40","4.0"],["type","40","4.0"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","40","4.0"],["[others]","160","16.0"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-6bdfd5fb5d-2sr99","timestamp":"20250226164735","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Hindu temple architecture","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hindu_temple_architecture","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q80706","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q80706","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-06-04T02:54:58Z","dateModified":"2025-02-26T16:47:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/89\/Khajuraho_-_Kandariya_Mahadeo_Temple.jpg","headline":"the art, practice, and elements in the planning, designing and building of Hindu temples"}</script> </body> </html>